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The French name Pékin was probably introduced by French Jesuit missionaries in the Ming Dynasty.Lettres édifiantes et curieuses concernant l'Asie, l'Afrique et l'Amérique : avec quelques relations nouvelles des missions et des notes géographiques et historiques. Chine / publiées sous la direction de M. L. Aimé-Martin...[p. 6; from the BNF, French National Library; this volume was probably published in 1705]After a brief search, I have been able to track down two more Google Books references from the early 19th century (GB starts in 1800), but I’m sure there are many earlier ones:2. Bibliographie Astronomique: Avec L'histoire de L'astronomie Depuis 1781, p. 843; Paris, 1803: Bibliographie Astronomique3. Guide pour ceux qui commencent à apprendre la langue françoise, p. 87; Londres, 1805: The French Scholar's Guide

Yes, of course!In general, the Socialist Republic of Vietnam’s bases to claim these islands have always been consistently based on the historical materials as well as international laws which are regulated by the United Nations (UN). If we take a look at historical documents written from 17th to 19th centuries by Western explorers/ geographers as well as by the Royal Court of Vietnam at that time - the Nguyễn dynasty [1], surely they all mentioned the Paracel [2] and Spratly Islands [3]as parts of the Vietnamese territories.Figure 1: One of the most famous map about Vietnam in 19th century was the “An Nam Đại Quốc Họa Đồ” (安南大國畫圖). Drawn in 1838 by Jean-Louis Taberd [4], a French missionary in Cochinchina, it was later published in numerous French books, such as “L'Empire d'Annam et le peuple annamite” by Félix Alcan in the picture above [5][6]. The Paracel Islands was labeled (in the red circle) under Vietnamese name as “Paracel seu Cát Vàng”.Nowadays, a lot of historical materials in English and French which mentioned about Vietnamese sovereignty over the two archipelagos have been discovered by historians and researchers, such as the “Geography of the Cochin-Chinese Empire” by Dr. Gutzlaff (1849)[7]and “Tableau de la Cochinchine: rédigé sous les auspices de la Société d'ethnographie” by Eugène Cortambert (1862) [8]. They all mentioned the islands under Vietnamese name “Katvang” or “Kat-vang”, which literally means “Yellow Sands”. With my answer today, I would like to provide another two important documents, which I recently found out from the Gallica [9]- the numerical library of the Bibliothèque nationale de France [10].The first document was named as “Dictionnaire géographique, biographique et d'histoire naturelle complet, avec un atlas de 100 cartes dressées par M. G. Heck” [11]. This book was published in Paris under direction of M. V. Tapié (1838). Generally, it was a geographical dictionary of the world at that time, which clearly mentioned about the Empire of “An-nam”, “Drang-Trong” and “les Paracels” as follows [12]:Original French text:“…Des iles remarquables s’etendent sur les côtes de l’An-nam. Voici les plus connues: les Paracels (Drang-Trong), frequentées par les pêcheurs…” (p. 296)English translation:"... Remarkable islands stretch out on the shores of An-nam. Here are the best known: the Paracels (Drang-Trong), frequented by fishermen ... " (p. 296)Figure 2: The opening page of the “Dictionnaire géographique” and page 296. The word “Drang-Trong” or “Đàng Trong” geographically means the southern part of Vietnam, during the Trịnh - Nguyễn War and the division of Vietnam in 18th. Therefore, this document clearly pointed out the ancient sovereignty of Vietnam over the Paracel Islands at that time.Furthermore, the second document was also a French document, published in 1856 by the sons of Conrad Malte-Brun [13], a famous Dano-French geographer. The title of this book is “Géographie complète et universelle, Tome IV” [14]. On page 73 about the general information tables of countries, empires and kingdoms of the Southeast Asia, the author also mentioned the “L’ Archipel de Paracels” as a part under the administration of the “Royaume de Cochinchine ou An-nam méridional” (Kingdom of Cochinchina or Southern Annam), together with Hué [15], Nhatrang [16], Camaigne (?), Phuyen [17], Hone-coha (?), Faifo [18], Quinon [19]and Touron [20].Figure 3: The opening page of the “Géographie complète et universelle” and page 73, which obviously mentioned about the sovereignty of Annam over the Paracel Islands.Not only stop at these two documents, there are still tens of thousands historical materials in the Bibliothèque nationale de France which can be used to support the Vietnam’s bases to claim the Paracel and Spratly Islands.I hope these two materials are new to everyone and my answer will also satisfy your needs. Many thanks for reading.P/s:To my dear Vietnamese compatriots,Today is 30 May 2019, it means forty five years have passed since the Chinese illegal occupation of Paracel Islands by military forces in 1974 [21]. These territories cultivated by our forefathers are now under occupation of the foreign army. They falsified our history by saying these islands have been under the control of their “Celestial Empire” for centuries [22].Therefore, what we the Vietnamese should do now is finding more and more historical materials, bring them out to the light and serve the matter of facts. In my opinion, this is also an act to defense our Vietnamese sovereignty over these islands. The numerical libraries over the world such as the French Gallica can provide an ocean of knowledge and materials for us. Hope one day in the future, the Paracel Islands will surely return to Vietnam!Cheers.Footnotes[1] Nguyễn dynasty - Wikipedia[2] Paracel Islands - Wikipedia[3] Spratly Islands - Wikipedia[4] Jean-Louis Taberd - Wikipedia[5] L'Empire d'Annam et le peuple annamite. Aperçu sur la géographie, les productions, l'industrie, les moeurs et les coutumes de l'Annam. Publié sous les auspices de l'administration des colonies. Annoté et mis à jour par J. Silvestre,... (1er novembre 1888.)[6] L'EMPIRE D'ANNAM et LE PEUPLE ANNAMITE (1889)[7] Geography of the Cochin-Chinese Empire : Dr. Gutzlaff : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive[8] Tableau de la Cochinchine rédigé sous les auspices de la Société d'ethnographie par mm. E. Cortambert et Léon de Rosny : Eugène Cortambert : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive[9] Gallica[10] En ce moment | BnF - Site institutionnel[11] Dictionnaire géographique, biographique et d'histoire naturelle complet / avec 100 cartes dressées par M. G. Heck,... ; publié sous la direction de M. V. Tapié[12] Dictionnaire géographique, biographique et d'histoire naturelle complet / avec 100 cartes dressées par M. G. Heck,... ; publié sous la direction de M. V. Tapié[13] Conrad Malte-Brun - Wikipedia[14] Géographie complète et universelle. Tome 4 / Malte-Brun[15] Huế - Wikipedia[16] Nha Trang - Wikipedia[17] Phú Yên Province - Wikipedia[18] Hội An - Wikipedia[19] Qui Nhơn - Wikipedia[20] Da Nang - Wikipedia[21] Battle of the Paracel Islands - Wikipedia[22] https://scholarlycommons.law.case.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1644&context=jil

As far as I know ( i.e Histoire de l’Empire Ottoman, sous la direction de Robert Mantran, a standard book, which unfortunately has never been translated in english, I suppose), ther has never been any Ottoman order to block the spice trade to Europe. On the contrary, there are many Sultan privileges in favour of Christian merchants. It was forbidden the exporting in Christian Europe of weapons, metalls and even grains , considered “strategic assets”.Even the trade of these merchandise, however, was often allowed by the Turk.