Form St 44: Fill & Download for Free

It is for sure that the paper this time(2016) is going to be easy than previous year (2015). As per coaching institutes the paper this time will be moderate for all three topics i.e. PHYSICS, CHEMISTRY AND MATHS. Also Keeping mind this time cutoff may raise form previous year so u have to study up-to that. last year cutoff Is given Below:CML(General) - 105OBC - 70SC - 50ST - 44So, all the Best For JEE MAINS 2016 .Link for jeemain :http://jeemain.nic.in/webinfo/Public/Home.aspx

Yeah, surprisingly enough I have helped get a teacher fired.This year, my original English teacher was fired before the school year even started, but I'm not sure why on this one. For 2 weeks we had substitute teachers until our new permanent teacher, let's call him Mr. A, came in.Mr. A was a nice guy and a good teacher, but unfortunately the new curriculum the school was trying out was absolute hell and never seemed to work right, and it wasn't very teachable. This went on for months until just after spring break. Now Mr. A is extremely religious and has always wanted to be a priest, but for a specific church down in LA. Apparently a spot opened up there, because he left during spring break and has been since seen occasionally on weekends at Starbucks when he is visiting his family here. Well, that's how the story goes anyway.For two weeks after he left, we had short term subs every day, and the vice principal was giving us assignments to do and grading them herself. Nobody could figure out how she was grading them, though, as my two page long responses were getting 50% and someone's two sentence response was getting 100%. On essay questions.Then one day we walked into class to an empty room, no teacher, and the desks were moved into really weird groups. At the bell, the substitute walked in and told the class to line up outside against the wall. What do we look like to you, kindergarteners?Nevertheless, we walked outside and lined up, with a lot of complaining. This chick then jumped up on the bench in front of the classroom, promptly complained about her hair getting messed up by the fog, and walked inside to grab an umbrella before coming out and jumping back up on the bench.Once she stayed still enough for us to get a good look at her, we noticed she was wearing a butt ugly orange long sleeve shirt, a dark red skirt, and green eyeshadow. This isn't the 1900s hun, green eyeshadow that color isn't a thing, especially if you're not wearing green.So she spent five minutes just waiting for us to be quiet with a finger on her lips to shush us, and once we were dead silent, she told us her three rules, only the last of which I remember. It was “always try 100%”. Yeah… This is high school. Fat chance.We walked inside after another 10 minutes of standing in the rain, and (let’s call her Ms. KJ) proceeded to tell us a “little bit about herself”, which was a cue for spending the entire period bragging about how she has three college degrees in communications, business, and something else. Apparently she wrote a book, too, and it's about her life. She left home at the age of 16 and never looked back, living with a friend until she was 18. Her entire life's story is in that book, and she advertised it to us, even telling us where we could buy it. No thanks.After her little advertisement, Ms. KJ spent five minutes saying that at this point in her life, she should be making $10,000 a day, but instead she's here being paid way less than she deserves.Her words, not mine.This continued for the entirety of the week, as Ms. KJ came on a Tuesday. She says she's taught every grade except for third, but she also said she just finished her teaching credential and was having trouble getting a job because it was the middle of the semester, so I think by “teaching” she really means substituting.The next week, we actually got into material, and we had a question on the board. It was “Does absolute power corrupts absolutely?” This I got into an argument with her about, because there have been times where absolute rulers have tried themselves to change their ruling power and give more to the people, so how could that be corrupting them absolutely?She started talking about religion, and how in the Bible people used to live for a thousand years, then 400, and now down to 100. Uhhh… this is public school, you don't talk about religious affiliation here.Fast forward another day and we are talking about an essay we did the previous day and how she will be grading it. On the day of the assignment, she said you just need to write about a bad day you've had, and it does not have to be in paragraph form, just keep writing. But now, as we are going over the rubric, she says “A lot of people didn't put it in paragraph form like the assignment said to do, so just to let you know I will be taking points off for that”.What?!Cue class freaking out and yelling at her for a solid 20 minutes. I'm normally a quiet student, but I have a little bit of anxiety when it comes to my grades, so I flipped and was yelling along with the rest of the class.She managed to calm everyone down, and then proceeded to ask me what I was worried about. She for some reason loved me, as nothing I could say or do made her stop asking me for things. So naturally I responded that “I wasn't going to deal with getting my grade lowered because you can't make up your mind.”She just said “Okay, then we won't take points off for that”.Uhhhh… I just practically insulted you but ok, guess we'll go with that.Skip a day and we are grading a quiz. I have different answers than she does that are still correct, as do several other people. She refuses to give us credit. I stand up, pull out the damn book (Animal Farm), and show her exactly where the answers are that we got.She still says they're not right.So after class, I get permission from my 2nd period teacher and go to the vice principal’s office. I would have gone to the principal, but he was at some meeting and couldn't talk to me, so I had to settle for the VP.I proceeded to tell her exactly what was going on and how we had not learned a single thing within two weeks time. She’d spent over half of every class just talking about herself and bragging about her son.The VP looked up my grades, and said something like “Wow, you're the 3rd person to come complaining about her, but you have straight A’s. We will be looking into this more.”Before class that day, I had decided to record the class on my phone using a voice recorder, just in case I went to complain, that way I would have proof. So I showed the recording to the VP, and she clicked through trying to find the point where class started.It was 35 minutes into a 44 minute recording.She walked me out of the office, and told me to keep recording but to not tell anyone what I was doing, so I didn't. She walked straight to the principal after our meeting since he'd just finished with his, and spoke to him about it.We had the head of the English department come in and observe a class, but of course Ms. KJ acted like a good teacher then.After another two days, Ms. KJ kicked three people out of her class during another period, and two of them went and complained to the office about her. This somehow got back to her, because after class she pulled two of my friends aside and asked them to go to the office and put in a good word for her, to “even out” what the other two girls had said, and that if they did they would get extra credit for it.Whaaaaaaat?!Yeah, not only did she bribe two students, but she bribed my friends, so naturally they told me about it. I told them to go back to her at lunch and ask what exactly she wanted them to say, all while secretly recording the whole thing, so they did.And sent the whole thing directly to the principal.We each filled out a report on Ms. KJ, kind of like a police report but the school version. We had a five day weekend after that, for what I can't remember, but when we came back she was gone. There was another incident with that teacher right before the break regarding a slight bout of racism with that teacher and another friend of mine, but that's a story for another day.Oddly enough, I was just a regular old band kid before all this happened. Now I'm somewhat popular as the kid who was loved by a teacher and got that teacher fired.I have removed the title of the book due to privacy concerns.

A window into man's digestion system- literallyAlexis St. Martin: The Man With A Hole In His StomachThe history of medicine isn't pretty. It's full of grisly accidents, inhumane behavior, and ambiguous ethics. The story of Alexis St. Martin and Dr. William Beaumont hits all of those low points, but it completely changed the world of medicine.In 1822, Alexis St. Martin was working as a voyageur[1] — a boatman who shipped furs from port to port — for the American Fur Company.[2] St. Martin and his mates navigated heavily laden canoes through the chilly Canadian waterways, transporting furs and other goods to trading posts along the way. By day, voyageurs paddled for 15 backbreaking hours, negotiating whitewater rapids, and transpirting thousands of pounds of cargo.[3] At night they made camp, filled their bellies, and slept beneath their canoes.The 28-year-old French Canadian was standing in the company store on Mackinac Island in Michigan when the accidental discharge of a shotgun from less than three feet away pierced St. Martin in his lower ribs on the left side.[4] It was a gruesome scene, leaving a gaping hole where fractured rib bones, burnt bits of lung, and stomach tissue protruded.[5] The wound was so bad that his breakfast couldn't even stay in his stomach; it came out of the hole along with everything else.American Fur Company on Mackinac Island where Alexis St. Martin was shot. (American Fur Company - Wikipedia)His companions dressed his wound and called for Dr. William Beaumont, an Army surgeon stationed at Fort Mackinac to the scene.[6] Beaumont, a Connecticut native, never attended medical school and had no background in experimental science but had been apprenticed in Vermont and joined the American Army, where he fought in the 1812 War against Britain as a surgeon’s mate.[7] He was eventually sent to Mackinac Island, a frontier outpost in Michigan, at the lowly rank of Assistant Surgeon.Beaumont after examining the hand-sized wound with the edge of a burnt lung protruding from it, initially decided that treatment was futile. He cleansed the wound, clipping off a bit of a rib with his penknife to ease the lung back inside, then applied a poultice.[8] Beaumont predicted the man wouldn't survive more than 36 hours.[9]I was called to him [St. Martin] immediately after the accident. Found a portion of the Lungs as large as a turkey’s egg protruding through the external wound, lacerated and burnt, and below this another protrusion resembling a portion of the Stomach, what at first view I could not believe possible to be that organ in that situation with the subject surviving, but on closer examination I found it to be actually the Stomach, with a puncture in the protruding portion large enough to receive my fore-finger, and through which a portion of his food that he had taken for breakfast had come out and lodged among his apparel. In this dilemma I considered my attempt to save his life entirely useless.~William Beaumont, Fort Mackinac Post Surgeon (1822)[10]Miraculously, St. Martin did survive, despite pneumonia and a dangerously high fever. In the weeks that followed, St. Martin was subjected to repeated cycles of bleeding, followed by cathartics, which spilled out the hole in his stomach.[11] Attempts to feed the patient had similar results, forcing aides to feed St. Martin through anal injections for two weeks[12] , until the wound is healed enough for the hole to be bandaged.With every subsequent doctor's visit, St. Martin recovered and in about 10 months, the wound was healed — mostly. Despite multiple surgeries, the hole wouldn't close. Instead, the tissue healed back on itself to form a fistula.[13] That made it difficult for St. Martin to eat since food easily escaped from his stomach.Alexis St. Martin - WikipediaBut for Beaumont, that hole presented a window into human digestion.. At the time, there were two competing theories about how digestion worked. On one side, digestion was mechanical- food was literally ground up in the stomach. On the other, it was chemical- food was dissolved in the stomach with some sort of gastric juice.[14]For Beaumont, St. Martin's hole presented a window into human digestion literally. Until he published his observations “Experiments and Observations on the Gastric Juice and the Physiology of Digestion,” most scientists believed digestion was either mechanical or chemical.[15] The first attributed digestion to a grinding in the stomach, the latter to the solvent properties of gastric juice.[16]To determine the mechanisms of digestion, Beaumont used St. Martin as a human guinea pig, observing human digestion through the open hole in St. Martin's stomach. Vegetables were spooned into the hole, left it there for a while, then siphoned out.[17] Beaumont tied bits of meat to pieces of string and dangled them in the stomach like a fishing lure, pulling them out after various periods of time to see how the meat changed.[18]Digesting The Past | PLOS ECR CommunityHe kept careful records of everything that went into and came out of St. Martin's stomach, and even sent samples of his gastric secretions for analysis — a task that sounds routine these days, but was unheard of at the time.[19] In the end, Beaumont was able to prove that digestion was chemical, due to gastric juices made up primarily of hydrochloric acid.[20]While St. Martin’s gastric fistula was not the first recorded in history, it was the first time one was exploited for scientific research.[21] With encouragement through letters from his friend, Army Surgeon General Joseph Lovell, Beaumont continued to experiment on and in St. Martin’s stomach on Mackinac Island through 1824.[22] Experiments continued intermittently for the next 10 years, at his posts in New York, Wisconsin and Washington D.C.Beaumont demonstrated once and for all that digestion in the stomach was chemical—a product (mostly) of the gastric juice itself which Beaumont surmised, correctly, was composed largely of hydrochloric acid.[23] The discovery lifted the doctor from obscurity, and he became seen as the father of American gastric physiology.[24] The fact that Beaumont made these findings with the barest nuts-and-bolts medical background, in frontier conditions, and with no scientific training is a testament to his keen mind.This Man's Gunshot Wound Gave Scientists a Window Into DigestionWhile examining a patient and recording observations is routine in medicine today, it was uncommon during Beaumont's time. Doctors would often diagnose patients without ever laying eyes on them.[25] Despite being the 1800s, many physicians continued to diagnose patients on the 1,600-year-old medical treatises of the ancient Greek physician Galen.[26]However, a steadily increasing number of scholars and doctors began to realize that observational medicine was a revolutionary approach to syccessful physiology and medicine. Essentially, data was collected on the clinical patient and then diagnoses were based on the physician's conclusions.Dr William Beaumont (Alexis St. Martin: The Man With A Hole In His Stomach)One thing in particular that clouded Beaumont’s rising reputation was his callous insensitivity toward St. Martin. While typical of the age, an 1843 letter from St. Martin to Beaumont explains his unwillingness to travel and reveals, perhaps, the patient’s attempt to remind the doctor of his human condition. “I have not forgot you. I have had some sickness in my family, and lost two of my children, and was unwell myself for the best part of a year.”[27]The doctor showed little concern for St. Martin’s physical or emotional well-being throughout the experiments, which often left St. Martin lightheaded, nauseous, constipated and with a headache.[28] Who knows what other sicknesses the Quebecois’ amazing immune system stanched, as Beaumont freely placed objects of questionable sterility, including thermometers and spoons, into the hole.[29] We know, too, that St. Martin was ridiculed by his peers over his freakish stomach, as his brother, Etienne, also a voyageur, once stabbed another voyageur for taunting St. Martin.[30]It's questionable how much consent St. Martin authorized Beaumont to experiment on his body. Beaumont kept St. Martin a virtual prisoner in his own home, feeding and clothing him for years, but also preventing him from leaving to visit his wife and children.[31] In Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin, Beaumont housed St. Martin, as well as his wife, Marie, and children.[32] The family was treated as hired hands, and St. Martin was paid as such. Later, Beaumont arranged to have St. Martin enlisted in the army so he could receive a stipend to live on—although St. Martin’s only duty was to present his stomach to Beaumont.[33]A Gutsy Life:By 1834, St. Martin had successfully extricated himself from the doctor. The two never saw each other again, although over the course of the next two decades, Beaumont tried unsuccessfully to lure St. Martin to his home in St. Louis (where he eventually settled) for more experiments.[34] Once, Beaumont sent his son, Israel, to Quebec as an envoy.[35] But Beaumont and St. Martin could never come to terms. St. Martin wouldn’t visit without his family. Beaumont didn’t want the family, and even when he or St. Martin relented on that point, the doctor wouldn’t advance enough money to make the visit happen, for fear the “irresponsible” St. Martin would squander the funds along the way.[36]Although a world apart, the men’s odd relationship haunted both to the end of their days. In 1840, Beaumont was called in as one of several physicians to assist the publisher of a St. Louis newspaper who’d been struck on the head with an iron cane by a politician who his newspaper had maligned.[37] Beaumont performed a trepanning operation—cutting a hole in the patient’s skull to remove the pressure. The publisher died, and the politician went on trial for murder. In their defense, his lawyers accused Beaumont of drilling the hole in the man’s head just to see what was inside, just as he’d left the hole in St. Martin’s side. The politician got of with a $500 fine.[38] While Beaumont then and at other times has been accused of not closing a hole after the wound healed so he could exploit it, many scholars and physicians believed the doctor lacked the means or the knowledge to do so.Beaumont’s later life in St. Louis was comfortable. He was happily married and had three children he adored.[39] While Beaumont’s book never made him much money, it brought him prominence, which translated into a busy physician’s practice.[40] Beaumont died in 1853, about a month after he hit his head on an icy step after visiting a patient.[41]Alexis Bidagan St. Martin (1802-1880) - Find A...St. Martin outlived his doctor by 27 years. In 1856, a charlatan, going by the name of Bunting and masquerading as a doctor, toured St. Martin around 10 cities, treating him like a circus freak.[42] While in St. Louis, the pair visited Beaumont’s widow and son, Israel.[43] Presumably, St. Martin made some money from the tour, but it wasn’t enough to lift him out of poverty in his old age.When St. Martin died in 1880, his family purposely left his body out to decompose in the sun before burying him in an unmarked grave—eight feet deep with rocks on the casket—all to keep the curious from exhuming it.[44]In 1962, St. Martin finally got his due when the Canadian Physiological Society decided it was time to mark his grave.[45] The society’s sleuthing turned up the fact that St. Martin was 28 at the time of the accident, not 18 as had been believed for 140 years—largely because Beaumont recorded it that way. Beaumont, who knew every nuance of St. Martin’s stomach, apparently never bothered to check his subject’s age.Footnotes[1] Definition of VOYAGEUR[2] American Fur Company[3] A Gutsy Life: Reboot[4] Alexis St. Martin Becomes Living X-Ray | History Channel on Foxtel[5] Probing the Mysteries of Human Digestion[6] If You're Going to Mackinac Island, You Have to Visit the Forts – MyNorth.com[7] Gulp: Adventures on the Alimentary Canal[8] Frontier Doctor[9] The Canada Medical Record[10] The William Beaumont Papers: A Life in Letters[11] Before Bioethics[12] History and Animal Nutrition and Digestion[13] Intestinal Fistulas[14] Probing the Mysteries of Human Digestion[15] An Elementary treatise on human physiology[16] Experiments and Observations on the Gastric Juice, and the Physiology of Digestion[17] An Elementary treatise on human physiology[18] DR. WILLIAM BEAUMONT HAD THE STOMACH FOR THE JOB[19] The Retrospect of Practical Medicine and Surgery[20] How Powerful Is Stomach Acid?[21] This Horrifying Experiment Led to Our Understanding of Human Digestion[22] Source Materials and the Library: The Dispersion of the Beaumont Papers[23] ‘Open Wound’ Book Review - Doctor and Patient, Bound Together[24] Dr. William Beaumont: The Accidental Father of Gastroenterology[25] Man With Hole in Stomach Revolutionized Medicine[26] The Doctor's White Coat: An Historical Perspective[27] Alexis St. Martin (1794-1880): The Intrepid Guinea Pig of the Great Lakes[28] Digestive System - Alexis St. Martin's Stomach[29] Medical Sentinel[30] The Journal of the American Medical Association[31] Man With Hole in Stomach Revolutionized Medicine[32] William Beaumont Publishes the First Great American Contribution to Physiology[33] Working Ethics: William Beaumont, Alexis St. Martin, and Medical Research in Antebellum America[34] St. Martin And Beaumont[35] Alexis St. Martin collection 1879[36] Full text of "Life and letters of Dr. William Beaumont, including hitherto unpublished data concerning the case of Alexis St. Martin"[37] Frontier Doctor[38] Guinea Pig Zero[39] William Beaumont Biography[40] Dr. William Beaumont's Life and Work[41] William Beaumont Biography[42] All the Guts, None of the Glory: The Story of Alexis St. Martin[43] This Man's Gunshot Wound Gave Scientists a Window Into Digestion[44] https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=http://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS014067361260498X.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwi3t5OYn6LlAhWSd98KHf1DAxAQFjAgegQICxAB&usg=AOvVaw28bH2a_a6Osl16SO9Ie1EK[45] Alexis Bidagan St. Martin (1802-1880) - Find A...