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NOT CLIMATE CHANGE. Data over a few years is not relevant and the reality is California wildfires are natural and beneficial from time immemorial.Understanding WildfiresPresentation by Dr. Willie Soon from DDP 38th Annual Meeting, August 15, 2020, Las Vegas, NVNEW RESEARCH PUTS THE BLAME ON HUMAN RELATED IGNITIONSRESEARCH ARTICLEHuman-started wildfires expand the fire niche across the United StatesJennifer K. Balch, Bethany A. Bradley, View ORCID ProfileJohn T. Abatzoglou, R. Chelsea Nagy, Emily J. Fusco, and Adam L. MahoodPNAS first published February 27, 2017 Human-started wildfires expand the fire niche across the United StatesEdited by Gregory P. Asner, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, and approved January 6, 2017 (received for review October 20, 2016)Article Figures & SI Info & Metrics PDFSignificanceFighting wildfires in the United States costs billions of dollars annually. Public dialog and ongoing research have focused on increasing wildfire risk because of climate warming, overlooking the direct role that people play in igniting wildfires and increasing fire activity. Our analysis of two decades of government agency wildfire records highlights the fundamental role of human ignitions. Human-started wildfires accounted for 84% of all wildfires, tripled the length of the fire season, dominated an area seven times greater than that affected by lightning fires, and were responsible for nearly half of all area burned. National and regional policy efforts to mitigate wildfire-related hazards would benefit from focusing on reducing the human expansion of the fire niche.AbstractHuman-Related Ignitions Vastly Expanded the Extent of WildfireHuman-started wildfires represented 84% of the 1.5 million wildfires included in this analysis (n = 245,446 lightning-started fires; n = 1,272,076 human-started wildfires). The eastern United States and western coastal areas were dominated by human-started wildfires, whereas lightning-started fires dominated the mountainous regions of the western United States (Fig. 1, Table 1 and Table S1). Here we define a fire regime as dominated by either human or lighting ignitions when one cause accounts for more than 80% of the number of fires in a given 50 × 50-km grid cell. Based on this definition, 5.1 million km2, or 60% of the total land area of the coterminous United States, was dominated by human-started wildfires, whereas only 0.7 million km2, or 8% of the area, was dominated by lightning-started fires. In addition to expanding the numbers of fires, humans also expanded the total area burned. Human-started wildfires burned a total of 160,274 km2, or ∼44% of the total area burned from 1992 to 2012 (Table 1).Fig. 1.The total number of wildfires (dot size) and the proportion started by humans (dot color: red indicating greater number of human started fires) within each 50 km × 50-km grid cell across the coterminous United States from 1992 to 2012. Black lines are ecoregion boundaries, as defined in the text.Human-started wildfires expand the fire niche across the United StatesSpend money managing the forest undergrowth is the most urgent priority to address and reduce the harm from California wildfires.“Check out who is managing those forests that are burning. Most fires are on public land where “greens” have demanded a hands-off approach. Private forest lands are managed by professional foresters who know how to reduce the fire hazard, mainly by reducing fuel load.” Patrick Moore climate expert.Quit passing the buck.95% of California fires are unnatural caused by arson or human error. They are not evidence of global warming as they are not global. Much of the US interior is now in record early snow and colder weather. You cannot be a little bit global warming pregnant in California and global cooling in the mid-west.Alarmist call this California drone fire dropping arsonist ‘climate change.’The Left Calls This Drone Dropping Flames “Climate Change”Oh Maybe They Didn’t Want You To See This. #WakeUpPeoplepic.twitter.com/PZ1xef7ksG— SwampNugget (@swamp_nugget) September 12, 2020California wildfires are not due to climate changeIn this video, author and scientist Tony Heller brilliantly debunks ambulance chasing climate scientists who come out of the woodwork every time there is a natural disaster, like wildfires in California. In fact, burn acreage in the US has plummeted over the past 85 years, as CO2 has increased.California wildfires are not due to climate changeby Geoffrey GriderSeptember 12, 2020As of 2018, the number of dead and uncleared trees in California forest lands exceeded 120,000,000, and that amounts to an incredible amount of kindling to accelerate forest fires. They have no money left to maintain forests after spending $23 billion caring for illegal immigrants.Far Left Liberal Progressive governor of California, Gavin Newsom, got in front of the cameras yesterday and made a ‘very serious’ statement about the raging wildfires currently plaguing their state. He said ““The debate is over around climate change. Just come to the state of California, observe it with your own eyes,” a grinning Newsom told reporters while touring the fire-ravaged North Complex near Oroville. “It’s not an intellectual debate, it’s not even debatable.” Absolute rubbish, to say the least. Let’s begin a real debate, shall we?YES, OUR GLOBAL CLIMATE IS CHANGING RAPIDLY, AND NO, THERE IS NOTHING YOU CAN DO ABOUT IT AND THERE IS NO POWER ON EARTH THAT CAN STOP ITAlways makes me laugh, seeing as most Liberals are either atheist or agnostic, that they are such die-hard, true believers in their own religion of Climate Change. And woe be to the infidel who dares to say the emperor has no clothes, or in this case, the governor of California. Let’s leave aside the Liberal hysterics of the pagan, Gaia religion of climate change and take a peek into where the money is currently spent in sanctuary city California:It’s so much easier to blame the imaginary scapegoat of ‘global warming’ and ‘climate change’ for the wild fires in California, instead of looking to the incredible mismanagement of the California forest and park lands. California is a sanctuary state, and as such spends over $23 billion each year on the staggering costs associated with caring for illegal immigrants and their children.California Governor Gavin Newsom Spewing Nonsense:According to the California Policy Center, the Golden State’s total state/county/municipal debt tops a staggering $1.3 trillion.[1] Meanwhile, as the state teeters on the brink of economic collapse, its civic and political leaders relentlessly advance laws and policies that attract and reward illegal immigration. And, all the while, they ignore the simple fact that cooperating with the federal government in its efforts to suppress illegal immigration would decrease the massive cost imposed on taxpaying citizens and legal immigrants living in California. READ MOREWhen you are spending that much money to care for illegal immigrants, guess what you don’t have money for? Taking care of the forest lands that require constant care, and California no longer has the money to do that. As of 2018, the number of dead and uncleared trees in California forest lands exceeded 120,000,000, and that amounts to an incredible amount of kindling to accelerate forest fires.California’s ubiquitous pines and oaks are vulnerable to insect infestation and disease. Those giants crash to the forest floor and, unless they are removed, provide ready fodder for the next voracious fire. The die-off is catastrophic, beyond the reach of state foresters to remedy. In many communities of the central and southern Sierra Nevada mountain range, “80 percent of trees are dead,” said Ken Pimlott, former director of Cal Fire.MEMO TO GAVIN NEWSOM: Stop spending all your money on illegal immigrants, and start taking care of the needs of your state and the American citizens that live there. Most of all, quit your pusillanimous blaming of ‘climate change’ as the cause of the wild fires, when the reality is they are caused largely by the sheer incompetence and neglect of your administration.California Governor Gavin Newsome Says Cause Of Wildfires Is 'Climate Change' But It's Actually Massive Mismanagement Of Forest Lands • Now The End BeginsPHOTOS: MONDAY’S SNOWFALL BREAKS HISTORICAL RECORD IN CASPERBy Brendan LaChance on September 8, 2020(Dan Cepeda, Oil City)CASPER, Wyo. — The snowstorm that began on Monday, Sept. 7 broke a record in Casper.The Oil City saw its earliest measurable snowfall on record with 2.3 inches accumulating by midnight Monday, according to weather forecaster Ralph Estell, data acquisition program manager with the National Weather Service in Riverton.“This is Wyoming,” he said. “Anything can happen at any time.”PHOTOS: Monday's snowfall breaks historical record in Casper - Casper, WY Oil City NewsSurprise Winter Storm Drops 17 Inches of Snow in Wyoming Just Days After 100-degree WeatherThe change in weather set the record for the earliest freeze.BY CAILEY RIZZOSEPTEMBER 10, 2020University of Colorado Boulder students play in the snow during an early-season winter storm on September 9, 2020 in Boulder, Colorado.MICHAEL CIAGLO/GETTY IMAGESThe Great Plains and the Rocky Mountains experienced an early dose of winter weather this week as 17 inches of snow covered parts of the country.The quick change in weather, from summer to winter, came seemingly without warning as Rapid City, S.D. set a U.S. record for the fastest switch between 100-degrees, according to NBC News. On Sept. 5, the city reported a temperature of 102 degrees Fahrenheit, an all-time record high for September weather. Two days later, an inch of snow fell and the city set a new record for the earliest first freeze.The two-day difference broke the record for the shortest amount of time between those two weather patterns (the previous record was three days, set by Ardmore, South Dakota in September 1929).The top snowfall this week was set by Casper, Wyoming — which recorded a total of 17 inches of snowfall. Red Lodge, Montana reported 15.5 inches of snow and Terry Peak, South Dakota reported 15 inches.Surprise Winter Storm Drops 17 Inches of Snow in Wyoming Just Days After 100-degree WeatherExtreme Weather GSMJUST COUNT THE COLD-RECORDS THAT FELL OVER THE PAST 24HRSSEPTEMBER 10, 2020 CAP ALLONNOAA won’t want to hear it –I doubt they’ll even properly log it– but HUNDREDS of low temperature records have tumbled across the United States over the past 24 hours as brutal Arctic air sank anomalously-far south on the back of weak and wavy meridional jet stream flow.According to the ‘unofficial’ data compiled by coolwx.com, a plague of new all-time cold records spread across the U.S. over the past 24 hours — an embarrassment of riches for the cold hunters, almost as embarrassing as that paltry handful of heat records tumbling in the far northwest:Only cities having an NCDC GSOD recorded history of at least 35 years are shown here. The records are defined here using GMT, with the day resetting at 00GMT (7PM EST;8PM EDT).In addition to the cold, many regions also received their most-ever snowfall this early in the season: seventeen inches of global warming goodness fell in Wyoming, New Mexico saw its earliest flakes on record, and parts of Colorado suffered their earliest snowfall in decades—these are just a few of the astonishing weather reports coming out of a record-setting September week.Rapid City, SD, set a U.S. record for the fastest turnaround between 100 degree temperatures and measurable snow, after it hit 102 degrees on Saturday, only to then see an inch of snow on Monday. This two-day gap broke the record for shortest amount of time between those two weather observations — the previous record being Ardmore, SD, in Sept 1929 when a similar event took place over the course of approximately three days. And it stands: if proponents of a CO2-induced Apocalypse want to blame human activity for every flip-flopping weather phenomenon, then they also have to acknowledge the natural factors that caused 1929’s swing-between-extremes:Sydney, Melbourne weather: Antarctic air mass to lead to rain, snow, blizzardsNSW is bracing for its “coldest day of the year”, with temperatures up to 10C below average as polar conditions continue to linger.Benedict Brook@BenedictBrookAUGUST 22, 20208:52AM·NSW is set to be hit with its coldest day of the year. Picture: Nine NewsSource:SuppliedSnow fell in the Blue Mountains region of New South Wales, on August 22, as a cold snap brought wintry conditions to southeastern Australia. “It will be a cold and windy weekend...New South Wales is bracing for its “coldest day of the year” today, with temperatures sinking to 10C below average this weekend in parts of the state as an Antarctic air mass blasts the country’s east. Goulburn, north of Canberra, may not see the mercury reach double digits until next week.Expected widespread snowfall could see dozens of towns and cities experience flurries with up to 20mm of the white stuff falling in some places. Hail has already fallen in Adelaide.“A series of strong cold fronts and troughs will bring a cold blast to the southeast, with temperatures 2 to 8 degrees below average,” Bureau of Meteorology forecaster Diana Eadie told The Sydney Morning Herald.“Saturday will be particularly cold for NSW and the ACT, likely the coldest day of the year – with strong winds making it feel even colder.”“Many Australians will be waking up to snow this weekend,” said Sky News Weather meteorologist Tom Saunders.Conditions were set to ease after today but forecasters have now said Sunday, too, could be notable for its cold conditions, snow, blizzards, heavy rain and damaging winds.Snow hits in the Blue Mountains. Picture: Nine NewsSource:SuppliedAhead of the cold weather will come the rain, with showers widespread on Friday as a front passes through.“Then the main polar blast moves in. It’s time to rug up,” Mr Saunders said.“A very cold air mass will drop temperatures well below average even for winter. On Saturday temperatures could be below 5C in the middle of the afternoon,” he added.The snow is forecast to reach as low as 500 metres meaning Orange, the Southern Highlands, the Blue Mountains and even Canberra could see a flurry or two.Why does early snowfall matter to the weather and climate?Ans. The snow albedo causes declining temperatures and there is an Earth albedo that will change global warming to global cooling. Even the very politically biased UN IPCC recognized that snowfall had a unique impact on the climate and they predicted the end of snow or at least very moderate winters which have been the opposite.False prediction that undercuts fears of global warming.2014 : the global warming theory-obsessed New York Times touted “The End of Snow?”…“The truth is, it is too late for all of that. Greening the ski industry is commendable, but it isn’t nearly enough. Nothing besides a national policy shift on how we create and consume energy will keep our mountains white in the winter — and slow global warming to a safe level.This is no longer a scientific debate. It is scientific fact. The greatest fear of most climate scientists is continued complacency that leads to a series of natural climatic feedbacks…”(Climatism bolds)The End of Snow? – The New York Times2017 : The Age’s resident global warming catastrophist Peter Hannam signalled the end of snow…Snowy retreat: Climate change puts Australia’s ski industry on a downhill slope | The AGEAustralia’s ski resorts face the prospect of a long downhill run as a warming climate reduces snow depth, cover and duration. The industry’s ability to create artificial snow will also be challenged, scientists say.Snowy retreat: Climate change puts Australia’s ski industry on a downhill slope | The AGE***THE SNOW THEY TOLD YOU WOULD “DISAPPEAR” KEEPS ON FALLINGCONTRARY to dire ‘expert’ prognostications and climate models to the contrary, global snowfall continues to fall in abundance, aided by ‘record-breaking cold temperatures’…Crop Loss Extreme Weather GSMNEWFOUNDLAND AND LABRADOR FARMERS SERIOUSLY HAMPERED BY HISTORICALLY HARSH WINTER (AND IT AIN’T OVER YET)MARCH 19, 2020 CAP ALLONWinter 2019/20 has been one of persistent Arctic cold for much of Canada, particularly for Newfoundland and Labrador. The province has been battered by sub-zero temperatures, heavy snow and high winds during the past few months, making life utterly miserable for NL farmers.The worst storm of the season so far was the “historic” blizzard of January 17 and 18, which buried the greater St. John’s region under a record-breaking 76+ cm (2.5+ ft) of snow.Extreme Weather GSMMONSTER SUMMER SNOWDRIFTS BURY THE SOUTHERN-RUSSIAN VILLAGE OF KURUSHAUGUST 26, 2020 CAP ALLONRare and heavy summer snow has settled in the Russian village of Kurush as the air temperature plummeted to just a few notches above freezing.As reported by pogoda.mail.ru, and picked-up by iceagenow.info, out-of-season snowfall has buried Kurush: a southern Russian village situated in the Dagestan Republic, famed for being the highest continuously inhabited settlement in both transcontinental Russia as well as Europe.Despite the village’s high altitude (2480–2560m, depending on the source), its locals were still shocked at the sheer depth of the summer snowdrifts — so much so that they took to social media to share the rare event:What happens when snowfall increases world wide?This photo shows a lightly colored planet which is natural because we continue in the Quaternary Ice Age. The earth albedo is very relevant to climate trends, particularly temperature, but poorly researched by the alarmist crowd. Why? Perhaps the do not like the results.

Encana moving its headquarters to the US highlights the federal mismanagement of the oil and gas industry in Canada by failing to support new investment in infrastructure. Pipelines are essential to move our energy to foreign markets. Unfounded climate change demonizing harmless carbon dioxide to take down fossil fuels has put the industry on the ropes with governments in the East of Canada where the votes are. The recent election had the incumbent Liberals betting on a carbon tax opposed vehemently by the Conservatives. The Liberals lost their majority and now require the support of their opposition to continue in power.Canada is at a critical moment for our oil and gas industry and the future of Canada. The growing political hostility to the industry over a fake climate crisis is having dire economic consequences for the country. There is more talk of Alberta independence from Canada. The article by Retired Alberta judge Brian Giesbrecht : Will Canada break up over carbon dioxide?Will Canada break up over carbon dioxide?New groups from industry and concerned citizens focus on the national unity angst of the Western energy problem. See -The attack on fossil fuels is intended to see wind and solar take over the world’s energy needs. This is not happening and will not happen despite enormous subsidies. The primary reason is intermittency of these renewables cause a doubling of costs from back up fossil fuels to ensure constant powering of the electricity grid.Subsidies and intermittency pushes electricity prices sky high in Europe so more installed renewables means higher prices and more heat poverty. UK seniors have to chose whether to eat or heat research says more die from heat poverty than road accidents.How crazy is it to throw the oil and gas industry under the bus when the alternative is a disaster for consumers.Canadian politicians make a big show of wanting to follow the carbon reduction targets of the Paris Accord as Canada stepped up after the US withdrew are unable to show any credible evidence of a CLIMATE CRISIS. Therefore the carbon reduction targets our fantasy and even if valid would not make much difference.Co2 is a minute trace gas where any human emissions from fossil fuels could not possible control or change the climate. The greenhouse metaphor of warming is false and impossible as the earth is an open system without a cover or panels to keep heat escaping like a real greenhouse.There is no greenhouse because Co2 at 0,039% is too little to cover any of the panels.Leading scientists debunk any climate crisis from Anthropogenic Global Warming yet Canada’s politicians ignore the scientific uncertainty and continue their unfounded attacks on fossil fuels.EUROPEAN SCIENTISTS CONFIRM THERE IS NO CLIMATE CRISIS90 leading Italian Scientists have just issued a petition with details confirming no climate crisis from human industrialization and exposing the computer modeling errors of alarmists that deny the dominant role of the sun in the climate and natural variability. The petition says -Climate simulation models do not reproduce the observed natural variability of the climate and, in particular, do not reconstruct the warm periods of the last 10,000 years. These were repeated about every thousand years and include the well-known Medieval Warm Period , the Hot Roman Period, and generally warm periods during the Optimal Holocene period.These PERIODS OF THE PAST HAVE ALSO BEEN WARMER THAN THE PRESENT PERIOD, despite the CO2 concentration being lower than the current, while they are related to the millennial cycles of solar activity. These effects are not reproduced by the models.The full terms of the Italian petition follows -90 Leading Italian Scientists Sign Petition: CO2 Impact On Climate “UNJUSTIFIABLY EXAGGERATED” … Catastrophic Predictions “NOT REALISTIC”By P Gosselin on4. July 2019NOTE: The English version of the petition that follows below is an unpolished translation of the original Italian version. The English version still needs to be polished up a bit, but it fully and accurately conveys the overall thrust of the original Italian version.In 1517, a 33-year-old theology professor at Wittenberg University walked over to the Castle Church in Wittenberg and nailed a paper of 95 theses to the door, hoping to spark an academic discussion about their contents. Source. The same is happening today in Italy concerning climate science as dogma.90 Italian scientists sign petition addressed to Italian leadersTo the President of the RepublicTo the President of the SenateTo the President of the Chamber of DeputiesTo the President of the CouncilPETITION ON GLOBAL ANTHROPGENIC HEATING (Anthropogenic Global Warming, human-caused global warming)The undersigned, citizens and scientists, send a warm invitation to political leaders to adopt environmental protection policies consistent with scientific knowledge.In particular, it is urgent to combat pollution where it occurs, according to the indications of the best science. In this regard, the delay with which the wealth of knowledge made available by the world of research is used to reduce the anthropogenic pollutant emissions widely present in both continental and marine environmental systems is deplorable.But we must be aware that CARBON DIOXIDE IS ITSELF NOT A POLLUTANT. On the contrary, it is indispensable for life on our planet.In recent decades, a thesis has spread that the heating of the Earth’s surface of around 0.9°C observed from 1850 onwards would be anomalous and caused exclusively by human activities, in particular by the emission of CO2 from the use of fossil fuels in the atmosphere.This is the thesis of anthropogenic global warming [Anthropogenic Global Warming] promoted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) of the United Nations, whose consequences would be environmental changes so serious as to fear enormous damage in an imminent future, unless drastic and costly mitigation measures are immediately adopted.In this regard, many nations of the world have joined programs to reduce carbon dioxide emissions and are pressured by a intense propaganda to adopt increasingly burdensome programs whose implementation involves heavy burdens on the economies of the individual member states and depend on climate control and, therefore, the “rescue” of the planet.However, the anthropogenic origin of global warming IS AN UNPROVEN HYPOTHESIS, deduced only from some climate models, that is complex computer programs, called General Circulation Models .On the contrary, the scientific literature has increasingly highlighted the existence of a natural climatic variability that the models are not able to reproduce.This natural variability explains a substantial part of global warming observed since 1850.The anthropogenic responsibility for climate change observed in the last century is therefore UNJUSTIFIABLY EXAGGERATED and catastrophic predictions ARE NOT REALISTIC.The climate is the most complex system on our planet, so it needs to be addressed with methods that are adequate and consistent with its level of complexity.Climate simulation models do not reproduce the observed natural variability of the climate and, in particular, do not reconstruct the warm periods of the last 10,000 years. These were repeated about every thousand years and include the well-known Medieval Warm Period , the Hot Roman Period, and generally warm periods during the Optimal Holocene period.These PERIODS OF THE PAST HAVE ALSO BEEN WARMER THAN THE PRESENT PERIOD, despite the CO2 concentration being lower than the current, while they are related to the millennial cycles of solar activity. These effects are not reproduced by the models.It should be remembered that the heating observed since 1900 has actually started in the 1700s, i.e. at the minimum of the Little Ice Age , the coldest period of the last 10,000 years (corresponding to the millennial minimum of solar activity that astrophysicists call Maunder Minimal Solar ). Since then, solar activity, following its millennial cycle, has increased by heating the earth’s surface.Furthermore, the models fail to reproduce the known climatic oscillations of about 60 years.These were responsible, for example, for a warming period (1850-1880) followed by a cooling period (1880-1910), a heating (1910-40), a cooling (1940-70) and a a new warming period (1970-2000) similar to that observed 60 years earlier.The following years (2000-2019) saw the increase not predicted by the models of about 0.2 ° C [two one-hundredths of a degree]per decade, but a substantial climatic stability that was sporadically interrupted by the rapid natural oscillations of the equatorial Pacific ocean, known as the El Nino Southern Oscillations , like the one that led to temporary warming between 2015 and 2016.The media also claim that extreme events, such as hurricanes and cyclones, have increased alarmingly. Conversely, these events, like many climate systems, have been modulated since the aforementioned 60-year cycle.For example, if we consider the official data from 1880 on tropical Atlantic cyclones that hit North America, they appear to have a strong 60-year oscillation, correlated with the Atlantic Ocean’s thermal oscillation called Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation .The peaks observed per decade are compatible with each other in the years 1880-90, 1940-50 and 1995-2005. From 2005 to 2015 the number of cyclones decreased precisely following the aforementioned cycle. Thus, in the period 1880-2015, between number of cyclones (which oscillates) and CO2 (which increases monotonically) there is no correlation.The climate system is not yet sufficiently understood. Although it is true that CO2 is a greenhouse gas, according to the IPCC itself the climate sensitivity to its increase in the atmosphere is still extremely uncertain.It is estimated that a doubling of the concentration of atmospheric CO2, from around 300 ppm pre-industrial to 600 ppm, can raise the average temperature of the planet from a minimum of 1° C to a maximum of 5° C.This uncertainty is enormous.In any case, many recent studies based on experimental data estimate that the climate sensitivity to CO2 is CONSIDERABLY LOWER than that estimated by the IPCC models.Then, it is scientifically unrealistic to attribute to humans the responsibility for warming observed from the past century to today. The advanced alarmist forecasts, therefore, are not credible, since they are based on models whose results contradict the experimental data.All the evidence suggests that these MODELS OVERESTIMATE the anthropogenic contribution and underestimate the natural climatic variability, especially that induced by the sun, the moon, and ocean oscillations.Finally, the media release the message according to which, with regard to the human cause of current climate change, there would be an almost unanimous consensus among scientists that the scientific debate would be closed.However, first of all we must be aware that the scientific method dictates that the facts, and not the number of adherents, make a conjecture a consolidated scientific theory .In any case, the same alleged consensus DOES NOT EXIST. In fact, there is a remarkable variability of opinions among specialists – climatologists, meteorologists, geologists, geophysicists, astrophysicists – many of whom recognize an important natural contribution to global warming observed from the pre-industrial period and even from the post-war period to today.There have also been petitions signed by thousands of scientists who have expressed dissent with the conjecture of anthropogenic global warming.These include the one promoted in 2007 by the physicist F. Seitz, former president of the American National Academy of Sciences, and the one promoted by the Non-governmental International Panel on Climate Change (NIPCC), whose 2009 report concludes that “Nature, not the activity of Man governs the climate”.In conclusion, given the CRUCIAL IMPORTANCE THAT FOSSIL FUELS have for the energy supply of humanity, we suggest that they should not adhere to policies of uncritically reducing carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere with THE ILLUSORY PRETENSE OF CONTROLLING THE CLIMATE.http://www.opinione.it/…/redazione_riscaldamento-globale-…/…Finally the earth is cooling and not warming and the fear must be a return of the brutal winters and flooding seen during the Little Ice Age. Canada temperatures are falling and snowfall that the UN predicting would moderate is increasing.No doubt failure to take action as promised on building the Trans Mountain pipeline expansion will be pivotal.PRACTICALLY ALL OF CANADA IS COVERED IN SNOWNOVEMBER 6, 2019 CAP ALLONIt’s been a record-snowy start to the Northern Hemisphere’s 2019 Winter Season, and the stats confirm it.Data from Rutger’s Global Snow Lab (GSL) reveals that practically ALL of Canada is currently covered in snow — a feat that hasn’t been achieved this early in the season (Nov 05) since records began in 1998.The GSL also reveals that Canada’s snow cover has been growing substantially since 2017, with the past 3 years coming out as the top 3 snowiest ever (by early Nov).NOAA’s North America Snow & Ice Chart reveals the same.And also worth noting is the snow-cover in Russia — some 85% of the massive transcontinental nation is currently buried under early-season snow, again a feat rarely achieved at this time of year:· GSL· NOAACanada’s and Russia’s astonishing totals combined are driving the Northern Hemisphere’s snow mass into uncharted territory:”POST NAVIGATIONFinland’s Coldest-Ever Autumn Temperature has just been Smashed + Snow-Depth at its Highest Level in [at least] 60 YearsWave after Wave of Polar-Cold will Crash into Australia this Month”Practically ALL of Canada is Covered in Snow - ElectroverseWinter weather was put in play as relevant to the UN IPCC projections of global warming.Does climate change or global warming affect the frequency of snow?James Matkin, former Deputy Minister at Government of British Columbia (1974-1983)Climate change is not synonymous with global warming except in the minds of alarmist thinkers. Climate change includes both cooling and warming and freezing temperatures are the legacy of cooling not warming.The condition precedent to increasing snowfall must be much more from the rise in temperatures than from the alleged increase in precipitation. Freezing temperatures happen under global cooling, not under global warming. It is a delusion to think that warming or lake effect snow is increasing the frequency of snowfall unless you realize that global warming is not happening.The UN IPCC and early day alarmists all understood this and made a point of putting winter weather predictions in the first reports. They predicted winters under global warming would be come moderate with less snow as follows.Snow predictions2000 Dr. David Viner, a senior research scientist at the climatic research unit (CRU) of the University of East Anglia, predicts that within a few years winter snowfall will become “a very rare and exciting event”. “Children just aren’t going to know what snow is.” See here.2001 IPCC TAR (AR3) predicts that milder winter temperatures will decrease heavy snowstorms. See here.2004 Adam Watson, from the Centre for Ecology and Hydrology in Banchory, Aberdeenshire, said the Scottish skiing industry had no more than 20 years left. See here.Reality check: 2014 had the snowiest Scottish mountains in 69 years. One ski resort’s problem was having some of the lifts buried in snow. See here.Reality check: Northern Hemisphere snow area shows remarkable little change since 1967. See here. The 2012-2013 winter was the fourth largest winter snow cover extent on record for the Northern Hemisphere. See here.Some Failed Climate PredictionsThink about why alarmists thought warming would end freezing winters in the future and you will see that if the earth is to ever exit the current Quaternary Ice Age [look it up in google] polar ice must become ice free in the summer. But heavy snowfall in the winter with the albedo keeps temperatures too cold to melt the glaciers in the spring and summer. Therefore the only was for ice free summers is for no or little snow in the winter. Because this is so far from happening around the world this issue becomes a silver bullet demolishing the fear of global warming and the need for the Paris Accord.The albedo makes winter snowfall a very unique weather when it comes to temperatures as the winter will unlike the summer reduce temperatures for the whole year.REFERENCESI suggest you look at four recent articles about Canada’s energy problems -'Canada' is becoming a dirty word in the oil patch'Not even on the radar screen': Why Big Oil has abandoned Canada's once-promising energy industryAssessing Canada's Energy Sector Competitiveness: Collected EssaysWill Canada break up over carbon dioxide?Renamed Encana​Encana to move corporate domicile to U.S., change name to Ovintiv'Canada' is becoming a dirty word in the oil patchKevin Orland, Bloomberg News'Canada' is becoming a dirty word in the oil patch - BNN Bloomberg•Canada’s beleaguered energy sector suffered another morale blow as Encana Corp. -- one of its marquee companies that was born out of the 19th-century railway boom -- announced plans to move its headquarters to the U.S. and drop the link to Canada from its name.The Calgary-based company said Thursday that it will establish a corporate domicile in the U.S. early next year, pending various approvals, and rebrand under the name Ovintiv Inc.The move is likely to intensify the gloom already hanging over the Canadian energy industry, which has suffered from a lack of pipeline space that has choked off prospects for growth, prompting foreign companies to ditch more than US$30 billion of assets in the past three years. Encana joins pipeline owner TransCanada Corp., which changed its name to TC Energy Corp. earlier this year.For Encana, the move is a logical shift since Doug Suttles, a Texan, took over as chief executive officer in 2013. Suttles soon set about selling Canadian assets and building a major position in the U.S. through the purchase of Permian driller Athlon Energy and the acquisition of Freeport-McMoRan Inc.’s Eagle Ford shale assets. The company moved into the Scoop and Stack shale fields in Oklahoma, the Bakken region of North Dakota and the Uinta play in Utah with its purchase of Newfield Exploration, which closed in February.In March of last year, Suttles moved to Denver and said in November that he envisioned Encana as a “headquarterless” company. Last quarter, he lamented on the company’s earnings conference call that Encana shares hadn’t yet achieved the valuation worthy of a “premium” exploration and development company.“A domicile in the United States will expose our company to increasingly larger pools of investment in U.S. index funds and passively managed accounts, as well as better align us with our U.S. peers,” Suttles said in a statement Thursday.Share SwapAs part of the corporate shift, shareholders will get one common share of Ovintiv for every five shares of Encana. The move needs the support of two-thirds of votes cast at a shareholders meeting early next year.Encana traces its Canadian roots back to the late 1800s, when the Canadian Pacific Railway accidentally discovered natural gas while drilling a water well for workers. The company was eventually spun out from Canadian Pacific and took the name EnCana in 2002. Encana then spun off its oil sands business into Cenovus Energy Inc. in 2009.Both stocks have underperformed since then, with Encana down 78 per cent including dividends, while Cenovus has dropped 48 per cent. Canada’s benchmark stock gauge has doubled in the same period.Separately, Encana reported third-quarter adjusted operating earnings that were in line with estimates. The company raised its 2019 production outlook while maintaining its capital spending guidance, and said Permian output rose to a quarterly record while Anadarko production climbed 13 per cent from a year earlier.'Canada' is becoming a dirty word in the oil patch - BNN Bloomberg'Not even on the radar screen': Why Big Oil has abandoned Canada's once-promising energy industryLast year, acquisitions of Canada's oil and gas assets by foreigners hit a decade-lowJESSE SNYDERJune 4, 20187:42 AM EDTOTTAWA — In October 2013, then-Liberal leader Justin Trudeau told a room full of oil and gas executives in Calgary that the arms-length National Energy Board had become so politicized under Stephen Harper that it was now “an advisory board to Cabinet.”It was part of a mantra that he would repeat throughout his election campaign and well into his tenure as prime minister that eroded confidence in Canada’s regulatory approval process: For too long, major energy projects had been rubber stamped despite strong environmental and First Nations’ opposition.“Governments may be able to issue permits, but only communities can grant permission,” Trudeau said.They are words that some argue have come back to haunt him. Trudeau’s government agreed to buy the Trans Mountain pipeline system and the proposed 590,000-barrel-per-day expansion from Calgary-based Kinder Morgan Canada Ltd. for $4.5 billion — an extraordinary move to ensure the project would be completed. The pipeline expansion has been delayed by intense opposition from First Nations and local communities along the route.“I think the deal with the devil that Trudeau made was he acquiesced, and indeed actively participated, in a pact against institutions that we have very carefully developed in Canada,” said Brian Lee Crowley, the managing director of the Macdonald-Laurier Institute in Ottawa.Ottawa’s effective nationalization of the pipeline, alongside a dramatic drop in foreign direct investment into Canada’s vast oil and gas reserves, has in turn prompted political hand-wringing in recent years, and questions over whether Canada can still secure the sort of large-scale investments needed to expand its natural resources industry.The total stock of foreign direct investment in Canadian oil and gas extraction slumped 7.4 per cent in 2017, down to $162.2 billion, due to a hasty retreat by international oil producers last year, including massive divestments by Royal Dutch Shell Plc ($9.3 billion) and ConocoPhillips Co. ($17.7 billion), totalling nearly $30 billion, according to Statistics Canada. Statoil ASA and Total SA have also sold off heavy oil assets. The exodus doesn’t account for the tens of billions of dollars in potential liquefied natural gas projects that were scrapped because of a combination of low commodity prices and domestic regulatory uncertainty.Justin Trudeau at the Calgary Petroleum Club in Calgary, Alta., on October 30, 2013. Lyle Aspinall/PostmediaThe falling FDI levels come after several major pipeline proposals have languished amid years-long delays or were scrapped altogether, leaving few options for oil producers to get their oil to Asian markets. That has raised significant doubts over the dependability of Canada’s regulatory approval process compared to its competitors.“In most jurisdictions the rules are fairly set,” said Bill Ross, the former vice-president of finance at Enbridge Pipelines Inc. “For whatever reason, in our country it’s a lot more complicated, particularly as it relates to energy investment.”Foreign investors, particularly those in the U.S., are increasingly apathetic toward what is happening here after years of persistent uncertainty, says Rafi Tahmazian, portfolio manager at Canoe Financial.“They don’t even care — Canada’s not even on the radar screen anymore,” said Tahmazian.The fund manager has been ramping up his exposure to foreign assets in recent years to 60 per cent, up from 30 per cent a few years ago, in the $1 billion he manages on behalf of Canoe. The company oversees roughly $4.5 billion in assets under management.That appears to be part of a broader shift away from Canada among domestic firms. Outbound FDI by Canadian companies has increased from around $60 billion in 2013 to $100 billion in 2017, while inbound FDI has roughly halved, down to around $30 billion, according to Statistics Canada.“We used to be a jurisdiction where people would dial down risk by coming to Canada,” Tahmazian said. “And now these investors, including myself, dial up risk when coming to Canada.”International companies are also kicking fewer tires in basins across Alberta and British Columbia. Malaysia’s Petronas announced earlier this week that it would take a 25 per cent stake in Royal Dutch Shell Plc.’s LNG Canada project for an undisclosed amount, dipping its toe back into the market after scrapping its own $36 billion project a year ago — making it the first international company this year to acquire a stake in the Canadian oil and gas space.Last year, acquisitions of Canada’s oil and gas assets by foreigners hit a decade-low of $1.43 billion, compared to around $12.5 billion on average annually over the previous decade, Financial Post Data shows. Unable to find growth at home, domestic energy companies have also stepped up hunt for international assets, with a record $34.3 billion in international M&A, primarily in the United States.• Foreign direct investment in Canada plunges to the lowest in eight years• Politicians sold out Canada’s oil industry. Now they’re making us buy it backOthers have noticed a similar lack of interest among energy leaders toward the country’s future potential to secure capital.“There’s been a certain level of resignation over the last six months or so, and just a difference in the optimism they might have had about being able to make changes that would improve the investment climate in the country,” said Monica Gattinger, professor at the University of Ottawa, specializing in energy.The shift hasn’t all been regulatory shortcomings. Gattinger says Alberta producers have also been undermined by the shale revolution taking place in the U.S., which has mopped up private equity funds in recent years.The flood of investment into the U.S. has been so all-consuming that it played a major role in the market correction of 2014, when global oversupply caused prices to plummet below US$30 per barrel.“That is a fundamental shift in energy markets in North America over the last five years, and that, in turn, changed capital investment,” she said.The investment boom south of the border is also tied to investors favouring plays with faster and better returns, as the long-term outlook for oil demand is called into question. Fewer investors now have the stomach for major oilsands project with decades-long life cycles and immense up-front capital costs, especially in times of volatile oil prices.People in government don’t seem to get that opportunities are highly perishable“I have trouble saying that it’s the business environment that’s slowing some of these expenditures, because I think it’s the economics that’s driving it,” said Michael Tims, the vice-chair Matco Investments, a private holding firm that is more than 90 per cent weighted toward energy.Tims stressed that the recent retreat from the oilsands by major oil players, as well as generally lower FDI numbers, is part of a complicated web of factors. Investment levels into Canadian oil and gas companies and assets has also improved in recent months in line with higher commodity prices, he said.“Companies are looking at the composite of a number of difference indicators, and it’s hard to point to just one thing,” Tims said.Still, some observers warn the political class hasn’t been aware enough of the incremental burdens being placed on companies through carbon taxes, incoming restrictions on methane emissions, a lack of pipeline capacity, demand uncertainty and still-low market prices for crude.“It’s very curious the extent to which people in government don’t seem to get that opportunities are highly perishable,” said Macdonald-Laurier’s Crowley. “When a company makes a decision to spend billions, there’s a whole set of assumptions behind that.”‘Not even on the radar screen’: Why Big Oil has abandoned Canada’s once-promising energy industryAssessing Canada's Energy Sector Competitiveness: Collected Essays— Published on July 18, 2019The energy sector, in particular the oil and gas industry, is critically important to Canada’s economy. It accounts for about 8 percent of Canada’s GDP, as well as for a significant share of the tax revenue collected by governments. The oil and gas sector is particularly important to the provincial economies of Alberta and Saskatchewan; it contributes to 30 percent of Alberta’s GDP and slightly more than 23 percent of Saskatchewan’s GDP.However, despite its importance, this sector has faced several challenges in recent years largely due to poor government policies at both the provincial and federal levels. Pipeline projects have faced delays or have been cancelled mainly due to political opposition and regulatory and environmental impediments. The lack of adequate pipeline capacity for oil exports has been an ongoing problem for the sector, greatly reducing the price that Canadian oil producers receive for their products. As such, pipeline constraints have been a major factor undermining the competitiveness of energy producers in Western Canada relative to those elsewhere in North America.In addition to pipeline constraints, increased taxation and regulatory requirements in recent years have exacerbated the issues facing the oil and gas industry. Canada’s recent policy and regulatory changes have been particularly damaging given that deregulation and sweeping tax reforms in the United States have significantly improved the business environment in that country, particularly for the oil and gas sector.This series of short essays looks into the competitiveness concerns for Canada’s oil and gas industry in the wake of recent tax reforms and deregulation in the United States.In the first chapter, Steven Globerman and Joel Emes explain their concerns about the competitiveness of Canada’s energy sector by documenting the dramatic deterioration of the investment environment surrounding the oil and gas industry in recent years. They show that the percentage of oil and gas capital investment in Canada as a share of total capital investment has plummeted, from 28 percent in 2014 to 13.9 percent in 2018. In addition, they demonstrate that between 2016 and 2018, the United States has enjoyed a 41 percent increase in investment in its upstream oil and gas sector (essentially, exploration and production) compared to only a 15 percent increase in Canada.In the second chapter, Robert Murphy, Ashley Stedman, and Elmira Aliakbari compare the regulatory environment in the US and Canada in which the oil and gas sector operates. They review the recent policy and regulatory changes implemented in both countries. Specifically, they emphasize that Canada’s federal government and many key provincial governments have significantly increased regulatory requirements for the sector including extensive reforms included in Bill C-69 and Bill C-48, a provincial cap on greenhouse gas emissions, and new regulations on methane emissions, among others. They explain that in contrast to Canada, the United States has taken a markedly different approach to promoting energy development. It has rescinded or scaled back several regulations including controls on power-plant emissions and it has withdrawn from the Paris climate agreement.In the third chapter, Philip Bazel and Jack Mintz analyze Canadian oil and gas tax competitiveness in the wake of recent US tax reforms—and Canada’s response to those reforms. They find that Saskatchewan has the highest taxes on new oil and gas investment among all major energy-producing jurisdictions in North America, which is hurting the province’s competitiveness. They also find that British Columbia fares poorly compared to most US states and provinces on new natural gas investments; British Columbia’s effective tax rate is behind only that of Saskatchewan within Canada, and is fifth-highest among 18 jurisdictions in North America.Finally, in chapter 4, Ashley Stedman and Elmira Aliakbari summarize the results of the latest Fraser Institute Global Petroleum Survey to help identify the reasons behind declining investor perceptions of Canada’s energy sector. In their responses to the survey, oil and gas investors express great apprehension about Canada’s policy environment and regulatory processes. Specifically, they point to the high cost of regulatory compliance, uncertainty concerning environmental regulations, and regulatory enforcement and duplication as major areas of concern in many Canadian jurisdictions particularly when compared to US states. Investors also noted their increasing concern over taxation in Saskatchewan, Alberta, and British Columbia when compared to several US states.Clearly, Canada’s energy sector is reeling from a combination of insufficient pipeline capacity and a barrage of new or expanded regulations and taxes. Building pipelines and easing the burdens of taxes and excessive oil and gas regulations should be a priority for governments at both the federal and provincial levels to help restore the sector’s competitiveness.Author:Elmira AliakbariAssociate Director, Natural Resource Studies, Fraser InstituteRetired Alberta judgeWill Canada break up over carbon dioxide?By Frontier Centre for Public Policy on January 14, 2019No CommentThe federal government and oil-and-gas producing provinces are on a collision course and Alberta may well quit Confederationfor very serious reasons: slavery, religion and ethnic tensions, for example. But no country has ever been at risk of breaking up because of a harmless gas like carbon dioxide. Canada could, thanks to an ideologically driven federal government.Carbon dioxide makes up a tiny portion (.04 per cent) of our atmosphere and is essential to life. It’s a trace gas that accelerates plant growth.Yet the government of Prime Minister Justin Trudeau wrongly labels it pollution and believes it has to be sharply curtailed or future warming of the planet will result in catastrophe.To Trudeau, saving the planet means weaning Canada off the use of fossil fuel (which produces carbon dioxide when burned). Despite Canada’s minuscule contribution to world CO2 emissions, and other countries aggressively adding new coal plants, climate zealots are obsessed with strangling Canada’s oil and gas industry.However, the oil and gas industry is vitally important – it’s Canada’s largest export industry and essential to our continued economic prosperity.During the 2015 federal election campaign and since, the Liberals have promised to reduce emissions to help address global warming, while still supporting Alberta’s oil and gas industry. Neither promise has been kept.Pipeline projects have been stopped or slowed, meaning Alberta can’t get its oil to market. This is now strangling the lifeblood industry of Alberta’s economy, which has lost more than 100,000 oil-and-gas related jobs in the last three years.It has also damaged Canada’s overall trade picture, and knocked the loonie down to around 74 cents compared to the American dollar (versus about 90 cents in an unsuppressed market).And we’re not reducing emissions, despite coal plant closures, wind and solar power subsidies and other questionable actions.Most Canadians recognize that the oil and gas industry is vital to the continued prosperity of the entire country. Most also believe that the marketplace should be the place where these decisions are made.But other Canadians, ill-advised on economic realities, want the oil and gas industry to be phased out.The mix of views means that the federal government and oil-and-gas producing provinces are on a collision course.The country is headed for big trouble if the Liberals win the election this fall and continue with plans to phase out the oil and gas industry by stalling pipelines and thickening regulatory delays.It’s not inconceivable that Alberta will seek either outright independence or an arrangement with the United States. Any serious talk of such options by Alberta would rock Canada. Without Alberta, capital markets would dive, and pension plans and the loonie would swoon.Canada’s incredibly skewed equalization formula has Quebec receiving 70 per cent of the annual pot, with much of those massive yearly payments ultimately supported by the traditional economic bonanza from Alberta’s oil and gas industry.Those massive money transfers have, effectively, bribed Quebec to stay in Confederation and are part of the glue holding the country together.But were Alberta to head for the door, the federal government would have to revise or scrap the equalization program – threatening Quebec’s stability. The breakup of the country would likely be the result.And all of this because Trudeau has fallen under the spell of the climate change industry and its obsession with reducing a harmless gas, carbon dioxide.Brian Giesbrecht, a retired judge, is a senior fellow at Frontier Centre for Public Policy.Will Canada break up over carbon dioxide?SEE ALSO CANADIAN BUSINESS LEADERS URGING CANADA “TO INVEST IN IT ENERGY SECTOR TO ENSURE A PROSPEROUS FUTURE.”Canada’s Major Bank CEOs Urge Support for Ailing Energy SectorNovember 02, 2019>Canada’s Major Bank CEOs Urge Support for Ailing Energy Sector (Canada’s Major Bank CEOs Urge Support for Ailing Energy Sector)Victor G. Dodig at 30% Club HK | The Women's FoundationVictor G. Dodig President & CEO, CIBC to the Economic Club of Canada Calgary, Alberta November 1, 2019“I’ll put it plainly: The importance of building the Trans Mountain Expansion and getting it back in private hands cannot be overstated”“Right now, here in this province, we have arrived at a critical moment: A chance to make the most of Alberta’s resource endowment, even as we begin to plan for the world of tomorrow. A chance to build on a legacy of success – and do what the people of Alberta do best. And most of all, a chance to strengthen the economy of this city, this province – and our country…“As a country, we need not only to maintain our position as a leader in responsible energy development – we need to strengthen it. We need to support it. And we need to grow it. For the benefit of the people of Alberta and all Canadians. The announcement from Encana yesterday only underscores the urgency we should all feel to take positive, productive action. Canadian competitiveness in the future economy relies on us getting a number of things right. But none of this will be possible if we don’t take care of the energy sector we have today…“Fuelling the Canadian economy Let’s step back for a moment: Why is this industry so important to Canadians? The energy sector here in Alberta and across the West directly supports more than a quarter of a million jobs. Including direct and indirect jobs across the country, the number is over 800,000. And these are good jobs – the typical hourly wage far surpasses the national average. In 2018, the energy sector contributed $167 billion to Canadian GDP. That’s more than financial services and insurance combined. At its peak only a few years ago, the industry bolstered government revenues by more than $16 billion each year – so that we as citizens can have access to world-leading education, health care, and other services. Most of that comes from fossil fuels – a historical Canadian strength….“In a volatile industry where we control so little, we have to make smart, swift and far-sighted decisions that allow us to make the most of what we do control. The shortage of pipeline capacity represents a critical threat to our economy.“I’ll put it plainly: The importance of building the Trans Mountain Expansion and getting it back in private hands cannot be overstated…ideally with the Indigenous community playing an important role in the ownership structure. TMX is a crucial project to the industry’s prosperity, to Alberta’s prosperity and to the prosperity of Canada as a whole. It is nation building, pure and simple…”The Importance of Canada's Energy Sector -- Victor G. Dodig addresses the ECOctober federal election results 2019.Alberta is mad! 69% voted Conservative! Just as they did...2011 - 67%2008 - 65%2004 - 62%1984 - 69%1980 - 65%1979 - 65%Other elections in my lifetime are 50 plus. I think I'm seeing a historical pattern of not voting Liberal.Quebec takes the giant share of equalization money while Alberta receives 0.Under the formula, in 2018-19, Alberta, Saskatchewan, B.C. and Newfoundland get nothing. Five other provinces receive between $400 million and $2 billion. Quebec gets more than $11 billion.But where does that money come from?Professor Jared Wesley: “It comes straight from the federal government, and it goes to provinces that are below average in terms of their economic performance. It goes to them so they can provide programs and services to Canadians without breaking their wallet through higher taxes.”Canada’s economic tragedy is the fallout of temperature deceptions and pseudo-science demonizing harmless Co2 to manufacture a fake climate crisis.There is no evidence of global warming as the earth is cooling. Beating up Canada’s oil and gas industry will not change the climate up or down.The UN Climate Change Numbers Hoax (Canada Free Press)"The object of life is not to be on the side of the majority, but to escape finding oneself in the ranks of the insane" - Marcus AureliusNO 'Consensus' on "Man-Made" Global Warming**The UN Admits That The Paris Climate Deal Was A Fraud**August 14, 2019**Global Hot Air:** Here’s a United Nations climate report that environmentalists probably don’t want anybody to read. It says that even if every country abides by the grand promises, they made last year in Paris to reduce greenhouse gases, the planet would still be “doomed.”The UN Admits That The Paris Climate Deal Was A Fraud - Frontiers of Freedom (The UN Admits That The Paris Climate Deal Was A Fraud - Frontiers of Freedom)(The UN Admits That The Paris Climate Deal Was A Fraud - Frontiers of Freedom)The UN Admits That The Paris Climate Deal Was A FraudAugust 14, 2019By Editorial • Investors Business DailyGlobal Hot Air: Here’s a United Nations climate report that environmentalists probably don’t want anybody to read. It says that even if every country abides by the grand promises they made last year in Paris to reduce greenhouse gases, the planet would still be “doomed.”When President Obama hitched America to the Paris accords in 2016, he declared that it was “the moment that we finally decided to save our planet.” And when Trump pulled out of the deal this year, he was berated by legions of environmentalists for killing it.But it turns out that the Paris accord was little more than a sham that will do nothing to “save the planet.”According to the latest annual UN report on the “emissions gap,” the Paris agreement will provide only a third of the cuts in greenhouse gas that environmentalists claim is needed to prevent catastrophic warming. If every country involved in those accords abides by their pledges between now and 2030 — which is a dubious proposition — temperatures will still rise by 3 degrees Celsius by 2100. The goal of the Paris agreement was to keep the global temperature increase to under 2 degrees.Eric Solheim, head of the U.N. Environment Program, which produces the annual report, said this week that “One year after the Paris Agreement entered into force, we still find ourselves in a situation where we are not doing nearly enough to save hundreds of millions of people from a miserable future. Governments, the private sector and civil society must bridge this catastrophic climate gap.”The report says unless global greenhouse gas emissions peak before 2020, the CO2 levels will be way above the goal set for 2030, which, it goes on, will make it “extremely unlikely that the goal of holding global warming to well below 2 degrees C can still be reached.”Not to worry. The UN claims that closing this gap will be easy enough, if nations set their collective minds to it.But this is a fantasy. The list of what would need to be done by 2020 — a little over two years from now — includes: Boosting renewable energy’s share to 30%. Pushing electric cars to 15% of new car sales, up from less than 1% today. Doubling mass transit use. Cutting air travel CO2 emissions by 20%. And coming up with $1 trillion for “climate action.”Oh, and coal-fired power plants would have to be phased out worldwide, starting now.According to the report, “phasing out coal consumption … is an indispensable condition for achieving international climate change targets.” That means putting a halt to any new coal plants while starting to phase out the ones currently in use.Good luck with that. There are currently 273 gigawatts of coal capacity under construction around the world, and another 570 gigawatts in the pipeline, the UN says. That would represent a 42% increase in global energy production from coal. Does anyone really think developing countries who need coal as a cheap source of fuel to grow their economies will suddenly call it quits?So, does this mean the planet is doomed? Hardly. As we have noted in this space many times, all those forecasts of global catastrophe are based on computer models that have been unreliable predictors of warming. And all of the horror stories assume the worst.What the report does make clear, however, is that all the posturing by government leaders in Paris was just that. Posturing. None of these countries intended to take the drastic and economically catastrophic steps environmentalist claim are needed to prevent a climate change doomsday. As such, Trump was right to stop pretending.Whether you believe in climate change or not, the Paris climate accord amounted to nothing, or pretty close to it. Even the UN admits that now.The UN Admits That The Paris Climate Deal Was A Fraud - Frontiers of FreedomJAMES MATKIN•2017-08-23 10:03 PM PUBLISHED COMMENT IN NATURE JOURNAL.The great failure of the Paris accord is the failure to accept that the IPCC Al Gore hypothesis of anthropogenic warming is not settled science. Indeed, none of the predictions of doom have occurred. New research confirms the view of leading climate scientists and scholars that trace amounts of Co2 emissions are not destabilizing the planet. Co2 is essential plant food and therefore green energy. The “driving force” of climate change is natural and not Co2 plant food emissions. A new Chinese study confirms climate change comes from natural cycles. This research is based on the longest actual temperature data of more than 400 years from 1659 to 2013, including the period of anthropogenic warming. The authors Geli Wang & Peicai Yang and Xiuji Zhou are scientists at the CHINESE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE and Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, China 中国气象科学研究院 Their study confirms THE DRIVING FORCES OF GLOBAL WARMING AND CLIMATE CHANGE ARE NOT ANTHROPOGENIC (human activity). The driving forces are “the El Niño–Southern Oscillation cycle and the Hale sunspot cycle, respectively.” The title of the study published in the prestigious NATURE Journal is: Identification of the driving forces of climate change using the longest instrumental temperature record Identification of the driving forces of climate change using the longest instrumental temperature record This means that climate change cannot be stopped as Paris attendees believed. Co2 is very beneficial plant food and we need more not less. Why climate change is good for the world | The Spectator It is good news for civilization that the Paris targets are not being met around the world.https://www.nature.com/news/prov...The Green House Gases theory invalidated by its history.“That theory, which underpins the anthropogenic global-warming hypothesis and the climate models used by the United Nations, was first proposed and developed in the 19th century.However, the experiments on which it was based involved glass boxes that retain heat by preventing the mixing of air inside the box with air outside the box.The experiment is not analogous to what occurs in the real atmosphere, which does not have walls or a lid, according to Nikolov and Zeller.”Read more at http://www.wnd.com/2017/07/study...·No observational study to validate his greenhouse theory only ‘thought experiments’ contrary to the Second Law of Thermodynamics.·Yes. Modern unprecedented rise in temperatures have not happened over the past 2000 years. The public have been fooled by the false hockey graphs of Michael Mann who just lost libel case in the BC Supreme Court.The data shows only a temperature rise of 0.68* C over the past 1000 years. Think about it not even 1 degree rise. Surely that is just a rounding error or at most natural variation?The Medieval warming higher than today and the cooling of the Little Ice Age befuddled the alarmist scientists so they erased the past.By erasing and flattening inconvenient past data the alarmists could claim that today’s recovery from the Little Ice age was unprecedentedFinally the IPCC removed the fake data with the hockey stick graph in their 2001 Report.This hockey graph before it was debunked deceived the public with Al Gore using it in his Nobel prize winning video “The inconvenient truth.”Many scientists oppose the action of Michael Mann erasing climate history to create a new theory. Dr. Tim Ball is one of the most vigorous. For his efforts Mann started a SLAP libel suit to shut down the criticism. Mann recently lost the suit in the Supreme Court of BC for inordinate delay. He also refused to abide by a consent order to divulge his originalMany scientists oppose the action of Michael Mann erasing climate history to create a new theory. Dr. Tim Ball is one of the most vigorous. For his efforts Mann started a SLAP libel suit to shut down the criticism. Mann recently lost the suit in the Supreme Court of BC for inordinate delay. He also refused to abide by a consent order to divulge his original data.Read the Supreme Court judgment finding against Michael Mann yourself here and you will see behavior unworthy of upright scientists by this man.SEPTEMBER 17, 2019 BY ANDREW LAWTON“Like the sword of Damocles”: Judge dismisses Michael Mann’s lawsuit against Tim Ball“A mere eight-and-a-half years after Penn State climatologist Michael Mann filed a lawsuit against Canadian professor Tim Ball, the case has been tossed out for its “inexcusable” delays.Justice Christopher Giaschi of the Supreme Court of British Columbia issued his decision in Vancouver on Aug. 22, in response to an application to dismiss by Ball.Based on his reasons, included in full below, the dismissal was ultimately justified by glacial pace at which the proceedings moved, and what the judge characterized as an absence of action by Mann’s team.The judge noted several periods of inaction between the commencement of the action in March, 2011 and the date of his decision.While Mann submitted four binders worth of documentation to combat the motion to dismiss, the judge found there was “no evidence from the plaintiff (Mann) explaining the delay.”Giaschi said the “inordinate delay” was not excusable, and that it prejudiced justice.An excerpt:The evidence is that the defendant intended to call three witnesses at trial who would have provided evidence going to fair comment and malice. Those witnesses have now died. A fourth witness is no longer able to travel. Thus, in addition to finding that presumption of prejudice has not been rebutted, I also find that there has been actual prejudice to the defendant as a consequence of the delay.Turning to the final factor, I have little hesitation in finding that, on balance, justice requires the action be dismissed. The parties are both in their eighties and Dr. Ball is in poor health. He has had this action hanging over his head like the sword of Damocles for eight years and he will need to wait until January 2021 before the matter proceeds to trial. That is a ten year delay from the original alleged defamatory statement. Other witnesses are also elderly or in poor health. The memories of all parties and witnesses will have faded by the time the matter goes to trial.I find that, because of the delay, it will be difficult, if not impossible, for there to be a fair trial for the defendant.The judge awarded Ball legal costs for the dismissal motion, and also the case itself.Mann v. Ball Page 4[8] I now turn to whether the delay is excusable. In my view, it is not. There is no evidence from the plaintiff explaining the delay. Dr. Mann filed an affidavit but he provides no evidence whatsoever addressing the delay. Importantly, he does not provide any evidence saying that the delay was due to his counsel, nor does he provide evidence that he instructed his counsel to proceed diligently with the matter.He simply does not address delay at all.[9] Counsel for Dr. Mann submits that the delay was due to his being busy onother matters, but the affidavit evidence falls far short of establishing this. The affidavit of Jocelyn Molnar, filed April 10, 2019, simply addresses what matters plaintiff's counsel was involved in at various times. The affidavit does not connect those other matters to the delay here. It does not explain the lengthy delay in 2013and 2014 and does not adequately explain the delay from July 2017. The evidence falls far short of establishing an excuse for the delay.[10] Even if I was satisfied that the evidence established the delay was solely due to plaintiff's counsel being busy with other matters, which I am not, I do not agree that this would be an adequate excuse. Counsel for the plaintiff was unable to provide any authority establishing that counsel's busy schedule is a valid excuse for delay. In contrast, the defendant refers me toHughes v. Simpson-Sears, [1988] 52D.L.R. (4th) 553, where Justice Twaddle, writing on behalf of the Manitoba Court of Appeal, stated at p. 13 that:...Freedman, J.A. said that the overriding principle in cases of this kind is “essential justice.”There is no doubt that that is so, but it must mean justice to both parties, not just to one of http://them.In Law Society of Manitoba v. Eadie (judgment delivered on June 27, 1988), Is stated my preference for a one-step application of the fundamental principleon which motions of this kind should be decided. The fundamental principle is that a plaintiff should not be deprived of his right to have his case decided on its merits unless he is responsible for undue delay which has prejudiced the other party. A plaintiff is responsible for delays occasioned by his solicitors. I have already dealt with the consequence of the solicitors' conduct being negligent. Once it is established that the delay is unreasonable having regard to the subject matter of the action, the complexity of the issues, and the explanation for it, the other matter to be considered is the prejudice to the defendant. It is in the task of balancing the plaintiff's right to proceed with the trial.”“IN THE SUPREME COURT OF BRITISH COLUMBIACitation: Mann v. Ball,2019 BCSC 1580Date: 20190822Before: The Honourable Mr. Justice GiaschiOral Reasons for JudgmentBall:M. ScherrD. Juteau Place and Date of Hearing: Vancouver, B.C.May 27 and August 22, 2019Place and Date of Judgment: Vancouver, B.C. August 22, 201[1] THE COURT: I will render my reasons on the application to dismiss. I reserve the right to amend these reasons for clarity and grammar, but the result will not change.[2] The defendant brings an application for an order dismissing the action for delay.[3] The plaintiff, Dr. Mann, and the defendant, Dr. Ball, have dramatically different opinions on climate change. I do not intend to address those differences. It is sufficient that one believes climate change is man-made and the other does not. As a result of the different opinions held, the two have been in near constant conflict for many years.[4] The underlying action concerns, first, a statement made by the defendant in an interview conducted on February 9, 2011. He said, “Michael Mann at Penn State should be in the state pen, not Penn State.” This statement was published on a website and is alleged to be defamatory of the plaintiff. The notice of civil claim also alleges multiple other statements published by Mr. Ball are defamatory. It is not necessary that I address the many alleged defamatory statements.[5] 0690860 Manitoba Ltd. v. Country West Construction, 2009 BCCA 535, at paras. 27-28, sets out the four elements that need to be considered on a motion to dismiss. They are:a) Has there been inordinate delay in the prosecution of the matter?;b) If there has been inordinate delay, is it excusable in the circumstances?;c) Has the delay caused serious prejudice and, if so, does it create a substantial risk that a fair trial is not possible?; andd) Whether, on balance, justice requires that the action be dismissed.[6] I turn first to whether there has been inordinate delay. Some key dates in the litigation are:a) March 25, 2011, the action was commenced;b) July 7, 2011, the notice of civil claim was amended;c) June 5, 2012, the notice of civil claim was further amended;d) From approximately June of 2013 until November of 2014, there were no steps taken in the action;e) November 12, 2014, the plaintiff filed a notice of intention to proceed;f) February 20, 2017, the matter was initially supposed to go to trial, but that trial date was adjourned;g) July 20, 2017, the date of the last communication received from Mr. Mann or his counsel by the defendant. No steps were taken in the matter until March 21, 2019 when the application to dismiss was filed;h) April 10, 2019, a second notice of intention to proceed was filed; andi) August 9, 2019, after the first day of the hearing of this application, a new trial date was set for January 11, 2021.[7] There have been at least two extensive periods of delay. Commencing in approximately June 2013, there was a delay of approximately 15 months where nothing was done to move the matter ahead. There was a second extensive period of delay from July 20, 2017 until the filing of the application to dismiss on March 21, 2019, a delay of 20 months. Again, nothing was done during this period to move the matter ahead. The total time elapsed, from the filing of the notice of civil claim until the application to dismiss was filed, was eight years. It will be almost ten years by the time the matter goes to trial. There have been two periods, of approximately 35 months in total, where nothing was done. In my view, by any measure, this is an inordinate delay.[8] I now turn to whether the delay is excusable. In my view, it is not. There is no evidence from the plaintiff explaining the delay. Dr. Mann filed an affidavit but he provides no evidence whatsoever addressing the delay. Importantly, he does not provide any evidence saying that the delay was due to his counsel, nor does he provide evidence that he instructed his counsel to proceed diligently with the matter. He simply does not address delay at all.[9] Counsel for Dr. Mann submits that the delay was due to his being busy on other matters, but the affidavit evidence falls far short of establishing this. The affidavit of Jocelyn Molnar, filed April 10, 2019, simply addresses what matters plaintiff's counsel was involved in at various times. The affidavit does not connect those other matters to the delay here. It does not explain the lengthy delay in 2013 and 2014 and does not adequately explain the delay from July 2017. The evidence falls far short of establishing an excuse for the delay.[10] Even if I was satisfied that the evidence established the delay was solely due to plaintiff's counsel being busy with other matters, which I am not, I do not agree that this would be an adequate excuse. Counsel for the plaintiff was unable to provide any authority establishing that counsel's busy schedule is a valid excuse for delay. In contrast, the defendant refers me to Hughes v. Simpson Sears, [1988] 52 D.L.R. (4th) 553, where Justice Twaddle, writing on behalf of the Manitoba Court of Appeal, stated at p. 13 that:...Freedman, J.A. said that the overriding principle in cases of this kind is “essential justice”. There is no doubt that that is so, but it must mean justice to both parties, not just to one of them.In Law Society of Manitoba v. Eadie (judgment delivered on June 27, 1988), I stated my preference for a one-step application of the fundamental principle on which motions of this kind should be decided. The fundamental principle is that a plaintiff should not be deprived of his right to have his case decided on its merits unless he is responsible for undue delay which has prejudiced the other party. A plaintiff is responsible for delays occasioned by his solicitors. I have already dealt with the consequence of the solicitors' conduct being negligent. Once it is established that the delay is unreasonable having regard to the subject matter of the action, the complexity of the issues, and the explanation for it, the other matter to be considered is the prejudice to the defendant. It is in the task of balancing the plaintiff's right to proceed with the defendant's right not to be prejudiced by unreasonable delay that justice must be done.[Emphasis added][11] Additionally, based upon the evidence filed, the plaintiff and his counsel appear to have attended to other matters, both legal matters and professional matters in the case of the plaintiff, rather than give this matter any priority. The plaintiff appears to have been content to simply let this matter languish.[12] Accordingly, I find that the delay is inexcusable.[13] With respect to prejudice, such prejudice is presumed unless the prejudice is rebutted. Indeed, the presumption of prejudice is given even more weight in defamation cases: Samson v. Scaletta, 2016 BCSC 2598, at paras 40-43. The plaintiff has not filed any evidence rebutting the presumption of prejudice.[14] Moreover, the defendant has led actual evidence of actual prejudice. The evidence is that the defendant intended to call three witnesses at trial who would have provided evidence going to fair comment and malice. Those witnesses have now died. A fourth witness is no longer able to travel. Thus, in addition to finding that presumption of prejudice has not been rebutted, I also find that there has been actual prejudice to the defendant as a consequence of the delay.[15] Turning to the final factor, I have little hesitation in finding that, on balance, justice requires the action be dismissed. The parties are both in their eighties and Dr. Ball is in poor health. He has had this action hanging over his head like the sword of Damocles for eight years and he will need to wait until January 2021 before the matter proceeds to trial. That is a ten year delay from the original alleged defamatory statement. Other witnesses are also elderly or in poor health. The memories of all parties and witnesses will have faded by the time the matter goes to trial.[16] I find that, because of the delay, it will be difficult, if not impossible, for there to be a fair trial for the defendant. This is a relatively straightforward defamation action and should have been resolved long before now. That it has not been resolved is because the plaintiff has not given it the priority that he should have. In the circumstances, justice requires that the action be dismissed and, accordingly, I do hereby dismiss the action for delay.[17] Before concluding, I wish to note that the materials that have been filed on this application are grossly excessive in relation to the matters in issue. There are four large binders of materials filed by the plaintiff on the application to dismiss, plus one additional binder from the defendant. The binders contain multiple serial affidavits, many of which are replete with completely irrelevant evidence. In my view, this application could have been done and should have been done with one or two affidavits outlining the delay, the reasons for the delay, and the prejudice.[18] Those are my reasons, counsel. Costs?[19] MR. SCHERR: I would, of course, ask for costs for the defendant, given the dismissal of the action.[20] MR. MCCONCHIE: Costs follow the event. I have no quarrel with that.[21] THE COURT: All right. I agree. The costs will follow the event, so the defendant will have his costs of the application and also the costs of the action, since the action is dismissed.ERASING CLIMATE HISTORY TO CREATE A TEMPERATURE DECEPTIONThere is an abundance of evidence that the Medieval Warm period and the LIttle Ice age were real and global and there is no credible data to justify Michael Mann erasing these significant parts of the earth’s climate history.American history is replete with evidence of the Little Ice Age including George Washington’s famous march to Valley Forge suffering harsh winters.The story of that terrible winter has often been told. It was cold, but not quite cold enough, with abundant precipitation—sleet and freezing rain, calculated to drown roads in slush and wash out ferries and fords. Supplies disappeared. Men shivered in ragged summer uniforms, starved, and succumbed to disease. Worst, many officers gave up—not the likes of Henry Knox, Greene, Friedrich von Steuben, Anthony Wayne and many others, nor their wives—but the field officers essential to keeping the army functioning on a day to day basis. They resigned in droves.A Miracle of Leadership: George Washington at Valley Forge - Edward LengelAmerica’s Worst Winter EverBy Ray Raphael“For a Fortnight past the Troops both Officers and Men, have been almost perishing for want.” -George Washington, January 8, 1780BY CONNATIXIn January 1780, fighting in the Revolutionary War came to a standstill as Mother Nature transformed America into a frigid hell. For the only time in recorded history, all of the saltwater inlets, harbors and sounds of the Atlantic coastal plain, from North Carolina northeastward, froze over and remained closed to navigation for a period of a month or more. Sleighs, not boats, carried cords of firewood across New York Harbor from New Jersey to Manhattan. The upper Chesapeake Bay in Maryland and the York and James rivers in Virginia turned to ice. In Philadelphia, the daily high temperature topped the freezing mark only once during the month of January, prompting Timothy Matlack, the patriot who had inscribed the official copy of the Declaration of Independence, to complain that “the ink now freezes in my pen within five feet of the fire in my parlour, at 4 o’clock in the afternoon.”The weather took an especially harsh toll on the 7,460 patriot troops holed up with General George Washington in Morristown, N.J., a strategic site 30 miles west of the British command in New York City. On January 3, the encampment was engulfed by “one of the most tremendous snowstorms ever remembered,” army surgeon James Thacher wrote in his journal. “No man could endure its violence many minutes without danger of his life.” When tents blew off, soldiers were “buried like sheep under the snow…almost smothered in the storm.” The weather made it impossible to get supplies to the men, many of whom had no coats, shirts or shoes and were on the verge of starvation. “For a Fortnight past the Troops both Officers and Men, have been almost perishing for want,” George Washington wrote in a letter to civilian officials dated January 8.The winter at Valley Forge two years earlier is a celebrated part of America’s Revolutionary mythology, while its sequel at Morristown is now largely forgottenRef. America's Worst Winter EverPublished abstracts of research expose the tampering with history in Orwellian fashion as evidence of the Little Ice Age emerges around the world including China and the Southern hemisphere.GREAT WALL OF CHINA BUILT DURING MING DYNASTYClimatic ChangeNovember 2014, Volume 127, Issue 2, pp 169–182How climate change impacted the collapse of the Ming dynasty· Authors· Jingyun Zheng, Lingbo Xiao, Xiuqi Fang, Zhixin Hao Quansheng GeEmail author Beibei LiAbstractBased on the reconstructed temperatures, precipitation changes, and occurrences of extreme climate events, together with historical records on fiscal deterioration, food crises, and the frequencies of popular unrest, rebellions and wars, we identified three principal ways in which climate change contributed to the collapse in the Ming dynasty. Firstly, cooling, aridification, and desertification during a cold period destroyed the military farm system, which was the main supply system for the provisioning of government troops on the northern frontiers; these impacts increased the military expenditure from 64 % of total government expenditure in 1548–1569 to 76 % in 1570–1589 and thus aggravated the national fiscal crisis that occurred during the late Ming dynasty. Secondly, climate deterioration (e.g., cooling, aridification, and an increase in the frequencies of frost- and drought-related disasters, etc.) led to a 20–50 % reduction in the per capita production of raw grain in most areas of China, which resulted in widespread food crises and exacerbated the vulnerability of social structures during the last several decades of the Ming dynasty. Thirdly, the severe droughts occurring in 1627–1643 were a key trigger to the peasantry uprising. These droughts also played a significant role to promote the peasantry uprising, especially reviving the peasantry troops by recruitment of famine victims when they nearly perished in 1633 and 1638, and severely disrupting the food supply for the government troops, resulting in the final defeat of the government troops by the peasantry troops. This study contributes to an understanding of the climate-related mechanisms behind the collapse of the Ming dynasty, and provides a historical case study that enhances our understanding of the nature of interactions between climate change and social vulnerability.https://link.springer.com/articl...Little Ice Age Climate near Beijing, China, Inferred from Historical and Stalagmite RecordsAuthors Weihong Qian YafenZhuhttps://doi.org/10.1006/qres.200...Get rights and contentAbstractFour data sets yield information about Holocene climatic change in China at different scales of space and time: (a) 120-yr ground temperature and precipitation measurements covering eastern China; (b) two NOAA 10-yr 850 hPa wind records that highlight features of data set a; (c) an 1100-year record of annual calcite accumulation on a stalagmite near Beijing, and (d) Lamb-type average wetness and temperature data from Chinese historical records back to A.D. 1470 and 1450, respectively. Dry–wet fluctuations and cold–warm oscillations are inferred using the long-term stalagmite thickness series. Quasi-70, 140, 450, and 750-yr oscillations have been detected using a wavelet transform technique. A phase relationship between temperature and precipitation oscillations has been identified based on modern observations and historical records. In northern China, relatively lower temperatures correlate with periods when precipitation shifted from above to below normal. Three colder periods during the Little Ice Age (LIA) in China are inferred, centered in the late 14th century (750-yr oscillation), the early 17th century (450-yr), and the 19th century (140-yr). The latest cool period (1950s–1970s) is found at the 70-yr oscillation. Interdecadal drought–flood and cold–warm differences are explained using modern circulation patterns. LIA climate in China was likely controlled by East Asian monsoon circulation anomalies that were affected by variations in continent–ocean thermal contrast.https://www.sciencedirect.com/sc...Those who claim Mann was right sometime focus on his numbers at the tip of the blade. This is a mistake as making the the stick flat with no temperature increase for a thousand years was the crazy and unjustified revision. His hockey stick with a flat stick had the effect of erased the Medieval Warming Period and the Little Ice Age that mattered for the radical claim that suddenly under industrialization humans are making the climate too hot with Co2.You see in these two graphs the Orwellian revision of conventional history by Michael Mann, yet he continues to refuse to show his data. The most insightful explanation comes from Dr. Richard Muller who is objective on this issue and has had direct experience with evaluating what happened.Hockey Stick graph is not ok today!"We have to get rid of the Medieval Warm Period!"ScootleRoyalePublished on 29 Oct 2010“Video of Dr David Deming's statement to the U.S. Senate Committee on Environment & Public Works on December 6, 2006. Dr Deming reveals that in 1995 a leading scientist emailed him saying "We have to get rid of the Medieval Warm Period". A few years later, Michael Mann and the IPCC did just that by publishing the now throughly discredited hockey stick graph. “There is a lot of data showing that as of today the blade of the hockey is false also because of the pause in warming and now temperatures are falling.“Reflections on Mark Steyn’s ‘A Disgrace to the Profession’ about Dr. Michael MannGuest Blogger / March 29, 2017Given what happened today in live testimony before the House Science Commiittee where Dr. Mann was testifying, this review seems germane and timely.“Guest essay by Rick Wallace“Mark Steyn’s A Disgrace to the Profession is a compilation of scientific commentary on Michael Mann and his work and is a valuable antidote to the idea that questioning or criticizing this particular researcher is an overt admission of ignorance, let alone an “attack on science”. What I will argue in this essay is that Steyn has done serious students of the AGW hysteria an even greater service. In fact, this work reveals some features of the hysteria that are, I think, critical for understanding it in depth. The present essay, which will elaborate on this point, is intended as a contribution to the study of what one of those quoted in Steyn’s book called “pathological science”.“For those who aren’t familiar with the work, Steyn’s book is a collection of highly critical comments by scientists of varying degrees of eminence concerning Michael Mann and his (in)famous “hockey stick” temperature graph. The book emanated from a still-ongoing lawsuit that Mann filed against Steyn for writing in a National Review Online article that the hockey stick was fraudulent. Steyn was struck by the fact that, when it came time to file third-party amicus briefs, no one filed a brief in Mann’s defense. So he began combing the Web and other resources, and found a plethora of critical comments that he collected into one volume.2,3“In fact, by now almost everyone, skeptic or warmest, has backed away from this very flawed piece of evidence.“The Medieval Warm Period – when Greenland got its name and was extensively farmed, and vineyards flourished in much of England – was a matter of uncontroversial historical record. But once you’ve decided to “repeal“it, it’s amazing how easy it is.” (Steyn, 33)“[The earlier account of past temperatures] was simply expunged from the 2001 IPCC report, much as Trotsky and Yezhov were removed from Stalin’s photographs by dark-room specialists in the later years of the dictator’s reign. There was no explanation of why both the Medieval Warm Period and the Little Ice Age, very clearly shown in the 1990 report, had simply disappeared eleven years later.” (Steyn, 10)“”The hockey stick is an extraordinary claim which requires extraordinary evidence,” wrote Oxford physicist Jonathan Jones. Nature never asked for any and, when it fell to others to demonstrate the flaws of the stick, the journal declined to share their findings with its readers. Mann and a few close allies controlled the fora that mattered, and banished any dissidents. “It’s a completely rigged peer-review system,” concluded Cal Tech’s Dr David Rutledge.” (Steyn, 6)[Emphasis added]Reflections on Mark Steyn’s ‘A Disgrace to the Profession’ about Dr. Michael MannMann has argued that erasing Medieval history is justified because the warming and cooling only happened in Europe and was not global. This claim is contradicted with many peer reviewed studies showing Medieval Warming and Little Ice Age cooling around the world at the relevant times.Medieval Temperature Trends in Africa and ArabiaA synthesis of paleotemperature reconstructions from published case studies suggests warm onshore temperatures persisted across most of Afro-Arabia between 1000 and 1200 CE.By Terri Cook 9 February 2018Reconstructions of Northern Hemisphere temperatures have repeatedly indicated the Afro-Arabian region experienced climate perturbations, including an extended period of anomalously warm conditions, during medieval times. Because this Medieval Climate Anomaly represents the closest analogue to modern warming, it defines a crucial baseline by which modern postindustrial climate trends can be compared.Although the Medieval Climate Anomaly has also been documented in other parts of the world, its occurrence on the Arabian Peninsula and the African continent, which together comprise about one quarter of Earth’s landmass, is less certain.This is due to the lack of high-quality proxy records, such as ice cores and tree rings, in the region. To help fill this gap, Lüning et al. correlated and synthesized the findings of 44 published paleotemperature case studies from across the region and mapped the resulting trends of the anomaly’s central period, which lasted from about 1000 to 1200 CE.A comprehensive review of paleotemperature reconstructions paints a picture of warm onshore temperatures across Afro-Arabia between 1000 and 1200 AD.To better characterize temperature fluctuations in Africa and Arabia during medieval times, researchers synthesized paleotemperature records from across the region, including the Tanzanian portion of Lake Tanganyika (pictured here). A core from this lake represents one of the few medieval paleotemperature reconstructions that are available from the East Africa Rift. Credit: Andreas31, CC BY-SA 3.0The results indicate that the majority of onshore Afro-Arabian sites experienced warming during the Medieval Climate Anomaly. The one exception was the southern Levant, which endured a cold phase during the same interval. From offshore records, the team also documented cooling in locations that currently experience cold-water upwellings but generally warmer conditions away from these upwelling zones during the same period.In some records, the researchers noted the presence of obvious cold spikes during intervals corresponding to decreased solar activity or declining ocean cycles. This, they argue, suggests that solar forcing and changing ocean circulation are the most likely causes of medieval era climate change.This study represents a step toward globally characterizing the Medieval Climate Anomaly, an improved understanding of which will help scientists refine global climate models and improve hindcasting. To date, however, very few paleotemperature data exist from Afro-Arabia; the authors note that all of West Africa is currently represented by a single data point. Systematic research will be necessary to adequately reconstruct medieval paleotemperature patterns and their causes across this vast region.More evidence that the Medieval Warming Period was global, not regionalPaleoceanography Reseaerch Article“Warming and Cooling: The Medieval Climate Anomaly in Africa and ArabiaSebastian Lüning Mariusz Gałka Fritz VahrenholtFirst published: 26 October 2017 Warming and Cooling: The Medieval Climate Anomaly in Africa and Arabia Cited by: 6“AbstractThe Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA) is a well‐recognized climate perturbation in many parts of the world, with a core period of 1000–1200 Common Era. Here we present a palaeotemperature synthesis for the MCA in Africa and Arabia, based on 44 published localities. The data sets have been thoroughly correlated and the MCA trends palaeoclimatologically mapped. The vast majority of available Afro‐Arabian onshore sites suggest a warm MCA, with the exception of the southern Levant where the MCA appears to have been cold. MCA cooling has also been documented in many segments of the circum‐Africa‐Arabian upwelling systems, as a result of changes in the wind systems which were leading to an intensification of cold water upwelling. Offshore cores from outside upwelling systems mostly show warm MCA conditions. The most likely key drivers of the observed medieval climate change are solar forcing and ocean cycles. Conspicuous cold spikes during the earliest and latest MCA may help to discriminate between solar (Oort Minimum) and ocean cycle (Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, AMO) influence. Compared to its large share of nearly one quarter of the world's landmass, data from Africa and Arabia are significantly underrepresented in global temperature reconstructions of the past 2,000 years. Onshore data are still absent for most regions in Africa and Arabia, except for regional data clusters in Morocco, South Africa, the East African Rift, and the Levant coast. In order to reconstruct land palaeotemperatures more robustly over Africa and Arabia, a systematic research program is needed.”Citing LiteratureNumber of times cited according to CrossRef: 6Sebastian Lüning, Mariusz Gałka and Fritz Vahrenholt, The Medieval Climate Anomaly in Antarctica, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 10.1016/j.palaeo.2019.109251, (109251), (2019).CrossrefChengcheng Liu, Hong Yan, Haobai Fei, Xiaolin Ma, Wenchao Zhang, Ge Shi, Willie Soon, John Dodson and Zhisheng An, Temperature seasonality and ENSO variability in the northern South China Sea during the Medieval Climate Anomaly interval derived from the Sr/Ca ratios of Tridacna shell, Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 10.1016/j.jseaes.2019.103880, (103880), (2019).CrossrefSebastian Lüning, Mariusz Gałka, Iliya Bauchi Danladi, Theophilus Aanuoluwa Adagunodo and Fritz Vahrenholt, Hydroclimate in Africa during the Medieval Climate Anomaly, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 10.1016/j.palaeo.2018.01.025, 495, (309-322), (2018).CrossrefSarah Coffinet, Arnaud Huguet, Laurent Bergonzini, Nikolai Pedentchouk, David Williamson, Christelle Anquetil, Mariusz Gałka, Piotr Kołaczek, Monika Karpińska-Kołaczek, Amos Majule, Fatima Laggoun-Défarge, Thomas Wagner and Sylvie Derenne, Impact of climate change on the ecology of the Kyambangunguru crater marsh in southwestern Tanzania during the Late Holocene, Quaternary Science Reviews, 10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.07.038, 196, (100-117), (2018).CrossrefSebastian Lüning, Mariusz Gałka, Florencia Paula Bamonte, Felipe García Rodríguez and Fritz Vahrenholt, The Medieval Climate Anomaly in South America, Quaternary International, 10.1016/j.quaint.2018.10.041, (2018).CrossrefSebastian Lüning, Mariusz Gałka, Felipe García-Rodríguez and Fritz Vahrenholt, The Medieval Climate Anomaly in Oceania, Environmental Reviews, 10.1139/er-2019-0012, (1-10), (2019).CrossrefSupporting InformationFilename Descriptionpalo20457-sup-0001-2017PA003237-SI.pdfPDF document, 3.8 MB Supporting Information S1palo20457-sup-0002-2017PA003237-ds01.zipapplication/x-zip-compressed, 304 KB Data Set S1″Warming and Cooling: The Medieval Climate Anomaly in Africa and Arabia“Big data finds the Medieval Warm Period – no denial hereJennifer Marohasy22 August 20177:49 AM“According to author Leo Tolstoy, born at the very end of the Little Ice Age, in quite a cold country:The most difficult subjects can be explained to the most slow-witted man if he has not formed any idea of them already; but the simplest thing cannot be made clear to the most intelligent man if he is firmly persuaded that he already knows, without a shadow of a doubt, what is laid before him.So, our new technical paper in GeoResJ (vol. 14, pages 36-46) will likely be ignored. Because after applying the latest big data technique to six 2,000 year-long proxy-temperature series we cannot confirm that recent warming is anything but natural – what might have occurred anyway, even if there was no industrial revolution.Over the last few years, I’ve worked with Dr John Abbot using artificial neural networks (ANN) to forecast monthly rainfall. We now have a bunch of papers in international climate science journals showing these forecasts to be more skilful than output from general circulation models.During the past year, we’ve extended this work to estimating what global temperatures would have been during the twentieth century in the absence of human-emission of carbon dioxide.We began by deconstructing the six-proxy series from different geographic regions – series already published in the mainstream climate science literature. One of these, the Northern Hemisphere composite series begins in 50 AD, ends in the year 2000, and is derived from studies of pollen, lake sediments, stalagmites and boreholes.Typical of most such temperature series, it zigzags up and down while showing two rising trends: the first peaks about 1200 AD and corresponds with a period known as the Medieval Warm Period (MWP), while the second peaks in 1980 and then shows decline. In between, is the Little Ice Age (LIA), which according to the Northern Hemisphere composite bottomed-out in 1650 AD. (Of course, the MWP corresponded with a period of generally good harvests in England – when men dressed in tunics and built grand cathedrals with tall spires. It preceded the LIA when there was famine and the Great Plague of London.)Ignoring for the moment the MWP and LIA, you might want to simply dismiss this temperature series on the basis it peaks in 1980: it doesn’t continue to rise to the very end of the record: to the year 2000?In fact, this decline is typical of most such proxy reconstructions – derived from pollen, stalagmites, boreholes, coral cores and especially tree rings. Within mainstream climate science the decline after 1980 is referred to as “the divergence problem”, and then hidden.In denial of this problem, leading climate scientists have been known to even graft temperature measurements from thermometers onto the proxy record after 1980 to literally ‘hide the decline’. Phil Jones, the head of the Climate Research Unit, University of East Anglia, aptly described the technique as a ‘trick’.Grafting thermometer data onto the end of the proxy record generally ‘fixes’ the problem after 1980, while remodelling effectively flattens the Medieval Warm Period.There are, however, multiple lines of evidence indicating it was about a degree warmer across Europe during the MWP – corresponding with the 1200 AD rise in our Northern Hemisphere composite. In fact, there are oodles of published technical papers based on proxy records that provide a relatively warm temperature profile for this period. This was before the Little Ice Age when it was too cold to inhabit Greenland.The modern inhabitation of Upernavik, in north west Greenland, only began in 1826, which corresponds with the beginning of the industrial age. So, the end of the Little Ice Age corresponds with the beginning of industrialisation. But did industrialisation cause the global warming? Tolstoy’s ‘intelligent man’ would immediately reply: But yes!In our new paper in GeoResJ, we make the assumption that an artificial neural network – remember our big data/machine learning technique – trained on proxy temperatures up until 1830, would be able to forecast the combined effect of natural climate cycles through the twentieth century.Using the proxy record from the Northern Hemisphere composite, decomposing this through signal analysis and then using the resulting component sine waves as input into an ANN, John Abbot and I generated forecasts for the period from 1830 to 2000.Our results show up to 1°C of warming. The average divergence between the proxy temperature record and our ANN projection is just 0.09 degree Celsius. This suggests that even if there had been no industrial revolution and burning of fossil fuels, there would have still been warming through the twentieth century – to at least 1980, and of almost 1°C.The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, relying on General Circulation Models, and giving us the Paris Accord, also estimates warming of approximately 1°C, but claims this is all our fault (human caused).For more information, including charts and a link to the full paper read Jennifer Marohasy’s latest blog post.Illustration: Detail from Peasants before an Inn, Jan Steen, The Mauritshuis Royal Picture Gallery, The Hague.”New relevance of the history of the Little Ice Age as fear of too much warming shifts to the reverse concern of catastrophic freezing.Australia has record winter snowfall in July.Are You Ready For A Catastrophically Cold Winter?Published on November 11, 2019Written by Michael Snydercredit: i.ytimg.comExperts are warning us that this will be a “freezing, frigid, and frosty” winter, and even though the official beginning of winter is still over a month away, it already feels like that in much of the country right now.Over the next several days, it will literally feel like it is mid-January in much of the central and eastern portions of the United States. Many areas will be hit by temperatures that are 30 degrees below normal, and heavy snow is expected in some areas of the Midwest.Unfortunately, this bitterly cold weather is coming at a very bad time for corn farmers. According to the latest USDA crop progress report, only 52 percent of the corn in the middle of the country has been harvested. So about half of the corn is still sitting out there, and these extraordinarily low temperatures could potentially be absolutely devastating.In essence, this cold front threatens to put an exclamation point on an absolutely horrific year for U.S. farmers. According to the National Weather Service, we could possibly see “170 potential daily record cold high temperatures” over the next three days…“The National Weather Service is forecasting 170 potential daily record cold high temperatures Monday to Wednesday,” tweeted Weather Channel meteorologist Jonathan Erdman. “A little taste of January in November.”The temperature nosedive will be a three-day process as a cold front charges across the central and eastern U.S. from Sunday into Tuesday.We are being told that low temperatures in certain portions of Texas could plunge into the teens, and all across the Upper Midwest we could see low temperatures that are well below zero.Of course this is not the first wave of record cold weather to come rolling through this season. During the month of October, a couple of major blizzards roared through the Midwest and countless new cold temperature records were established.And unfortunately we should expect a lot more bitter weather in the months ahead. Both the Farmers’ Almanac and the Old Farmer’s Almanac are projecting that this upcoming winter will be unusually cold and snowy…Not long after the Farmers’ Almanac suggested it would be a “freezing, frigid, and frosty” season, the *other* Farmer’s Almanac has released its annual weather forecast—and it’s equally upsetting.While the first publication focused on the cold temperatures anticipated this winter, the Old Farmer’s Almanac predicts that excessive snowfall will be the most noteworthy part of the season.The Old Farmer’s Almanac, which was founded in 1792, says that the upcoming winter “will be remembered for strong storms” featuring heavy rain, sleet, and a lot of snow. The periodical actually used the word “snow-verload” to describe the conditions we can expect in the coming months.So why is this happening?It is actually quite simple.During a solar minimum, solar activity drops to very low levels, and that tends to mean lower temperatures on Earth.Earlier this year, a panel of experts gathered to discuss the current solar minimum, and they came to the conclusion that it “could last for years”…If you like solar minimum, good news: It could last for years. That was one of the predictions issued last week by an international panel of experts who gathered at NOAA’s annual Space Weather Workshop to forecast the next solar cycle. If the panel is correct, already-low sunspot counts will reach a nadir sometime between July 2019 and Sept 2020, followed by a slow recovery toward a new Solar Maximum in 2023-2026.“We expect Solar Cycle 25 will be very similar to Cycle 24: another fairly weak maximum, preceded by a long, deep minimum,” says panel co-chair Lisa Upton, a solar physicist with Space Systems Research Corp.But that would actually be a best case scenario.There are others that believe that we have now entered a “grand solar minimum” such as the one that our planet experienced several hundred years ago. That one was known as “the Maunder Minimum”, and it resulted in a “little ice age”…The extreme example happened between 1645 and 1715 when the normal 11-year sunspot cycle vanished. This period, called the Maunder Minimum, was accompanied by bitterly cold winters in the American colonies. Fishing settlements in Iceland and Greenland were abandoned. Icebergs were seen near the English channel. The canals of Venice froze. It was a time of great hardship.Ultimately, the longer winters and shorter summers during the “Maunder Minimum” resulted in famine all over the globe, and multitudes ended up perishing…The Maunder Minimum is the most famous cold period of the Little Ice Age. Temperatures plummeted in Europe (Figs. 14.3–14.7), the growing season became shorter by more than a month, the number of snowy days increased from a few to 20–30, the ground froze to several feet, alpine glaciers advanced all over the world, glaciers in the Swiss Alps encroached on farms and buried villages, tree-lines in the Alps dropped, sea ports were blocked by sea ice that surrounded Iceland and Holland for about 20 miles, wine grape harvests diminished, and cereal grain harvests failed, leading to mass famines (Fagan, 2007). The Thames River and canals and rivers of the Netherlands froze over during the winter (Fig. 14.3). The population of Iceland decreased by about half. In parts of China, warm-weather crops that had been grown for centuries were abandoned. In North America, early European settlers experienced exceptionally severe winters.So far in 2019, there have been more than 200 days without a single sunspot on the sun.We do not know when solar activity will return to normal, but for now we should all prepare for a bitterly cold winter.Beyond that, we had better hope that we have not entered another “Maunder Minimum”, because right now we are struggling to feed everyone on the planet even in the best of years.Despite all of our advanced technology, we remain deeply dependent on the weather. Even a year or two of bad harvests could potentially be absolutely catastrophic, and the mainstream media will not tell us the truth until it is way too late to do anything about it.CommentsJAMES MATKINNovember 11, 2019 at 8:12 pm | #Snow predictions demolish false global warming crisis –“2000 Dr. David Viner, a senior research scientist at the climatic research unit (CRU) of the University of East Anglia, predicts that within a few years winter snowfall will become “a very rare and exciting event”. “Children just aren’t going to know what snow is.” See here.“2001 IPCC TAR (AR3) predicts that milder winter temperatures will decrease heavy snowstorms. See here.“2004 Adam Watson, from the Centre for Ecology and Hydrology in Banchory, Aberdeenshire, said the Scottish skiing industry had no more than 20 years left. See here.Some Failed Climate PredictionsThink about why alarmists thought warming would end freezing winters in the future and you will see that if the earth is to ever exit the current Quaternary Ice Age [look it up in google] polar ice must become ice free in the summer. But heavy snowfall in the winter with the SNOW albedo keeps temperatures too cold to melt the glaciers in the spring and summer. Therefore the only way for ice free summers is for no or little snow in the winter. Because this is so far from happening around the world this issue becomes a silver bullet demolishing the fear of global warming and the need for the Paris Climate Accord.Are You Ready For A Catastrophically Cold Winter? | PSI IntlThe Little Ice Age is a history of resilience and surprises – Dagomar Degroot | Aeon EssaysSNOWFALL Will Signal The Death Of The Global Warming MovementPosted: November 18, 2019 | Author: Jamie Spry | Filed under: Alarmism uncovered,BREAKING : ‘A Very Rare And Exciting Event’ To The Rescue | ClimatismSNOWFALL will become “A very rare and exciting event…Children just aren’t going to know what snow is.”Dr David Viner – Senior scientist, climatic research unit (CRU)“Winters with strong frosts and lots of snowlike we had 20 years ago will no longer exist at our latitudes.”– Professor Mojib Latif (2000)“Good bye winter. Never again snow?” – Spiegel (2000)“Milder winter temperatures will decrease heavy snowstorms” – IPCC (2001)“End of Snow?” – NYTimes (2014)***WE all associate snowstorms with cold weather. But, the effects of snow on our climate and weather last long after the storm has passed. Due to snows reflective properties, its presence or absence influences patterns of heating and cooling over Earth’s surface more than any other single land surface feature.CLIMATE models from the 1970s have consistently predicted that CO2-inducedglobal warmingclimate change should be causing a significant decline in total snow cover. However, Global snow cover has actually increased since at least the start of the record (Connolly et al, 2019), leading to some scepticism within the scientific community about the validity of the climate models.*WHAT THE ‘VAST BODY ‘ OF SCIENTIFIC ‘EXPERTS’ ASSURED US ABOUT SNOWCRU :IN 2000, climate expert Dr David Viner of the University of East Anglia’s Climate Research Unit (CRU) assured us that :Snowfall will become “A very rare and exciting event…Children just aren’t going to know what snow is.”Dr David Viner – Senior scientist, climatic research unit (CRU)Surviving Little Ice Age possible with “bold economic and social change” new ‘lessons history’Little Ice Age lessonsThe world’s last climate crisis demonstrates that surviving is possible if bold economic and social change is embracedThe world’s last climate crisis demonstrates that surviving is possible if bold economic and social change is embracedWinter Landscape with Ice Skaters (c1608), by Hendrick Avercamp. Avercamp was deaf and mute and specialised in painting scenes of the Netherlands in winter. Courtesy the Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam….The past tells us that when climatic trends make it impossible to live in the same city, grow food in the same way or continue existing economic relationships, the result for a society is not invariably crisis and collapse. Individuals, communities and societies can respond in surprising ways, and crisis – if it does come – could provoke some of the most productive innovations of all. Those responses, in turn, yield still more transformations within evolving societies. If that was true in the past, it is even more true today, as seismic political and cultural changes coincide with the breakneck development and democratisation of artificial intelligence, synthetic biology and other revolutionary technologies.Most attempts to estimate the economic or geopolitical impacts of future warming therefore involve little more than educated guesswork. The future is hard to predict – perhaps harder than it ever was – and both collapse and prosperity seem possible in the century to come. So let us approach the future with open minds. Rather than resign ourselves to disaster, let us work hard to implement radical policies – such as the Green New Deal – that go beyond simply preserving what we have now, and instead promise a genuinely better world for our children.Environmental history History of technology The environmentThe Little Ice Age is a history of resilience and surprises – Dagomar Degroot | Aeon EssaysUsing Patterns of Recurring Climate Cycles to Predict Future Climate ChangesD.J. Easterbrook, in Evidence-Based Climate Science (Second Edition), 2016“2.3.3 Medieval Warm Period (900–1300 AD)The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) is the most contentious of the late Holocene climatic oscillations because of claims by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and CO2 alarmists that it didn't really happen, ie, the basis for the infamous “hockey stick” assertion of no climate changes until CO2 increase after 1950.Oxygen isotope data from the GISP2 Greenland ice core clearly show a prominent MWP (Fig. 21.8) between 900 and 1300 AD. It was followed by global cooling and the beginning of the Little Ice AgeFigure 21.8. Oxygen isotope curve from the GISP2 Greenland ice core. (Red = warm, blue = cool.)Plotted from data by Grootes, P.M., Stuiver, M., 1997. Oxygen 18/16 variability in Greenland snow and ice with 103 to 105–year time resolution. Journal of Geophysical Research 102, 26455–26470 data.The MWP is also conspicuous on reconstruction of sea surface temperature near Iceland (Fig. 21.9; Sicre et al., 2008).Sign in to download full-size imageFigure 21.9. Summer sea surface temperatures near Iceland (Sicre et al., 2008).As shown by numerous studies using a wide variety of methods, the MWP was a period of global warming. One example among many is the study of tree rings in China (Fig. 21.10; Liu et al., 2011).Figure 21.10. Temperature reconstruction from tree rings in China. (Red = warm, blue = cool.)Modified from Liu, Y., Cai, Q.F., Song, H.M., et al., 2011. Amplitudes, rates, periodicities and causes of temperature variations in the past 2485 years and future trends over the central-eastern Tibetan Plateau. Chinese Science Bulletin 56, 2986–2994.Historical accounts confirm the worldwide occurrence of the MWP. It was a time of warm climate from about 900 AD to 1300 AD. Its effects were evident in Europe, where grain crops flourished, alpine tree lines rose, many new cities arose, and the population more than doubled. The Vikings took advantage of the climatic amelioration to colonize Greenland, and wine grapes were grown as far north as England, where growing grapes is now not feasible, and about 500 km north of present vineyards in France and Germany. Grapes are presently grown in Germany up to elevations of about 560 m, but from about 1100 AD to 1300 AD., vineyards extended up to 780 m, implying temperatures warmer by about 1.0–1.4°C. Wheat and oats were grown around Trondheim, Norway, suggesting climates about 1°C warmer than present (Fagan, 2000).Elsewhere in the world, prolonged droughts affected the southwestern United States and Alaska warmed. Sediments in central Japan record warmer temperatures. Sea surface temperatures in the Sargasso Sea were approximately 1°C warmer than today (Keigwin, 1996), and the climate in equatorial east Africa was drier from 1000 AD to 1270 AD. An ice core from the eastern Antarctic Peninsula shows warmer temperatures during this period.Oxygen isotope studies in Greenland, Ireland, Germany, Switzerland, Tibet, China, New Zealand, and elsewhere, plus tree-ring data from many sites around the world, all confirm the existence of a global MWP. Soon and Baliunas (2003) found that 92% of 112 studies showed physical evidence of the MWP, only 2 showed no evidence, and 21 of 22 studies in the Southern Hemisphere showed evidence of Medieval warming. Evidence of the MWP at specific sites is summarized in Fagan (2007) and Singer and Avery (2007).Evidence that the MWP was a global event is so widespread that one wonders why Mann et al. (1998) ignored it. Over a period of many decades, several thousand papers were published establishing the MWP from about 900 ADto 1300 AD. Thus, it came as quite a surprise when Mann et al. (1998), on the basis of a single tree-ring study, concluded that neither the MWP nor the Little Ice Age actually happened and that assertion became the official position of the 2001 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The IPCC 3rd report (Climate Change, 2001) totally ignored the several 1000 publications detailing the global climate changes during the MWP and the LIA and used the Mann et al. single tree-ring study as the basis for the now-famous assertion that “Our civilization has never experienced any environmental shift remotely similar to this. Today's climate pattern has existed throughout the entire history of human civilization” (Gore, 2007). This claim was used as the main evidence that increasing atmospheric CO2 was causing global warming, and so, as revealed in the “Climategate” scandal, advocates of the CO2 warming theory were very concerned about the strength of data showing that the MWP was warmer than the 20th century and had occurred naturally, long before atmospheric CO2 began to increase. The Mann et al. “hockey stick” temperature curve was at so at odds with thousands of published papers, one can only wonder how a single tree-ring study could purport to prevail over such a huge amount of data.McIntyre and McKitrick (2003) and McKitrick and McIntyre (2005) evaluated the data in the Mann paper and concluded that the Mann curve was invalid “due to collation errors, unjustifiable truncation or extrapolation of source data, obsolete data, geographical location errors, incorrect calculation of principal components and other quality control defects”. Thus, the “hockey stick” concept of global climate change is now widely considered totally invalid and an embarrassment to the IPCC.”Medieval Warm PeriodHolocene Climate Variability*M. Maslin, ... V. Ettwein, in Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences (Second Edition), 2001Little Ice Age (LIA)The most recent Holocene cold event is the Little Ice Age (see Figures 2 and 3). This event really consists of two cold periods, the first of which followed the Medieval Warm Period (MWP) that ended ∼1000 years ago. This first cold period is often referred to as the Medieval Cold Period (MCP) or LIAb. The MCP played a role in extinguishing Norse colonies on Greenland and caused famine and mass migration in Europe. It started gradually before ad 1200 and ended at about ad 1650. This second cold period, may have been the most rapid and the largest change in the North Atlantic during the Holocene, as suggested from ice-core and deep-sea sediment records. The Little Ice Age events are characterized by a drop in temperature of 0.5–1°C in Greenland and a sea surface temperature falls of 4°C off the coast of west Africa and 2°C off the Bermuda Rise (see Figure 3).Download full-size imageFigure 3. Comparison of Greenland temperatures, the Bermuda Rise sea surface temperatures (SST) (Keigwin, 1996), and west African and a sea surface temperature (deMenocal et al., 2000) for the last 2500 years. LIALittle Ice Age; MWPMedieval Warm Period. Solid triangles indicate radiocarbon dates.D.J. Easterbrook, in Evidence-Based Climate Science (Second Edition), 20161 Solar Variation—Grand Minima“At the end of the Medieval Warm Period, ∼1300 AD, temperatures dropped dramatically and the cold period that followed is known as the Little Ice Age. The periods of colder climate that ensued for five centuries were devastating. The population of Europe had become dependent on cereal grains as a food supply during the Medieval Warm Period, and with the colder climate, early snows, violent storms, and recurrent flooding that swept Europe, massive crop failures occurred, resulting in widespread famine and disease (Fagan, 2000; Grove, 2004). Glaciers in Greenland and elsewhere began advancing and pack ice extended southward in the North Atlantic, blocking ports and affecting fishing. Three years of torrential rains that began in 1315 led to the Great Famine of 1315–1317.The Little Ice Age was not a time of continuous cold climate, but rather repeated periods of cooling and warming, each of which occurred during times of solar minima, characterized by low sunspot numbers, low total solar irradiance (TSI), decreased solar magnetism, increased cosmic ray intensity, and increased production of radiocarbon and beryllium in the upper atmosphere.Centuries of observations of the sun have shown that sunspots, solar irradiance, and solar magnetism vary over time, and these phenomena correlate very well with global climate changes on Earth. A number of solar Grand Minima, periods of reduced solar output, have been recognized (Fig. 14.1).Download full-size imageFigure 14.1. Solar minima.1.1 Wolf Minimum (1290–1320 AD)The Wolf Minimum was a period of low sunspot numbers (SSNs) and TSI between about 1300 and 1320 AD. It occurred during the cold period that marked the end of the Medieval Warm Period (MWP) and the beginning of the Little Ice Age (LIA) about 1300 AD.The change from the warmth of the MWP to the cold of the LIA was abrupt and devastating, leading to the Great Famine from 1310 to 1322. The winter of 1309–1310 AD was exceptionally cold. The Thames River froze over and poor people were especially affected. The year 1315 AD was especially bad. Jean Desnouelles wrote at the time, “Exceedingly great rains descended from the heavens and they made huge and deep mud-pools on the land. Throughout nearly all of May, June, and August, the rains did not stop.” Corn, oats, and hay crops were beaten to the ground, August and September were cold, and floods swept away entire villages. Crop harvests in 1315 AD were a disaster, affecting an enormous area in northern Europe. In places, up to half of farmlands were eroded away, cold, wet weather prevented grain harvests, and fall plantings failed, triggering famines.In 1316 AD, spring rain continued, again impeding the sowing of grain crops, and harvests failed once again. Diseases increased, newborn and old people died of starvation, and multitudes scavenged anything edible. Whole communities disappeared and many farms were abandoned. The year 1316 was the worst for cereal crops in the entire Middle Ages. Cattle couldn’t be fed, hay wouldn’t dry and couldn’t be moved so it just rotted. Thousands of cattle froze during the bitterly cold winter of 1317–1318 and many others starved. The cold immobilized shipping. Rain in 1317–1318 continued through the summer and people suffered for another seven years. The coincidence of sudden cooling of the climate from the warm Medieval Warm Period to the harsh cold climate of the Little Ice Age during the Wolf Minimum was not just a coincidence, as shown by at least five later, similar instances.1.2 Sporer Minimum (1410–1540)The Sporer Minimum occurred from about 1410 to 1540 (Fig. 14.1). Like the Wolf Minimum, the Sporer coincided with a cold period (Fig. 14.2).Download full-size imageFigure 14.2. Relationship of solar minima, solar irradiance, and glacier advances. Blue areas were cool periods. Cool climates prevailed in all six solar minima since 1300 AD.1.3 Maunder MinimumThe Maunder Minimum is the most famous cold period of the Little Ice Age. Temperatures plummeted in Europe (Figs. 14.3–14.7), the growing season became shorter by more than a month, the number of snowy days increasedfrom a few to 20–30, the ground froze to several feet, alpine glaciers advanced all over the world, glaciers in the Swiss Alps encroached on farms and buried villages, tree-lines in the Alps dropped, sea ports were blocked by sea ice that surrounded Iceland and Holland for about 20 miles, wine grape harvests diminished, and cereal grain harvests failed, leading to mass famines (Fagan, 2007). The Thames River and canals and rivers of the Netherlands froze over during the winter (Fig. 14.3). The population of Iceland decreased by about half. In parts of China, warm-weather crops that had been grown for centuries were abandoned. In North America, early European settlers experienced exceptionally severe winters.Download full-size imageFigure 14.3. 1663 painting by Jan Grifier of the frozen Thames River in London during the Maunder Minimum.Download full-size imageFigure 14.4. Glaciers in the Alps advanced during the Little Ice Age.Download full-size imageFigure 14.5. Central England temperatures (CET) recorded continuously since 1658. Blue areas are reoccurring cool periods; red areas are warm periods. All times of solar minima were coincident with cool periods in central England.Download full-size imageFigure 14.6. CET during the Maunder Minimum.Download full-size imageFigure 14.7. Oxygen isotope record, GISP2 Greenland ice core showing the Maunder Minimum. Blue area is cool, red is warm. The isotope record shows the same cooling as the CET.”Medieval Warm Period

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