University Of Amsterdam Amsterdam Institute For Advanced Labour Studies Distribution: Fill & Download for Free

An Overview of Women’s Work and Employment in Ukraine Decisions for Life MDG3 Project Country Report No. 8 University of Amsterdam / Amsterdam Institute for Advanced Labour Studies (AIAS) www.uva.nl/aias Maarten van Klaveren, Kea Tijdens, Melanie Hughie-Williams, Nuria Ramos Martin email: [email protected] Amsterdam, Netherlands, March 2010 2 Table of Contents Management summary 3 1. Introduction: The Decisions for Life project 6 2. Gender analysis regarding work and employment 7 2.1. Introduction: the general picture ...................................................................................................... 7 2.1.1. History 7 2.1.2. Governance 10 2.1.3. Prospects 14 2.2. Communication ................................................................................................................................. 15 2.3. The sectoral labour market structure ............................................................................................. 17 2.3.1. Population and employment 17 2.3.2. Unemployment 19 2.4. National legislation and labour relations ...................................................................................... 21 2.4.1. Legislation 21 2.4.2. Labour relations and wage-setting 23 2.5. Minimum wage and poverty ........................................................................................................... 24 2.5.1. The statutory minimum wage 24 2.5.2. Inequality and poverty 25 2.6. Demographics and female labour force ......................................................................................... 26 2.6.1. Population and fertility 26 2.6.2. Health 28 2.6.3. Women’s labour market share 31 2.7. Education and skill levels of the female labour force .................................................................. 34 2.7.1. Literacy 34 2.7.2. Education of girls 34 2.7.3. Female skill levels 36 2.8. Wages and working conditions of the target group ..................................................................... 37 2.8.1. Wages 37 2.8.2. Working conditions 39 3. Basic information for WageIndicator Questionnaire 40 3.1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 40 3.2. List of educational categories and ISCED levels ........................................................................... 40 3.3. List of regions .................................................................................................................................... 41 3.4. List of languages ............................................................................................................................... 53 4. References 53 5. What is WageIndicator? 56 3 Management summary This report provides information on Ukraine on behalf of the implementation of the DECISIONS FOR LIFE project in that country. The DECISIONS FOR LIFE project aims to raise awareness amongst young female workers about their employment opportunities and career possibilities, family building and the work-family balance. This report is part of the Inventories, to be made by the University of Amsterdam, for all 14 countries involved. It focuses on a gender analysis of work and employment. History (2.1.1). Under the Soviet regime, Ukraine in particular suffered from intellectual oppression and agriculture collectivisation, to become after 1945 an important center of Soviet steel and arms industry. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the country had great difficulties in adapting its governance system and consequently in its economic transition, in the 1990s resulting in widespread poverty. In the 2000s export-led growth followed based on the strong points of Ukraine’s economy. Governance (2.1.2). Ukraine is a multiparty, democratic republic with a mixed presidential and parliamentary system. Corruption remains widespread at various levels. The legislation upholds the rights of women, but women face discriminatory practices in various areas. Women’s participation in politics and governance is low, and contrast with women’s participation in employment and education. The law does not explicitly address domestic violence and spousal rape. Prospects (2.1.3). Ukraine’s economy has been severely hit by the global economic crisis. In 2009, the country’s GDP fell by 15%, and real wages by over 9%. Recovery prospects are modest, and current projections imply that it will take five or six years before Ukraine will surpass its 2008 GDP level. Communication (2.2). The coverage of fixed telephone connections has recently increased, but Ukraine has been an early adapter to the cellular telephone revolution, with currently over one cell phone per person. By 2008, there were 226 Internet users per 1,000 of the population. Internet sources played a major role in the “Orange Revolution”. Nearly all households have a TV set. Political pressure on the press is rather heavy. The sectoral labour market structure – Population and employment (2.3.1). Between 2000 and 2005 there was a significant shift away from paid employment to self-employment, employership and working for own account, resuming in 2009. In the 2000s many women have started a “women’s business”. With nearly 62%, women’s Labour Participation Rate (LPR) in 2008 was 86% of men’s. The sectoral labour market structure – Unemployment (2.3.2) In 2009, unemployment has grown by more than one-third, though especially female 15-24-year olds seem discouraged to look after formal employment, instead prolonging their education, engaging in informal labour or helping in the family. Female 25-29-year-olds obviously have a much stronger propensity to continue in formal labour. Legislation (2.4.1). Ukraine has ratified the eight core ILO Labour Conventions. The Constitution provides for the freedom of association and assembly and the right to strike, though the registration procedure for unions is extremely cumbersome and the right to strike is also subject to many legal limitations. Labour relations and wage-setting (2.4.2). The trade union movement in Ukraine is dominated by the Federation of Trade Unions of Ukraine, FPU. Jointly with two smaller federations, union density in 2008-09 was nearly 60% of all paid employees. In 2009, the FPU and the government had a continuous conflict focusing on setting the subsistence minimum and the minimum wage. 4 The statutory minimum wage (2.5.1). In December 2009 the monthly minimum wage, set by law, was 669 hryvnias, or 35% of the country’s average monthly wage. Over 2000-2006 the minimum wage rose from about 35 to 70% of the subsistence minimum, but the gap between the subsistence minimum and the average wage grew considerably. Inequality and poverty (2.5.2). Directly after independence, inequality and poverty started to increase, poverty depending on the yardstick used in 1995-96 growing to 30-85%. About 15 years ago a large part of the population experienced poverty in often harsh forms. From 2001-2006, poverty decreased, but the 2008-09 crisis may well have aggravated poverty substantially. Income inequality developed simultaneously with poverty, and is currently at low-to-medium level in international perspective. Population and fertility (2.6.1). Since the 1980s Ukraine is in a demographic crisis, with reduced fertility rates, high death and emigration rates, ending up in massive depopulation. Between 1990 and 2009, population decreased by nearly 12%. The total fertility rate, less than 1.3 children per woman, is quite low; the adolescent fertility rate is with 32 per 1,000 rather low but since a few years growing. Many – young women and men—want to marry young. Health (2.6.2). In 2007 there were an estimated 440,000 persons with HIV/AIDS in Ukraine, or 1.6-1.8% of the adult population, the highest percentage in Europe or Central Asia. The levels of public awareness of HIV/AIDS are rather low. The life expectancy at birth is very low for men. In particular many men have serious health and mental problems, and international organisations talk about a health crisis. They regard almost half of deaths before the age of 75 in Ukraine as avoidable. Women’s labour market share (2.6.3). Women make up nearly half of the country’s labour force. In 2008 six of 15 industries showed a female majority. Women made up majorities in five occupational groups, in particular among professionals and associate professionals. In thigh-skilled occupations they concentrate in the formal sector. Even at the level of legislators, senior officials and managers, the female share of 39% is in international perspective rather high. Literacy (2.7.1). The adult literacy rate –-those age 15 and over that can read and write—in 1999-2006 was 98.9%, with hardly a gender gap: 99.0% for men and 98.8% for women. In 2007 the literacy rate for 15- 24-year-olds stood at 99.8% for both sexes. Education of girls (2.7.2). In 2006, the combined gross enrollment rate in education was 88.8%, divided in 91.5% for females and 86.3% for males. Net enrollment in primary education was for 2007 set at 89.8% for girls and 89.9% for boys. Women to men parity in secondary education increased to 100% in 2007. With 88% gross enrollment in tertiary education in 2008, women’s participation at this level of education is very high, and women to men parity 124%. Female skill levels (2.7.3). Women in the employed population have on average a higher educational level than their male colleagues. Comparison with empoyment levels point at an immense underutilisation of their qualifications. Segmentation of the labour market seems to play a major role here. We estimate the current size of the target group of DECISIONS FOR LIFE for Ukraine at about 440,000 girls and young women 15-29 of age working in urban areas in commercial services. Wages (2.8.1). We found for 2008 a considerable gender pay gap, totaling 25%. In the formal sector wage discrimination is identified as the main factor. Though the wage structure in the 2000s has been compressed, wage differences between sectors remain considerable. Besides having low wages, women in wholesale and retail and in the restaurant and hotel sector have been particularly hit by redundancies. Women in the top of the wage distribution earn more when they are self-employed than when they are salaried, both in the formal and in the informal sector. 5 Working conditions (2.8.2). As far as can be traced, gender differences in hours worked are small. In 2003, nearly 90% of males and 84% of females worked full-time, and very small shares worked less than 20 hours. 6 1. Introduction: The Decisions for Life project The DECISIONS FOR LIFE project aims to raise awareness amongst young female workers about their employment opportunities and career possibilities, family building and the work-family balance. The lifetime decisions adolescent women face, determine not only their individual future, but also that of society: their choices are key to the demographic and workforce development of the nation. DECISIONS FOR LIFE is awarded a MDG3 grant from the Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs as part of its strategy to support the United Nations’ Millennium Development Goals no 3 (MDG3): “Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women”. DECISIONS FOR LIFE more specifically focuses on MDG3.5: “Promoting formal employment and equal opportunities at the labour market”, which is one of the four MDG3 priority areas identified in Ministry’s MDG3 Fund. DECISIONS FOR LIFE runs from October 2008 until June 2011 (See http://www.wageindicator.org/main/projects/decisions-for-life). DECISIONS FOR LIFE focuses on 14 developing countries, notably Brazil, India, Indonesia, the CIS countries Azerbaijan, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Ukraine, and the southern African countries Angola, Botswana, Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa, Zambia and Zimbabwe. Project partners are International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC), Union Network International (UNI), WageIndicator Foundation, and University of Amsterdam/AIAS. This report is part of the Inventories, to be made by the University of Amsterdam, for all 14 countries involved. These Inventories and the underlying gender analyses are listed in the Table. All reports will be posted at the project website. In this country report on Ukraine the sequence of the sections differs from the table. The report covers mainly Activity nr 1.03, the Gender analysis regarding pay and working conditions (or, as Chapter 2 is called here, work and employment). Partly included (in section 2.4.1) is Activity 1.01, Inventories of national legislation; partly the analysis of national legislation has resulted in a separate product, the DecentWorkCheck for Ukraine. Activity 1.02, Inventories of companies’ regulations, will take place through a company survey. Preparations for Activities 1.03a and 1.03b have resulted in a number of lists, to be used in the WageIndicator web-survey for countryspecific questions and their analyses (Chapter 3). References can be found in Chapter 4; Chapter 5 gives more insight in the WageIndicator. Table 1 Activities for DECISIONS FOR LIFE by the University of Amsterdam Nr Inventories 1.01 Inventories of national legislation 1.02 Inventories of companies’ regulations 1.03 Gender analysis regarding pay and working conditions 1.03a Gender analysis start-up design of off-line gender analyses inventory 1.03b Gender analysis data-entry for off-line use inventories 7 2. Gender analysis regarding work and employment 2.1. Introduction: the general picture 2.1.1. History Ukraine was a center of the medieval living area of the East Slavs. This state, known as Kyivan Rus, became the largest and most powerful nation in Europe, before disintegrating in the 12th century. During the latter part of the 18th century, the largest part of ethnographic Ukraine was integrated into the Russian Empire, with the rest under Austro-Hungarian control. With growing urbanization and modernization, a Ukrainian intelligentsia committed to national rebirth and social justice rose, and nationalist and socialist parties developed. In a chaotic period of incessant warfare and several attempts at independence (1917–21) following World War I, the collapse of the Russian and Austrian empires and the Bolshevik revolution, Ukraine witnessed a short-lived period of independence (1917-1920), before ending up in December 1922 as one of the republics of the Soviet Union. Initially, the Soviets encouraged Ukrainian culture and language, introduced universal health care, education and socialsecurity benefits, and greatly increased women's rights. Most of these policies were sharply reversed by the early 1930s under Stalin. Systematic state terror murdered thousands of Ukraine's writers, artists, and intellectuals. Ukraine was involved in the Soviet industrialisation and agriculture collectivisation programs, both at a heavy cost for the peasantry. The collectivisation had a devastating effect on agricultural productivity. In 1932–33 up to 10 million Ukrainians died in the famine known as Holodomor; Stalin’s policies aimed at killing people through starvation have been identified as one of the causes (wikipedia Ukraine; CIA World Factbook; Ellman 2005, 2007). Following the Invasion of Poland in September 1939, German and Soviet troops divided the territory of Poland, and Ukrainian SSR's territory was enlarged westward: Eastern Galicia and Volhynia with their Ukrainian population became reunited with the rest of Ukraine (Since then, the country’s mainly agricultural “West” and industrialized “East” would often show varying societal and political attitudes). German armies invaded the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941, thereby initiating four straight years of incessant total war. The Axis allies initially advanced against desperate efforts of the Red Army, but in November-December 1941 the Red Army and the horrible winter turned the fortune of war. The wide majority of Ukrainians fought alongside the Red Army and Soviet resistance, though some elements of the Ukrainian nationalist movement sided with the Nazis. Among the estimated 8.7 million Soviet troops who fell in battle against the Nazis, 1.4 million were ethnic Ukrainians. In Ukraine Hitler, characterizing the population as “just a family of rabbits”, followed systematic politics of depopulation to prepare the area for “great-German” colonisation, including a food blockade on Kiev (wikipedia Ukraine; Kershaw 2000; Berkhoff 2004). The Ukrainian republic was heavily damaged by the war, and it required major efforts to recover. The situation was even worsened by a famine in 1946–47, caused by the drought and the infrastructure breakdown, that again took away tens of thousands of lives. Yet, already by 1950 the Ukraine SSR had surpassed pre-war levels of production. It became an important center of the Soviet steel and arms industry and high-tech research. Then, on April 26, 1986, Reactor No. 4 in the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant exploded, resulting in the Chernobyl disaster. After initially attempting to conceal the scale of the disaster, the Soviet autorities evacuated 135,000 inhabitants from the city of Pripyat and the further area. Environmental exposure in the Ukraine is suspected of being the major cause of increased mortality in 8 populations affected by the Chernobyl disaster. Among the 600,000 receiving the most significant radiation exposure, cancer mortality may have increased by a few percent, but scientific evidence to attribute even such effects to the disaster is heavily debated (wikipedia Economy of Ukraine; wikipedia Chernobyl disaster).

YES!Takeaways:When we look at the total lifetime CO2 emissions, electric cars are more environmental friendly than normal ones. Multiple studies have found that electric cars are more efficient, and therefore responsible for less greenhouse gas and other emissions than cars powered solely by internal combustion engines.Even when they are powered exclusively by the “dirtiest” grid-provided electricity in the world, plug-in electric vehicles are responsible for a smaller greenhouse gas footprint than diesel cars are,All electric car manufacturers have a return system for batteries. It is possible to recycle batteries as energy storage as well.EVs have considerably simpler (and less costly) maintenance and repair.Dirty SUVs were the second largest contributor to the increase in global carbon emissions from 2010 to 2018The world is going car green. More and more countries are preparing for the end of the Petroleum Age.Lets also clear up some of the disinformation about cobolt, lithium, rare earth metals - and some of the fake studies floating around.The Koch brothers funded smear attacks on EVs are fogging the science with fake studies. And remember the “dieselgate” scandal in Germany where car companies used manipulated software to lower CO2 emissions and levels of pollution.The people who makes the smear campaigns against EVs, are the same people, the same industry, who used children slave labour in US and UK coal mines as late as the 20th century. And then told you tobacco smoking was a trivial thing not related to health hazards.Climate deniers in 1894:“What do you mean giving up my horse and cart for this ugly gasolin driven black box on wheels? How am I going to cross the desert in this? There are no gasolin stations in the desert!!! And hardly any roads. My horse dont need roads nor gasolin.”And no, the oil gasolin car wont help you anymoreThe global fleet of electric cars and vans is still small compared with those running on fossil fuels. But sales are growing very fast. Electric cars are cheaper to run, suggesting they will become mainstream.This is absolutely standard when you want to promote a new technology: you have to have some incentives for a while. They are introduced with the clear assumption that they will not last forever. The electric car share has become so high that electric cars now have to pay tolls in many places. Benefits of parking and driving in public areas will also disappear quickly. Eventually, VAT will also be introduced. But then the purpose is achieved, we have got a great infrastructure with chargers, and Norwegians gradually replace their car fleet with less polluting models. This is not only to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, but also to reduce NOx emissions, which has been a significant problem in cities.Tesla unveils its first electric pickup, the Cybertruck, starting at $39,900Tesla already received 146,000 Cybertruck pre-orders worth over $8 billion - ElectrekSeveral large car manufacturers now come with many electric models, and we see that many countries are following Norway in this matter. It is quite clear that a technology shift is underway. I think it is quite OK that in Norway for once we have been first in the track.Buying a gas car today would leave you with a financial "albatross" that has little resale value, warns Wall Street Journal.Many large car producers are already on the same track:For a start,Award winning skeptic podcast Skeptoid:No, Electric Cars Don't Pollute More“Comparing all the numbers, there's one big difference between manufacturing an electric car and an internal combustion car, and that's the electric's big battery. Because of this, when both cars roll off the assembly line, it's true that the electric car's production has so far produced more greenhouse gases than the internal combustion — between 15% and 68% higher, depending on the size of the battery.But by the end of the car's life cycle, this relationship has been turned on its head. A midsize electric car has contributed only 49% as much greenhouse gas emissions as a midsize internal combustion car, and a full-size electric has contributed only 47% as much as its internal combustion counterpart. In short, internal combustion cars contribute twice as much greenhouse gases as electric cars, taking the entire lifecycle into consideration.”No, Electric Cars Don't Pollute MoreCO2 emissions from cars: facts and figures (infographics) | News | European ParliamentMultiple studies have found that electric cars are more efficient, and therefore responsible for less greenhouse gas and other emissions than cars powered solely by internal combustion engines. An EU study based on expected performance in 2020 found that an electric car using electricity generated solely by an oil-fired power station would use only two-thirds of the energy of a petrol car travelling the same distance.Number one argument against electric cars is now completely debunked - ElectrekElectric car emissions myth 'busted'How green are electric cars?Even when they are powered exclusively by the “dirtiest” grid-provided electricity in the world, plug-in electric vehicles are responsible for a smaller greenhouse gas footprint than diesel cars are, according to a new lifecycle analysis from VUB University (Brussels) and Transport & Environment (T&E).And they will become more and more and more as the super fast technology is pushing the economic revolution.EVs are the future. But it’s still early days…They are in the same state of development that ICEmobiles were in their first decade.Tesla’s new V3 Supercharger can charge up to 1,500 electric vehicles a day – TechCrunchElectric Cars Release Less CO2 Over Lifetime Than Diesel Cars Even When Powered By Dirtiest Electricity In EUElectric Cars Mostly Run On Electricity From Renewable Energy Or Natural GasEven electric cars powered by the dirtiest electricity emit fewer emissions than diesel cars, says new study - ElectrekElectric Cars Are Cleaner Even When Powered by CoalCleaner Cars from Cradle to GraveHow Clean is Your Electric Vehicle?)Electric Cars: Are They Actually Cleaner?)Why electric cars are always green (and how they could get greenerhttp://shrinkthatfootprint.com/e...Kjempebøter på vei: CO2-utslippene løper løpsk for europeiske bilprodusenterKalkulatoren gir deg svaret: Er en elbil bedre for miljøet enn en dieselbil?Ny rapport slår hull på elbil-myte12 myter og fakta: Er elbilen egentlig miljøvennlig?Elbil, klima og miljøTHE DIRTY TRUTH:SUVs second biggest cause of emissions rise, figures revealIf SUV drivers were a nation, they would rank seventh in the world for carbon emissionsSUVs second biggest cause of emissions rise, figures revealKjempebøter på vei: CO2-utslippene løper løpsk for bilprodusenteneThe world is going car green:The UK just gave the car industry 15 years to ditch fossil fuelsAmsterdam to ban petrol and diesel cars and motorbikes by 2030UK to Invest ₤500M (€607M / $841M) in Electric Cars, Green TransportGermany: German states want to ban petrol and diesel cars by 2030France: France to ban sales of petrol and diesel cars by 2040China: Why Beijing’s plan to stop producing petrol and diesel cars could be a game-changer for the industry? - DirectorsTalkIndia: India to sell only electric cars by 2030The UK - UK commits to 'net zero' emissions by 2050The UK - Wants production of petrol and diesel cars to end by 2040The UK: Why the City of London is considering a non-electric car banThe Netherlands: The Dutch government confirms plan to ban new petrol and diesel cars by 2030 - ElectrekFinland - Finland pledges to become carbon neutral by 2035Norway - Electric car sales grew by 40% in Norway this yearTesla Model 3 pushes Norway’s EV sales to new record: 58% of new cars are electricNorway is the leading market for electric vehicles and it keeps showing the rest of the world how fast electric vehicle adoption can happen.In 2018, EV sales grew by 40% in Norway and 1 out of 3 vehicles sold in the market was a zero-emission vehicle.Electric cars may already be making gas cars as obsolete as ‘flip phones’, experts sayTesla Model 3 pushes Norway's EV sales to new record: 58% of new cars are electric - ElectrekThese companies are leading the fight against climate changeThis is Toyota's plan to stop making gas and diesel carsTesla & Rivals May Kill The Petrol Car As Early As 2025Tesla's Battery In South Australia Breaks Stranglehold Of Natural Gas IndustryYes, Electric Vehicles Work In Winter — Better Than Gas Cars!VOLVO WILL STOP PRODUCING GAS-ONLY CARS BY 2019Opec faces a mortal threat from electric carsHonda to stop producing gasoline-only vehicles in Europe by 2022Even Lego is abandoning petroleum:Lego to stop producing petroleum-based plastic bricksGoogle Maps Now Features EV Charging Stations #NewsQuickieMore and more countries are preparing for the end of the Petroleum Age:The Powering Past Coal Alliance is a coalition of national and sub-national governments, businesses and organisations working to advance the transition from unabated coal power generation to clean energy.Powering Past Coal Alliance | Working towards the global phase-out of unabated coal powerEighteen countries showing the way to carbon zeroCosta Rica Becomes the First Nation to Ban Fossil FuelsRoger Fjellstad Olsen's answer to Why don't we see more innovation in attacking climate change?WHAT ABOUT THE BATTERIES AND WHAT HAPPENS TO THEM?A trio of chemists who spent decades developing the lithium ion battery were awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their work.High-Energy Award: Lithium Batteries Win 2019 Nobel Prize in ChemistryRenewable energy is intermittent, depending on when the sun shines or wind blows. So storage is vital and the cost of batteries is plummeting. But other technologies, such as generating hydrogen, will also be needed.Tesla is working on new battery that lasts 1 million miles to come out next year, says Elon MuskTaking out electric car batteries to the dump is not a huge problem in itself, as they do not contain dangerous heavy metals such as cadmium, mercury, lead, chromium or arsenic. However, they can emit halogen gases.And anyway, throwing electric car batteries on the dump is bad business. They contain valuable metals that can be recycled.Therefore, most, not to say all, batteries end up in recycling facilities where especially cobalt is recycled. Car manufacturers such as Tesla, Nissan and Volkswagen are required to have a recycling system for, among other things, batteries according to the EU battery directive 2006/66 / EC.All electric car manufacturers therefore have a return system for batteries. It is possible to recycle batteries as energy storage as well.“The first batches of batteries from electric and hybrid vehicles are hitting retirement age, yet they aren’t bound for landfills. Instead, they’ll spend their golden years chilling beer at 7-Elevens in Japan, powering car-charging stations in California and storing energy for homes and grids in Europe.Lithium-ion car and bus batteries can collect and discharge electricity for another seven to 10 years after being taken off the roads and stripped from chassis—a shelf life with significant ramifications for global carmakers, electricity providers and raw-materials suppliers.”Where 3 Million Electric Vehicle Batteries Will Go When They RetireLithium produced for Tesla’s batteries is less polluting than 31 cups of coffee: researcherLook, no lithium! First rechargeable proton battery createdPlunging prices for batteries and renewables are driving an electric vehicle (EV) revolution so rapidly that the economics of oil “are now in relentless and irreversible decline.”That’s the startling conclusion of a detailed new analysis for “professional investors” of the economics of EVs versus gasoline cars produced by BNP Paribas, the world’s eighth largest bank by total assets.Electric vehicles: Solid-state batteries could be game-changing » Yale Climate ConnectionsTesla's Battery In South Australia Breaks Stranglehold Of Natural Gas IndustryOne of the world’s largest banks thinks the writing is on the wall for the oil industryNikola Corporation to Unveil Game-Changing Battery Cell Technology at Nikola World 2020Fortum løser stort miljøproblem med elbiler - resirkulerer kobolt og øker gjenvinningsgraden for batterier til over 80 %Gjennombrudd for billig litium-svovel-batteri som lar elbilen kjøre over 100 mil uten å ladeTHE INDUSTRY SMEAR ATTACKS ON EV’SThe corporate polluters and motor companies dont want people to know EVs are cleaner because they want us to keep on burning fossil fuels so the money ends up in the dying anarcho capitalist system built on cheap fossil fuels.Thus,the Koch brothers funded smear attacks on EVs are here again.Koch brothers launch new misinformation campaign against electric cars - ElectrekAfter the shocking “dieselgate” scandal in Germany wherecar companies used manipulated software to lower CO2 emissions and levels of pollution,“The company (Volkswagen) admits that it not only cheated on NOx, but also on CO2 emissions. The European Commission demands information on actual CO2 emission levels.”Media reports say Daimler has manipulated more than one million cars sold in Europe and the US.In 2014 onwards, software which manipulated air pollution tests was discovered in vehicles from some car makers; the software recognized when the standardized emissions test was being done, and adjusted the engine to emit less during the test. The cars emitted much higher levels of pollution under real-world driving conditions. Some cars emission were higher even there was no manipulated software.Diesel emissions scandal - Wikipedia"Dieselgate" - a timeline of Germany's car emissions fraud scandaland with EVs increasing popularity, they needed to go aggressive with their new smear attacks on EVs I guess. Capitalists always weeps and cries if something gets in the way of their money flow.More links about The Kochs attacks on EVs:Big Oil Tries To Kill The Electric Car (Again)Kochs Plotting Multi-Million-Dollar Assault On Electric VehiclesOil giant Koch Industries try to stop the attempt to expand the electric vehicle federal tax credit - ElectrekPotholer54 brilliant debunking of Bjorn Lomborg and his lies and smear on EVs:The fake studies ordered by US oil front groups:The Christoph Buchal, Hans-Dieter Karl og Hans-Werner Sinn fake smear study on EVs."although the writers are respected scientists in their respective fields, they have never researched electric vehicles. Therefore, as far as I’m concerned, these are the non-peer reviewed opinions of laypeople."No, diesel is not better for the environment than electric - Innovation OriginsElectric car ‘hatchet job’ debunked | Transport & Environmenthttp://www.cesifo-group.de/ifoHo...Aston Martin in row over 'sock puppet PR firm' pushing anti-electric vehicle studyReport disputing green benefits of EVs attributed to company registered to wife of carmaker’s directorAston Martin in row over 'sock puppet PR firm' pushing anti-electric vehicle study | Aston Martin | The GuardianTHE SWEDISH LISBETH DAHLLÖF AND MIA ROMARE STUDY DEBUNKED:That Tesla Battery Emissions Study Making the Rounds? It's Bunk.Swedish EV Battery Study SucksSome may remember the poor Arthur D. Little (ADL) report, which content was pushed by Fueling U.S. Forward, which was funded by Koch Industries. (FUSF) was a pro-fossil-fuel organization launched in August, 2016 and headed by former industry lobbyist and executive Charles T. Drevna. It is not known who ordered the report, but the US lobbying groups US Consumer Coalition and the Energy Equality Coalition immediately released press releases that supported the conclusions. Both of these lobby groups are known to be associated with the US oil lobby.Debunk (in Norwegian).Vi ser nærmere på «elbilens skitne hemmeligheter»Faktisk.no: Forskere mener elbil-rapport er uvitenskapelig og grovt villedende– Dette er en ubrukelig studie (– Dette er en ubrukelig studie)The lithium battery, cobolt mining and the rare earth metal nonsense debunked.It’s funny isnt it, when climate deniers are showing you a picture of a copper mine and claiming its a lithium mine, right?LOL.A meme shared repeatedly since 2016 contrasts a large lithium mine with a small oil sands extraction site in order to denounce the environmental impact of lithium mining for electric car batteries. However, the top photo shows a copper mine in Chile and the majority of lithium is extracted from brine.This meme contrasting a photo of an open-air mine with that of an oil sands rig was shared more than 172,000 times with the caption: “This is a mine where lithium is extracted for electric car batteries. This is an oilsands site in Alberta. Tell me more about how your electric car is better for the environment.”This meme features an image of a copper mine, not a lithium mineFACT CHECK: Lithium Mine vs. Oil Sands ExtractionAnyway, new batteries are coming:Look, no lithium! First rechargeable proton battery createdCOBOLT / CHILDREN IN MINESFor a start,Children labour/slave labour cobolt claims pushed by petroleum industry lobbyists is a bit ironic:'Coal workers are orphans': the children and slaves mining Pakistan's coalIn pictures: Curse of the Black Gold: 50 Years of Oil in the Niger Delta“approximately 6,000 people were working in the refineries, and that by his estimates somewhere around 2,000 of them were kids like Ahmer and Krahim — many of them displaced war orphans whose parents were killed either by the regime or the rebels."Syrian Civil War - WikipediaChildren labor is unrelated to EVs.Over 200 million child labor in the world, very common in chocolate (Ivory Coast) and cotton production (Central Asia and Asia), and also in tobacco, banana and palm oil plantations. Generally, child labor in plantations continues in many parts of the world, but child labor is carried out in all sectors of society in most countries of the world.It’s a very old problem not related to electric cars. Only a fringe amount of cobolt used in electric cars batteries comes from child laboured mines in Congo.There are better places to get cobalt than the artisanal mines in Congo, and alternative chemistries and cobalt recycling are also providing promising pathways toward lowering raw cobalt demand.According to the Amnesty International report that first opened the world’s eyes to the troubles of cobalt mining in Congo, Tesla was not called out “because its main battery cell supplier, Panasonic, sources its cobalt from the Philippines and not Congo.” Tesla also has committed to sourcing cobalt and other raw materials exclusively from North America for its new Gigafactory battery production facility.According to the U.S. Geological Survey, 58 percent of the world’s cobalt is mined in Congo. (CNN’s investigation claims in consecutive slides, that “two-thirds of the world’s cobalt come from Congo” and that 58.8 percent is cobalt produced in Congo, providing the London Metal Exchange as the source for the latter figure). Of the cobalt sourced in Congo, according to CNN, roughly one-fifth is mined by hand. Accordingly, roughly 7.5 percent of the world’s cobalt is mined in the disturbing manner portrayed in the CNN multimedia piece.That’s still far too much, of course, but the startling conditions at the “artisanal” hand mines shown by CNN are still the minority fringe of the industry.Additionally, electric vehicles — which CNN’s headline and language within the article blames for the unethical mining practices — are responsible for a relatively small percentage of the total cobalt that is mined, marketed, and put to use.Rechargeable batteries (like lithium ion) make up about 42 percent of the market for cobalt, according to the Cobalt Development Institute.Of the 42 percent that is used for batteries, roughly one-quarter is used for electric vehicles.In other words, just over 10 percent of the world’s cobalt supply is currently being used for batteries to power electric cars.The bigger culprits are portable consumer electronics — like cell phones and laptop computers — which use around 72 percent of the cobalt that goes into lithium ion batteries, or roughly 30 percent of all cobalt mined.“let’s also not forget that the supply chain for gasoline-powered vehicles has its fair share of issues, ranging from human rights violations like the use of child labor, to disastrous oil spills like Deepwater Horizon.”Electric cars are still a small, but growing, part of the market for raw cobalt. Electric carmakers, however, will continue to improve battery technology to reduce dependence on cobalt and can better source the cobalt that they do require from well-regulated mines and from recycled resources. Meanwhile, gasoline-powered cars will always depend on oil, which has a long and irrefutably exploitative supply chain that harms communities at the point of extraction, in the areas that is it refined, and then again when the byproducts of its combustion spew out of tailpipes.CNN Wrongly Blames Electric Cars for Unethical Cobalt MiningAre Child Miners Exploited to Manufacture Electric Car Batteries?Innsikt: Disse barna graver neppe etter tungmetaller til Tesla-batterierChild labour in english coal and iron mines was common in the 19th century."Until the mid-nineteenth century, the British state accepted that children as young as five years old were an acceptable part of the industrial workforce."Child labour was also common in US coal mines:1911Breaker boys employed by the Pennsylvania Coal Company. IMAGE: LEWIS HINE/LIBRARY OF CONGRESS1911Breaker boys at work breaking coal. The process produces clouds of dust which coat the workers' lungs. IMAGE: LEWIS HINE/LIBRARY OF CONGRESSChildren in MinesChild labour in the minesThese photos of young miners helped curb child labor in the U.S.De har glemt at mobilen de kjøper en gang i året, de tre nettbrettene de har fordi det er kjekt å ha, den megadigre TVen , klærne de kjøper 3 for 2 3 ganger i måneden..alt dette kommer fra uetiske arbeid. Barnearbeid, underbetalte kvinner osv. Noe fra gruvene i kongo🙈Men det vil de ikke høre🙉Visste du at Kobolt brukes i stor utstrekning i sminke og helsekost, som tilsetningsstoff i bensin for å redusere svovel utslipp, mobiltelefon batterier, pc batterier osv, osv.?Passer bra å skrive om electric cars. Da får man akkurat det man ønsker; masse klikk.Oljeindustrien bruker enorme summer på propaganda mot det grønne skiftet. Koch industries sier selv at de bruker mange millioner dollar årlig for å bekjempe utvikling av fornybar energi og el biler. Kanskje denne artikkelen er ett eksempel?Linken under forteller litt om bruksområdet for kobolt.Kobolt- PeriodesystemetRARE EARTHSFossil fuels uses huge amounts of cobalt to remove sulfur from oil and gas."In an industrial hydrodesulfurization unit, such as in a refinery, the hydrodesulfurization reaction takes place in a fixed-bed reactor at elevated temperatures ranging from 300 to 400 °C and elevated pressures ranging from 30 to 130 atmospheres of absolute pressure, typically in the presence of a catalyst consisting of an alumina base impregnated with cobalt and molybdenum (usually called a CoMo catalyst)."Hydrodesulfurization - WikipediaRare earths is a misnomer, because they are neither “rare” nor “earths.” They are rare in their pure forms, but plentiful as compounds. They are called “earth metals” because that used to be the term for metals that can dissolve in acid.Quote from Wikipedia:Neodymium“Although neodymium is classed as a rare earth, it is a fairly common element, no rarer than cobalt, nickel, and copper, and is widely distributed in the Earth's crust. “Neodymium - WikipediaRare earth element - Wikipedia“Around 2010, some articles and commentators warned that shortages of rare earths, or China’s near-monopoly on them, could choke off the West’s shift to renewable energy and other clean technologies. This was never true—but the myth persists.”Clean energy and rare earths: Why not to worry - Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists____One can only imagine how much EV-haters would attack the EV-industry if its owners were so anti-Semite they received a Grand Cross of the German Eagle from Nazi Germany,like Henry Ford in 1938:Henry Ford receiving the Grand Cross of the German Eagle from Nazi officials, 1938