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Q. What are the names of the universities in US which are cheaper but really good?A. The 50 Most Affordable Colleges with the Best Return (2014)(BONUS: The 20 Public Colleges With The Smartest Students)by John FerrerRanking of colleges and universities, balance: tuition and expected income on graduating with a bachelor’s degree. Schools keep cost of tuition down but promise high income after graduation. (Ignore the military academies.)1 United States Naval Academy (Annapolis) Annapolis, MDGraduates of the highly ranked liberal arts college obtain a Bachelor’s of Science degree. Graduates receive a commission as an Ensign in the United States Navy or as a Second Lieutenant in the United States Marine Corps. The students called midshipmen, are officers in training. The U.S. Navy pays for their tuition in return for an active-duty service obligation after they graduate. Applicants are required to apply directly to the academy and obtain a nomination, typically from a congressional representative.Website: United States Naval AcademyTuition: freeStarting Salary: $77,100Mid-Career Salary: $131,00015-Year Return: $1,560,7502 United States Military Academy (West Point) West Point, NYThe graduates of the highly ranked liberal arts college receive a Bachelor’s of Science degree. The students, known as cadets are officers in training. The United States Army pays for their tuition in return for an active-duty obligation. Graduates of the United State Military Academy receive a commission as a second lieutenant in the United States Army. Applicants must apply directly to the academy and obtain a nomination, typically from a congressional representative.Website: United States Military Academy (West Point)Tuition: freeStarting Salary: $74,000Mid-Career Salary: $120,00015-Year Return: $1,455,7503 SUNY Maritime College (State University of New York) Throggs Neck, NYSUNY Maritime College, a public institution, is the largest of the six state maritime academies. The college prepares students for careers in the international maritime industry. SUNY Maritime College provides nationally ranked programs in the fields of marine environmental studies, engineering, humanities and international business.Students can combine any bachelor’s degree program with preparation for the professional license as a United States Merchant Marine Officer. Every engineering degree hase received accreditation from the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET).Website: SUNY Maritime CollegeTuition: $5,870Starting Salary: $59,400Mid-Career Salary: $116,00015-Year Return: $1,315,5004 United States Air Force Academy (Colorado Springs) Colorado Springs, COThe core curriculum at the United States Air Force Academy comprises the majority of the academic experience, however the students, known as cadets are required to select a specialized field of study from over 30 majors.The cadets receive military training throughout their four years at the U.S. Air Force Academy which includes courses and instruction in aviation and airmanship. Candidates are required to pass a fitness test and obtain a nomination, typically from a member of Congress in the candidate’s home district.Website: United States Air Force AcademyTuition: freeStarting Salary: $64,900Mid-Career Salary: $109,00015-Year Return: $1,304,2505 Colorado School of Mines Golden, COThe Colorado School of Mines, an engineering and applied sciences public institution, has 21 academic departments including Geophysics, Engineering and Hydrologic Sciences. The school also provides degree programs in Liberal Arts & International Studies and in other areas.The school’s admissions standards are among the highest of any public university in the United States. The Colorado School of Mines has partnerships with local government laboratories. The Colorado School of Mines is one of the world’s major institutions regarding researching and teaching about mining-related engineering.Website: Colorado School of MinesTuition: $14,400Starting Salary: $66,700Mid-Career Salary: $106,00015-Year Return: $1,295,2506 Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, GAThe highly ranked Georgia Institute of Technology, also known as Georgia Tech, is one of the nation’s largest research schools. The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching classifies Georgia Institute of Technology as a university with very high research activity.Georgia Institute of Technology’s six schools provide a wide variety of degree programs.Georgia Tech provides a focused, technology based education. Georgia Tech has received accolades for its degree programs in engineering, computing, architecture, the sciences, business, and liberal arts.Website: Georgia Institute of TechnologyTuition: $8,258Starting Salary: $60,700Mid-Career Salary: $108,00015-Year Return: $1,265,2507 University of California – Berkeley Berkeley, CAThe faculty members of the highly ranked University of California, Berkeley, a public research university, have received numerous national and international awards. UC Berkeley includes the prominent Hass School of Business, ranked among the top 25 business schools in the world.The National Research Council ranked more than 40 of the school’s programs among the top 10 in the United States. The College of Letters and Science is the schools largest college.Website: University of California, BerkeleyTuition: $12,864Starting Salary: $54,700Mid-Career Salary: $111,00015-Year Return: $1,242,7508 Missouri University of Science and Technology Rola, MOThe Missouri University of Science and Technology, also known as Missouri S&T, is known as an engineering and science based school. Missouri S&T is renowned for its hard science programs. Its graduates have made great contributions to science. Engineering is the most popular field of study, computer science is far behind in second place. Missouri University of Science and Technology also provides programs in the fields of the arts, social science and business.Website: Missouri University of Science and TechnologyTuition: $7,946Starting Salary: $61,900Mid-Career Salary: $96,10015-Year Return: $1,185,0009 Massachusetts Maritime Academy Buzzards Bay, MAMassachusetts Maritime Academy, a coeducational public institution, provides baccalaureate and master’s of science degrees. The undergraduate academic programs feature several distinct majors and emphasize a blend of technical and professional studies with liberal arts.Graduates of the school’s two oldest programs, Marine Transportation and Marine Engineering obtain two-fold credentials: A Bachelor of Science degree and a professional license as Third Mate or Third Assistant Engineer. The USTS Enterprise is a maritime academy training ship.Website: Massachusetts Maritime AcademyTuition: $1,465Starting Salary: $54,700Mid-Career Salary: $102,00015-Year Return: $1,175,25010 South Dakota School of Mines & Technology Rapid City, SDSouth Dakota School of Mines and Technology, a public institution, provides graduate and undergraduate degree programs in engineering and science fields. Graduates of South Dakota School of Mines & Technology design, construct and operate technology. The school performs research in a number of important areas of science and engineering. South Dakota School of Mines and Technology named a Fulbright Top Producing Institution.Website: South Dakota School of Mines and TechnologyTuition: $8,240Starting Salary: $62,400Mid-Career Salary: $91,80015-Year Return: $1,156,50011 Michigan Technological University Houghton, MIMichigan Technological University provides more than 120 undergraduate areas of study and numerous master’s degrees. The university offers degrees in engineering; business; technology; natural, physical and environmental sciences; social sciences and more.The university performs research in a wide array of areas. The students perform research, often one-on-one with a professor, as part of the academic curriculum. Students participating in the Enterprise Program work with industry sponsors on projects such as wireless communications, environmental sustainability, improved snowboards and more.Website: Michigan Technological UniversityTuition: $13,470Starting Salary: $59,200Mid-Career Salary: $94,70015-Year Return: $1,154,25012 California Polytechnic State University (San Luis Obispo) San Luis Obispo, CAUndergraduates at California Polytechnic State University, also known as Cal Poly, have a variety of majors to choose from. The highly ranked engineering programs are the most popular programs. The school has more than 80 state-of the art laboratories dedicated to the Cal Poly College of Engineering.Students choose a major when they apply for admission. Students take classes in their major beginning in their first year. The courses emphasize active learning methods; they have a high proportion of lab work and field work.Website: California Polytechnic State University - San Luis ObispoTuition: $8,523Starting Salary: $54,000Mid-Career Salary: $99,10015-Year Return: $1,148,25013 New Jersey Institute of Technology Newark, NJNew Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT), a public research university provides a blend of liberal and technical education. NJIT provides graduate and undergraduate programs in the fields of business, architecture, medical, engineering, science, legal, technological and more. The school provides opportunities for interdisciplinary learning. NJIT is home to the Enterprise Development Center, one of the nation’s largest high-technology business incubators.Website: New Jersey Institute of TechnologyTuition: $12,800Starting Salary: $53,900Mid-Career Salary: $98,00015-Year Return: $1,139,25014 University of California – San Diego La Jolla, CAUniversity of California, San Diego, a public research university, provides a variety of graduate and undergraduate degree programs. The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching has designated UC San Diego as a university with very high research activity. UC San Diego operates four research institutes.The university includes the highly ranked Jacobs School of Engineering and School of Medicine. The faculty includes Nobel Prize, Pulitzer Prize, MacArthur Fellowship, Tony Award and Academy Award winners.Website: University of California San DiegoTuition: $12,192Starting Salary: $49,300Mid-Career Salary: $101,00015-Year Return: $1,127,25015 New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology Socorro, NMNew Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, a public research institution, specializes in science, engineering and related fields. Students have opportunities for one-on-one mentoring relationships with professors and opportunities for on-campus employment in one of the numerous research facilities or with research faculty members.New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology is a world leader in numerous research areas such as astrophysics, hydrology, geophysics, atmospheric physics, geological sciences, information technology and more.Website: New Mexico Institute of Mining and TechnologyTuition: $5,714Starting Salary: $50,500Mid-Career Salary: $99,50015-Year Return: $1,125,00016 Montana Tech Butte, MTMontana Tech of the University of Montana, a public institution, has a heavy focus on technical and scientific education. The school provides 40 academic programs. Students learn from professors (most of them have current industry experience) not from teaching assistants. The classes have an emphasis on teamwork and collaboration. Montana Tech has four main units: College of Technology; College of Letters, Sciences and Professional Studies; School of Mines and Engineering; and the Graduate School.Website: Montana TechTuition: $6,464Starting Salary: $63,100Mid-Career Salary: $83,70015-Year Return: $1,101,00017 University of Virginia Charlottesville, VAThe highly ranked University of Virginia, a public research university, offers a wide array of degree programs. The university’s graduate programs include the highly ranked School of Law and Medicine, Curry School of Education, School of Engineering and Applied Science and the Darden School of Business Administration.Faculty members have received the Pulitzer Prize, MacArthur Award, the Humboldt Awards, the National Book Award and Fulbright Fellowships. UNESCO has designated the University of Virginia campus a World Heritage Site.Website: The University of VirginiaTuition: $10,016Starting Salary: $51,000Mid-Career Salary: $95,70015-Year Return: $1,100,25018 Texas A&M University College Station, TXTexas A&M University, a public research institution, provides a wide array of undergraduate and graduate degree programs. The school’s Cadet Corps is the nation’s largest ROTC program. Texas A&M University has highly ranked graduate offerings via its Mays Business School, Dwight Look College of Engineering and the College of Education and Human Development. Texas A&M University a prominent research university is among the nation’s top 25 for total research expenditures.Website: Texas A&M UniversityTuition: $9,006Starting Salary: $51,900Mid-Career Salary: $94,30015-Year Return: $1,096,50019 University of California – Irvine Irvine, CAUniversity of California, Irvine, a public research institution, offers a wide variety of graduate and undergraduate degree programs. The university has highly regarded graduate programs with specialty offerings at the Henry Samueli School of Engineering and the Paul Merage School of Business.Achievements in the sciences, arts, humanities, management and medicine have collected top national rankings in over 40 academic programs. The Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher education has designated UC Irvine as having very high research activity.Website: University of California – IrvineTuition: $11,220Starting Salary: $48,900Mid-Career Salary: $97,20015-Year Return: $1,095,75020 University of California – Davis Davis, CAUniversity of California, Davis, a public research university, provides a wide variety of academic options through its graduate, undergraduate and professional schools and colleges. The University of California, Davis includes the highly ranked School of Law, Graduate School of Management, College of Engineering, School of Medicine and the School of Veterinary Medicine. The university offers a large number of undergraduate majors and graduate programs. UC Davis has an impressive research budget.Website: University of California – DavisTuition: $13,902Starting Salary: $49,000Mid-Career Salary: $97,00015-Year Return: $1,095,00021 Virginia Technological University Blacksburg, VAVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, also known as Virginia Tech, is a public institution providing a large number of degree programs through eight colleges, with strengths in technology, science, engineering as well as professional programs. The Virginia Tech Corps of Cadets keeps the military tradition, but comprises only a small fraction of the student population.Virginia Tech is a prominent research school. All students, including undergraduates, have opportunities to benefit from research experiences. Virginia Tech includes the highly ranked College of Engineering.Website: Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State UniversityTuition: $9,617Starting Salary: $51,700Mid-Career Salary: $94,20015-Year Return: $1,094,25022 University of California – Los Angeles Los Angeles, CAThe highly ranked University of California, Los Angeles, also known as UCLA, is a public university. UCLA includes high ranked schools such as the Graduate School of Education and Information Studies; Anderson School of Management; School of Law; Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science, School of Public Affairs; David Geffen School of Medicine, School of Public Health and the School of Nursing. The Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center is one of the nation’s top ranked hospitals.Website: University of California – Los AngelesTuition: $12,862Starting Salary: $49,600Mid-Career Salary: $95,30015-Year Return: $1,086,75023 Oregon Institute of Technology Klamath Falls, OROregon Institute of Technology, also known as Oregon Tech, is a technical and professional public institution with a mission to provide technology education throughout Oregon and the Pacific Northwest region. Oregon Institute of Technology, traditionally known for its engineering and technology programs, also has programs in business, environmental science, management and health professions. Oregon Tech emphasizes sustainability in academic and campus life. The school also emphasizes lab-based instruction. The students can also learn through externships.Website: Oregon Institute of TechnologyTuition: $8,890Starting Salary: $57,000Mid-Career Salary: $86,60015-Year Return: $1,077,00024 Purdue University (Indiana) West Lafayette, INPurdue University, a public university, has a large number of undergraduate and graduate programs as well as renowned research initiatives. The university also has professional degrees in pharmacy and veterinary medicine.Purdue University includes the prominent Krannert School of Management, College of Education, College of Engineering and the College of Pharmacy. More than 20 of nation’s astronauts have Purdue degrees. Purdue University has the fourth largest international student population of all the universities in the United States.Website: Purdue UniversityTuition: $9,992Starting Salary: $54,200Mid-Career Salary: $89,10015-Year Return: $1,074,75025 Stony Brook University (State University of New York) Stony Brook, NYStony Brook University, a public institution and part of the State University of New York (SUNY) system, offers a large number of majors, minors as well as combined-degree programs for undergraduates. The school also has numerous graduate degree programs.Freshmen belong to one of six undergraduate colleges organized based on students’ interests. Undergraduates have research opportunities. The university includes the highly ranked Stony Brook University Medical Center. Stony Brook University is a member of the elite Association of American Universities.Website: Stony Brook UniversityTuition: $5,870Starting Salary: $48,600Mid-Career Salary: $94,30015-Year Return: $1,071,75026 University of California – Santa Barbara Santa Barbara, CAUniversity of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB), a public research institution, has five schools and colleges. UCSB includes the Gervirtz Graduate School of Education, College of Engineering and the Donald Bren School of Environmental Science and Management.Undergraduates at the University of California, Santa Barbara can apply for admissions to the College of Creative Studies, which emphasizes focused studies in one of eight areas: Chemistry, biology, biochemistry, art, literature, computer science, music composition, mathematics and physics.Website: University of California - Santa BarbaraTuition: $12,192Starting Salary: $46,300Mid-Career Salary: $96,20015-Year Return: $1,068,75027 University of Texas – Austin Austin, TXUniversity of Texas, Austin, a public research university, is one of the nation’s largest schools and offers a large number of degree programs. University of Texas, Austin, the flagship institution of the University of Texas System, includes the highly ranked College of Education, McCombs School of Business, College of Fine Arts, Cockrell School of Engineering, College of Pharmacy, School of Nursing and the School of Social Work. The university provides hundreds of study abroad programs.Website: The University of Texas at AustinTuition: $9,816Starting Salary: $50,400Mid-Career Salary: $91,70015-Year Return: $1,065,75028 San Jose State University San Jose, CASan Jose State University, a public institution, part of the California State University system, offers a wide variety of undergraduate and graduate degree programs. The school has strong programs in the fields of education, journalism, healthcare, social work, art and music. Popular areas of study among graduate students include education, engineering, library and information science, and social work. San Jose State University provides Silicon Valley companies with computer science, engineering and business graduates.Website: San Jose State UniversityTuition: $7,303Starting Salary: $50,500Mid-Career Salary: $90,40015-Year Return: $1,056,75029 University of Maryland – College Park College Park, MDUniversity of Maryland, College Park (UMCP), the flagship campus of Maryland’s university system offer more than 120 bachelor’s degrees and more than 100 graduate degrees. UMCP, strong in the sciences, has several schools and departments with records of excellence.UCMP has a strong research orientation. UCMP is involved in cooperative projects with the National Institute of Health, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the Department of Homeland Security. The Physical Science Complex has one of the world’s top quantum science laboratories.Website: University of Maryland – College ParkTuition: $9,162Starting Salary: $50,600Mid-Career Salary: $89,80015-Year Return: $1,053,00030 Rutgers University (New Brunswick, New Jersey) New Brunswick, NJRutgers University New Brunswick, a public institution, has five mini-campus named Cook, Douglass, Busch, College Avenue and Livingston. All the campuses have a unique environment. Busch Campus focuses mainly in academic areas related to the natural sciences. The Livingston Campus is home to the Rutgers Business School. The faculty at Rutgers University, New Brunswick, includes national and international experts in their field. Rutgers University, New Brunswick has more than 170 centers and institutes exploring a range of issues.Website: Rutgers University - New BrunswickTuition: $10,718Starting Salary: $49,700Mid-Career Salary: $90,40015-Year Return: $1,050,75031 University of Michigan – Ann Arbor Ann Arbor, MIThe highly ranked University of Michigan, Ann Arbor provides a wide array of undergraduate and graduate degrees. The university includes the highly ranked College of Engineering, School of Education, Medical School, Law School, Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy, Stephen M. Ross School of Business, School of Nursing and the School of Public Health. The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, a strong research institution, includes the Institute for Social Research, one of the world’s oldest and largest institutes for social sciences.Website: University of MichiganTuition: $12,948Starting Salary: $54,000Mid-Career Salary: $85,40015-Year Return: $1,045,50032 University of Washington – Seattle Seattle, WAUniversity of Washington, Seattle is the largest university on the west coast. The university includes the highly regarded School of Medicine, School of Nursing, School of Law, the Library and Information School, the College of Engineering and the School of Pharmacy. The university has strong programs in the liberal arts and sciences. More than a third of the University of Washington students enroll mostly or completely in online classes. The University of Washington is a major research school.Website: University of Washington – SeattleTuition: $12,397Starting Salary: $49,300Mid-Career Salary: $89,50015-Year Return: $1,041,00033 Clemson University (South Carolina) Clemson, SCClemson University, a public university and one of the nation’s major research schools, provides a variety of graduate and undergraduate degrees. Clemson University has many nationally ranked graduate programs. The university’s five colleges have more than 100 departments. The Calhoun Honors College educates gifted students who excelled in high school. Creative Inquiry, a unique form of undergraduate research, has a top priority at the university. Clemson University has a military presence.Website: Clemson UniversityTuition: $13,382Starting Salary: $49,000Mid-Career Salary: $89,70015-Year Return: $1,040,25034 George Mason University Fairfax, VAGeorge Mason University (GMU), a public university with several suburban campus locations, offers an array of undergraduate, graduate and professional programs from its colleges and schools. GMU includes the George Mason School of Law. George Mason University has strengths in the basic and applied sciences. George Mason University receives research support from agencies such as the National Science Foundation, National Institutes of Health and the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency.Website: George Mason UniversityTuition: $9,908Starting Salary: $49,800Mid-Career Salary: $88,80015-Year Return: $1,039,50035 Southern Polytechnic State University (Georgia) Marietta, GASouthern Polytechnic State University, a public institution, offers a wide array of majors through its five schools: School of Arts and Sciences, School of Architecture and Construction Management, the School of Engineering, School of Computing and Software Engineering; and the School of Engineering Technology and Management.Southern Polytechnic University, part of the University System of Georgia, has a strong reputation in the areas of science, technology, engineering and related fields.Website: Southern Polytechnic State University Tuition: $5,388Starting Salary: $49,500Mid-Career Salary: $88,80015-Year Return: $1,037,25036 California State Polytechnic University – Pomona Pomona, CACalifornia State Polytechnic, Pomona, also known as Cal Poly Pomona, through eight colleges provides a variety of fields of study. The school has highly respected programs such as the engineering program. Cal Poly Pomona incorporates a learn-by-doing strategy into its project and presentation-based coursework. All of the academic areas utilize the teaching of theory through application. The students at Cal Poly Pomona also obtain a broad-based education via the general education program.Website: California State Polytechnic University – PomonaTuition: $5,472Starting Salary: $48,800Mid-Career Salary: $89,20015-Year Return: $1,035,00037 The College of William and Mary (Virginia) Williamsburg, VAThe Highly ranked College of William and Mary, a public institution, has a long history of liberal arts education. The college has a growing research and science curriculum with a commitment to undergraduate research. Undergraduates have opportunities to work with peers and experienced faculty mentors on projects.The College of William & Mary provides undergraduate, graduate and professional degree programs. The institutions highly ranked schools include the School of Education, Marshall-Wythe School of Law and the Mason School of Business.Website: College of William and MaryTuition: $10,428Starting Salary: $44,500Mid-Career Salary: $93,30015-Year Return: $1,033,50038 West Virginia U Institute of Technology (WVU Tech) Montgomery, WVWest Virginia University Institute of Technology (WVU Tech), a public institution and a division of West Virginia University provides an array of baccalaureate degrees. WVU Tech has gained recognition for its academic programs, especially in STEM subjects. WVU Tech provides nationally renowned ABET accredited engineering programs.The school includes the Leonard C. Nelson College of Engineering and Sciences and the College of Business, Humanities and Social Studies. The school’s strong STEM majors allows the school to provide high quality pre-professional programs.Website: West Virginia University Institute of TechnologyTuition: $5,808Starting Salary: $52,200Mid-Career Salary: $85,00015-Year Return: $1,029,00039 University of Minnesota – Twin Cities Minneapolis, MNUniversity of Minnesota, Twin Cities, a public research university and part of the University of Minnesota system, provides a large number of degree programs. Besides traditional degree programs the university offers bachelor’s degree, master’s degree, doctoral degree and specialty degrees completely online. The university includes the highly ranked College of Education and Human Development, the Carlson School of Management and the Law School. The University of Minnesota, Twin Cites has over 300 exchange programs around the world.Website: University of Minnesota Twin CitiesTuition: $12,060Starting Salary: $48,700Mid-Career Salary: $87,20015-Year Return: $1,019,25040 North Carolina State University Raleigh, NCNorth Carolina State University, also known as NC State, a public research institution, has received national and international rankings for its academic programs and research. NC State has an array of academic departments serving graduate students such as the highly ranked engineering school, well known for its nuclear and biological/agricultural engineering programs. NC State is part of the Research Triangle along with The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and Duke University in Durham.Website: North Carolina State UniversityTuition: $8,206Starting Salary: $48,500Mid-Career Salary: $86,80015-Year Return: $1,014,75041 University of Arizona Tucson, AZUniversity of Arizona, a public research university offers a large number of academic and professional programs. The university includes the prestigious School of Public Administration and Policy, College of Engineering, College of Nursing and the Eller College of Management.Programs such as geosciences, management information systems and rehabilitation counseling have received high rankings. The university’s Department of Astronomy has received recognition as one of the best in the world. The university is a member of the Association of American Universities.Website: University of ArizonaTuition: $10,390Starting Salary: $48,400Mid-Career Salary: $86,90015-Year Return: $1,014,75042 University of Delaware Newark, DEUniversity of Delaware, includes seven colleges. Although the university receives public funding it has a private charter. The university provides a large number graduate degree programs. The highly ranked College of Engineering and the School of Education provide graduate programs. The university of Delaware also provides a large number of undergraduate programs. Students in the school’s nationally acclaimed Undergraduate Research Program work with faculty members as research assistants.Website: University of Delaware Tuition: $12,112Starting Salary: $50,300Mid-Career Salary: $85,00015-Year Return: $1,014,75043 University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago, ILThe University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC), a public research university, is one of the universities with the highest research classification from the Carnegie Foundation. Through the UIC Undergraduate Research Experience, college students can pair up with a faculty mentor and create a research project in an array of academic areas.UIC includes the recognized College of Education, Liautaud Graduate School of Business and an engineering school. The Honors College resembles a small liberal arts college situated in a large research university.Website: University of Illinois at ChicagoTuition: $10,406Starting Salary: $48,200Mid-Career Salary: $86,80015-Year Return: $1,012,50044 University of Alabama – Huntsville Huntsville, ALUniversity of Alabama, Huntsville, also known as UA Huntsville, is a public university and part of the University of Alabama System. The university is located in the Cummings Research Park, a major international center for advanced technological research. The school’s location provides faculty members and students unique opportunities. The university also helps NASA reach its goals. The University of Alabama, Huntsville has received recognition for its engineering and science programs.Website: University of Alabama - HuntsvilleTuition: $9,192Starting Salary: $49,600Mid-Career Salary: $85,10015-Year Return: $1,010,25045 University of Houston Houston, TXThe University of Houston, a public research university, operates more than 40 research centers and institutes on campus. The Carnegie Foundation classifies the University of Houston as a Tier One research university. The University of Houston Law Center has received recognition for its intellectual property law, healthcare law and part-time law programs. The university also includes the Cullen College of Engineering, the C.T. Bauer College of Business and other graduate schools.Website: University of HoustonTuition: $9,318Starting Salary: $49,500Mid-Career Salary: $85,20015-Year Return: $1,010,25046 Miami University (Ohio) Oxford, OHMiami University, a public research university, provides a wide variety of graduate and undergraduate degrees. Graduate and undergraduate students have numerous opportunities to perform research. Miami University ranks first among public colleges in the United States for the rate of undergraduate students who study abroad.Miami University has the following academic divisions: The School of Education; College of Arts and Science; School of Engineering and Applied Science; College of Education, Health and Society; the Farmer School of Business and the School of Creative Arts, College of Professional Studies and Applied Sciences and the Graduate School.Website: Miami University of OhioTuition: $13,266Starting Salary: $47,300Mid-Career Salary: $87,20015-Year Return: $1,008,75047 Binghamton University (State University of New York) Binghamton, NYBinghamton, SUNY, a public research institution, has a dedication to undergraduate education. The school also provides graduate degrees from the highly ranked Department of Public Administration, Department of History and the Department of Psychology.Binghamton University has gained recognition for its sustainability efforts. The university has one of the nation’s largest study abroad programs. Binghamton University emphasis entrepreneurship via its Entrepreneurship Across the Curriculum program. Binghamton University consists of six schools.Website: Binghamton University (State University of New York)Tuition: $6,170Starting Salary: $47,200Mid-Career Salary: $86,90015-Year Return: $1,005,75048 Baruch College (City University of New York) New York City, NYCUNY, Bernard M Baruch College, known as Baruch College has three schools providing graduate and undergraduate programs: The Weissman School of Arts and Sciences, Zicklin School of Business and the School of Public Affairs. The Zicklin School of Business is one of the nation’s largest business schools and its received AACSB accreditation.The Division of Continuing and Professional Studies provides many non-degree and certificate courses. Baruch College provides solid education in business, the arts and sciences and professional education.Website: Baruch College (City University of New York)Tuition: $5,730Starting Salary: $48,500Mid-Career Salary: $85,40015-Year Return: $1,004,25049 Auburn University (Alabama) Auburn, ALAuburn University, a public university, offers more than 140 degree programs. Auburn University has highly ranked programs in the fields of pharmacy, architecture, engineering, veterinary science, forestry and business. Auburn University has graduated six astronauts. The university emphasizes international education.Auburn University has a global impact via modern agricultural extension as well as forestry/wildlife programs. The university provides vital research in the sciences, mathematics, pharmaceutical, nursing, education and human science areas.Website: Auburn UniversityTuition: $9,852Starting Salary: $45,500Mid-Career Salary: $87,90015-Year Return: $1,000,50050 James Madison University (Virginia) Harrisonburg, VAJames Madison University, a public research university, offers a large number of graduate and undergraduate degree programs. The university has its main emphasis on undergraduate students. James Madison University offers an education with a foundation based on a wide range of liberal arts.James Madison University has an extensive variety of professional and pre-professional programs enhanced by numerous learning experiences outside of the classroom. James Madison University has a strong study abroad program as well as exchange programs via partner institutions throughout the world.Website: James Madison UniversityTuition: $9,176Starting Salary: $48,000Mid-Career Salary: $85,20015-Year Return: $999,000The 20 Public Colleges With The Smartest StudentsPeter JacobsWith the rapidly rising price of college tuition, many top students are realizing you don't need to pay an arm and a leg for a quality education, and that state schools are just as great.The College of William and Mary is the public college with the smartest students, according to data put together by Niche. To compile this ranking, we looked at Niche's lists of smartest girls and smartest guys.We've included student quotes from Niche to illustrate the student intellect and academic caliber of each school.#20 University of Florida — Gainesville, FloridaAP Photo/John Raoux"I'm busy! But it's manageable. My program focuses on making connections among peers and professors, so we are a very close-knit bunch that provides each other with support whenever it's needed. Having the same classes with peers and professors allows close bonds to develop that will last a lifetime."Visit Niche for more on University of Florida.#19 SUNY Geneseo — Geneseo, New YorkVia Wikimedia Commons"This school is very rigorous and hard. However you know that you are getting an amazing education and are being taught by some of the best people. The workload is also tough but it's nothing you can't handle. As long as you keep on top of your work you will succeed."Visit Niche for more on SUNY Geneseo.#18 New Mexico Institute of Mining & Technology — Socorro, New MexicoVia Flickr"There are a lot of classes and opportunities for extra-curricular activities. There are also a lot of people and professors that are included in the real-world of your future occupation and you can ask them to help you or include you in their research."Visit Niche for more on New Mexico Institute of Mining & Technology.#17 California Polytechnic State University — San Luis Obispo, CaliforniaVia Wikimedia Commons"You literally learn by doing and it's the best. I actually remember the things I learn when I applied them in class and labs. It's awesome. Having to take GE's sucks, but it always does. Major courses are super awesome."Visit Niche for more on California Polytechnic State University — San Luis Obispo.#16 University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign — Urbana-Champaign, IllinoisFlickr/VSmithUK"There are many hard working students at University of Illinois. Since there are over 40,000 students, you'll find all sorts of people of your interest and similarities."Visit Niche for more on University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.#15 University of California, San Diego — San Diego, CaliforniaVia Flickr"The quality of people at the university is superb; intelligent, attractive, bright, and all extremely hard-working and sociable."Visit Niche for more on University of California, San Diego.#14 University of Wisconsin — Madison, WisconsinVia Flickr"Everyone here is very intelligent and extremely hard working. With all the hard work does come with a lot of fun ranging from fraternity events to football games to laying out on Bascom Hill, the people at this university are amazing to say the least."Visit Niche for more on University of Wisconsin — Madison.#13 Truman State University — Kirksville, MissouriVia Wikimedia Commons"The academics at Truman definitely keep students busy but aren't unmanageable especially with a staff that is, for the most part, open and more than willing in aiding in student success."Visit Niche for more on Truman State University.#12 University of California, Davis — Davis, CaliforniaVia Wikimedia Commons"My professors are all so knowledgeable and helpful and most TAs are really great and helpful as well. The curriculum are great. I always feel challenged."Visit Niche for more on University of California, Davis.#11 Michigan Technological University — Houghton, MichiganVia Wikimedia Commons"I love my professors — all of them seem dedicated to their job, as well as understanding. The workload is more than most schools, but the best isn't the easiest!"Visit Niche for more on Michigan Technological University.#10 University of Maryland, Baltimore County — Baltimore, MarylandVia Wikimedia Commons"UMBC is a very good school with heavy emphasis on the sciences. Most students are either science majors or are science majors who want to be doctors. Obviously most students are very serious about their academics."Visit Niche for more on University of Maryland, Baltimore County.#9 New College of Florida — Sarasota, FloridaVia Flickr"Unlike most other undergrad programs, New College puts you in direct contact with your professors- who actively encourage you to visit them to talk about the classes and possible projects. If you have a dream, New College will work with you to make it happen."Visit Niche for more on New College of Florida.#8 University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill — Chapel Hill, North CarolinaGrant Halverson/Getty Images"Heavy workload, but manageable. Professors are simply the best in their field. Popular study areas are biology, psychology, business."Visit Niche for more on University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.#7 Colorado School of Mines — Golden, ColoradoVia Flickr"Mines is great on the academic side. The work load is difficult but reasonable. The professors are all very invested in your process of learning and provide plenty of help for your success. The curriculum is well known around the country for being one of the best in Engineering."Visit Niche for more on Colorado School of Mines.#6 University of Michigan — Ann Arbor, MichiganGregory Shamus/Getty Images"I'm not exaggerating when I say the academics here are 'the best.' They truly push students to grow and push past limits they place on themselves. The environment is so conducive to learning and there are so many places to meet up with friends, lab partners, or members of a group project to get all your work done."Visit Niche for more on University of Michigan — Ann Arbor.#5 University of California, Los Angeles — Los Angeles, CaliforniaVia Wikimedia Commons"There are students from different backgrounds whom which I learn a lot from. There is a lot of reading but it's interesting and doable. There are also a lot of internship opportunities, as well as scholarship opportunities."Visit Niche for more on University of California, Los Angeles.#4 University of Virginia — Charlottesville, VirginiaVia Wikimedia Commons"The academics here are stellar. Brilliant, engaging, helpful professors are the norm. Though I don't have experience with faculty in every department, my first hand combined with what I've heard from friends points towards high quality across the board."Visit Niche for more on University of Virginia.#3 Georgia Institute of Technology — Atlanta, GeorgiaScott Cunningham/Getty Images"I think there is nothing sexier than intelligence in both men and women, and the good thing about Tech is that most everyone is smart here."Visit Niche for more on Georgia Institute of Technology.#2 University of California, Berkeley — Berkeley, CaliforniaVia Wikimedia Commons"Berkeley is nationally ranked in almost every academic discipline. If you want great academics at a fraction of the cost of an Ivy, then look no further."Visit Niche for more on University of California, Berkeley.#1 College of William & Mary — Williamsburg, VirginiaAP Photo/Scott K. Brown"Studying at William and Mary is strongly emphasized. Everyone pushes themselves to work hard and get good grades. Those who go above and beyond are highly respected. We pride ourselves on our studying habits and our willingness to work hard to learn. We like to feel challenged."Visit Niche for more on College of William and Mary.

From bottom to top, 7 countries producing most engineers every year -South Korea: According to the estimates, one in every four students in South Korea is majoring in engineering. The reason for that lies in the country’s educational system, which is formed in a way that it produces the graduates for the jobs country currently needs the most. Number of graduates every year : 147,000Japan: This shouldn’t come as a surprise to anyone who is remotely familiar with the fact that Japan is among the most technologically advanced countries in the world. Because of that, engineering jobs are among the top rated ones, and the country is focused on producing enough graduates to fill the open vacancies. Number of graduates every year: 168,200Iran: Among the many misconceptions about Iran, the poor stature of women is among the most common. The truth is little different and the best proof for that is engineering. From 233,695 engineering graduates in Iran, 70% of them are women, the highest percent than in any other country. Number of graduates every year: 233,600The United States: No, this isn’t one of those lists where United States are dominant. Among the 7 countries that produce the most engineers in the world, United States come in fourth place with estimations that one in 20 students majors in engineering. Number of graduates every year: 237,800Russia: It is estimated that 22% of all college graduates in Russia are in engineering, but there is still a small number of jobs for them on the market. Because of that, engineering graduates in Russia are forced to work the jobs they are overqualified to do. One of the reasons for this situation is that the country has cut the investments made in science and technical sectors. Number of graduates every year: 454,500India: India is one more country that is fighting with a large number of engineering graduates who are having a tough time finding a job. In 2006, there were 1,511 engineering colleges in India, and in 2015, the number climbed to 3,345. With so much competition, the situation is far from ideal. Around 30% of engineering graduates in India fail to find an engineering job, and those who manage to do that, are stuck with low payment. Number of graduates every year: around 1 million.China: This number of engineering graduates looks amazing for the future of China. This country is emerging as the new leader in technology and science, so it shouldn’t surprise you that it topped 7 countries that produce the most engineers in the world. It gets better since it is estimated that by 2020, China alongside with India, will produce 40% of all graduates in the world. Taking that into account, the number of engineering graduates will surely be much higher since the government is planning to widen engineering education. In the past years, there were a lot of students from China who earned their engineering diplomas in other countries, but the government has been putting efforts and money into the educational system, trying to make them stay. Number of graduates: around 1.3 million—Top 5 smartest countries in the world when it comes to scienceSouth Korea (32%) had the top 10's largest drop, from 39% in 2002, even though the country retained its position at the top of the OECD's list.Germany (31%) had the third-highest average annual raw number of STEM graduates at about 10,000, right behind the US and China — despite those countries' much larger populations.Sweden (28%) is just behind Norway for most computer use at work, including for applications like programming. Over three-quarters of workers use computers at their jobs.Finland (28%) publishes more research about medicine than in any other field.In France (27%), most researchers are employed by industry rather than the government or universities.—Source: The 10 most science-educated countries on Earth7 Countries That Produce the Most Engineers In the WorldEnjoy!!

(Wikipedia’s list.)17th century[edit]The 1698 Savery Engine1605Bacon’s cipher, a method of steganography (hiding a secret message), is devised by Sir Francis Bacon.[5]1614John Napier publishes his work Mirifici Logarithmorum Canonis Descriptio introducing the concept of logarithms which simplifies mathematical calculations.[6][7]1620The first navigable submarine is designed by William Bourne and built by Dutchman Cornelius Drebbel.1625Early experiments in water desalination are conducted by Sir Francis Bacon.[8]1657Anchor escapement for clock making is invented by Robert Hooke.[9]1667A tin can telephone is devised by Robert Hooke.[10]1668Sir Isaac Newton invents the first working reflecting telescope.[11]1698The first commercial steam-powered device, a water pump, is developed by Thomas Savery.[12]18th century[edit]The Watt steam engine was conceived in 1765. James Watt transformed the steam engine from a reciprocating motion that was used for pumping to a rotating motion suited to industrial applications. Watt and others significantly improved the efficiency of the steam engine.1701An improved seed drill is designed by Jethro Tull.[13] It is used to spread seeds around a field with a rotating handle which makes seed planting a lot easier.1705Edmond Halley makes the first prediction of a comet's return.[14]1712The first practical steam engine is designed by Thomas Newcomen.[12][15]1718Edmond Halley discovers stellar motion.[16]1730The Rotherham plough, the first plough to be widely built in factories and commercially successful, is patented by Joseph Foljambe.[17]1737Andrew Rodger invents the winnowing machine.1740The first electrostatic motors are developed by Andrew Gordon in the 1740s.[18]1744The earliest known reference to baseball is made in a publication, A Little Pretty Pocket-Book, by John Newbery. It contains a rhymed description of "base-ball" and a woodcut that shows a field set-up somewhat similar to the modern game—though in a triangular rather than diamond configuration, and with posts instead of ground-level bases.[19]1753Invention of hollow-pipe drainage is credited to Sir Hugh Dalrymple who died in 1753.[20]1765James Small advances the design of the plough using mathematical methods to improve on the Scotch plough of James Anderson of Hermiston.[21]1767Adam Ferguson (1767), often known as ‘The Father of Modern Sociology’, publishes his work An Essay on the History of Civil Society.[22]1776Scottish economist Adam Smith, often known as 'The father of modern economics',[23] publishes his seminal text The Wealth of Nations.[24][25]The Watt steam engine, conceived in 1765, goes into production. It is the first type of steam engine to make use of steam at a pressure just above atmospheric.1781The Iron Bridge, the first arch bridge made of cast iron, is built by Abraham Darby III.[12]1783A pioneer of selective breeding and artificial selection, Robert Bakewell, forms the Dishley Society to promote and advance the interests of livestock breeders.[26][27]1786The threshing machine is invented by Andrew Meikle.[28]1798Edward Jenner invents the first vaccine.19th century[edit]A trial model of a part of the Analytical Engine, first described by Charles Babbage in 1837[29]1802Sir Humphry Davy creates the first incandescent light by passing a current from a battery, at the time the world's most powerful, through a thin strip of platinum.1804The world's first locomotive-hauled railway journey is made by Richard Trevithick's steam locomotive.[30]1807Alexander John Forsyth invents percussion ignition, the foundation of modern firearms.1814Robert Salmon patents the first haymaking machine.c1820John Loudon McAdam develops the Macadam road construction technique.1822Charles Babbage proposes the idea for a Difference engine, an automatic mechanical calculator designed to tabulate polynomial functions, in a paper to the Royal Astronomical Society entitled "Note on the application of machinery to the computation of astronomical and mathematical tables".[31]1823An improved system of soil drainage is developed by James Smith.[32]1824William Aspdin obtains a patent for Portland cement (concrete).1825William Sturgeon invents the electromagnet.1828A mechanical reaping machine is invented by Patrick Bell.[33]1831Electromagnetic induction, the operating principle of transformers and nearly all modern electric generators, is discovered by Michael Faraday.1835Scotsman James Bowman Lindsay invents the incandescent light bulb.[34]1836The Marsh test for detecting arsenic poisoning is developed by James Marsh.[35]1837Charles Babbage describes an Analytical Engine, the first mechanical, general-purpose programmable computer.[36][37]The Cooke and Wheatstone telegraph, first commercially successful electric telegraph, is designed by Sir Charles Wheatstone and Sir William Fothergill Cooke.[38][39][40]1839A pedal bicycle is invented by Kirkpatrick Macmillan.[41]1840Sir Rowland Hill reforms the postal system with Uniform Penny Post and introduces the first postage stamp, the Penny Black, on 1 May.[42]1841Alexander Bain patents his design produced the prior year for an electric clock.[43]1842Superphosphate, the first chemical fertiliser, is patented by John Bennet Lawes.[citation needed]1843SS Great Britain, the world's first steam-powered, screw propeller-driven passenger liner with an iron hull is launched. Designed by Isambard Kingdom Brunel, it was at the time the largest ship afloat.Alexander Bain (inventor) patents a design for a facsimile machine.1846A design for a chemical telegraph is patented by Alexander Bain. Bain's telegraph is installed on the wires of the Electric Telegraph Company on one line. Later, in 1850, it was used in America by Henry O'Reilly.[44]1847Boolean algebra, the basis for digital logic, is introduced by George Boole in his book The Mathematical Analysis of Logic.[45]1851Improvements to the facsimile machine are demonstrated by Frederick Bakewell at the 1851 World's Fair in London.1852A steam-driven ploughing engine is invented by John Fowler.[46][47]1853English physician Alexander Wood develops a medical hypodermic syringe with a needle fine enough to pierce the skin.[48]1854The Playfair cipher, the first literal digraph substitution cipher, is invented by Charles Wheatstone and later promoted for use by Lord Playfair.[40]1868Mushet steel, the first commercial steel alloy, is invented by Robert Forester Mushet.Thomas Humber develops a bicycle design with the pedals driving the rear wheel.The first manually operated gas-lamp traffic lights are installed outside the Houses of Parliament on 10 December.1869A bicycle design is developed by Thomas McCall.1873Discovery of the photoconductivity of the element selenium by Willoughby Smith. This led to the invention of photoelectric cells (solar panels), including those used in the earliest television systems.1876Scotsman Alexander Graham Bell patents the telephone in the U.S.[49]The first safety bicycle is designed by the English engineer Harry John Lawson (also called Henry). Unlike the penny-farthing, the rider's feet were within reach of the ground, making it safer to stop.1878Demonstration of an incandescent light bulb by Joseph Wilson Swan.[50][51]1883The Fresno scraper, which became a model for modern earth movers, is invented in California by Scottish emigrant James Porteous.[52]1884The light switch is invented by John Holmes.1885The first commercially successful safety bicycle, called the Rover, is designed by John Kemp Starley. The following year Dan Albone produces a derivative of this called the Ivel Safety cycle.1886Walter Parry Haskett Smith, often called the Father of Rock Climbing in Britain, completes his first ascent of the Napes Needle, solo and without any protective equipment.1892Sir Francis Galton devises a method for classifying fingerprints that proved useful in forensic science.[53]1897Sir Joseph John Thomson discovers the electron.[54]The world's first wireless station is established on the Isle of Wight.[55][56]20th century[edit]A Colossus computer, developed by British codebreakers in 1943–19451901The first wireless signal across the Atlantic is sent from Cornwall in England and received in Newfoundland in Canada (a distance of 2,100 miles) by Italian scientist Guglielmo Marconi.[57]The first commercially successful light farm tractor is patented by Dan Albone.[58][59]1902Edgar Purnell Hooley develops Tarmac1907Henry Joseph Round discovers electroluminescence, the principle behind LEDs.1910The first formal driving school, the British School of Motoring, is founded in London.[60]Frank Barnwell establishes the fundamentals of aircraft design at the University of Glasgow,[61] having made the first powered flight in Scotland the previous year.1918The Royal Air Force becomes the first independent air force in the world[62]1922In Sorbonne, France, Englishman Edwin Belin demonstrates a mechanical scanning device, an early precursor to modern television.1926John Logie Baird makes the first public demonstration of a mechanical television on 26 January (the first successful transmissions were in early 1923 and February 1924). Later, in July 1928, he demonstrated the first colour television.[63][64]1930The jet engine is patented by Sir Frank Whittle.[65]1932The Anglepoise lamp is patented by George Carwardine, a design consultant specialising in vehicle suspension systems.1933The Cat's eye road marking is invented by Percy Shaw and patented the following year.1936English economist John Maynard Keynes publishes his work The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money which challenged the established classical economics and led to the Keynesian Revolution in the way economists thought.The world's first public broadcasts of high-definition television are made from Alexandra Palace, North London, by the BBC Television Service. It is the first fully electronic television system to be used in regular broadcasting.[66]1937First available in the London area, the 999 telephone number is introduced as the world's first emergency telephone service.1939The initial design of the Bombe, an electromechanical device to assist with the deciphering of messages encrypted by the Enigma machine, is produced by Alan Turing at the Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS).[67]1943Colossus computer begins working, the world's first electronic digital programmable computer.[68]1949The Manchester Mark 1 computer, significant because of its pioneering inclusion of index registers, ran its first programme error free. Its chief designers are Freddie Williams and Tom Kilburn.1951The concept of microprogramming is developed by Maurice Wilkes from the realisation that the Central Processing Unit (CPU) of a computer could be controlled by a miniature, highly specialised computer program in high-speed ROM.LEO is the first business application (a payroll system) on an electronic computer.1952Autocode, regarded as the first compiled programming language, is developed for the Manchester Mark 1 by Alick Glennie.1953Englishman Francis Crick and American James Watson of Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge, analysed X-ray crystallography data taken by Rosalind Franklin of King's College, to decipher the double helical structure of DNA. They share the 1962 Nobel Prize in Medicine for their work.[69]1955The first accurate atomic clock, a caesium standard based on a certain transition of the caesium-133 atom, is built by Louis Essen at the National Physical Laboratory. This clock enabled further development of general relativity, and started a basis for an enhanced SI unit system.[70]1956Metrovick 950, the first commercial transistor computer, is built by the Metropolitan-Vickers company.1961The first electronic desktop calculators, the ANITA Mk7 and ANITA Mk8, are manufactured by the Bell Punch Company and marketed by its Sumlock Comptometer division.1963High strength carbon fibre is invented by engineers at the Royal Aircraft Establishment.[71]The Lava lamp is invented by British accountant Edward Craven Walker.1964The first theory of the Higgs boson is put forward by Peter Higgs, a particle-physics theorist at the University of Edinburgh, and five other physicists.[72][73] The particle is discovered in 2012 at CERN's Large Hadron Collider and its existence is confirmed in 2013.1965A pioneer of the development of dairy farming systems, Rex Paterson, set out his principles for labour management.[74]The Touchscreen was invented by E.A.Johnson working at the Radar Research Establishment, Malvern, Worcestershire. [75]1966The cash machine and personal identification number system are patented by James Goodfellow.[76]1969The first carbon fibre fabric in the world is weaved in Stockport, England.[77]1970One of the first handheld televisions, the MTV-1, is developed by Sir Clive Sinclair.1973Clifford Cocks develops the algorithm for the RSA cipher while working at the Government Communications Headquarters, approximately three years before it was independently developed by Rivest, Shamir and Adleman at MIT. The British government declassified the 1973 invention in 1997.[78]1977Steptoe and Edwards successfully carried out a pioneering conception which resulted in the birth of the world's first baby to be conceived by IVF, Louise Brown on 25 July 1978, in Oldham General Hospital, Greater Manchester, UK.[79][80][81]1979The tree shelter is invented by Graham Tuley to protect tree seedlings.[82]One of the first laptop computers, the GRiD Compass, is designed by Bill Moggridge.1984DNA profiling is discovered by Sir Alec Jeffreys at the University of Leicester.One of the world's first computer games to use 3D graphics, Elite, is developed by David Braben and Ian Bell.1989Sir Tim Berners-Lee writes a proposal for what will become the World Wide Web. The following year, he specified HTML, the hypertext language, and HTTP, the protocol.[83]The Touchpad pointing device is first developed for Psion computers.1991A patent for an iris recognition algorithm is filed by John Daugman while working at the University of Cambridge which became the basis of all publicly deployed iris recognition systems.[84][85]The source code for the world's first web browser, called WorldWideWeb (later renamed Nexus to avoid confusion with the World Wide Web), is released into the public domain by Sir Tim Berners-Lee.1992The first SMS message in the world is sent over the UK's GSM network.1995The world's first national DNA database is developed.[86]1996Animal cloning, a female domestic sheep became the first mammal cloned from an adult somatic cell, by scientists at the Roslin institute.[87]1997Scottish scientists at the Roslin Institute in Edinburgh, produce the first mammal cloned from an adult cell.[88]The ThrustSSC jet-propelled car, designed and built in England, sets the land speed record.21st century[edit]2003Beagle 2, a British landing spacecraft that forms part of the European Space Agency's 2003 Mars Express mission lands on the surface of Mars but fails to communicate. It is located twelve years later in a series of images from NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter that suggest two of Beagle's four solar panels failed to deploy, blocking the spacecraft's communications antenna.2004Graphene is isolated from graphite at the University of Manchester by Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov.[89]2005The design for a machine to lay rail track, the "Trac Rail Transposer", is patented and goes on to be used by Network Rail in the United Kingdom and the New York City Subway in the United States.[90][91][92]2012Raspberry Pi, a single-board computer, is launched and quickly becomes popular for education in programming and computer science.[93]2014The European Space Agency's Philae lander leaves the Rosetta spacecraft and makes the first ever landing on a comet. The Philae lander was built with significant British expertise and technology, alongside that of several other countries.[94][95]Ceramics[edit]Bone china – Josiah Spode[96]Ironstone china – Charles James Mason[97]Jasperware – Josiah WedgwoodClock making[edit]Anchor escapement – Robert Hooke[98][99]Balance wheel – Robert Hooke[100]Coaxial escapement – George Daniels[101]Grasshopper escapement, H1, H2, H3 and H4 watches (a watch built to solve the longitude measurement problem)[102] – John HarrisonGridiron pendulum – John Harrison[100]Lever escapement The greatest single improvement ever applied to pocket watches – Thomas Mudge[100]Longcase clock or grandfather clock – William Clement[103]Marine chronometer – John Harrison[100]Self-winding watch – John Harwood[104]Clothing manufacturing[edit]Derby Rib (stocking manufacture) – Jedediah StruttFlying shuttle – John KayMauveine, the first synthetic organic dye – William Henry PerkinPower loom – Edmund CartwrightSpinning frame – John KaySpinning jenny – James HargreavesSpinning mule – Samuel CromptonSewing machine – Thomas Saint in 1790[105]Water frame – Richard ArkwrightStocking frame – William LeeWarp-loom and Bobbinet – John HeathcoatCommunications[edit]Christmas card [106] – Sir Henry ColeValentines card [107] – Modern card 18th century EnglandPencil – Cumbria, EnglandMechanical pencil – Sampson Mordan and John Isaac Hawkins in 1822.[108]Clockwork radio [109] – Trevor BaylisRadio, the first transmission using a Spark Transmitter, achieving a range of approximately 500 metres. – David E. HughesElectromagnetic induction & Faraday's law of induction Began as a series of experiments by Faraday that later became some of the first ever experiments in the discovery of radio waves and the development of radio – Michael Faraday [110]Pioneer in the development of radio communication – William EcclesPioneering work on the development of the long-lasting materials that made today's liquid crystal displays possible – Team headed by Sir Brynmor Jones and Developed by Scotsman George Gray and Englishman Ken Harrison In conjunction with the Royal Radar Establishment and the University of Hull [111]Pioneering development of stereo in the form of 'binaural sound' – Alan Blumlein [112]Shorthand – Timothy Bright (1550/1-1615). Invented first modern shorthandPitman Shorthand – Isaac PitmanProposed the existence of the Kennelly–Heaviside layer, a layer of ionised gas that reflects radio waves around the Earth's curvature – Oliver HeavisideTypewriter – First patent for a device similar to a typewriter granted to Henry Mill in 1714.[113]the world's first automatic totalisator – George Juliuspioneer in the use of fiber optics in telecommunications – Charles K. Kao and George HockhamThe originator of the concept of geostationary satellites for the use of telecommunications relays – Arthur C ClarkeTeletext Information Service – The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC)Print stereotyping – William Ged (1690–1749) [114]Roller printing – Thomas Bell (patented 1783) [115]The adhesive postage stamp and the postmark – James Chalmers (1782–1853) [116]Universal Standard Time: Sir Sandford Fleming (1827–1915) [117]Light signalling between ships: Admiral Philip H. Colomb (1831–1899) [118]The teleprinter – Frederick G. Creed (1871–1957) [119]Radar – Robert Watson-Watt (1892–1973)[120]The underlying principles of Radio – James Clerk Maxwell (1831–1879) [121]Computing[edit]ACE and Pilot ACE [67] – Alan TuringARM architecture The ARM CPU design is the microprocessor architecture of 98% of mobile phones and every smartphone.[122]First programmer – Ada LovelaceFirst Programming Language Analytical Engine ordercode – Charles Babbage and Ada LovelaceArgo system the world's first electrically powered mechanical analogue computer (also called at the Argo Clock) – Arthur PollenSumlock ANITA calculator the world's first all-electronic desktop calculator – Bell Punch CoThe world's first 'slimline' pocket calculator, the Sinclair Executive amongst other electrical/electronic innovations – Sir Clive SinclairOsborne 1 The first commercially successful portable computer, the precursor to the Laptop computer – Adam OsborneHeavily involved in the development of the Linux kernel – Andrew Morton & Alan CoxFlip-flop circuit, which became the basis of electronic memory (Random-access memory) in computers – William Eccles and F. W. JordanUniversal Turing machine – The UTM model is considered to be the origin of the "stored program computer" used by John von Neumann in 1946 for his "Electronic Computing Instrument" that now bears von Neumann's name: the von Neumann architecture, also UTM is considered the first operating system – Alan TuringThe development of packet switching co-invented by British engineer Donald Davies and American Paul Baran – National Physical Laboratory, London EnglandThe first person to conceptualise the Integrated Circuit – Geoffrey W.A. DummerThe first modern computer, the Manchester Baby, was the world's first electronic stored-program computer. Developed by Frederic Calland Williams & Tom Kilburn[123]Williams tube – a cathode ray tube used to electronically store binary data (Can store roughly 500 to 1,000 bits of data) – Freddie Williams & Tom KilburnFerranti Mark 1 – Also known as the Manchester Electronic Computer was the first computer to use the principles of early CPU design (Central processing unit) – Freddie Williams and Tom Kilburn – Also the world's first successful commercially available general-purpose electronic computer.The oldest known recordings of computer generated music were played by the Ferranti Mark 1 computer – Christopher StracheyEDSAC was the first complete, fully functional computer to use the von Neumann architecture, the basis of every modern computer – Maurice WilkesEDSAC 2 the successor to the Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator or EDSAC. It was the first computer to have a microprogrammed (Microcode)control unit and a bit slice hardware architecture – Team headed by Maurice WilkesThe first graphical computer game OXO on the EDSAC at Cambridge University – A.S. DouglasAtlas Computer, it was arguably the world's first supercomputer and was the fastest computer in the world until the release of the American CDC 6600 Also This machine introduced many modern architectural concepts: spooling, interrupts, pipelining, interleaved memory, virtual memory and paging – Team headed by Tom KilburnDigital audio player (MP3 Player) – Kane KramerCo-Inventor of the world's first trackball device – developed by Tom Cranston, Fred Longstaff and Kenyon TaylorThe world's first handheld computer (Psion Organiser) – Psion PLCThe first rugged computer – Husky (computer)First PC-compatible palmtop computer (Atari Portfolio) – Ian H. S. CullimoreDenotational semantics – Christopher Strachey pioneer in programming language designWolfram's 2-state 3-symbol Turing machine – Stephen WolframEngineering[edit]Adjustable spanner – Edwin Beard BuddingBackhoe loader – Joseph Cyril BamfordCavity magnetron – John Randall and Harry Boot critical component for Microwave generation in Microwave ovens and high powered Radios (Radar)[124]Carey Foster bridge – Carey Foster[125]Electric transformer – Michael Faraday[126]First coke-consuming blast furnace – Abraham Darby I[12]First working universal joint – Robert HookeCrookes tube the first cathode ray tubes – William Crookes[12]First working and volume productionbrushless alternator – Newage EngineersFirst compression ignition engine aka the Diesel Engine – Herbert Akroyd StuartHydrogen Fuel Cell – William Robert GroveModified version of the Newcomen steam engine (Pickard engine) – James PickardCompound steam turbine – Charles Algernon Parsons[12]Francis turbine – James B. FrancisGas turbine – John Barber (engineer)Microturbines – Chris and Paul Bladon of Bladon JetsThe world's first oil refinery and a process of extracting paraffin from coal laying the foundations for the modern oil industry – James Young (1811–1883)[127]Pendulum governor – Frederick LanchesterContributed to the development of Radar – Scotsman Robert Watson-Watt and Englishman Arnold Frederic WilkinsInternal combustion engine – Samuel BrownFourdrinier machine – Henry FourdrinierMicrochip – Geoffrey W.A. Dummerlight-emitting diode (did not invent the first visible light, only theorised) – H. J. RoundHydraulic accumulatorTwo-stroke engine – Joseph DayPioneer of radio guidance systems – Archibald LowScrew-cutting lathe – Henry HindleyThe first industrially practical screw-cutting lathe – Henry MaudslayThe first electrical measuring instrument, the electroscope – William GilbertRectilinear Slide rule – William Oughtred[100]Devised a standard for screw threads leading to its widespread acceptance – Joseph WhitworthThe Wimshurst machine is an Electrostatic generator for producing high voltages – James WimshurstHot bulb engine or heavy oil engine – Herbert Akroyd StuartHydraulic crane – William George ArmstrongVacuum diode also known as a vacuum tube – John Ambrose FlemingLinear motor is a multi-phase alternating current (AC) electric motor – Charles Wheatstone then improved by Eric Laithwaite[40]Lynch Motor – Cedric LynchDesigned water and sewerage systems for over 30 cities across Europe – William LindleyConcrete Canvas – Will Crawford and Peter BrewinThe world's first house powered with hydroelectricity – Cragside, Northumberland[128]Stirling engine – Robert StirlingSupercharger – Dugald ClerkWind tunnel – Francis Herbert Wenham[100]Household appliances[edit]Perambulator – William Kent designed a baby carriage in 1733[129]Collapsible baby buggy – Owen MaclarenDomestic dishwasher – key modifications by William Howard Livens [130]"Bagless" vacuum cleaner – James Dyson[131]"Puffing Billy" – First powered vacuum cleaner – Hubert Cecil Booth[132][133][134]Fire extinguisher – George William Manby[129]Folding carton – Charles Henry FoyleLawn mower – Edwin Beard Budding[135]Rubber band – Stephen Perry[136]Daniell cell – John Frederic Daniell[137]Tin can – Peter DurandCorkscrew – Reverend Samuell HenshallMouse trap – James Henry AtkinsonModern flushing toilet – John Harington[138]The pay toilet – John Nevil Maskelyne, Maskelyne invented a lock for London toilets, which required a penny to operate, hence the euphemism "spend a penny".Electric toaster – Rookes Evelyn Bell CromptonTeasmade – Albert E. RichardsonMagnifying glass – Roger BaconThermosiphon, which forms the basis of most modern central heating systems – Thomas FowlerAutomatic electric kettle – Russell HobbsThermos Flask – James Dewar [139]Toothbrush – William Edward AddisSunglasses – James Ayscough[140]The Refrigerator – William Cullen (1748) [141]The Flush toilet: Alexander Cummings (1775) [142]The first distiller to triple distill Irish whiskey:[143]John Jameson (Whisky distiller)The first automated can-filing machine John West (1809–1888) [144]The waterproof Mackintosh – Charles Macintosh (1766–1843) [145]The kaleidoscope: Sir David Brewster (1781–1868) [146]Keiller's marmalade Janet Keiller (1797) – The first recipe of rind suspended marmalade or Dundee marmalade produced in Dundee.The modern lawnmower – Edwin Beard Budding (1830) [147]The Lucifer friction match: Sir Isaac Holden (1807–1897) [148]The self filling pen – Robert Thomson (1822–1873) [149]Cotton-reel thread – J & J Clark of Paisley [150]Lime Cordial – Peter Burnett in 1867 [151]Bovril beef extract – John Lawson Johnston in 1874 [152]Wellington BootsCan Opener – Robert Yeates 1855Ideas, Religion and Ethics[edit]Malthusianism and the groundwork for the study of population dynamics – Thomas Robert Malthus with his work An Essay on the Principle of Population.Classical Liberalism – John Locke known as the "Father of Classical Liberalism".[153][154]Utilitarianism by Jeremy BenthamAnglicanism by Henry VIII of EnglandMethodism by John Wesley and Charles WesleyQuakerism by George FoxAgnosticism by Thomas Henry HuxleyIndustrial processes[edit]English crucible steel – Benjamin HuntsmanSteel production Bessemer process – Henry BessemerHydraulic press – Joseph BramahParkesine, the first man-made plastic – Alexander ParkesPortland cement – Joseph AspdinSheffield plate – Thomas BoulsoverWater frame – Richard ArkwrightStainless steel – Harry BrearleyRubber Masticator – Thomas HancockPower Loom – Edmund CartwrightParkes process – Alexander ParkesLead chamber process – John RoebuckDevelopment of the world's first commercially successful manufacture of high quality flat glass using the float glass process – Alastair PilkingtonThe first commercial electroplating process – George ElkingtonThe Wilson Yarn Clearer – Peter WilsonFloat Glass – Alastair Pilkington – Modern Glass manufacturing processContact ProcessFroth Flotation – William Haynes and A H Higgins.Extrusion – Joseph BramahMedicine[edit]First correct description of circulation of the blood – William Harvey[155]Smallpox vaccine – Edward Jenner with his discovery is said to have "saved more lives (...) than were lost in all the wars of mankind since the beginning of recorded history."[156][157]Surgical forceps – Stephen Hales[158]Antisepsis in surgery – Joseph ListerArtificial intraocular lens transplant surgery for cataract patients – Harold Ridley[159]Clinical thermometer – Thomas Clifford Allbutt.[160]isolation of fibrinogen ("coagulable lymph"), investigation of the structure of the lymphatic system and description of red blood cells by the surgeon William Hewson (surgeon)Credited with discovering how to culture embryonic stem cells in 1981 – Martin EvansFirst blood pressure measurement and first cardiac catheterisation-Stephen Hales[161]Pioneer of anaesthesia and father of epidemiology for locating the source of cholera – John Snow (physician)[162]pioneered the use of sodium cromoglycate as a remedy for asthma – Roger Altounyan[citation needed]The first scientist to demonstrate that a cancer may be caused by an environmental carcinogen and one of the founders of orthopedy – Percivall Pott[163]Performed the first successful blood transfusion – James Blundell[164]Discovered the active ingredient of Aspirin – Edward StoneDiscovery of Protein crystallography – Dorothy Crowfoot HodgkinThe world's first successful stem cell transplant[165] – John Raymond Hobbs[166]First typhoid vaccine – Almroth Wright[167]Pioneer of the treatment of epilepsy – Edward Henry Sievekingdiscovery of Nitrous oxide (entonox/"laughing gas") and its anaesthetic properties – Humphry Davy[168]Computed Tomography (CT scanner) – Godfrey Newbold HounsfieldGray's Anatomy widely regarded as the first complete human anatomy textbook – Henry GrayDiscovered Parkinson's disease – James Parkinson[169]General anaesthetic – Pioneered by Scotsman James Young Simpson and Englishman John Snow[162]Contributed to the development of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) – Sir Peter MansfieldStatistical parametric mapping – Karl J. FristonNasal cannula – Wilfred JonesThe development of in vitro fertilization – Patrick Christopher Steptoe and Robert Geoffrey Edwards[170]First baby genetically selected to be free of a breast cancer – University College LondonViagra – Peter Dunn, Albert Wood, Dr Nicholas Terrett[citation needed]Acetylcholine – Henry Hallett DaleEKG (underlying principles) – various[vague]Discovery of vitamins – Frederick Gowland HopkinsEarliest pharmacopoeia in English[171]The hip replacement operation, in which a stainless steel stem and 22mm head fit into a polymer socket and both parts are fixed into position by PMMA cement – pioneered by John CharnleyIn vitro fertilisation – Developed by Sir Robert Geoffrey Edwards with a first successful birth in 1978 as a result of natural cycle IVF where no stimulation was made.Description of Hay fever – John Bostock (physician) in 1819Pioneering the use of surgical anaesthesia with Chloroform: Sir James Young Simpson (1811–1870) [172]Discovery of hypnotism (November 1841) – James Braid (1795–1860) [173]Identifying the mosquito as the carrier of malaria: Sir Ronald Ross (1857–1932) [174]Identifying the cause of brucellosis: Sir David Bruce (1855–1931) [175]Discovering the vaccine for typhoid fever: Sir William B. Leishman (1865–1926) [176]Discovering insulin – John J R Macleod (1876–1935) with others [177]Ambulight PDT: light-emitting sticking plaster used in photodynamic therapy (PDT) for treating non-melanoma skin cancer. Developed by Ambicare Dundee's Ninewells Hospital and St Andrews University. (2010)[178]Primary creator of the artificial kidney (Professor Kenneth Lowe – Later Queen's physician in Scotland) [179]Developing the first beta-blocker drugs: Sir James W. Black in 1964 [180]Glasgow Coma Scale: Graham Teasdale and Bryan J. Jennett (1974) [181]EKG [Electrocardiography]: Alexander Muirhead (1911) [182]Pioneering the use of surgical anaesthesia with Chloroform: Sir James Young Simpson (1811–1870) [172]Discovery of hypnotism (November 1841) – James Braid (1795–1860) [173]Identifying the cause of brucellosis: Sir David Bruce (1855–1931) [183]Development of ibuprofenDiscovering the vaccine for typhoid fever: Sir William B. Leishman (1865–1926) [184]Discovering insulin – John J R Macleod (1876–1935) with others [177]The earliest disvcovery of an antibiotic, penicillin: Sir Alexander Fleming (1881–1955) [185]Discovering an effective tuberculosis treatment: Sir John Crofton in the 1950s [186]Primary creator of the artificial kidney (Professor Kenneth Lowe – Later Queen's physician in Scotland) [187]Developing the first beta-blocker drugs: Sir James W. Black in 1964 [188]EKG [Electrocardiography]: Alexander Muirhead (1911) [189]Discovering secretin, the first hormone, and its role as a chemical messenger: William Bayliss and Ernest Starling.[190]Military[edit]Percussion ignitionTurret ship – Although designs for a rotating gun turret date back to the late 18th century, HMS Trusty was the first warship to be outfitted with one.Battle Tank/The tank – Developed and first used in combat by the British during World War I as a means to break the deadlock of trench warfare. Attributed to Ernest Dunlop SwintonFighter aircraft – The Vickers F.B.5 Gunbus of 1914 was the first of its kind.Congreve rocket – William CongreveHarrier Jump Jet – VTOL (Vertical take-off and landing aircraft)Aircraft carrier – HMS ArgusDreadnought battleship – HMS DreadnoughtBailey bridge – Donald BaileyChobham armourLivens Projector – William Howard Livens[191]H2S radar (airborne radar to aid bomb targeting) – Alan BlumleinBouncing bomb – Barnes WallisSafety fuse – William BickfordFairbairn-Sykes Fighting Knife – William Ewart Fairbairn and Eric A. SykesArmstrong Gun – Sir William ArmstrongHigh explosive squash head – Sir Charles Dennistoun BurneyNuclear fission chain reaction – Leo Szilard whilst crossing the road near Russell Square.Shrapnel shell – Henry ShrapnelBullpup firearm configuration – Thorneycroft carbinePuckle Gun – James PuckleThe side by side Boxlock action, AKA the double barreled shotgun – Anson and DeeleyStun grenades – invented by the Special Air Service in the 1960s.Mills bomb – the first modern fragmentation grenade.Smokeless propellant to replace gunpowder with the use of Cordite – Frederick AbelRubber bullet and Plastic bullet – Developed by the Ministry of Defence during The Troubles in Northern Ireland.Depth chargeTorpedo – Robert WhiteheadThe Whitworth rifle, considered the first sniper rifle. During the American Civil War the Whitworth rifle had been known to kill at ranges of about 800 yards (730 m) – Sir Joseph WhitworthThe world's first practical underwater active sound detection apparatus, the ASDIC Active Sonar – Developed by Canadian physicist Robert William Boyle and English physicist Albert Beaumont WoodThe first self-powered machine gun Maxim gun – Sir Hiram Maxim, Although the Inventor is American, the Maxim gun was financed by Albert Vickers of Vickers Limited company and produced in Hatton Garden LondonSteam catapult-Commander Colin C. Mitchell RNVRSelf-propelled gun - The Gun Carrier Mark I was the first piece of Self-propelled artillery ever to be produced.Special forces – SAS Founded by Sir David Stirling.Mining[edit]Tunnel boring machine – James Henry Greathead and Isambard Kingdom BrunelDavy lamp – Humphry DavyGeordie lamp – George StephensonBeam engine – Used for pumping water from minesMusical instruments[edit]Concertina – Charles Wheatstone[40]Theatre organ – Robert Hope-JonesLogical bassoon, an electronically controlled version of the bassoon – Giles BrindleyNorthumbrian smallpipesTuning fork – John ShoreThe piano footpedal – John Broadwood (1732–1812) [192]Photography[edit]Ambrotype – Frederick Scott Archer[193]Calotype – William Fox Talbot[194]Phtographic negative - William Fox TalbotCollodion process – Frederick Scott Archer[193]Collodion-albumen process – Joseph Sidebotham in 1861Stereoscope – Charles Wheatstone[39][40]Thomas Wedgwood – pioneer of photography, devised the method to copy visible images chemically to permanent media.Dry plate process also known as gelatine process, is the first economically successful durable photographic medium – Richard Leach MaddoxKinemacolor was the first successful colour motion picture process, used commercially from 1908 to 1914 – George Albert SmithCinematography – William Friese-GreeneMotion picture camera, the Kinetoscope – William Kennedy Laurie DicksonThe first movie projector, the Zoopraxiscope – Eadweard MuybridgeThe first experimental film called "The Horse in Motion" in 1872 – Eadweard MuybridgePublishing firsts[edit]Oldest publisher and printer in the world (having been operating continuously since 1584): Cambridge University Pressfirst book printed in English: "The Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye" by Englishman William Caxton in 1475The first edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica (1768–81) [195]The first English textbook on surgery(1597) [196]The first modern pharmacopaedia, William Cullen (1776) The book became 'Europe's principal text on the classification and treatment of disease' [197]The first postcards and picture postcards in the UK [198]Science[edit]Modern atomic theory – Considered the father of modern chemistry, John Dalton's experiments with gases led to the development of what is called the modern atomic theory.[12][199]Equals sign Robert Recorde, WelshmanCell biology – Credit for the discovery of the first cells is given to Robert Hooke who described the microscopic compartments of cork cells in 1665[199]Compound microscope with 30x magnification – Robert HookeUniversal joint – Robert Hooke[citation needed]Coggeshall slide rule – Henry CoggeshallThe Iris diaphragm – Robert HookeCorrect theory of combustion – Robert HookePartition chromatography – Richard Laurence Millington Synge and Archer J.P. Martin[200]Arnold Frederic Wilkins – pioneer in the development of RadarAtwood machine used for illustrating the law of uniformly accelerated motion – George AtwoodMarine Barometer – Robert Hooke[100]Hooke's Law (equation describing elasticity) – Robert Hooke[100]Electrical generator (dynamo) – Michael Faraday[126]Faraday cage – Michael Faraday[126]Magneto-optical effect – Michael Faraday[126]Calculus – Sir Isaac NewtonInfrared radiation – discovery commonly attributed to William Herschel.Holography – First developed by Dennis Gabor in Rugby, England. Improved by Nicholas J. Phillips who made it possible to record multi-colour reflection hologramsDiscovery of the pion (pi-meson) – Cecil Frank PowellWheatstone bridge – Samuel Hunter ChristieTriple achromatic lens – Peter DollondNewtonian telescope – Sir Isaac NewtonHawking radiation – Stephen HawkingDemonstrated that electric circuits obey the law of the conservation of energy and that electricity is a form of energy First Law of Thermodynamics. Also the unit of energy, the Joule is named after him – James Prescott JouleMicrometer – William Gascoignethe first bench micrometer that was capable of measuring to one ten thousandth of an inch – Henry MaudslaySinclair Executive, the world's first small electronic pocket calculator – Sir Clive SinclairDiscovered the element argon – John Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh with Scotsman William RamsayStandard deviation – Francis GaltonSlide rule – William Oughtred [201]Synthesis of coumarin, one of the first synthetic perfumes, and cinnamic acid via the Perkin reaction – William Henry PerkinThe Law of Gravity – Sir Isaac NewtonNewton's laws of motion – Sir Isaac NewtonPre-empting elements of General Relativity theory – William Kingdon CliffordGeological Timescale – Arthur Holmes[202]Electromagnet – William Sturgeon in 1823.[199]Helium – Norman LockyerWeather map [203] – Sir Francis GaltonIntroduced the symbol for "is less than" and "is greater than" – Thomas Harriot 1630Introduced the "×" symbol for multiplication as well as the abbreviations "sin" and "cos" for the sine and cosine functions – William OughtredDew Point Hygrometer – John Frederic DaniellPeriodic Table – John Alexander Reina NewlandsSplitting the atom – John Cockcroft and Irish physicist Ernest WaltonFirst full-scale commercial Nuclear Reactor at Calder Hall, opened in 1956.[204]Seismograph – John MilneDiscovery of oxygen gas (O2) – Joseph PriestleyDiscovery of the Atom(nuclear model of) – Ernest RutherfordDiscovery of the Proton – Ernest RutherfordDiscovery of the Electron, isotopes and the inventor of the Mass spectrometer – J. J. ThomsonDiscovery of the Neutron – James ChadwickNuclear transfer – Is a form of cloning first put into practice by Ian Wilmut and Keith Campbell to clone Dolly the SheepTheory of Evolution – Charles DarwinDiscovery of alpha and beta rays - Ernest RutherfordAstronomy[edit]Discovery of the "White Spot" on Saturn – Will HayDiscovery of Proxima Centauri, the closest known star to the Sun, by Robert Innes (1861–1933) [205]Discovery of the planet Uranus[206] and the moons Titania, Oberon, Enceladus, Mimas [207] by Sir William Herschel (German born astronom, later in life British)Discovery of Triton[208] and the moons Hyperion, Ariel and Umbriel – William Lassell[209]Planetarium – John Theophilus DesaguliersPredicts the existence and location of Neptune from irregularities in the orbit of Uranus – John Couch Adams [210]Important contributions to the development of radio astronomy – Bernard Lovell [211]Newtonian telescope – Sir Isaac Newton [212]Achromatic doublet lens – John Dollond [213]Coining the phrase 'Big Bang' – Fred Hoyle [214]First theorised existence of black holes, binary stars; invented torsion balance – John Michell[215]Stephen Hawking – World-renowned theoretical physicist made many important contributions to the fields of cosmology and quantum gravity, especially in the context of black holesSpiral galaxies – William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse [216]Discovery of Halley's Comet – Edmond Halley [217]Discovery of pulsars – Antony Hewish [218]Discovery of Sunspots and was the first person to make a drawing of the Moon through a telescope – Thomas Harriot [219]The Eddington limit, the natural limit to the luminosity of stars, or the radiation generated by accretion onto a compact object – Arthur Stanley Eddington [220]Aperture synthesis, used for accurate location and imaging of weak radio sources in the field of Radio astronomy – Martin Ryle and Antony Hewish [221]Chemistry[edit]Dalton's law and Law of multiple proportions – John Dalton [222]The structure of DNA and pioneering the field of molecular biology – co-developed by Francis Crick [223] and the American James WatsonDNA sequencing by chain termination – Frederick Sanger [224]Discovery of introns in eukaryotic DNA and the mechanism of gene-splicing – Richard J. Roberts [225]Discovery of Buckminsterfullerene – Sir Harry Kroto [226]Discovery of thallium – William Crookes[12]Discovered the structure of ferrocene – Geoffrey Wilkinson & others [227]Discovers hydrogen as a colorless, odourless gas that burns and can form an explosive mixture with air – Henry Cavendish [228]Proposes the law of octaves, a precursor to the Periodic Law – John Newlands [229]Bragg's law and establish the field of X-ray crystallography, an important tool for elucidating the crystal structure of substances – William Henry Bragg and William Lawrence Bragg [230]Introduces concept of atomic number to fix inadequacies of Mendeleev's periodic table, which had been based on atomic weight – Henry Moseley [231]First isolation of sodium – Humphry Davy [232]First isolation of potassium – Humphry Davy[12]First isolation of boron – Humphry Davy[12]First isolation of benzene, the first known aromatic hydrocarbon – Michael Faraday[233]Publishes Opus Maius, which among other things, proposes an early form of the scientific method, and contains results of his experiments with gunpowder – Roger Bacon [234]Publishes several Aristotelian commentaries, an early framework for the scientific method – Robert Grosseteste [235]Baconian method, an early forerunner of the scientific method – Sir Francis Bacon[236]The first discovery of aluminium – Sir Humphry DavyPioneer in early Solar Power – Weston cell – Edward Weston (chemist)[citation needed]Proposes the concept of isotopes, elements with the same chemical properties may have differing atomic weights – Frederick Soddy[12]The synthesising of xenon hexafluoroplatinate the first time to show that noble gases can form chemical compounds – Neil BartlettCallendar effect the theory that linked rising carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere to global temperature (Global warming) – Guy Stewart CallendarPioneer of the fuel cell – Francis Thomas Bacon[237]Pioneer of meteorology by developing a nomenclature system for clouds in 1802 – Luke Howard[238]Rayleigh scattering explains why the sky is blue, and predicted the existence of the surface waves – John Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh[239]Discovered the chemical composition of water: Henry Cavendish.[240]Discovered electrolysis and electrochemistry: William Nicholson and Anthony Carlisle.[241]Discovered valence: Edward Frankland.[242]Developed the Kinetic theory of gases: James Maxwell.[243]Discovered silicones: Frederic Kipping.[244]Established chemical oceanography: Robert Boyle.[245]Invented kerosene: Abraham Gesner and James Young.Invented the chemical fertilizer: John LawesSport[edit]Football – The rules as we know them today were established in 1848 at Cambridge University, Sheffield F.C. is acknowledged by The Football Association and FIFA as the world's first and oldest football club.[246]Rugby – William Webb EllisCricket – the world's second-most popular sport can be traced back to the 13th century[247]Tennis – widely known to have originated in England.[248]Boxing – England played a key role in the evolution of modern boxing. Boxing was first accepted as an Olympic sport in Ancient Greece in 688 BCGolf – Modern game invented in ScotlandBilliardsBadmintonDarts – a traditional pub game, the numbering layout was devised by Brian GamlinTable-Tennis – was invented on the dinner tables of Britain as an indoor version of tennisSnooker – Invented by the British Army in India[249]Ping pong – The game has its origins in England, in the 1880sBowls – has been traced to 13th century England[250]Field hockey – the modern game grew from English public schools in the early 19th centuryNetball – the sport emerged from early versions of women's basketball, at Madame Österberg's College in England during the late 1890s.[251]Rounders – the game originates in England most likely from an older game known as stool ballThe Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race, the first race was in 1829 on the River Thames in London [252]Thoroughbred Horseracing – Was first developed in 17th and 18th century EnglandPolo – its roots began in Persia as a training game for cavalry units, the formal codification of the rules of modern Polo as a sport were established in 19th century EnglandThe format of Modern Olympics – William Penny BrookesThe first Paralympic games competition were held in England in 1948 – Ludwig Guttmann[253]Hawk-Eye ball tracking system.Transport[edit]Pedal driven bicycle - Kirkpatrick MacmillanAviation[edit]Aeronautics and flight. As a pioneer of glider development & first well-documented human flight he discovered and identified the four aerodynamic forces of flight – weight, lift, drag, and thrust. Modern airplane design is based on those discoveries including cambered wings. He is sometimes called the "Father of aviation" – George Cayley[254]Steam-powered flight with the Aerial Steam Carriage – John Stringfellow – The world's first powered flight took place at Chard in Somerset 55 years before the Wright brothers attempt at Kitty Hawk[255]VTOL (vertical take-off and landing) fighter-bomber aircraft – Hawker P.1127, designed by Sydney Camm[256]The first commercial jet airliner (de Havilland Comet)[257]The first Supersonic Airliner – Concorde. Developed by the British Aircraft Corporation in partnership with Aérospatiale 1969The first aircraft capable of supercruise – English Electric LightningAilerons – Matthew Piers Watt BoultonHead-up display (HUD) – The Royal Aircraft Establishment (RAE) designed the first equipment and it was built by Cintel with the system first integrated into the Blackburn Buccaneer.Pioneer of parachute design – Robert CockingThe first human-powered aircraft to make an officially authenticated take-off and flight (SUMPAC) – The University of Southampton[258]Hale rockets, improved version of the Congreve rocket design that introduced Thrust vectoring – William HaleSABRE engine- The first hypersonic jet/rocket capable of working in air and space to allow the possibility of HOTOL.Air Force – Royal Air ForceRailways[edit]Great Western Railway – Isambard Kingdom BrunelStockton and Darlington Railway the world's first operational steam passenger railwayFirst inter-city steam-powered railway – Liverpool and Manchester RailwayLocomotives[edit]Blücher – George StephensonPuffing Billy -William HedleyLocomotion No 1 – Robert StephensonSans Pareil – Timothy HackworthStourbridge Lion – Foster, Rastrick and CompanyStephenson's Rocket – George and Robert StephensonSalamanca – Matthew MurrayFlying Scotsman- Sir Nigel Gresley [259]Other railway developments[edit]Displacement lubricator, Ramsbottom safety valve, the water trough, the split piston ring – John RamsbottomMaglev (transport) rail system – Eric LaithwaiteWorld's first underground railway and the first rapid transit system. It was also the first underground railway to operate electric trains – London UndergroundAdvanced Passenger Train (APT) was an experimental High Speed Train that introduced tilting – British RailRoads[edit]Bowden cable – Frank BowdenHansom cab – Joseph HansomSeat belt – George Cayley[260]Sinclair C5 – Sir Clive SinclairTarmac – E. Purnell HooleyTension-spoke wire wheels – George Cayley[254]LGOC B-type – the first mass-produced busPneumatic tyre – Robert William Thomson is deemed to be inventor, despite John Boyd Dunlop being initially creditedDisc brakes – Frederick W. Lanchester[12]Belisha beacon – Leslie Hore-BelishaLotus 25: considered the first modern F1 race car, designed for the 1962 Formula One season; a revolutionary design, the first fully stressed monocoque chassis to appear in Formula One – Colin Chapman, Team LotusHorstmann suspension, tracked armoured fighting vehicle suspension – Sidney HorstmannSteam fire engine – John BraithwaitePenny-farthing – James StarleyDynasphere – John Archibald PurvesCaterpillar track – Richard Lovell EdgeworthMini-roundabout – Frank BlackmoreQuadbike – Standard Motor Company patented the 'Jungle Airborne Buggy' (JAB) in 1944[261]Sea[edit]Plimsoll Line – Samuel PlimsollHovercraft – Christopher CockerellLifeboat – Lionel LukinResurgam – George GarrettTransit (ship) – Richard Hall GowerTurbinia, the first steam turbine powered steamship, designed by the engineer Sir Charles Algernon Parsons and built in Newcastle upon TyneDiving Equipment/Scuba Gear – Henry FleussDiving bell – Edmund HalleySextant – John BirdOctant (instrument) – Independently developed by Englishman John Hadley and the American Thomas GodfreyWhirling speculum, This device can be seen as a precursor to the gyroscope – John SersonScrew propeller – Francis Pettit SmithThe world's first patent for an underwater echo ranging device (Sonar) – Lewis Richardsonhydrophone Before the invention of Sonar convoy escort ships used them to detect U-boats, greatly lessening the effectiveness of the submarine – Research headed by Ernest RutherfordHydrofoil – John Isaac ThornycroftInflatable boatHMS Warrior The world's first iron armoured and iron hulled warship.Scientific innovations[edit]The theory of electromagnetism – James Clerk Maxwell (1831–1879) [262]The Gregorian telescope – James Gregory (1638–1675) [263]The concept of latent heat – Joseph Black (1728–1799) [264]The pyroscope, atmometer and aethrioscope scientific instruments: Sir John Leslie (1766–1832) [265]Identifying the nucleus in living cells – Robert Brown (1773–1858) [266]Hypnotism – James Braid (1795–1860) [267]Transplant rejection: Professor Thomas Gibson (1940s) the first medical doctor to understand the relationship between donor graft tissue and host tissue rejection and tissue transplantation by his work on aviation burns victims during World War II.[268]Colloid chemistry – Thomas Graham (1805–1869) [269]The kelvin SI unit of temperature – William Thomson, Lord Kelvin (1824–1907) [270]Devising the diagramatic system of representing chemical bonds – Alexander Crum Brown (1838–1922) [271]Criminal fingerprinting – Henry Faulds (1843–1930) [272]The noble gases: Sir William Ramsay (1852–1916) [273]The Cloud chamber – Charles Thomson Rees Wilson (1869–1959) [274]Pioneering work on nutrition and poverty – John Boyd Orr (1880–1971) [275]The ultrasound scanner – Ian Donald (1910–1987) [276]Ferrocene synthetic substances – Peter Ludwig Pauson in 1955 [277]The MRI body scanner – John Mallard and James Huchinson from (1974–1980) [278]The first cloned mammal (Dolly the Sheep): Was conducted in The Roslin Institute research centre in 1996 [279]Seismometer innovations thereof – James David Forbes [280]Metaflex fabric innovations thereof – University of St. Andrews (2010) application of the first manufacturing fabrics that manipulate light in bending it around a subject. Before this such light manipulating atoms were fixed on flat hard surfaces. The team at St Andrews are the first to develop the concept to fabric.[281]Macaulayite: Dr Jeff Wilson of the Macaulay Institute, Aberdeen.[282]Miscellaneous[edit]Oldest police force in continuous operation: Marine Police Force founded in 1798 and now part of the Metropolitan Police ServiceOldest life insurance company in the world: Amicable Society for a Perpetual Assurance Office founded 1706First Glee Club, founded in Harrow School in 1787.[283]Oldest arts festival – Norwich 1772 [284]Oldest music festival – The Three Choirs FestivalOldest literary festival – The Cheltenham Literature FestivalBayko – Charles PlimptonLinoleum – Frederick Walton [285]Chocolate bar – J. S. Fry & Sons [286]Meccano – Frank HornbyCrossword puzzle – Arthur WynneGas mask – (disputed) John Tyndall and othersGraphic telescope – Cornelius VarleySteel-ribbed Umbrella – Samuel FoxPlastic – Alexander ParkesPlasticine – William HarbuttCarbonated soft drink – Joseph PriestleyFriction Match – John WalkerInvented the rubber balloon – Michael FaradayThe proposal of a new decimal metrology which predated the Metric system – John Wilkins[287]Edmondson railway ticket – Thomas EdmondsonThe world's first Nature Reserve – Charles Waterton *Public Park – Joseph PaxtonScouts – Robert Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-PowellSpirograph – Denys FisherThe Young Men's Christian Association YMCA was founded in London – George Williams[288]The Salvation Army, known for being one of the largest distributors of humanitarian aid – Methodist minister William BoothPrime meridian – George Biddell AiryProduced the first complete printed translation of the Bible into English – Myles CoverdaleFounder of the Bank of Scotland – John HollandVenn diagram – John VennVulcanisation of rubber – Thomas HancockSilicone – Frederick KippingPykrete – Geoffrey PykeVantablack – The world's blackest known substanceStamp collecting – John Edward Gray bought penny blacks on first day of issue in order to keep themlorgnette – George Adams (optician)Boys' Brigade [289]Bank of England devised by William PatersonBank of France devised by John LawColour photography: the first known permanent colour photograph was taken by James Clerk Maxwell (1831–1879) [290]BarnardosBoy ScoutsGirl GuidesRSPCARSPBRNLI