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"When you look at a wind turbine, you can find the bird carcasses and count them. With a coal-fired power plant, you can't count the carcasses, but it's going to kill a lot more birds." - John Flicker, National Audubon Society, president.Sibley and Monroe estimated that there are about 9,703 species of birds[x]. They are found on all major land masses and over the oceans. Total populations are difficult to estimate due to seasonal fluctuations but Sibley & Monroe accepted that there are between 100 and 200 billion adult birds in the world. Kevin Gaston and Tim Blackburn[xi] doubled that estimate with 200 to 400 billion. Birds are killed by wind turbines and solar installations, but it turns out that the numbers of birds already killed by pollution from oil and gas, buildings, high tension lines, vehicles, cats, dogs and pesticides are so much greater that there is clearly a perception twist going on here, which is likely deliberate. This is not to say that we should be complacent about bird deaths. It’s a universally accepted fact that all parties are against any kind of animal mortality as a result of our energy activities. The presentation of it though, ought to be based on the factual wider context of bird deaths from other causes. The Altamont pass was one of the first locations in the U.S. that was preserved for wind power due to the excellent winds funneled by the hills. At the time bird deaths were not on the minds of the individuals who created this wind resource.BIRD DEATHS FROM DIFFERENT CAUSESBird deaths from different causes, showing that wind turbines are the least of threats among many. Source, Bloomberg New Energy Finance, U.S. Forestry Service. Not included in this chart are numbers of bird deaths caused by pollution and climate change which are responsible for the ongoing 6th extinction event.Even institutions who are protective of birds, the National Audubon Society, the U.S. Forest Service, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the Wildlife Society all have commissioned studies that result in the same conclusions afforded by the above chart.Bird deaths by wind turbines do not remotely compare with the impact of cats, cars, power lines or buildings. As wind power increases its penetration however, its currently small impact on birds will grow less than proportionately as operators learn how to avoid avian mortality by siting, colors on blades, kick in speeds and other methods. Perception of bird deaths can halt wind turbine installations during the public planning phase and then effective resistance can scuttle installation plans. It turns out though, that wind turbines are responsible for only 1 in every 10,000 bird deaths.Small birds are killed in the millions by housecats while wind turbine casualties tend to be relatively larger bird species. Bigger birds, normally not the direct target of a housecat, like the protected Bald Eagles and other birds of prey, are more likely to be killed by a wind turbine than by a cat. Balanced against this must be the effect of coal and oil on birds mentioned in the earlier solar report. Many energy technologies apparently are bad for birds, but wind and solar are far from being the worst culprits. In 2013 a study[xii] by Smallwood indicated that the estimates of wind turbine bird deaths may be understated for three reasons. Estimates of bird deaths by wind turbines depended on counting carcasses found under the turbines. It was entirely possible that searches were done in less than efficient ways and in inadequate search radiuses. Additionally, carcasses could easily be removed by predators and his bird death estimate was 573,000, slightly higher than others.A 2005 study by the USDA Forest Service, was an early indication that wind turbines were a very small impact on overall bird populations.[xiii] The National Audubon Society produced a study[xiv], funded by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, in September, 2014 which took seven years to finish and which looked closely at 588 of the total 800 species of bird found in North America. 314 of these species are threatened in some way with a loss of environment by the end of the century. Climate change (therefore CONG) is blamed for effectively potentially destroying the ecosystem for 28 species. This data is not included in the chart above in Figure 31. The Bald Eagle and state mascots are at serious risk due to climate change which reduces the bird’s range and alters the lifecycle of their food sources. Bird mortality from fossil fuel pollution and climate change represents a far higher risk than wind turbines as far as the Audubon Society is concerned.A recent study[xv] by the North American Bird Conservation Initiative (NABCI), highlighted climate and environmental impacts on 1,154 native bird species in North America, Canada, the U.S. and Mexico. The study was compiled by experts from all three countries and accounted for population trends and breeding ranges as well as the severity of threats. Due to changes in the environment, caused by man, birds in every habitat, but especially oceans and tropical forests are of highest conservation concern. In geological-time terms, these species-level impacts are happening in a human instant. 432 species merit a level of “high concern” due to declining populations and habitat loss and climate change. Species with long migration paths have suffered 70% losses in the last 50 years. We are all familiar with some famous bird species that have gone extinct such as the Dodo, the Great Auk, the Emu and of course the Passenger Pidgeon mentioned below. The oldest international nature conservation group, BirdLife International says that since the year 1500, 140 bird species have found extinction, and 22 of those in the last 50 years[xvi]. The rates of extinction are accelerating.I want to use evocative language here. The legacy of the Earth’s embrace of life and its eager occupation of different environments is something I believe we can so much better appreciate, since we are intimately a part of that process. We are part of a huge evolutionary, life miracle that we are only just now beginning to explore. Previous estimates for the number of species on Earth ranged from 3 to 100 million. PLos Biology published a report[xvii] in 2011 which was written by the Census of Marine Life scientists. It established a more accurate estimate of 8.74 million species on Earth of which 7.77 million are animals (only 953,4343 described). They used statistical methods to provide a more realistic estimate which nonetheless gave an error level of +/- 1.3 million. Bacteria and other small organisms were not counted. 86% of all land creatures and 91% of ocean creatures have yet to be identified. Only 1.2 million species have been officially registered in the Catalogue of Life and the World Register of Marine Species. The detail of the success of the DNA molecule in evolving all these species in this life encouraging Earthly environment over billions of years will never be properly appreciated, but it is at risk from our misadventure with the chemical legacy of CONG and our despoliation of habitats, both marine and terrestrial. We know more about the 22 million books in the Library of Congress than we know about our fellow species on Earth. We are also putting many species in danger of extinction because of the use of fossil fuels in what’s been termed the 6th great extinction level event, currently underway.Another great perspective on this is the work of a collector of natural sounds, Bernie Krause[xviii] who has spent decades capturing the sounds of nature around the world in places as far afield as Alaska and the Amazon, the Arctic and Fiji, the Great Plains and Mexico’s Chihuahuan grasslands. He also has an astonishing TED talk[xix] in which he describes how he separates sound into geophony; or wind, water and Earth sounds, biophany; the sounds of natural organisms and anthrophany; predictably the sounds of human noise. What he has recently discovered is very sobering. Recordings taken in the 1970’s compared to recordings taken in the same location today show declines or disappearance of species. Nature is going silent over the Anthropocene. John Bakeless, in his book on discovering America[xx], talks about how early explorers were acutely interested in the sound of nature and developed a faculty of listening and observing to identify birds and insects. I remember our guide, on the last day of a 10 day Colorado river rafting expedition on the calmer 60 miles of the Colorado River just prior to Lake Mead, asking all 28 of the rafters to sit for 30 minutes and listen carefully to nature and then exchange what they had heard. Indeed, there was a sudden realization of insects buzzing, water chirping under the raft, wind in the leaves of trees, echoes of sounds around rock walls and birds, distant and close, calling for myriad purposes of alarm, food or connection. My point here is that while human impacts on the Earth’s wildlife are currently very severe because of our chemical CONG energy impacts, moving to renewable energy reverses the situation over time, even if there are more humans around.Birds are famously victims of the huge wind turbine blades. This is certainly true and although bird fatalities from the house cat, vehicles and building windows account for literally millions or billions more, it doesn’t excuse the wind turbine’s effects impact. Efforts are made to relocate turbines out of birds’ migration paths. Also, most song birds migrate flying at a height of 2,000 to 4,000 feet, well above the tallest wind turbines, at least so far. There is a very disturbing YouTube video of a large, elegant bird of prey being struck down by such a rotating blade[xxi]. In an awful European case, there was the death of a rare swift, the White-throated Needletail, the world’s fastest flying bird[xxii]. The poor exhausted creature was spotted by a group of 30 birdwatchers who had made a special trip to the isle of Harris in the Outer Hebrides of Scotland. The sighting was only the 9th time that the bird had been seen since 1846, in Essex, UK. The last time it had been seen at all was 1991. The assembled enthusiasts assembled in the appropriate location and waited for hours before being rewarded by sighting the bird. They were summarily horrified to see the rare bird, which had flown all the way from Australia, perhaps several times, knocked down and killed by the rotating blade of a wind turbine.[xxiii]Between 2004 and 2009 in Colorado, Wyoming, Kansas, Oklahoma and Texas, just 85, unprotected, migratory birds were deemed to have died due to exposure to oil and gas facilities owned by Exxon Mobil. The Justice Department fined the company $600,000 or about $7,000 for each bird killed.Exxon pleaded guilty and cooperated with the department spending a further $2.5 million to clean up the sites. It turned out that the fine was equal to twenty minutes of Exxon’s profits, based on $8.6 billion earnings for the first half of 2009[xxiv]. Other fossil fuel companies have been fined. BP paid $100 million for the impact of its 2010 Gulf of Mexico oil spill on migratory birds. Pacificorp, which operates coal fired power stations, paid $500,000 in 2009 after 232 eagles along power distribution lines between its substations were found to have been electrocuted.[xxv]Wind farms started to kill birds on a regular basis prompting calls of hypocrisy against those claiming that wind was an environmental solution. Wind farms have been fined for killing birds too, however. Duke Energy was fined $1 million for the deaths of 14 eagles and 149 other birds, including hawks, blackbirds, wrens and sparrows, between 2009 and 2013. Duke were also called upon to restore and do community service (how do you ask a large utility to do that!) and were placed on 5 years of probation while they put together an environmental compliance plan to prevent bird deaths. Interestingly, Duke then applied for a permit to kill eagles, to help provide a context within which the system can absorb the inevitability of bird deaths. Another group, the Wind Capital Group applied for such a license only to be embroiled in an argument over its granting, by the Osage Nation in opposition. Many applications for this license have been filed. Environmentalists complain bitterly when President Obama’s administration, eager for non-polluting wind power, announced a new federal rule that allows wind farms to lawfully kill birds of prey.There is some evidence that birds change their behavior when in the presence of wind farms. Lowther in 1998 discovered that studying a 22-turbine wind farm in Wales, UK, no birds were killed by the turbine and in fact they were seen to have shifted their activity to a different location. Some wind farms have no bird fatalities at all. A study[xxvi] published in the Journal of Applied Ecology by Pawel Plonczkier and Ian Simms monitored migrating flocks of pink-footed geese using radar as they returned during migration to the shores of Lincolnshire, UK. Monitoring the movement of the birds over 4 years from 2007 to 2010, established that two new wind farms effectively caused the geese to change their flight paths. The proportion of goose flocks flying outside the wind farm locations climbed from 52% to 81% in this time and even geese flying through the windfarm area had increased their altitude to climb above the turbines.An Australian online group called RenewEconomy had an article which summarizes the whole bird situation quite nicely called “Want to save 70 million birds a year? Build more wind farms”, drawing attention to the impact of CONG on birds. Replacing all fossil fuel worldwide, it says, would save about 70 million birds a year establishing wind farms as a strong net benefit for birds. Author Mike Bernard[xxvii] explains that wind farms kill less than 0.0001 percent of birds killed by human activities annually out of a total 1.5% of human caused mortality.Bats and Barotrauma - The other species which more recently became synonymous with death by wind turbine blade is bats. Most of the damage is done to migratory bat species in the autumn. Bats are famously known for their ability to echo locate hard objects in their local environment, such as tree branches or cave walls, and even insects on the wing while they are feeding. They can detect moving objects better than stationary objects so the high death rate from wind turbine blades was puzzling. Several explanations were proposed but 90% of the bat fatalities involved internal hemorrhaging just as might be expected with damage caused by sudden air pressure changes.Birds have a more resistant respiratory anatomy and are killed by being hit by the blades, whereas the bats do avoid the blades, but come so close that pressure changes around the blades cause the damage to their lungs. The mammals have larger, flexible lungs and hearts. Birds have compact, rigid lungs with very strong pulmonary capillaries which can resist the higher-pressure changes, even though the blood/gas barriers are thinner than those of the bats. An airfoil on a plane pushes against the wind but a wind turbine blade is moved by the wind. In either case, the airfoil cross section causes significant differences in air pressure. The greatest area of low pressure exists at the fast moving (approximately 180 mph) tip of the blade and cascades downwind from the moving blade. A zone of low pressure can cause a bat’s lungs to expand causing tissue damage, or barotrauma.A study[xxviii] was paid for by fossil fuel companies like Suncor and Shell, but also from wind turbine companies such as TransAlta Wind and Alberta Wind Energy Corporation as well as academic institutions. They found bat bodies from hoary and silver-haired bats killed at a wind farm in south western Alberta, Canada and examined them for internal injuries. Of 188 bat bodies collected, 87 had no external physical injury. Very few bats had external injuries without internal bleeding.In 2012, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory conducted pressure studies[xxix] on mice, which were used because they are a close approximation to bats and discovered that pressures of only 1.4 kilopascals (kPa) were experienced by the bats at the blade tips in 11 mph winds but that it took 30 kPa to cause fatality in mice. There was no suggestion by NREL for an alternative cause of death however. At low windspeeds the pressures are even lower and yet it is at the low speeds that the bats fly which further confuses the issue.[i] Wind energy is considered a disaster responding to the hoax of climate change in this vociferous website which of course also discusses wind turbine syndrome. Available at: What is Wind Turbine Syndrome?[ii] The Caithness Windfarm Information Forum. Available at: Caithness Windfarm Information Forum[iii] RenewableUK. A leading renewable energy trade association. Available at: http://www.renewableuk.com/en/events/conferences-and-exhibitions/renewableuk-2015/[iv] Risø National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy. Available at: Risø National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy[v] Available at: LiveLeak.com - Two Dead in Windmill Fire[vi] David Wahl, Philippe Giguere. Ice Shedding and Ice Throw – Risk and Mitigation. Wind Application Engineering. GE Energy. Available at: http://www.cbuilding.org/sites/cbi.drupalconnect.com/files/ger4262.pdf[vii] Cattin et al. Wind Turbine Ice Throw Studies in the Swiss Alps. EWEC 2007. Based on studies of a 600 kW Enercon E-40 at 2,300 mASL in Swiss Alps[viii] Summary of Wind Turbine Accident Data to 30 September 2014. PDF. Caithness Windfarm Information Forum.[ix] Payback time for renewable energy. NREL factsheet. Available at: http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy13osti/57131.pdf[x] Sibley and Monroe. 1992.[xi] Kevin J. Gaston and Tim M. Blackburn. April 1997. How many birds are there? Available at: How many birds are there?[xii] K. Shawn Smallwood, “Comparing bird and bat fatality-rate estimates among North American wind-energy projects”, Wildlife Society Bulletin, 26 Mar. 2013. Available at: Comparing bird and bat fatality-rate estimates among North American wind-energy projects[xiii] Wallace P. Erickson, Gregory D. Johnson and David P. Young Jr. A Summary and Comparison of Bird Mortality from Anthropogenic Causes with an Emphasis on Collisions. USDA Forest Service. PSW-GTR-191. 2005. Available at: http://www.fs.fed.us/psw/publications/documents/psw_gtr191/Asilomar/pdfs/1029-1042.pdf[xiv] Erickson WP, Wolfe MM, Bay KJ, Johnson DH, Gehring JL (2014) A Comprehensive Analysis of Small-Passerine Fatalities from Collision with Turbines at Wind Energy Facilities. PLoS ONE 9(9): e107491. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0107491[xv] State of North America's Birds 2016. North American Bird Conservation Initiative. Available at: Main Results[xvi] BirdLife International (2014) We have lost over 150 bird species since 1500. Presented as part of the BirdLife State of the world's birds website. Available from: BirdLife Data Zone[xvii] PLos Biology published a report in 2011 which was written by the Census of Marine Life scientists. Available to: How Many Species Are There on Earth and in the Ocean?[xviii] Bernie Krause. A recorder of natural sounds in many global habitats. Available at: The World's Disappearing Natural Sound[xix] Bernie Krause. TED Talk. The voice of the natural world. TEDGlobal 2013 · 14:48 · Filmed Jun 2013. Available at: The voice of the natural world[xx] John Bakeless. America As Seen by Its First Explorers: The Eyes of Discovery. Dover Language Books & Travel Guides. Paperback – January 20, 2011. Available at: America As Seen by Its First Explorers: The Eyes of Discovery (Dover Language Books & Travel Guides): John Bakeless: 0800759260317: Amazon.com: Books[xxi] Bald Eagle seriously injured by wind turbine. Available at: Bird killed by green energy[xxii] The White Throated Needletail death on YouTube. Geobeats news service. July 1, 2013. Available at: Rare Bird Killed by Wind Turbine in Front of Horrified Spectators[xxiii] Rare swift killed by Scottish wind turbine. Available at: Birdwatchers see rare bird killed by wind turbine[xxiv] Exxon Mobil pleads guilty to bird deaths. Available at: ExxonMobil pleads guilty to killing birds[xxv] BP and Pacificorp pay fines for killing birds. Available at: The Obama Administration Is Ignoring The Massacre Of Thousands Of Hawks, Falcons, And Eagles Every Year[xxvi] Pawel Plonczkier and Ian C. Simms. Journal of Applied Ecology. 2012. Available at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2012.02181.x/epdf[xxvii] Mike Barnard. 10 August, 2012. Want to save 70 million birds a year? Build more wind farms. RenewEconomy. Available at: Want to save 70 million birds a year? Build more wind farms[xxviii] Erin F. Baerwald, Genevieve H. D’Amours, Brandon J. Klug and Robert M.R. Barclay. Barotrauma is a significant cause of bat fatalities at wind turbines.[xxix] “NREL Study Finds Barotrauma Not Guilty”, November 27, 2012. Available at: http://www.nrel.gov/wind/news/2013/2149.html[xxx] Germany has 74% of its power supplied by renewable energy. 2014. Available at: For One Hour, Germany Was Powered By 74% Renewables - Gas 2[xxxi] Information supplied by Agora Energiewende, a research institute in Berlin, showed that Germany’s demand for electricity was almost 100% supplied by renewable energy including a large amount of wind on the 15th May, 2016. Available at: Germany Just Got Almost All of Its Power From Renewable Energy[xxxii] Posthumous pardons of First World War shellshock victims. Available on: Pardoned: the 306 soldiers shot at dawn for 'cowardice'[xxxiii] Information Paper: Evidence on Wind Farms and Human Health. February 2015. PDF. National Health and Medical Research Council. Available at: http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/_files_nhmrc/publications/attachments/eh57a_information_paper.pdf[xxxiv] Ian Clark, William N. Alexander, William J. Devenport, Stewart A. Glegg, Justin Jaworski, Conor Daly, and Nigel Peake. "Bio-Inspired Trailing Edge Noise Control", 21st AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference, AIAA AVIATION Forum, (AIAA 2015-2365). Available at: Bio-Inspired Trailing Edge Noise Control[xxxv] UK Renewable Energy Roadmap. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/48128/2167-uk-renewable-energy-roadmap.pdf[xxxvi] Positive environmental impacts of offshore wind farms. European Wind Energy Association. Available at: http://www.ewea.org/fileadmin/files/members-area/information-services/offshore/research-notes/120801_Positive_environmental_impacts.pdf

Summary. Nitrogen is a major constituent of household wastewater that is discharged in septic systems. Total N concentration in septic tank effluent is about 60 mg/L. Because excess N can impair water quality and human health, it is important to monitor and characterize N transport from septic systems.INteresting fact sheet relating to your questionHow Nitrogen from Septic Systems Can Harm Water Qualityhttps://www.doh.wa.gov › 337-142-Nitrogen-Removal-from-OSS-FactSheetSources of Nitrogen in Sewage WastesThe main sources of N in septic tank effluent are human body wastes and food materials from kitchen sinks and dishwashers. Estimates of mass loadings of nitrogen in septic systems can be calculated by combining flow and N concentration data. The US EPA (1992) estimated that one person typically discharges 11.2 grams of total N per day (Table 1). Of total N, approximately 8.7 grams (78%) comes from toilets, 1.9 grams (17%) from baths, sinks, and appliances, and 0.6 grams (5%) from kitchen sinks (US EPA 1992). This input of N waste products in household wastewater results in total N concentrations of 30–170 mg/L (average = 60 mg/L) in the septic tank effluent (Lowe et al. 2007). Lowe et al. (2009) found that septic tank effluent at four sites in North Florida had a median total N concentration of 65 mg/L (average = 61 mg/L).Nitrogen Input with Septic SystemsTo place N input from septic systems in context with other sources, such as atmospheric deposition and agricultural application of fertilizers, the following can be calculated:An average subdivision of 200 homes (with four people per house) generates about 3,270 kg of total N per square kilometer (1 square kilometer has about 247 acres) each year [= 200 homes x 4 people x 11.2 grams total N per day x 365 days in a year].In comparison, assuming 2.43–4.86 kg of total N atmospheric deposition per acre per year, total N loading from atmospheric deposition can add 600–1,200 kg each year in 1 square kilometer (247 acres).Likewise, assuming a fertilizer application rate of 40–80 kg total N per acre per year for agricultural crops, fertilizer can add 10,000–20,000 kg of total N in 1 square kilometer (247 acres). It is important to note that most of the fertilizer N will be taken up by plants.Nonetheless, conventional septic systems should be considered as potential contributors of N to groundwater, especially in Florida where only 30%–40% of effluent N is typically removed in the septic tank and drain field. This means 60%–70% of N can reach groundwater. The drinking-water standard for nitrate-N in groundwater is 10 mg/L, but concentrations above that have been observed under septic systems, particularly in areas with porous sandy soils (Wilhelm et al. 1994; Robertson and Cherry 1992).Nitrogen Forms and Transformations in the Septic SystemsNitrogen takes many forms, both organic and inorganic, and various natural processes transform N from one form to another in both the septic tank and the drain field of a septic system. The N cycle (Figure 1) demonstrates these natural processes that drive N transformations, and they are the same processes that take place in a septic system.Nitrogen in the Septic Tank of a Septic System: In raw wastewater (i.e., wastewater that has not yet entered a septic tank), approximately 73% of N is present as organic-N and 24% exists as ammonium-N (Table 2; Lowe et al. 2007). Due to anaerobic (lack of oxygen) conditions in the conventional septic tank, raw wastewater is partially treated in the septic tank. The resulting fluid is called septic tank effluent (i.e., wastewater that has passed through the septic tank but has not entered the drain field). This partial or primary treatment in the septic tank results in settling of solids at the bottom of the tank and degradation and separation of solids from liquids. During this process, much of the organic N is mineralized (converted) to ammonium; this process is called ammonification. As a result, N in the final septic tank effluent is 70%–90% ammonium-N and 10%–30% organic-N (Heatwole and McCray 2007; Lowe et al. 2007).Nitrogen in the Drain Field of a Septic System: The effluent that flows from the septic tank into a drain field contains most of the N as ammonium or in organic forms, as described above. It is important to note that soils have very little capacity to adsorb N, so transformations that remove N from the soil are important. In the unsaturated part of the drain field, forms of N present in septic tank effluent undergo several possible transformations, as described below and illustrated in Figure 2:Nitrogen and Water QualityThe fate of N in septic systems is important because of the role of N as a potential contaminant in groundwater and surface water. A quantity as little as 1 mg/L of total N has been shown to lead to algae growth in Florida’s springs (Hazen and Sawyer 2009). If concentrations are greater than 10 mg/L, nitrate-N is a drinking water concern because of its negative impacts on public health. Thus, knowing the contribution of septic systems as a source of N in groundwater and surface water pollution is important.Research shows that approximately 10%–50% percent of septic tank effluent total N may be adsorbed or otherwise removed during flow through water-unsaturated soil before the effluent reaches groundwater (Hazen and Sawyer 2009). Most often, however, N derived from septic systems is converted to nitrate by the process of nitrification. Unless denitrification takes place, the most likely fate of this nitrate is leaching to groundwater. Moreover, as nitrate leaches through the soil, it does not interact with soil components under aerobic conditions. It can travel through the unsaturated soil zone to groundwater, and water quality surveys throughout the United States have identified local and regional contamination of groundwater and surface water by nitrate derived from septic systems. In some cases, these studies have detected nitrate-N concentrations exceeding the allowable groundwater level of 10 mg/L at considerable distances from septic systems' drain fields (Beal et al. 2005).Removal of total N from an unmodified conventional drain field is not usually efficient. In a study in a Florida Karst area, Harden et al. (2008) observed that septic tanks were especially limited in their ability to remove or attenuate nitrate due to unsaturated sandy surface soils, little opportunity for denitrification, and the subsequent gaseous loss of N from the system. In an earlier study, Giblin and Gaines (1999) found that conventional septic systems were the leading cause of groundwater nitrate contamination in a coastal community with sandy soils. They also attributed elevated groundwater nitrate-N to limited opportunities for denitrification in the low-organic matter sandy soil.In another study in the Florida Keys, Lapointe et al. (1990) reported a 400-fold increase in inorganic N (ammonium, nitrate, and nitrite) concentrations in groundwater beneath septic systems as compared to groundwater under a control area (no septic systems). These authors also noted that season of the year controlled the fate of septic tank-derived N. There was a twofold increase in N transport from groundwater to surface water during the summer, likely because of increased hydraulic head (more water) during the rainy season. Likewise, Meeroff et al. (2008) observed increased wastewater-derived nitrate concentrations in both groundwater and surface water during months of a seasonal high water table, indicating that the septic systems were less efficient at removing N during certain times of the year.Anderson (1998) studied nitrate-N fate and transport in the Indian River Lagoon Basin of Florida and found that nitrate levels under septic systems were significantly elevated over background levels, but that by 15 meters down gradient of the septic system, nitrate levels were at or near background levels. He attributes nitrate reductions to natural denitrification in the groundwater and adds that this level of denitrification can be expected in typical Florida soils with a high groundwater table. If this is the case, proper siting of the drain field can be a major determining factor in how well nearby surface waters and groundwater can be protected.Where groundwater recharges stream flow, nitrate-N-enriched groundwater can contribute to eutrophication, a process that increases algae growth, especially of the blue-green type. Accumulated algal biomass can lead to the death of aquatic life because of excessive oxygen demand. While not directly toxic to fish, nitrate can have an indirect effect by contributing to eutrophication.SummaryNitrogen is a major constituent of household wastewater that is discharged in septic systems. Total N concentration in septic tank effluent is about 60 mg/L. Because excess N can impair water quality and human health, it is important to monitor and characterize N transport from septic systems. Transformations, retention, loss, and movement of N in natural soil systems are governed by the mechanisms of ammonification, nitrification, denitrification, adsorption, biological uptake, and volatilization. Research shows that approximately 10%–50% of septic tank effluent N may be removed during flow through water-unsaturated soil before the effluent reaches groundwater. Most often, however, N is converted to nitrate during either the treatment phase or in the soil drain field by the process of nitrification. Soils cannot adsorb nitrate, so it can migrate to groundwater, where it is a documented source of groundwater contamination. Denitrification can permanently remove nitrate from the system, making it the best means of removing N from septic systems. However, it only occurs in soil and groundwater under proper conditions.check out these references:ReferencesAnderson, D.L. "Natural Denitrification in Groundwater Impacted by Onsite Wastewater Treatment Systems." Proceedings of the Eighth National Symposium on Individual and Small Community Sewage Systems, Orlando, FL, March 8–10, 1998.Arthur, J.D., H.A.R. Wood, A.E. Baker, J.R. Cichon, and G.L. Raines. "Development and Implementation of a Bayesian-based Aquifer Vulnerability Assessment in Florida." Natural Resources Research 16 (2007):93–107.Beal, C.D., E.A. Gardner, and N.W. Menzies. "Process Performance and Pollution Potential: A Review of Septic Tank-soil Absorption Systems." Australian Journal of Soil Research 43 (2005):781–802.Florida Department of Health (FDOH). "Basic Concepts in Wastewater Treatment." Accessed June 6, 2011. http://www.floridahealth.gov/environmental-health/onsite-sewage/training/_documents/a-basic-concepts.pdf.Giblin, A.E., and A.G. Gaines. "Nitrogen Inputs to a Marine Embayment: The Importance of Groundwater." Biodegradation 10 (1999):309–28.Harden, H.S., E. Roder, M. Hooks, and J.P. Chanton. "Evaluation of Onsite Sewage Treatment and Disposal Systems in Shallow Karst Terrain." Water Research 42 (2008):2585–97.Hazen and Sawyer Environmental Engineers and Scientists. "Literature Review of Nitrogen Reduction Technologies for Onsite Sewage Treatment Systems." Task A.2 Final Report prepared for the Florida Department of Health (2009). Accessed June 6, 2011. http://www.floridahealth.gov/environmental-health/onsite-sewage/research/_documents/nitrogen/task-a-lit-review.pdf.Heatwole, K.K., and J.E. McCray. "Modeling Potential Vadose-zone Transport of Nitrogen from Onsite Wastewater Systems at the Development Scale." Journal of Contaminant Hydrology 91 (2007):184–201.Hossain, F., N. Chang, M. Wanielista, Z. Xuan, and A. Daranpob. "Nitrification and Denitrification in a Passive On-site Wastewater Treatment with a Recirculation Filtration Tank." Water Quality, Exposure, and Health 2 (2010):31–46.Lance, J. C. "Nitrogen Removal by Soil Mechanisms." Water Pollution Control Federation 44 (1972):1352–61.Lapointe, B.E., J.D. O’Connell, and G.S. Garrett. "Nutrient Couplings between On-site Sewage Disposal Systems, Groundwaters, and Nearshore Surface Waters of the Florida Keys." Biodegradation 10 (1990):289–307.Lowe, K.S., M.B. Tucholke, J.M.B. Tomaras, K. Conn, C. Hoppe, J.E. Drewes, J.E. McCray, and J. Munakata-Marr. "Influent Constituent Characteristics of the Modern Waste Stream from Single Sources." Water Environment Research Foundation. Technical Report 04-DEC-01, 2009.Lowe, K.S., N.K. Rothe, J.M.B. Tomaras, K. DeJong, M.B. Tucholke, J.E. Drewes, J.E. McCray, and J. Munakata-Marr. "Influent Constituent Characteristics of the Modern Waste Stream from Single Sources: Literature Review." Water Environment Research Foundation. Technical Report 04-DEC-1a, 2007.Meeroff, D.E., F. Bloetscher, T. Bocca, and F. Morin. "Evaluation of Water Quality Impacts of On-site Treatment and Disposal Systems on Urban Coastal Waters." Water Air Soil Pollution 192 (2008): 11–24.Oakley, S.M., A.J. Gold, and A.J. Oczkowski. "Nitrogen Control through Decentralized Wastewater Treatment: Process Performance and Alternative Management Strategies." Ecological Engineering 36 (2010):1520–31.Robertson, W.D., and J. Cherry. "Hydrogeology of an Unconfined Sand Aquifer and its Effect on the Behavior of Nitrogen from a Large-flux Septic System." Hydrogeology Journal 1 (1992):32–44.Toor, G.S., M. Lusk, and T. Obreza. Onsite Sewage Treatment and Disposal Systems: An Overview. Gainesville: University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. Onsite Sewage Treatment and Disposal Systems: An Overview (April 2017)US EPA. "Water Treatment/Disposal for Small Communities." EPA/625/R-92/005 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Research Information, Cincinnati, OH, 1992.US EPA. "EPA Guidelines for Management of Onsite-decentralized Wastewater Systems." USEPA Report 832-F-00-012, 2000.Wilhelm, S.R., S.L. Schiff, and W.D. Robertson. "Chemical Fate and Transport in a Domestic Septic System: Unsaturated and Saturated Zone Geochemistry." Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 13 (1994):193–203.

[1]Following are the best Startup Ideas to start in 2019:Dextrose 5%Dextrose is the name of a simple sugar that is made from corn and is chemically identical to glucose, or blood sugar. Dextrose is often used in baking products as a sweetener, and can be commonly found in items such as processed foods and corn syrup.Dextrose also has medical purposes. It is dissolved in solutions that are given intravenously, which can be combined with other drugs, or used to increase a person’s blood sugar.Because dextrose is a “simple” sugar, the body can quickly use it for energy.Dextrose is a form of glucose derived from starches. It is one of the most commonly used ingredients in packaged foods because of its affordability and wide availability. Baking products and desserts often contain dextrose, but it may be used as an added sugar in any processed food that is sweetened by the manufacturer. Because the name varies depending on its original starch source, you may not realize a particular food contains dextrose.Dextrose 5% in water is sometimes used as a diluent (liquid) for preparing injectable medication in an IV bag. A diluent provides a large amount of fluid in which to dilute a small amount of medicine. The diluent helps carry the medicine into your bloodstream through the IV. This helps your caregivers inject the medicine slowly and more safely into your body.Global glucose (dextrose) market is expected to witness a rapid increase in demand due to the rise in consumption of glucose syrup over the forecast period. Glucose syrup accounts for a majority share in the global starch derivatives market owing to its wide range use in the manufacture of candy products and is poised to grow at a very intense rate by the end of 2020. Some other derivatives of glucose include maltodextrin, hydolysates and cyclodextrin. Glucose is primarily used along with sugar as it exhibits complimentary characteristics to natural sugar such as preventing sugar from crystallizing, reducing stickiness of sugar and retention of extra moisture. Glucose is extensively used as an additive in pharmaceuticals and nutrition foods owing to its high energy content. Over the past few years, there has been an increasing use of glucose in the form of tablets or medicine for patients having low blood sugar. Growth of the pharmaceutical industry is expected to augment demand for glucose over the forecast period.Synthetic RubberRubber in its native form is basically useless. It is only when certain chemicals are added; the rubber thus produced is used to make varied rubber products. Synthetic rubber is used as a substitute for natural rubber in many cases. Depending on the chemicals added and the properties associated with it, the synthetic rubber can be as hard as a bowling ball or as resilient as a rubber band or as soft as a sponge.When improved material properties are required, synthetic rubber is considered. Approximately 70% of all rubber used today are one from many synthetic rubber varieties.The synthetic rubber market is expected to register a CAGR of 5.6% between 2018 and 2023 (the forecast period). The market is expected to be augmented by the growing demand for synthetic rubber products in the automotive Industry. Additionally, increasing consumption of styrene in athletic footwear is anticipated to fuel the demand during the forecast period.Demand for synthetic rubbers is split by the application areas tires, automotive applications, industry and construction, modification of materials (that is the admixture with other materials) as well as by the group of other applications. The most important sales market in 2017 was the segment tires: 58% of total global demand were accounted for by applications in original equipment and replacement tires. Rubbers are also used for numerous other products in the automotive industry: for example for hoses, cables, seals as well as window and door profiles.The second largest application area for rubbers are elastically deformable engineering products with a stable shape such as conveyor belts, roll covers, hoses, profiles, seals, cables, molded parts, and roofing films. Ranging from the chemical industry, engineering, and construction to electrics and electronics, increasing number of rubber products are needed.Rapidly expanding footwear market across the globe is also expected to augment the growth of the synthetic rubber market. However, the report mentions that oversupply of synthetic rubber due to consistent capacity additions will restrain the market during the forecast horizon. The increasing substitution of synthetic rubber by natural rubber will also hamper the growth of the market. The overall synthetic rubber market has a huge opportunity to grow with the emergence of bio-based feedstock.The automotive industry is one of the fastest growing industries in the world, and it is directly related to the synthetic rubber industry. About 75% of the world’s rubber production (both natural and synthetic) is involved in the production of tires. In other words, the automotive end-user segment dominates the global synthetic rubber market. The rapid growth of the automotive industry, especially in the Asia-Pacific and the Middle East & Africa region, is driving the demand for synthetic rubber, due to its diverse and various applications.Soft & Hard FerritesFerrite is a ceramic material made by mixing and firing large proportions iron(III) oxide (Fe2O3, rust) blended with small proportions of one or more additional metallic elements, such as barium, manganese, nickel, and zinc. They are both electrically non-conductive, meaning that they are insulators, and ferrimagnetic, meaning they can easily be magnetized or attracted to a magnet. Ferrites can be divided into two families based on their resistance to being demagnetized (magnetic coercivity).Soft ferrite is an iron-oxide-based soft magnetic material. This material features high electrical resistance and outstanding magnetic characteristics in high-frequency range although saturation flux density is slightly lower than other soft magnetic materials.Hard ferrite magnets (or "hard ferrites"), which have a high remanence after magnetization, are composed of iron and barium or strontium oxides. In a magnetically saturated state they conduct magnetic flux well and have a high magnetic permeability. This enables these so-called ceramic magnets to store stronger magnetic fields than iron itself. They are the most commonly used magnets in radios.Growing demand for electronics has been a major factor driving growth for ferrite. Increase in disposable income of consumers in the emerging economies leading to growth in several end user segments also has been a major factor driving growth for the industry. Low cost, high efficiency, easy availability is amongst the major factors driving growth for soft ferrite. Research and development activities to increase application scope of ferrite are expected to offer huge growth opportunity for the market.Asia Pacific dominates the global ferrite market in terms of consumption and the trend is expected to continue during the forecast period. Demand for ferrite in the region is primarily driven by the emerging economies of India and China. Other major markets for ferrite include North America, Western Europe and Japan. These developed economies are expected to grow at a sluggish rate mainly owing to saturation of end user segments. Growing demand for ferrite in nuclear energy segment is expected to offer huge growth opportunity in the market. Africa and Latin America are expected to drive the market growth in the Row segment.Cocoa Butter and Cocoa PowderCocoa butter is a pure, stable fat that is pressed out of cacao beans. It is considered a vegetable fat. It is also vegan and contains no dairy products, despite using the word butter in its name. Cocoa butter is usually extracted by the Broma process, letting the butter drip off of roasted cocoa beans in a hot room. The beans are then ground into cocoa powder while the butter is used in making chocolate and personal care products.Cocoa powder is an unsweetened powder produced by grinding cacao beans and pressing out the cocoa butter, better known as fat. The resulting cocoa powder is low in fat, but has an intense chocolate taste. It is most commonly used in baked goods, where it is mixed with sugar and fats, such as butter, margarine, or coconut oil. While sugar can add to your waistline, it is not considered a fat.The Cocoa Butter Market can be segmented on the basis of form, types, end-user, packaging, distribution channel and region.By form, cocoa butter market can be segmented into solid and liquid form. Among the two forms, the solid form is the highest supplied product in the market by the manufacturers and is expected to grow further in the forecast period. Liquid cocoa butter is supplied in tanks while the solid is supplied in blocks, cubes and chips boxes.By types, cocoa butter market can be segmented into organic, conventional, and deodorized cocoa butter. The organic cocoa butter is made by expeller pressed extraction process, the conventional cocoa butter is made by pure prime pressed extraction process and the deodorized cocoa butter is fully deodorized by a physical process and is mostly used for chocolate production.By end-user, cocoa butter market can be segmented into food industry, pharmaceutical industry, aromatherapy, cosmetics and personal care industry. In the food industry, cocoa butter is used in the production of confectionery products such as chocolates. In the pharmaceutical industry, cocoa butter is used for its physical properties as cocoa beans are a high-antioxidant in nature since they contain an ample amount of polyphenol and flavonoid antioxidants. It also boosts the immune system, improves heart health, and eases constipation. In aromatherapy, the cocoa butter is used due to its fragrance and natural properties.The global market for cocoa powder is likely to witness a CAGR of nearly 2.2% in terms of volume till 2026. The market is projected to surpass 1,315 ‘000 tonnes by the end of 2026.On the basis of end-use industry, the key segments include chocolate & confectionary, beverages, bakery, functional food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. Among these, beverages segment accounts for nearly 17.3% volume share of the market, and is likely to grow at a CAGR of 1.2% in terms of volume during the assessment period. The demand for cocoa powder from the beverages sector is likely to remain steady during the assessment period.Melamine formaldehyde PowderMelamine resin or melamine formaldehyde (also shortened to melamine) is a hard, thermosetting plastic material made from melamine and formaldehyde by polymerization. It is then used to cross-link with alkyd, epoxy, acrylic, and polyester resins, used in surface coatings.Melamine-formaldehyde resins in partially condensed form, herein referred to as melamine-formaldehyde precondensates, are widely used in finishing of textiles. They are commonly applied to the textiles in an aqueous medium. Such resins are commonly produced by condensing melamine and formaldehyde in the presence of methanol under reflux conditions. The reaction between the melamine and formaldehyde is exothermic and diflicult to control so as to form chiefly the desired trior tetramethylol melamine.Melamine formaldehyde is a synthetic resin manufactured by reacting melamine with highly reactive formaldehyde gas under alkaline conditions. Owing to its value added properties, melamine formaldehyde has found great industrial applications in fire retardants, surface coatings, plywood, particleboard, adhesive, molding compounds and laminates among others.Global Melamine Formaldehyde Market size is expected to reach $687 million by 2022 from $430 million in 2015. It is anticipated to grow at a CAGR of 6.9%. Melamine formaldehyde is a synthetic resin obtained by chemical combination of melamine. It is a translucent solid made from urea and formaldehyde, a highly reactive strong smelling gas derived from methane. The reaction product of melamine, urea, and related compounds with formaldehyde are called amino lasts. The hardness and chemical & moisture resistance quality of melamine resin is attributed to its complex and interlinked polymer structure.Melamine resin or Melamine formaldehyde is an organic, heterocyclic compound made from polymerizing melamine and formaldehyde to form a hard, thermosetting plastic material. Melamine when in its butylated form is dissolved in xylene and n-butanol. Nitrogen being a major constituent in the melamine structure makes melamine formaldehyde extremely flame retardant by nature. Melamine formaldehyde is formed by cross-linking this product with other products such as epoxy, acrylic, alkyd, and polyester resins. MF has some beneficial physical characteristics over Urea resins. It is moisture-resistant, hard, and stronger than urea formaldehyde.Global melamine formaldehyde market is anticipated to observe vigorous development over the forecast period owing to increase in demand from a range of end-use market applications. The properties of melamine formaldehyde such as resistance to water, fire, UV and light is slated to aid the overall market considerably over the forecast period.Liquid Glucose from PotatoesPotato is widely consumed as food all over the world. It contains the starch as a major carbohydrate. Surplus and cull potatoes are used as feed for livestock and also as raw material for the manufacture of starch, ethyl alcohol and a few other industrial products like, dextrose, liquid Glucose etc.Glucose syrup is a sweetening liquid which is made after the hydrolysis of glucose molecule, generally corn, rice, wheat and potato is taken to make glucose syrup because they are a rich source of starch. Glucose syrup is used for making frozen dessert and candy. Glucose syrup are also used to make baked food items to add sweetness. Glucose syrup are generally free from fat, but contains high amount of calories. Glucose syrup made from cornstarch contains a small amount of thiamine, zinc as well as calcium.The Global Market for Glucose Syrup has witnessed continued demand during the last few years and is projected to reach 29,888 kilo tons by 2022, at a CAGR of 3.6% from 2016 to 2022. Raise in demand across various industries such as food and beverage, pharmaceuticals, confectionery are driving the global glucose syrup market.Asia-Pacific region is estimated to dominate the global glucose syrup market holding a lion’s share of more than 30% accounting for a market volume of more than 10,000 kilo tons. North America will witness the highest growth rate of 3.94% in the global glucose syrup market whereas Europe and Rest of the world will witness moderate growth rate.Aluminium Collapsible TubesA collapsible tube is defined as a cylinder of pliable metal that can be sealed in such a manner that its contents, although readily discharged in any desired quantity, are protected from contact with air or moisture. Collapsible tubes are made from aluminum, tin coated lead, or lead tin alloy by cold extrusion. They consist of three parts, the main tube, a shoulder to one end of which a screened nozzle with orifice is fitted, and a molded cap to close the orifice, sometimes application of various design are attached to the nozzle with the help of mechanical or hand operated filling machines. The majority of medical creams and ointments are marketed in collapsible tubes made from aluminium or plastics which retain their original shape after use, or special laminates based on aluminium foil.The growth in aluminium consumption is focused on Asian region which is supported by strong public policies by respective governments. The main primary producers of aluminium are located in China, Russian Federation, North America, Latin America, Western Europe, and Australia. India is an important player in the aluminium sector, especially because of its abundant bauxite reserves. India has bauxite reserve base of 1.44 billion tonnes and reserves of 0.77 billion tonnes. The packaging industry is estimated at Rs 150 bn and is growing at 14-15% annually. Thus, due to demand it is best to invest in this project.Power TransformerA transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another through inductively coupled conductors—the transformer's coils. If a load is connected to the secondary, current will flow in the secondary winding, and electrical energy will be transferred from the primary circuit through the transformer to the load. Transformers range in size from a thumbnail-sized coupling transformer hidden inside a stage microphone to huge units weighing hundreds of tons used to interconnect portions of power grids. A transformer is a device for transferring energy in a system from one circuit to another. It consists of two independent electric circuits linked with a common magnetic circuit. This energy at low voltage may be transformed to energy at high Voltage, or vice versa.The global power transformers market was estimated to be 11,352 units in 2013 and is expected to reach 16,994 units by 2020, at a CAGR of 5.9% from 2014 to 2020. In terms of revenue, the market is expected to grow from USD 18.55 billion in 2013 to USD 28.22 billion in 2020 at a CAGR of 6.2% from 2014 to 2020. India has a good and sound base of over 700 industries and has total transformer manufacturing capacity of 1,000 GVA sufficient for domestic and export market. The present net worth of industry is about ` 12,500 crores and now has planned to add 100,000 MW in the 12th Plan period which shall result in annual market of ` 15,000 crores for transformer industry. As a whole there is a good scope for new entrepreneur to invest in this business.Gypsum Plaster BoardGypsum board, also known as “drywall” or “plaster board,” consists of a core of gypsum surrounded with a paper covering. These gypsum board products include regular gypsum wallboard, moisture-resistant gypsum board, and type-X fire-resistant gypsum board. Natural gypsum is a common mineral that is easily mined or quarried. It is generally found close to the surface of the earth.Synthetic Gypsum is a by-product of cleaning the emissions of the coal burning power plants. When the coal burns, Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) is captured in the coal stacks soit is not released into the environment. Gypsum is a mineral found in sedimentary rock formations in a crystalline form known as calcium sulfate dihydrate CaSO4•2H2O. One hundred pounds of gypsum rock contains approximately 21 pounds (or 10 quarts) of chemically combined water. Gypsum Plaster Boards are constructional sheets composed of consigned Gypsum with about 15% fibre. Gypsum plaster boards are selected for use according to their type, size, thickeners and edge profit. We actively encourage a culture of innovation, which facilitates the development of new technologies and ensure a high quality product.Monochloro Acetic AcidChloroacetic Acid, industrially known as Monochloro Acetic Acid (MCA) is the organochlorine compound with the formula ClCH2CO2H. This carboxylic acid is a useful building-block in organic synthesis. Chloroacetic acid was first prepared (in impure form) by the French chemist Felix LeBlanc (1813–1886) in 1843 by chlorinating acetic acid in the presence of sunlight, and in 1857 (in pure form) by the German chemist Reinhold Hoffmann (1831–1919) by refluxing glacial acetic acid in the presence of chlorine and sunlight, and then by the French chemist Charles-Adolphe Wurtz by reacting chloroacetyl chloride (ClCH2COCl) with water, also in 1857.Market share is set to exceed USD 1.2 billion by 2024. Monochloro acetic acid is the key component in the manufacturing of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). CMC finds application in the food industry as a thickener, viscosity modifier, and emulsion stabilizer, and is considered as a key driver for monochloro acetic acid (MCAA) market. Cellulosic’s will grow at a substantial rate of around 4.5% in the forecast span to hold a major market share by 2024.The surfactants segment will foresee considerable growth due to increasing industrial, sanitary, and home care applications. The segment will grow to over USD 175 million by 2024.E-Waste Recycling PlantElectronic wastes, "e-waste", "e-scrap", or "Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment" ("WEEE") is a description of surplus, obsolete, broken or discarded electrical or electronic devices. Technically, electronic "waste" is the component which is dumped or disposed or discarded rather than recycled, including residue from reuse and recycling operations. Electronic Waste – or e-waste – is the term used to describe old, end-of-life electronic appliances such as computers, laptops, TVs, DVD players, mobile phones, mp3 players etc. which have been disposed of by their original users. The perception of e-waste is often restricted to a narrower sense, comprising mainly of end-of-life information- & telecommunication equipment and consumer electronics. However, technically, electronic waste is only a subset of WEEE (Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment). E-Waste or Electronic Waste broadly describes loosely discarded, surplus, broken, obsolete, electrical and electronic devices. According to E-Waste Market in India 2015-2019 research, the need to prevent biological hazards is one of the major trends upcoming in this market.hdpE PipesThese HDPE pipes and fittings have a high degree of corrosion resistance, are light in weight. Yet tough and durable, have excellent, hydraulic properties, excellent thermal properties, weather ability. High density polyethylene (HDPE) is being used as drainage pipe material because it is lightweight, corrosion resistant, easy to install, and has a low maintenance cost. The design of HDPE corrugated drainage pipe is based on the assumption that the pipe will deform and thus relieve stress.Polymers are classified into thermoplastics and thermosetting. The industry has expanded along with expansion of diverse applications areas such as packaging, extrusions, blow mouldings and industrial mouldings for automobiles, telecommunications and white goods. User segments include electrical appliances, domesticware, leatherite, decorative laminates, fittings and fixtures, construction industry (extrusions), automobile components, machinery and equipment, water tanks, pipes and fittings, drink bottles, medical appliances, weather protection. The Indian industry has created enough capacity to export polymers in substantial quantities. In 2006-07, India exported close to 17% of its polymer production. However, import of polymers continues unabated at a growth of 11% (2001-02 to 2006-07) per annum, and makes up for nearly 14% of the domestic consumption. Despite the slowdown, the plastic industry has seen a fairly high growth in 2008-09. As a whole any entrepreneur can venture in this project without risk and earn profit.Spices in Pouch PackingSpices are non-leafy parts (e.g. bud, fruit, seed, bark, rhizome, and bulb) of plants used as a flavoring or seasoning, although many can also be used as an herbal medicine. A closely related term, ‘herb’, is used to distinguish plant parts finding the same uses but derived from leafy or soft flowering parts. The two terms may be used for the same plants in which the fresh leaves are used as herbs, while other dried parts are used as spices, e.g. coriander, dill. Spices impart aroma, color and taste to food preparations. The volatile oils from spices give the aroma and the oleoresins impart the taste. There is a growing interest in the theoretical and practical aspects of the inner biosynthetic mechanisms of the active principles in spices, as well as in the relationship between the biological activity and the chemical structure of these secondary metabolites. Secondary metabolites in spices have been a fertile area for chemical investigation for many years, driving the development of both analytical chemistry and of new synthetic reactions and methodologies.India is the largest producer, consumer and exporter of spices and spice products in the world and produces more than 50 spices. India is also a big exporter of Chili, turmeric, cumin, pepper and many other spices. Total spices export from India stood at 226,225 tons valued at US$ 621.78 in April-June 2016, registering a year-on-year growth of 3 per cent. Major importers of Indian spices in FY 2015-16 were US, China, Vietnam, UAE, Indonesia, Malaysia, UK, Sri Lanka, Saudi Arabia, and Germany. Export of organic spices from India has started in right earnest. The country at present exports around 50 tons of different varieties of organic spices. Exports will get a significant boost in the coming years as more farmers switch to organic methods. Spices Board India has prepared a document on production of organic spices.Solar Panel & Electronic ToysA solar panel is a collection of solar cells. Lots of small solar cells spread over a large area can work together to provide enough power to be useful. The more light that hits a cell the more electricity it produces Solar panel refers either to a photovoltaic module, a solar thermal energy panel, or to a set of solar photovoltaic (PV) modules electrically connected and mounted on a supporting structure. A PV module is a packaged, connected assembly of solar cells. Solar panels can be used as a component of a larger photovoltaic system to generate and supply electricity in commercial and residential applications. A single solar module can produce only a limited amount of power most installations contain multiple modules. A photovoltaic system typically includes a panel or an array of solar modules, an inverter, and sometimes a battery and/or solar tracker and interconnection wiring.The PV MARKET has been upward trend for years now. The market is expected to continue to grow until 20. The JNNSM (Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission) target of 20 GW of installation by 2022 and also proactive policies from states like Gujarat are the key drivers for the growth of the solar sector in India.In India, there is about 1.4 GW of module manufacturing capacity and this is expected to increase in the future since the solar PV segment is one part of the entire value chain where the barriers to entry is relatively low. As a whole entrepreneurs it is your best investment.Electronic ToysToday’s electronics have far more to offer. Many of the computer games currently online are frankly quite challenging, not to mention creative and thought-provoking, and the offerings for all ages down to wee little tots are immense. Smart toys are called as such because they help kids grow up to be, well, smart. The term “smart toys” is often used to mean two things: first, it refers to computerized toys that are designed and programmed to respond to a kid’s actions, which makes these toys “smart;” second, the term may also refer to the educational activities of the toys themselves, which help kids become “smart.”An electronic car that races back and forth while being watched by the child is not a smart to the best toys are those that actively engage a child’s entire being – mentally, physically, emotionally, and socially. Electronics are by nature pre-programmed and simply cannot provide the same open-ended play opportunities as traditional toys.The Indian toy industry is estimated at about 400 million US dollars and until now has generated only 0.5 percent of the global market. Among the local manufacturers in India about 59 % are still focusing on the production of cheap and unbranded toys which appeals to the price-sensitive Indian consumers. In the future it is expected that these companies will shift towards branded toys as well to stay competitive with international companies, new launches and the offer of branded toys. The share of internet retailing in sales grew from 1 % in 2007 up to 18 % in 2012.Due to heavy demand it is a good project for entrepreneurs to invest.Here, checkout this link on popular business ideas for different industries that have great future potential.https://www.entrepreneurindia.co/project-and-profileHope that helps.Best Regards,Ajay GuptaFootnotes[1] NIIR PROJECT CONSULTANCY SERVICES, NPCS, India - Business Consultant, Project Report, Technology Books, Directory