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First the Airforce doesn't have new F-22’s the last F-22 was delivered in 2012. The Airforce has new F-35A tactical fighters and new AC-130 Ghostrider gunships. Be afraid be very afraid!Second the Navy has the first of 10 Gerald Ford class aircraft Carriers AND F-35C tactical fighters.Third the Marines are getting F-35B and C fighters AND F-18E and F fighters AND MV-22 Osprey Gunships!What is the Army getting?Raytheon’s proposal for the Precision Strike Missile (PRSM)#1. Long-Range Precision Fires (LRPF)Raytheon and Lockheed will start test flights of their competing prototypes for the Precision Strike Missile (PrSM) this summer or early fall (specifically July, August, or September, the fourth quarter of fiscal 2019). The initial version of PrSM will replace the Cold War-era ATACMS for long-range surface-to-surface strikes against priority targets like enemy anti-aircraft systems. Later upgrades may have ship-killing capabilities and, if the US withdraws from the INF treaty, a range greater than 500 kilometers (311 miles)Rheinmetall Lynx KF41-4#2. Next Generation Combat Vehicles (NGCV)BAE Systems, General Dynamics, and a Raytheon-Rheinmetall team are already jockeying to replace the venerable M2 Bradley troop carrier, with outsider SAICas yet undecided. The Army will officially kick off the competition with a Request For Proposals on the Optionally Manned Fighting Vehicle (OMFV) before the end of March. The Army wants a combination of proven automotive components, advanced weapons, and bleeding-edge automation to conduct at least some missions without a crew aboard.A lower-stakes but more immediate program is aimed at upgrading existing armored vehicles with new anti-missile defenses, aka Active Protection Systems. The Army rejected its initial choice to equip the 20-ton, 8×8 Stryker and started testing alternatives in December. Rheinmetall’s ADS will finish its first phase tests this month and the Leonardo-DRS/Rafael Trophywill start testing in late February. Given how urgently the Army has purchased active protection for M1 tanks and M2 Bradleys, expect a Stryker award later this year.————-Sikorsky (Lockheed) S-97 Raider design#3. Future Vertical Lift (FVL)The Army’s most urgent aviation priority is the Future Attack Reconnaissance Aircraft (FARA), a high speed, optionally manned replacement for the retired OH-58 Kiowa scout helicopter. The Army only announced the program last March – at which point it didn’t even have a name – but will award four to six companies contracts for detailed design work as early as April 15th (3QFY19). Sikorsky, the leading contender, will almost certainly offer a version of its S-97 Raider; archrival Bell is considering its options; while a dark horse AVX/L3 proposal is likely to get a design contract this year but not the ultimate production award. (A larger, longer-running program is replacing the UH-60 Blackhawk transport helicopter as well).Meanwhile, the Army will choose a new engine to upgrade its thousands of existing helicopters. After a decade of R&D, either General Electric or Honeywell/Pratt & Whitney team will win an Engineering & Manufacturing Development (EMD) contract for the Improved Turbine Engine Program(ITEP), with an award expected by late March (2QFY19).————An Army soldier sets up a highband antenna.#4. The NetworkIn 2017, the Army cut short its WIN-T mega-program. The new network approach involves a bevy of smaller efforts with many contractors on tighter timescales, using a so-called DevOps (development & operations) model to nimbly update individual software modules and hardware components as soon as better technology becomes available. But it is possible to identify a couple of bigger pieces and major events:In the July-September timeframe (4Q19), the first operational units will get the new Command Post Computing Environment. CPCE is a package of hardware and software to improve command and control, not only to make command posts more capable but to shrink the stacks of servers, tangles of wiring, and rows of diesel generators that have grown into a real hindrance to maneuver. The software prime contractor is Virginia-based Systematic.Also this year, an infantry brigade will start receiving the new Integrated Tactical Network (ITN) – the product of multiple coordinated programs – to prepare for field testing in 2020. Portions of ITN have been deployed with advisor units in Afghanistan, and other units are training with partial systems, but 2019 will be the first time an entire combat brigade gets completely upgraded to the new standard. A successful 2020 assessment would open the door to buying four brigades’ worth in 2021.Finally, a communications unit at Fort Bragg will finish its field experiments with the Expeditionary Signal Battalion – Enhanced (ESB-B) package, which is intended to be both more deployable and more capable than current long-range communications equipment. The unit will submit its assessment and recommended plan to Army leaders by late June.—————Anti-aircraft Stryker variant chosen by the US Army for its Maneuver Short-Range Air Defense (MSHORAD) mission: 4 Stinger missiles on one side, two Hellfires on the other, with a 30 mm autocannon (and 12.7 mm machinegun) in between (Leonardo DRS)#5. Air & Missile Defense (AMD)The Army’s top air defense priority is IBCS, a battlefield network that Northrop Grumman is building to link all Army radars, anti-aircraft batteries and missile defense systems. (The name’s an awful nested acronym for IAMD (Integrated Air & Missile Defense) Battle Control System). It’s a tremendous programming challenge and early versions were prone to crashing. But Jette said IBCS has turned around and singled it out as a “prime example” of how Army acquisition is improving. IBCS is now on track to deliver production-representative equipment in December – capable enough that it could be deployed on real-world operations, Jette enthused – for final certification and flight tests ahead of operational testing in 2020.Meanwhile, General Dynamics will deliver the first prototypes of its Stryker 8×8 armored vehicles equipped with anti-aircraft weapons from Leonardo-DRS: the (deep breath) Initial Maneuver Short-Range Air Defense system. IMSHORAD is designed to protect fast-moving frontline units – “maneuver forces,” hence the name – from drones, helicopters and low-flying attack jets, a mission now handled by a handful of Humvees armed with short-range Stinger missiles. The exact date for the Army to accept delivery and start testing depends on how fast Congress moves some $50 million in needed funding, but it should be this year.-——-————The inset image shows what the soldier can see through the wirelessly linked ENVG-III goggle and FWS-I gunsight. The next step will be the IVAS augmented reality goggles.#6. Soldier LethalityThis July, after almost six decades using the controversial 5.56 millimeter bullet from the M16 rifle and M4 carbine, the Army will test-fire new, higher-powered weapons with a heavier 6.8 mm round. Five companies will deliver six different designs to compete for the Next Generation Squad Automatic Rifle(NGSAR): General Dynamics, PCP Tactical, Sig Sauer, Textron subsidiary AAI, and (the only company with two variants in the running) FN America. A new light machinegun in the same caliber will follow to replace the 5.56 mm M249 SAW.

Los Angeles MagazineLove, Sex & DatingTravelLong-FormFoodCultureCityThinkIssue ArchiveThe MagazineHome GiveLA Here’s What’s Being Done to End L.A.’s Homelessness CrisisAn encampment on 8th Street downtownHugh KretschmerGiveLAHealthPhilanthropyPoliticsUrban DevelopmentHere’s What’s Being Done to End L.A.’s Homelessness CrisisWhere your money is going, what steps are being taken, and what’s coming nextByZoie Matthew-June 14, 2018ShareYou don’t need us to tell you that the city and county are in the midst of a homelessness crisis—the worst in the region’s history and the worst in the nation. Just look out the window on your daily commute.While a host of recent funding measures have helped to decrease L.A. County’s total homeless population by 3 percent since 2017, the number of people experiencing homelessness for the first time is still on the rise, and L.A. has a lot more to do to address the issue’s root causes.The info that follows can’t possibly tackle the entirety of a topic as complex and fraught as this—you’d need a textbook for that—but it does offer clarity about where your money is going, what steps are being taken, and what other efforts we can expect in the coming months.MoneyHugh KretschmerNonprofit organizations have long played a central role in helping the region’s homeless. The Home for Good funding collaborative alone has raised almost $40 million since 2012. “It’s nonprofits that are trying to fund the housing, negotiating with the landlord, and staying with the individuals to provide them the services they need,” says Ruth Schwartz of the Shelter Partnership. But the crisis has far exceeded the limits of what nonprofits can achieve. So the city and county have finally kicked in with three funding measures. Given their overlap, it’s worth stepping back for a refresher on which does what.$38,146: The average annual cost of public services for someone living on the street$15,358: What the cost is reduced when a person has been housedMeasure HHHWhat it is: A $1.2 billion city bond measure passed in 2016.What it’s funding: The construction of between 8,000 and 10,000 housing units over the next decade. Most projects will include access to supportive services like clinics, counseling, drug and alcohol treatment, and job training.Who’s paying for it: City residents are taxed $9.64 annually for each $100,000 of the assessed value of the property they own. For the medianhomevalue, that’s about $33 per year.Progress report: It started slowly, but a Supportive Housing Ordinance passed in April cut down on red tape. “It’s going to make projects go through the permitting process quicker and be less costly to develop,” says Schwartz. So far, there are 26 housing projects in predevelopment and three under construction, totaling 1,965 units. Council members have also pledged to approve building 222 supportive units in each of the 15 districts by July 1, 2020.Developer Linkage FeeWhat it is: A fee for most new construction in the city. Approved in 2017 by the city council, the ordinance is being phased in over the next year.What it’s funding: The revenue is being funneled into the city’s Affordable Housing Trust Fund and could help build or maintain up to 1,767 affordable housing units per year, depending on how officials decide tospendit. A plan should be approved this year.Who’s paying for it: Developers pay up to $15 per square foot of construction, based on the nature of the project and where it’s located (developments that include affordable units are exempt). Officials estimate this will create a revenue stream of about $100 million per year.Progress report: The ordinance will be fully implemented by 2019. While the plan’s opponents worry that it will discourage construction, affordable housing proponents say it’s been a long time coming: Garcetti first proposed the fee in 2015.Measure HWhat it is: A ten-year, quarter-cent sales tax increase approved by county voters last year that’s expected to raise $355 million annually. What it’s funding: In large part, stopgap measures like temporary and crisis housing, rental subsidies for people on the brink of homelessness, and supportive services likehealthcare, job training, and outreach teams.Who’s paying for it: Anyone who pays sales tax in the county.Progress report: Since July 2017 Measure H revenue has, according to the county, helped more than 10,000 people find temporary or permanent housing and funded more than 1,000 new jobs in the homeless-services sector. It has also helped launch programs to aid families cover rent, utilities, and other expenses. And it’s been used to improve coordination among departments. “Things are much more streamlined today,” says Schwartz.HousingThere’s slightly more than one shelter bed for every three homeless people in the L.A. area. Not all beds are available year-round either, and many people would rather avoid shelters, which can be crowded, dangerous, and restrictive: They don’t accommodate pets or partners and severely limit possessions. As the city chips away at its plan to build at least 10,000 affordable housing units by 2021, it’s looking for ways to shelter people in the meantime. These are four alternatives that could be part of the solution.Motel ConversionsL.A.had more than 380 motels, with a combined 10,259 rooms, and an ordinance passed in April aims to use some of them for homeless tenants. Participating motel owners must agree to work with agencies to provide supportive services. In return? They’ll be exempt from certain zoning laws that might otherwise require costly upgrades for compliance, and they’ll be allowed to equip guest rooms with full-size refrigerators and some cooking equipment. The property owners are also able to work with nonprofits in order to tap into county rent subsidy funds.TrailersMore than 100 public parking lots across the city have been flagged as potential sites for permanent housing. But in the near term, City Councilman Jose Huizar plans to install five trailers near Olvera Street this summer as a temporary solution. At a cost of $2 million for the first year and $1.3 million to run annually thereafter, they’ll provide beds, showers, laundry facilities, and supportive services for 60 to 70 people, with new tenants coming in every six months. It’s astart. “We’re hoping to find other publicly owned properties that we could convert into immediate shelter,” says Huizar.ADU’sOtherwise known as granny flats, accessory dwelling units—the wee homes that share lots with single-family houses—are being embraced by the state as a way to increase afffordable housing and decrease homelessness. California has eased its building and zoning restrictions, and last year Los Angeles County launched a pilot program that gave a handful of qualifying homeowners up to $75,000 to build an ADU in their yard or $50,000 to revamp an existing structure. In return, they must agree to rent to previously homeless tenants for at least ten years. The city’s Innovation Team is also experimenting with funding models to help homeowners build more ADUs, which could at least help increase the supply of affordable housing.Homes for HopeDesigned by USC architecture students and the Martin Architecture and Design Workshop in 2016, Homes for Hope’s modish, 6½-by-11-foot pods are intended to be stackable, easily reconfigured, and code compliant. The cost? Around $25,000 each, though that could go down with mass production. The inspiration came from makeshift shelters seen on the streets. “These communities are master builders. They’re super inventive and experimental, and use what they have,” says Sofia Borges, who co-taught the course. A fund-raising effort for a pilot project in Sylmar with Hope of the Valley Rescue Mission is under way.Skid RowMen line up at the Midnight Mission in 1964Herald-Examiner Collection/LAPL Photo CollectionHow It Came to BeWhile encampments have sprung up all over the county since the Great Recession, skid row has always been L.A.’s epicenter of homelessness. Stretching for roughly 50 blocks, the tent-and-tarp-filled area is the largest of its kind in the nation, with 2,000 or so people sleeping in its streets each night. That it’s endured despite development pushing in on its borders in recent years is no accident.In 1972 a “Silver Book” plan drafted by downtown business interests sought to relocate skid row’s residents so the land could be redeveloped. But what prevailed was the “Blue Book” alternative, aka the “Containment Plan.” It drew boundaries around the neighborhood to preserve what cheap housing remained and to locate homeless services there.“People interested in saving low-income housing were in favor, as were people who didn’t want any of those people in their neighborhood,” says John Malpede, founder of the Skid Row History Museum & Archive. While some say the containment plan created a dumping ground for vulnerable residents, Malpede notes, “It’s become a neighborhood. It has a lot of self-awareness and has been able to advocate for its preservation.” Here are a few lesser-known facets of skid row history.Early DaysOriginally an agricultural area, skid row industrialized with the arrival of the trains in the 1870s. Bars, brothels, and hotels sprang up to cater to rail-riding transients and part-time workers. It became a hub for migrants from the South and Midwest during the Depression. Alcoholism was rampant. In the 1950s the city cut the supply of cheap housing in half when it demolished many of the area’s by-then-battered hotels, driving their occupants onto the streets.The PeopleThe demographic makeup of skid row—mostly white, male, and elderly—shifted as Native Americans poured into L.A. following 1956’s Indian Relocation Act. Nicknamed “Indian Alley,” skid row’s Winston Street became the site of the United American Indian Involvement center in 1974. The area’s black population grew when Vietnam veterans returned in the 1960s and ’70s, and surged again during the ’80s crack epidemic and war on drugs. Today skid row is mostly black.PoliticsSkid row has official boundaries: 3rd, 7th, Alameda, and Main streets. And residents want it to have an official neighborhood council as well in order to enable them to advise city officials about land-use issues amid DTLA’s development boom. A recent effort ended in a controversial election and lost by 60 votes. Activists blame a last-minute decision to allow online voting, which is typically banned for neighborhood elections, that effectively excluded many skid row denizens.Beyond the RowThe encampments you see lining sidewalks on 8th Street are permitted by the LAPD because of a legal battle that sprang from skid row. The 2006 decision in Jones v. City of Los Angeles overturned a “quality of life” ordinance that banned people from sleeping, lying, or sitting on city sidewalks at any time. Filed on behalf of six homeless people, it determined that arresting violators when they had nowhere else to go amounted to “cruel and unusual punishment.” Since then, people have been allowed to stay put between 9 p.m. and 6 a.m.Leading the ChargeBorn on skid row, activist Steve Richardson, aka General Dogon, has been pressing for change in the area.“My parents met on skid row in the ’50s. I grew up there in the ’70s, and in the early ’80s I got addicted to crack cocaine. I ended up in state prison, where I read a lot of black history books and got involved with political activism. After 11 years I came back to skid row, and downtown was in the midst of being gentrified. They had these ‘business improvement’ security guards who’d harass people.In 2006 L.A. launched the Safer Cities Initiative, which brought 50 extra police to skid row. They’d pull up on homeless people, claiming they were loitering. ‘Loitering’ is hanging out with a criminal intent. Just because you’re on a public sidewalk and black doesn’t mean you’re loitering. I got involved with L.A. Community Action Network, and we created a watch team. We’d document interactions with security guards and the LAPD and teach people their rights. We created a community report card called The Dirty Divide to document public health-and-safety infrastructure, like trash cans and bathrooms.Post-Measure HHH, we worked with the mayor’s homeless-policy director for about eight months, and they finally found money to get us six temporary toilets. Close to the anniversary of HHH, the mayor’s office wanted to have this press conference and to give me a certificate. I was like, Who wants a certificate for bringing six temporary toilets when we need 100 times that? I took his certificate, tore it up, and threw it back at him.”The BasicsMore than 500 city and county employees fan out in teams to help the homeless get food, health care, clothing, and the like. Funding from Measure H will only grow that number. “We are going into riverbeds, encampments, and under bridges,” says Colleen Murphy, outreach coordinator for the Los Angeles Homeless Services Authority. Metro even has its own outreach program on the Red Line, which has become a de facto shelter. Here’s how they work.ShelterIt’ll take years to house everyone, but Murphy is optimistic. “Outreach was kind of the first to come out of the box with Measure H,” she says, and those teams can help direct people to the appropriate housing options, assuming they’re available. “As we have more shelters opening up and more housing resources, that’s going to hopefully make our job a little easier.”ClothingA fresh set of clothes can be a big help when you’re trying to get a job or secure housing. Vouchers for thrift stores and free clothing closets are two of the most common ways that outreach teams help people get garb, says Murphy. To keep those clothes clean, a handful of nonprofits, such as LAMP and the Downtown Women’s Center, offer laundry facilities.HygieneToilets and showers for the homeless are scarce, and existing ones have been closed down repeatedly, owing to concerns about drug use and prostitution. So people use the sidewalks as toilets. Following last year’s hepatitis A outbreak, L.A. opened a small skid row facility with toilets, showers, and attendants, but more are needed. The nonprofits Lava Mae and the Shower of Hope are working with the county to develop a mobile shower program.Mental HealthLAHSA estimates that 33 percent of homeless people in the city are mentally ill. Teams with mental health professionals give field assessments. Some clients get “light therapy,” says Murphy; others might be directed to county psychiatric facilities. But space is finite, and because of strict limitations on treating people against their will, even patients who are a danger to themselves can refuse.IdentificationUnlocking benefits like Social Security disability income and housing requires birth certificates, ID cards, et cetera. So outreach teams prioritize helping clients obtain copies. “We have vouchers so the ID is either free or at a discounted cost,” says Murphy. “If getting to the DMV is challenging, we can transport the client, go with them, and help.” Covering the cost of public transportation is also an option.FoodBuying food to supplement the hot-meal programs run by churches, shelters, and homeless organizations costs money. Another early step outreach teams take is to help clients sign up to receive financial aid, whether from Social Security, disability income, or the county-funded General Relief program, which can provide up to $221 a month.Health CareStreet teams help people enroll in health coverage or connect them with physicians; some even include a nurse who can conduct exams. “Having nurses on the ground and being able to assess if that’s a serious wound or some other issue is huge,” says Murphy. But there’s a long way to go: Of the 831 homeless deaths in Los Angeles County last year, a significant number were linked to preventable health problems.The LawHugh KretschmerIt’s a vicious circle: The rules and laws that essentially aim to curb homelessness often just complicate maters. Limits on what people can bring to homeless shelters can dissuade them from sleeping there. Fines doled out to people who can’t pay them lead to arrests and criminal records, which makes finding a job more difficult. Encampments are rousted, spurring the people in them to move somewhere else. A quick tour of some modest remedies.$87 million is spent by the city on homeless arrests, skid row patrols, and mental health interventions each year.19 percent of people arrested by the LAPD in 2017 were homeless.14,506 of those arrests were made for misdemeanors, many involving citations for storing property or sleeping on the sidewalk.Ticket ClinicIn a courtyard at downtown’s Central Library, the Homeless Court ticket clinic is in session. Catherine Clay stands twiglegged in heavy boots, reading numbers of a clipboard to a patient crowd. “One twenty-six! One twenty seven!” cries the tiny 43-year-old. Clutching papers, the chosen few head to the canopied rows of city attorneys to get their citations cleared, much like Clay did five years ago. “Now I’m here as a giveback because I’m grateful it worked for me,” she says.Homeless off and on for 15 years before being placed in affordable housing, she’d accumulated around $15,000 in fines for driving violations and other small offenses. Tickets come with the territory when you’re living on the streets of L.A., where just lying on the sidewalk can result in a $35 “quality of life” citation; left unpaid, it can snowball into hundreds of dollars or a bench warrant.Held every couple of months, the clinics don’t tackle the debates raging around the ethics of such enforcement, but the program does enable people to work of those fees with community service and counseling. “I was just extremely happy I didn’t have to decide between paying these tickets and moving into my apartment,” says Clay.Safe ParkingFor the 25 percent of homeless Angelenos who live in their vehicles, trying to find a safe, legal place to park at night can be frustrating. While camping on the sidewalk is permitted between 9 p.m. to 6 a.m. in L.A., sleeping in your car at night can lead to costly fines in most areas.“If you live in your vehicle, your vehicle is vulnerable all the time. It’s really hard to stay citation-free,” says Emily Uyeda Kantrim, who runs Safe Parking L.A. Founded in 2016, the nonprofit assists churches and businesses in hosting the vehicular homeless in their parking lots at night while providing portable bathrooms and security and helping connect people with other supportive services.The catch, once again, is neighborhood opposition. Only four of these lots have been established so far: three by Safe Parking L.A. and another by the city, which plans to launch a safe parking program of its own this summer.The BinEach morning, homeless people flock to the Bin, a free skid row storage facility run by the nonprofit Chrysalis. Sorting through the 60-gallon city-donated trash bins where they keep their items, visitors grab clothes, take medicine, and tuck away tents. Safely stowing their stuff gives folks a sense of dignity, says Chrysalis vice president Trevor Kale: “You can go and make your appointments without carrying a humongous bag. It’s freedom.” It also ensures their belongings won’t get them in trouble with the police, since anyone who stores too much in a public area can be cited, arrested, or have their possessions confiscated. How much is too much? Under a city ordinance, everything must fit in a 60-gallon container. The challenge is how to replicate the Bin’s success: The facility is one of only three in L.A., because efforts to open new locations have faced stiff neighborhood resistance.How You Can HelpDonateHomeless organizations don’t just need money. Many, like the Downtown Women’s Center, have wish lists of day-to-day items. downtownwomenscenter.org/our-wishlistWashDo a load for someone who can’t afford to by volunteering for Laundry Love. laundrylove.orgFeedProviding food to the homeless can be a family affair. L.A. Kitchen hosts kid-friendly meal-prep days every other month. lakitchen.org/family-daysTeachVolunteer tutors from School on Wheels help homeless students maintain academic stability. schoolonwheels.orgRELATED: Here’s How You Turn Shipping Containers Into Housing for the homeless would like to see 400 million AMERICANS each with a company “TOO BIG TO FAIL”!But when you are big you should be careful not to step on other people's toes! And when you do it should cost you! The way things are now the big governments and big business help each other step on people's toes THAT IS A FORM OF SOCIALISM CALLED FASCISM! And when BIG BUSINESS AND BIG GOVERNMENT OVER STEPS THEY NEED TO BE PUNISHED AND THE FINES NEED TO GO TO THE POOR AND MIDDLE CLASS! If all 7 Billion people on this planet get together and demand that the poor are taken care of all the current workers will be managers and all the manager will be directors! Almost everyone can work, but FIRST A HOME! THEN A PHONE!THEN A JOB! What BERNIE DOESN’T TELL YOU IS ALL THE PROBLEMS ARE BECAUSE OF SOCIALISM! AND WHAT DENNIS PRAGER DOESN’T TELL PEOPLE IS HE WANTS BIG BUSINESS AND BIG BUSINESS TO GET ALONG TOGETHER AND THAT IS A FORM OF SOCIALISM CALLED FASCISM! I am hoping that the plunder TAX will gain traction! Ronald Regan said if you want LESS of something TAX IT! I want less greedy RICH .01% ERS!I am an ultra-conservative! One in 6 children in AMERICA GO TO BED HUNGRY! WE HAVE SPENT 20 TRILLION ON HOMELESS BUT THE BUREAUCRATS GOT IT! THAT IS 40 MILLION PER HOMELESS PERSON! IT IS A RACKETT!But now we must impose a plunder tax on the .01% that s getting so rich that they will destroy not only the poor! But the middle classes! If they get the 10% tax they will virtually be paid to be the richest people on the planet! A C.E.O.makes 680 TIMES WHAT THE AVERAGE WORKER MAKES!They can be on many boards ! so they can make thousands of times what average workers make !Why not just hire 680 people to do the C.E.O. job? Wouldn’t 680 heads be better than one overpaid head?The TAX INCOME: is paid 70% by the workers, and the other 30% is paid by the small businesses! While the rich corporation and “NON ” profits pay nothing as they get corporate welfare! The rich have never paid even for murder! No execution of a rich person in our history! The TAX should never be imposed on the poor or MIDDLE CLASSES! It should not even be imposed on small business! The plunders TAX SHOULD START AT 2 million dollars at 40% then graduate up to the richest at 90% .the Rothschild is said to have 1500 TRILLION DOLLARS in secret vaults in the form of gold! THIS IS INCOME TAX EVASION on a grand scale!7 billion people on planet earth need to get together and demand that governments(ALL OF THEM)stop letting the rich PLUNDER!And the entire world needs to cave in on the ultra wealthy!OTHERWISE, THE RICH WILL HAVE A TWO CLASS SOCIETY THE SUPER RICH (WHO ANSWER TO NO ONE!)AND THE SUPER POOR! PUTIN AND THE OTHER DICTATORS ARE ALL CAPITALIST THEY ARE JUST FASCIST CAPITALIST… the stock market needs to be properly taxed! As well as derivatives (A huge 14.4 QUADRILLION DOLLAR MARKET) So if we impose a poor tax on derivatives of 1% then We can have $14 TRILLION DOLLARS to house, employ train the homeless, orphans, unemployed widows underemployed and those who can’t work!This is not a revolution it is polite society imposing its values on plunder, A VERY CAPITALIST CONCEPT …plunder must be punished!13 million millionaires in the world.043 billionaires GATES, SLIM, ELON MUSK,the trillionaires Warburgs Rockefeller's, DuPont's, Rothschild's Have about 600 trillion, $600,000,000,000,000.ooROTHSCHILD'S, ROCKEFELLER'S,Warburgs ,TRILLIONARES.001% $600,000,000,000,000.ooBILLIONAIRES ( 2043 ) .01 % $13,000,000,000,000,000,000.ooMILLIONAIRES (13 MILLION) .1% $13,000,600,500,000,000,000.ooALL TAXATION SHOULD START AT TWO MILLION AND GRADUATE UP! to 90%Anyone under two million should not be taxed!To tax the poor is counterproductive especially when that money goes to the rich.The derivatives market is 1.4 QUADRILLION! If we TAX IT AT 1% that is 1.4 TRILLION TO HELP THE HOMELESS AND THE POOR!

The Indian Navy has been battle-tested once before, in 1971. When comparing with the People's Liberation Army Navy (PLAN) it is important to look not just at the number of capital ships and submarines but also at the rotary and fixed wing platforms, sensors, missile systems (air defence, cruise, anti ship & ballistic), satellites, fleet support vessels, bases and collaboration with foreign navies. The Chinese leadership since the turn of this century has been focusing on making the PLA, traditionally a land warfare oriented and ground forces dominated organization to one capable of undertaking operations across all domains i.e., developing multi-spectrum capability and becoming an expeditionary force. From being a more than 2 million strong force at the beginning of the century the People's Liberation Army Ground Force in 2020 has around 9,75,000 personnel with emphasis on transforming into a force capable of joint operations with other branches of the PLA and fighting and winning a swift war under informatized/intelligentized conditions. The People's Liberation Army Navy (PLAN) on the other hand has not seen any cuts in it share of the budget or personnel. On the contrary it is gradually becoming the principal element of the People's Republic of China's (PRC) military power.The primary area of operations of the IN is the Indian Ocean Region i.e., the region from the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Aden in the west to the Strait of Malacca in the East while the east coast of Africa too falls within the Indian maritime area of interest. A secondary maritime area of deployment is the South China Sea and the Western Pacific in conjunction with other regional powers like Vietnam, Indonesia, South Korea and Japan and Australia. India and Vietnam signed an agreement in 2010 which gave Indian Navy ships access to based in Vietnam and an arrangement for logistics support. Indian has access to Vietnam's strategic Nha Trang naval base. In 2018 India and Singapore signed a naval logistics support agreement and the former also gained access to the Changi naval base near the Strait of Malacca. India is also co-developing the Sabang Port in Aceh Province of Indonesia as part of the strategic partnership between the two countries. Other than these partnerships India has also signed reciprocal logistics support agreement with the United States and France granting it access to the French base in Djibouti, where the PLAN also operates a base since 2017. The Indian Navy reportedly also has a radar and surveillance station in Madagascar and is also developing the Agalega island of Mauritius and Assumption island of Seychelles to serve as outposts in the IOR, although the Seychelles project seems to have run into some trouble owing to the island nation's legislature not ratifying it.The primary concern for the Indian naval establishment is the unprecedented pace of Chinese naval build up, it's gradual but still ongoing transition into a Blue water Navy and it's forays into the Indian Ocean Region (IOR) and the frequency and quantum of deployment has only increased in recent times. The PLAN first started deploying into the IOR around 2008 with conduct of anti-piracy operations being the stated objective. Since then however the PLAN has also deployed submarines into the region. The 2014 docking of a Chinese submarine at the Colombo Port generated great consternation in New Delhi. The presence of PLAN Type 093 Shang class nuclear attack submarine (SSN) in the IOR in 2013 is believed to have dawned on the national security establishment the vulnerability of the slower Arihant class SSBN to such boats. This led to the kickstarting in 2015 of the Indian Navy SSN programme to build six nuclear attack submarine, something that had been put in the backburner almost a decade ago owing to the paucity of funds and focus on the construction of the nuclear ballistic missile submarines as part of the nuclear triad assured second capability. It is pertinent to keep in mind that original Advanced Technology Vessel (ATV) project envisioned the indigenous construction of nuclear attack submarines. However post the 1998 Pokhran-II nuclear tests and India's adoption of no first use nuclear doctrine the emphasis was shifted to SSBN, but based on the same design. This approach is not dissimilar to what the Chinese did with their first Type 092 SSBN that entered service in the late 1980s. It's design was based on the Type 091 Han class SSN that entered service in 1974–75 becoming Asia's first indigeneously built nuclear boats (not counting the Soviet Union since it's primary orientation was towards Europe). The Type 092 Xia class served as a testbed and technology demonstrator for future SSBN development and the next batch of SSBN belonging to the Type 094 Jin class entered service only in the first decade of the 21st century, completing the PRC's nuclear triad. US sources estimate that right Jin class boats would be in service by 2020. The PLAN reportedly also has six to nine Shang class boats in service along with atleast three older Han class. In the pipeline are plans to construct five newer Type 095 Sui class nuclear attack boats and the Type 096 nuclear ballistic missile boats.Successive Chinese boats have displayed improved acoustic signature, reduction in noise level and propulsion. All these point towards China having achieved 'continous deterrence at sea' in this decade itself. Continuous deterrence at sea concept differs from single submarine deterrence patrol in that the former requires multiple submarines and at no time is any leg of the triad not functional. Of course whether the PLAN has achieved effective sea based nuclear deterrence against the United States is not yet confirmed. The JL-2 Submarine Launched Ballistic Missile (SLBM) is said to have a maximum range of 7000 km and upwards. Whether the Type 094 is stelathy enough to evade the sensors and anti-submarine warfare capabilities of the US Navy and go beyond Chinese littoral waters to a location that would bring US population and industrial centers in it's missile range is not yet clear. Maybe that's the reason they are working on the newer Type 096 SSBN. However from their littoral waters the PLAN can strike targets anywhere in the Indian landmass. The PLAN attack submarines of Type 093G class (three are being upgraded) are said to be able to launch YJ-18 and CJ-10 anti-ship and land attack cruise missile from their VLS. On the higher side the number of such cruise missiles onboard a single boat can reach twelve. The CJ-10 reportedly had a range of 1500 (US estimate) to 2000 (Chinese sources) km and can carry a nuclear warhead. The PLAN nuclear submarine programme at this moment is well ahead of it's Indian counterpart. India's first SSBN INS Arihant was commissioned in 2016 and conducted it's first deterrence patrol in late 2018. The second boat INS Arighat is to be commissioned in 2020–21 while the larger S4 and S4* are under construction, with the hulls having been already supplied by L&T. The later two boats would be able to carry eight 3500 km range K4 SLBM or twenty four 750 km range K15 SLBM. As of now the Arihant is only equipped with the K15. The K4 was tested successfully in January 2020 and is now ready for serial production. The follow-on class of the Arihant boats, now simply known as the S5 class will be larger and carry 12–16 long range SLBM, the 5000 km range K5 or the 8000 km range K6 with Multiple Independent Re-entry Vehicle (MIRV) capability. The S5 class, three of which are to be built is still in the drawing board and won't ‘probably’ be inducted even in the next decade. The existence of the SSN programme was publicly acknowledged by the Navy Chief only in 2017. Another area of concern for India is the transfer of submarine launched nuclear capable cruise missile capability by China to Pakistan. The Chinese are constructing eight AIP-equipped Type 041 Yuan class diesel electric submarines for the Pakistani Navy with four boats to be delivered by 2023 while four are to be constructed in that country via Transfer of Technology (ToT) and delivered by 2028. The PN is working on a submarine launched variant of the 450 km range Babur-III cruise missile with a nuclear warhead thus a sea-based deterrence leg at a lower cost. Chinese assistance to this project cannot be ruled out as it is line with the Chinese strategy of helping Pakistan maintain some semblance of parity and military power balance with India in order to keep the later embroiled in a South Asian rivalry so that it won't emerge as a strategic rival and combative power to China. Whether the strategy has yielded the desired result is another issue but the Chinese are likely to continue with this proxy encirclement and engagement game. Another example of this strategy is the Chinese assistance to the Paksiatni 'Ababeel' MIRV project (not yet operational) apparantly as a counter to India's Agni-V and Agni-VI nuclear capable ballistic missile which can strike large population centres in mainland China.The PLAN conventional attack submarine arm too is not only quantitatively but also qualitatively superior to the Indian submarine arm. It has over 20 Air Independent Propulsion (AIP) capable Type 041 Yuan class boats, 13 Type 039 Song class boats, 12 Russian origin Kilo class (Type 877EKM) boats and around 13 Type 035 Ming class boats in service. The Ming class boats were based on the design of the Soviet Romeo class boats which which were licensed built in China as Type 033 class with reduced noise levels and indigeneous sonars. Around 80 such Type 033 boats were built by the Chinese starting 1963 and many were exported. The most recent export of Ming class submarines was to Bangladesh which acquired two of them and Thailand too has placed orders for three boats. In comparison to sound 55 operational Chinese subs presently India has eight Kilo class submarines, four HDW 209 class submarines and two Scorpene class submarines. Four Scorpene submarines are in the pipeline and all six are set to be in service by 2023–24. Project P75I to build six AIP and Brahmos launch capable boats has remained confined to the files for more than twelve years now. The Request For Proposal (RFP) is yet to be issued. So there's little chance of them getting inducted even in the next decade and we don't know what effect the COVID 19 pandemic will have on our defence procurement. Recently there has been an offer made by Rosoboronexport of Russia to sell three old Kilo class hulls to India as a part of a 1.8 billion USD deal to upgrade three in service Kilos. The mothballed hulls, 30 years old will have to refurbished and fitted with the necessary equipment before being delivered to the Navy. As of now two Kilo class boats, one each at a Russian shipyard and Hindustan Shipyard Limited (HSL) have undergone a second Mid Life Certification and Upgrade (MLCU) while a third is in Russia undergoing a similar procedure. One boat after MLCU has been given to the Myanmar Navy. Two other boats are to be upgraded at an Indian shipyard, probably one of L&T's or Naval Dockyard Mumbai with Russian technical assistance. Two older HDW 209 boats too are to be upgraded in India with technical assistance from Thyssenkrupp Marine Systems (TKMS). So more than 50 years after acquiring it's first submarine and despite carrying out maintenance, repair and overhaul work in the boats with Russian assistance since the 1970s India's naval establishment and domestic shipyards are still dependent on their foreign partners for carry out upgrade certification work, leading to frequent cost and time overruns in such projects. India has also operated nuclear attack submarine on lease from Russia. First from 1987–1991 and the present Akula class SSN INS Chakra since 2012.The Chinese submarine arm although much larger than it's Indian counterpart does not actually project a complete picture of the net assessment of the two forces. China views the United States as it's principal rival and with it's stated objective of being able to win wars globally by 2050 it is imperative for then that the US be toppled as the most powerful country on earth. As of now China is struggling to completely impose it's will even in it's neighbourhood and it's military is still technologically distinctly inferior to that of the United States'. So it is highly unlikely that the entire force of the PLAN could in any circumstance brought to bear upon the Indian forces. Presently as per the Indian Navy at any time there is only a single PLAN submarine in the Indian Ocean. The total quantum of deployment in the region remains between 8 and 10 assets. That even with such a miniscule force they are able to occupy the most prominent position in the strategic calculus of the Indian establishment and the nation at large is testament to the overbearing influence of the Chinese on the psyche of the nation's around them and it's ever increasing hard power. There have been reports of Chinese ships entering India's Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) as confirmed by the Navy Chief in the 2020 Raisina Dialogue and the recent reports of Chinese submarines deploying hydrographic survey vessels to map the Indian Ocean seabed even in India's littoral waters is a grave concern and an indicator of future Chinese designs.Deploying ships in the high seas also require the ability of the Navy to sustain and replenish them. The question is, can the PLAN at this point in time sustain large scale deployments to the IOR. It has a base in Djibouti and it can resupply it's ships at the Paksiatni naval base of Karachi and ‘maybe’ in Gwadar in the future, but in the case of a naval conflict the later is too close to India and moreover despite all the rhetoric it is in no way certain that in the event of a India-China conflict Pakistan would automatically join the war on the Chinese side, because that would leave it vulnerable to Indian aggression. India's Andaman & Nicobar islands, it's so called 'iron-chain' counter to the Chinese 'String of Pearls' strategy, would facilitate easy monitoring and interdiction of Chinese vessels coming through the Malacca Straits. The PLAN can divert it's assets through the Lombock and Sunda Straits turning this into a naval tracking and hunting game. Of course such a scenario assumes everything else to be static but that won't happen in reality. A naval conflict lies further up the escalation ladder and it means a land war across the Himalayas and air war over it has already begun. This could throw the entire post WWII international order into chaos and there is a distinct possibility that such conflict, if it is a prolonged one, is not going to remain solely a India-China conflict. However if the air-land war remains at a level somewhat lower than a full scale naval battle in the IOR and South China Sea in the escalation ladder the navies would still be in stand-off but not at war. A high intensity naval conflict would however also leave Chinese merchant vessels and oil supplies vulnerable to attack by the Indian Navy and vice versa to some extent. Of course if Pakistan decides to join the war on the Chinese side than the position of the Sino-Pak alliance at sea shall be marginally better off but the balance would still be in favour of India unless of course China can somehow deploy the bulk of it's forces to the IOR. In a conflict with a Sino-Pak alliance the service worse off won't be the Navy but the Air Force owing to the interoperability of it's adversaries, China's investment in long range radar and electronic warfare (areas in which it also assists Pakistan), it's own squadron strength and the wartime maintenance and serviceability of it's diverse inventory. An example of interoperability between these two forces is the same 450–500 km detection range L-band radars stationed in Mianwali air base and Kargilik in Sinkiang providing complementary radar coverage of North-West India. It's not a panacea for the tactical superiority IAF but such interoperability is a force multiplier. The regular Shaheen exercises have also helped the PAF gain valuable first hand info on the performance of the Flankers (Su 27, Su 30MKK, Su 30MK2, J11 and J16) which form the bulk of the PLAAF fleet.The Indian Navy fares slightly better in the surface domain as compared to the sub-surface domain. The PLAN maintains a large numerical superiority but the technology gap is not as stark as in the case of submarines. India was the first country in Asia to own and operate aircraft carriers. Presently it has one refurbished Kiev class aircraft carrier INS Vikramaditya and one another carrier, first to be built indigeneously, INS Vikrant at Cochin Shipyard Limited (CSL) to be inducted by 2021. The plans for a follow on larger carrier INS Vishal are still in the design phase with a recent statement by the Chief of Defence Staff (CDS) which said that the carrier is not a procurement priority as of now and the focus should instead be on submarines has put a question mark over the future viability of the project. Prioritisation of defence spending by the forces is a part of the CDS' charter of responsibilities and it quite likely that his view shall prevail. That would signal a shift in the traditional Indian Naval doctrine from sea control to sed denial. Prior to the advent of the carrier groups sea control was exercised by large capital ships such as battle cruisers and destroyers but with advancements in naval aviation technology Battle Group centered on an aircraft carrier became the primary sea control tool. A CBG consists of destroyers, guided missile frigates and anti-submarine warfare (ASW) corvettes. Probably the CDS views that in light of the rapidly expanding PLAN fleet it would be more prudent to invest the Navy's limited budget in sea denial capabilities instead of expensive projects like aircraft carrier construction and it's associated assets. However all the submarine projects in progress or under consideration were planned prior to the appointment of the CDS. So either the projects were planned without taking into consideration the budgetary restrictions of the Navy or the CDS wants to prioritise naval spending in a manner that is not acceptable to the service itself and it's doctrine. The Navy however is unrelenting in it's push for a third carrier. Even after the CDS' statement the Chief of Naval Staff (CNS) came out in public stating that a third carrier is an absolute necessity for the Navy and there can be no compromise on that regard. After the service was forced to revise the number of assets as laid down by the Maritime Capability Perspective Plan 2012–2027 the Navy categorically stated that there can be no compromise on the acquisition of the INS Vishal. The Navy plans to deploy one carrier each under the western and eastern naval command with one undergoing repair and refit and ready for rotation. The MCPP revision necessitated by the decrease in the service's share of the national defence budget from 18% in 2012 to 13% in 2019 reduced the number of ships from 198 to 175 along with reduction in helicopter and other assets such as the Poseidon P-8I maritime surveillance aircraft and all this at a time when the PLAN on the basis of the number of vessels (not tonnage) has overtaken the USN as the largest maritime force in the world. The former has more than 300 vessels compared to around 290 of the USN. The Chinese shipbuilding industry which is already the largest in the world has allowed the PLAN to leverage the infrastructure, skill and technology in commercial shipbuilding to massively expand it's fleet and also modernize it. A RAND study suggests that in 1996 the PLAN only had 56 ships and only a few of them possessed air defence missiles. This would mean a naval expansion by more than five times in less than 25 years. The PLAN always had a large submarine fleet but the current fleet is much more technologically advanced. The Indian Navy currently has between 130 and 140 ships and the Naval chief stated that 50 ships & submarines and 36 aircraft are on order, and Acceptance of Necessity (AON) has been obtained to initiate procurement of 41 more ships, 6 (down from 10) P8I Long Range Maritime Reconnaissance aircraft (in addition to eight in service and four on order) and 34 helicopters (probably 24 Sikorsky MH 60R mulirole helicopters and 10 Kamov Ka-31 AEW). The ships under construction include the seven P17A Shivalik class frigates, four P15B Visakhapatnam class destroyers etc. Deal for four Russian Grigorovich class frigates (2+2) has also been signed. Some of the new inductions would only come in as replacement of decommissioned older vessels. A hydrographic survey ship is under construction at Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers shipyard in Kolkata and three more are planned. The Navy operates one US amphibious transport dock, renamed INS Jalshawa. However plans for the construction of four Landing Helicopter Docks, a must for expeditionary capability have been pending since 2006. The Navy however does have a few older Landing Ship Tank (LST) and the latest Mk IV Landing Utility Craft. Recently a contract for five fleet support vessel construction was given to a consortium of HSL and strangely enough, Turkish shipyard, TAIS. In a similar time frame the PLAN is slated to have around 430 ships and 100 submarines.The induction of capital ships like destroyers and frigates also require necessitate the acquisition of helicopters which serve as their long range reconnaissance and surveillance platforms.The utility helicopter fleet of the Navy is made up of the vintage Cheetah LUH and the Sea King. The Navy has 14 operational Kamov Ka 31 AEW helicopters and maybe about four operational Sea King helicopters. The number of helicopters on paper might be larger but the unavailability of spares has led to cannibalization of some units. For e.g., of the ten Ka 28 helicopters, only four were operational while the others were cannibalized for spares. In 2016 a ₹ 2000 core contract was signed with Russia for the upgrade all ten helicopters. The Navy also has some (eight with sixteen on order) HAL Dhruv utility helicopters on order. Long term requirements for the force can be gauged from the tender for 111 Naval Light Utility Helicopters and 123 Naval Multi Role Helicopters. There are however six squadrons of Dornier Do-228 maritime surveillance aircraft in service. The Navy's sole operational aircraft carrier can carry upto 30 MiG 29K fighter and the force currently has 44 MiGs. Once the Vikrant is in service these assets would have to be shared among the two carriers and this would require a very high serviceability rate which has never been a area of strength for the fighters. The acquisition of 57 Twin Engine Deck Based Fighter Aircraft (TEDBF) is in it's earliest stage. The PLAN in comparison has hundreds of older Harbin Z8 (license built version of French Aerospatiale AS321 Super Felon) medium lift and Z9 (Eurocopter AS365 Daphne) utility helicopters. The Z8 copters shall be gradually replaced by the Changhe Z18. The PLAN has forayed into the field of naval aviation only in this decade. Their first aircraft carrier was a refurbished Kuznetsov class from Ukraine and a second domestically built carrier, the Shangdong too is in service. A third CATOBAR capable carrier is under construction at Shanghai while there are plans for a fourth. In the long run they might acquire as many as 10 carriers, although Chinese sources only talk about six by 2035 with four nuclear powered ones. The primary deck based aviation aircraft for the PLAN is the J15 which is a reverse engineered variant of the Su 33. The Chinese had acquired a prototype from Ukraine in 2001. The Russians rightly fearing Chinese intentions of reverse engineering their design refused to sell it to them. As of now the weight of the J15 and the STOBAR carriers in service limit the PLAN's carrier based aviation capability. Future Chinese carriers would field the Chengdu J20 carrier-based variant.The most prominent PLAN capital ship in the forseeable future is the Type 055 Renhai class battle cruiser/heavy destroyer. Eight such ships currently under construction. There are around 11 Type 052D Luyang-III class destroyer in device and another 9 under construction. In the frigate department the PLAN has 28 Type 054A Jinkai-II class ships in service while since 2013 it has inducted 41 Type 056 corvettes in service along with Type 056A ASW corvettes with active towed sonar array. The primary supply and replenishment ships of the Navy seems to be the Type 903/903A vessels. Around 10 of them are in service and more are being built. Apart from these the PLAN also has many older variant of destroyers and frigates in service. Since it started it's naval build up in the the 1990s it has launched many different class of destroyers and frigates. This approach seems similar to the Russian approach of induction a platform and then subsequently upgrading it better sensors, weapons systems and propulsion. Any deficiencies in the previous design borne out by active service can be rectified in subsequent upgrades and redesigns and the lessons learnt can also be utilized in the design of modern systems. So none of the assets fielded by PLAN as of now incorporate any quantum leap in technology or any hitherto unknown technology but are large and more numerous than their western counterparts. This is not to say that the PLAN is not a world class navy, it is, but compared to smaller navies like the Royal Navy or the French Navy it's power projection capabilities are quite limited and it also does not possess demonstrated capability in the field of cruise missiles, stealth frigate design etc. Chinese developed radars and engines are have high maintenance requirements and sometimes might not meet their advertised performance parameters. China however is investing heavily in the field of Laser and High Powered Microwave weapons, hypersonic missiles (DF-17) electronic warfare, anti-satellite capability (both Kinetic & Directed Energy), artificial intelligence, unmanned combat drones and underwater unmanned vehicle. China is already a world leader in commercial drones and is also making strides in military drone technology, both reconnaissance and combat. The PLAN has also been investing heavily in the construction of Amphibious Transport Docks and Landing Helicopter Dock. The most prominent them being the Type 075 Landing Helicopter Dock, two of which are under construction. It can reportedly carry around 30 helicopters. There are also five latest Type 071 Yuzhao class ATDs in service which can accommodate over five hundred troops. There are also plans to raise a 100,000 marine force. All these point towards the acquiring of expeditionary capabilities, not just for an operation across the Taiwan Strait but also in line with becoming a global military power by 2050.The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) in 2013 launched the nation's first dedicated military communication satellite GSAT-7 for the Navy. The satellite provides coverage over a wide area in the Indian Ocean Region. Another satellite GSAT-7A was launched as a dedicated asset for the Air Force and the Army. The 2019 Shakti ASAT weapon test might have been a milestone as far as Indian military capability is concerned but the Chinese are well ahead in this field too. Their ASAT capabilities are multi-dimensional ranging from land based kinetic ASAT to airborne and seaborne kinetic ASAT to stationing of killer satellites in orbit (for e.g., one with a robotic arm which can be used to knock another satellite of it's orbit), laser ASAT weapons, Electromagnetic pulse (EMP) weapons or disruption of satellite communication (electronic warfare). India is aware of these PLA advancements and strategies and deterrence capabilities should be developed to counter them. The Chinese also have a much larger constellation of military communication, SIGNIT & geo-imaging satellites. It's Yaogan Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR), Electro-Optical and ocean SIGNIT capable constellation consists of 40–50 such satellites which also provide military communication services. The Yaogan 30 constellation alone has 18 satellites on a single orbital plane thereby providing higher revisit rates for a target area. Then there are the Gaofeng earth-imaging satellites which are not dedicated military satellites but they can be used for ocean surveillance purposes. The Beidou constellation provides global coverage. Interestingly apart from the Chinese military the Pakistani Armed Forces are the only users granted access to the navigation system for military usage i.e., it can be used to guide Pakistani missiles, aircrafts, ships and precision guided long range munitions. A satellite launched for Pakistan by China in 2018 from the Taiyuan Launch Centre called the Pakistan Remote Sensing Satellite (PNSS) [along with another satellite known as the P-Technology Evaluation Satellite (TES)] is believed to be an X-band radar imaging satellite could be an Yaogan. The Indian Armed Forces and the civilian space department are yet to substantially leverage India's considerable expertise in remote sensing for military purpose. The establishment of a tri-service Defense Space Agency (DSA) under the Air Force seems to be a step in the right direction. Along with the DSA, a Defense Cyber Agency (DSA) headed by the Navy and an Armed Forces Special Operations Division (AFSOD) under the Army became operational on November, 2019. These steps are in accordance with the recommendations of the Naresh Chandra Committee report submitted to the Prime Minister in 2013. The report had actually suggested setting up dedicated commands. Hopefully the formation of these agencies is the first step towards that objective.Agencies take shape for special operations, space, cyber war.The 2019 People's Liberation Army (PLA) defence white paper calls for the force to protect not just the physical frontiers of China but also the interest frontiers which can be read as securing resources, protecting investments such as the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) infrastructure and Chinese citizens working in the concerned countries, sea-lanes of communication, allies and even intervention. In any such expeditionary set up the Navy by default becomes the lynchpin and pivot. The 2015 military reforms of the PLA led to the creation of integrated theatre commands. The theatre commands however would function operationally only in the case of a land conflict along it's borders or a sea-air conflict in the Chinese littoral. In case the PLAN mangages to break free of it's strategic encirclement by the US and it's allies and become a global force it would have remain operationally independent of the theatre command structure. Military reforms have also been on the agenda of the government in India and the creation of the CDS is the most prominent step taken by the government till date. It is too early to comment on any would be reforms but one that concerns the Navy is establishment of a Peninsular. The structure and responsibility of the command is not known but any move to make the Navy doctrinally and capability-wise too defensive and the armed forces land-centric has to weighed in carefully for it’s own set of pros and cons. The CDS had suggested that the Peninsular Command (now renamed as Maritime Command) which should start functioning by 2021–22 will have the entire IOR as it's maritime area of responsibility.How is China modernizing its navy? | ChinaPower Project