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Best long range air-air missileRVV-BD(R-37M)…The missile can destroy targets maneuvering with an overload of up to 8g, that is, highly maneuverable F-16 and F-22 aircraft of the fifth generation. The GOS is resistant to EW facilities. The mass of the rocket is more than 500 kg. At the final segment of the flight, its speed reaches 6M.…The long-range missile is designed to destroy air targets (fighters, ground-attack aircraft, bombers, BTA aircraft, helicopters, cruise missiles) at any time of the day, at all angles, in the conditions of the EW[1] .RVV-BD’s seeker head: 9B-M-350ARGSN 9B-1103M-350 ("Shayba"), established in JSC "Moscow Research Institute" Agat "of the concern of air defense" Almaz-Antey ", is the development of the fifth generation. It has record values ​​for target acquisition range, minimum weights and dimensions, use the latest element base, include high-speed reprogrammable processors for digital processing of radar signals, which make it possible to protect ARGS from organized electronic attack.The main problems that have to be solved when creating the ARGS are: - the implementation of maximum target detection ranges;- ensuring high noise immunity;- ensuring the high accuracy of missile guidance for long-term goals; - compliance with the requirements for minimizing the mass-dimensional characteristics.- minimization of the cost of ARGS. The implementation of the above problems requires optimization of the structure and parameters of the antenna and receiver-transmitting SHF and HF devices of ARGS and primary and secondary processing devices using the latest achievements of radio electronics in the areas of system and circuit engineering, including digital signal processing.The required range of target detection and noise immunity in modern ARGS is provided by a number of new circuit design and engineering solutions. According to the developer, ARGSN 9B-1103M-350 is designed for installation on air-to-air and ground-to-air missiles. At the same time, it is said in the media that a promising air-to-air missile of the air-to-air class of long-range RVV-BD (610M) can be equipped with the new improved active radar GOS 9B-1103M-350 developed by the MNII "Agat". ARGSN 9B-1103M-350 has much smaller mass-dimensional data than ARGSN 9B-1388 (MFBU-610) long-range missile R-37. The structure of ARGSN includes:- Antenna coordinator- Transmitter- Monopulse direction finding channel- A digital computer system consisting of a control machine and a signal processor GOS provides:- Search, capture and tracking of moving targets by preliminary target designation of radar of air carriers or anti-aircraft complexes;- measurement of angular coordinates, angular velocities of targets and speed of approach of the missile-target;- generation and transmission of signals on the digital communication line for missile control systems.Operating modes:fully autonomous (active) mode according to the preliminary target designation without radar support in flight ("put-forget" mode),inertial guidance mode with radio correction,reprogramming mode.The range of capture of the target with the image of 5m2 is more than 40km. The target speed range is 0.1 - 5M. The readiness time without preliminary switching on is 5-8s, after preliminary switching on - 1s. The target designation before start-up is made in the sector ± 60 ° in the forward hemisphere of the carrier aircraft. The GOS has a new digital signal processor with a large amount of memory and a speed of at least 50x106operations per second. Instead of the usual mechanical gyroscopes, the GOS 9B-1103M-350 uses fiber-optic gyroscopes and mechanical gyroscopes with forced output to the operating mode, thereby reducing the time for preparing the rocket for launch. The mass of the GOS 9B-1103M-350 without the fairing is not more than 13 kg, the diameter is 350 mm, the length without the fairing is 310 mm[2] .Medium range air-air missile.1)AAM-4BThe missile uses built-in AESA radar, which makes it currently the most advanced air-air missile for middle range combat.2)MBDA Meteor/R-77–1.The former one has better NEZ and range, the latter one has better seeker. Also, ramjet missiles, such as Meteor are easier to detect. So, overall - these two are nearly on par:MBDA MeteorThe engine installation combined with an integral configuration consists of a ramjet engine with modulating thrust and a starting accelerator, which are housed in a single casing.The starter accelerator is equipped with a charge of a low-smoke mixed fuel and after separating the rocket from the carrier aircraft provides its acceleration to the launch speed of the ramjet ramjet.The charge of the gas generator of the on-board ramjet is made on the basis of a heavy boron-containing fuel with volumetric heat of combustion more than 5х10^4 MJ / m^3.The flow and composition of the generated gas can vary within fairly wide limits in accordance with the flight conditions and the operating mode of the direct-flow circuit for all conditions of the missile's combat use.The depth of regulation of the flow rate of the generated gas ramjet is more than 10: 1 and is provided by a special valve in the nozzle of the gas generator.The combustion chamber and gas generator of the engine are made of heat-resistant steel.The air intakes located on the outside of the missile are made of titanium.The engine was developed by Bayern-Chemie Protac.The use of a ramjet ensures an increase in the medium-range missile flight speed and range of fire.According to the advertising materials, the maximum range of the rocket reaches 150 km.The combat part is high-explosive fragmentation mass of 25 kg, it is equipped with radar non-contact and contact fuses.The detonator has four antennas located in the bow, and when it detects a target, it detonates the CU at the optimal distance to inflict maximum damage.The fuse was developed by the Swedish company Saab Bofors DynamicsTo control the missile, a combined control system is used: the command-inertial system at the initial part of the trajectory and the homing system on the final section.The missile is equipped with a channel of a two-way asynchronous data line and is capable of receiving control commands from a carrier aircraft and cooperating aircraft, including AWACS aircraft.The transmission of these commands corrects the missile, updating the information about the position of the target, compensates for the aiming errors, and also the drift of the inertial control system, which increases with time.On the reverse data channel in real time, the carrier receives telemetric information from the on-board rocket systems.The Meteor missile is equipped with an active radar homing head, which is developed on the basis of technologies used on Aster and MICA missiles .In order to fulfill the requirements for the all-round application and defeat of low-flying targets, in addition to the standard mode of high repetition frequency, an intermediate frequency of repetition is additionally introduced into the ARS rocket.Through the use of sophisticated signal processing algorithms, Meteor can track and hit targets in a group, as well as in the presence of severe interference and the use of countermeasures.To solve the problem of launching the missile into the target area and aiming at the final section of the trajectory, a modified method of proportional guidance is used[3] .R-77–1RVV-SD is a new-generation missile, equipped with advanced multi-channel homing systems.The use of digital technologies, modern materials and components allowed to obtain higher indicators of tactical and technical characteristics in comparison with previous samples.This concerns the increase in the range of action, increasing the accuracy and probability of target damage, improving noise immunity, and ensuring the use of missiles in any climatic and weather conditions at any time of the year and day.The guidance system is inertial with radio-correction and active radar homing[4] .9B-1103M-200PS (R-77–1 seeker)The active-passive head of self-guidance 9B-1103M-200PS is designed for installation on air-to-air missiles intended for engaging aircraft, helicopters (including suspended), cruise missiles and anti-missile missiles.Passive mode allows you to aim the missile at sources of interference and radar of enemy aircraft.The maximum range of APGS targets capture 9B-1103M-200 PS (having an effective reflecting surface equal to 3 sq. M.) Is about 200 km.Potential carriers of 9B-1103M-200PS are medium-range aviation missiles of the typeRVV-SDand increased range of the typeRVV-AE-PD.The developer is the Moscow Research Institute "Agat".GOS 9B-1103M-200PS was demonstrated at the aerospace exhibitions MAKS-2011, MAKS-2013, international forums "Technologies in Mechanical Engineering 2010", "Technologies in Mechanical Engineering 2014".The composition of the GOS:controlled coordinator with antennatransmitting channelreceiving channelreprogrammed on-board computer systemARGS 9B-1103M-200PS provides:search, capture and tracking of air targets;reception and decoding of signals of radio correction;generation and transmission of signals over a digital communication link to control a missile;Operating modes:fully autonomous (active) mode on preliminary target designation without radar support in flight ("put-forget" mode);mode of inertial guidance with radiocorrection;reprogramming mode[5] .3) AIM-120C-7(C-8 is not in service yet).Short range air-air missileR-73MAerodynamic scheme, layout and overall dimensions of the rocket are identical to the basic model.On the outer surface of the body are four groups of planes X-shaped structure.Just behind the head fairing there are four sensors of aerodynamic angles, with the help of which the automatics monitors the parameters of the missile's flight.Behind them is a group of trapezoidal destabilizers, behind which are swept swivel aerodynamic rudders with a span of 385 mm.In the rear part of the body are installed trapezoidal wings with ailerons.When the engine is running, the control and stabilization of the rocket by the pitch and heading are carried out in pairs connected for each channel by four aerodynamic rudders and four gas-dynamic interceptors.After the end of the engine, control and stabilization are carried out only by aerodynamic rudders.Combined aerogasdynamic control provides high maneuverability and the possibility of hitting targets maneuvering with overloads up to 12g.The missile guidance system includes a dual-range infrared homing head with an aiming angle of up to ± 60 °, providing all-track homing to the front (PPS) and the rear hemisphere (LSP).The RVV-MD missile has increased noise immunity from optical interference, which provides an effective application in difficult conditions, incl.against the background of the earth, from any directions and with the active use of countermeasures by the enemy.The maximum range of the rocket in the PPS is 40 km[6] .P.S. Sorry for any possible misunderstandings - I used Google Translate to translate all these info… but I hope it is anyhow readable, at least for me it is, lol. Hope this helps =)Footnotes[1] НЕВСКИЙ БАСТИОН, ВОЕННО-ТЕХНИЧЕСКИЙ СБОРНИК, ВООРУЖЕНИЯ, ВОЕННАЯ ТЕХНИКА, ВОЕННО-ТЕХНИЧЕСКИЙ СБОРНИК, СОВРЕМЕННОЕ СОСТОЯНИЕ, ИСТОРИЯ РАЗВИТИЯ ОПК, БАСТИОН ВТС, НЕВСКИЙ БАСТИОН, ЖУРНАЛ, СБОРНИК, ВПК, АРМИИ, ВЫСТАВКИ, САЛОНЫ, ВОЕННО-ТЕХНИЧЕСКИЕ, НОВОСТИ, ПОСЛЕДНИЕ НОВОСТИ, ВОЕННЫЕ НОВОСТИ, СОБЫТИЯ ФАКТЫ ВПК, НОВОСТИ ОПК, ОБОРОННАЯ ПРОМЫШЛЕННОСТЬ, МИНИСТРЕСТВО ОБОРОНЫ, СИЛОВЫХ СТРУКТУР, КРАСНАЯ АРМИЯ, СОВЕТСКАЯ АРМИЯ, РУССКАЯ АРМИЯ, ЗАРУБЕЖНЫЕ ВОЕННЫЕ НОВОСТИ, ВиВТ, ПВН[2] НЕВСКИЙ БАСТИОН, ВОЕННО-ТЕХНИЧЕСКИЙ СБОРНИК, ВООРУЖЕНИЯ, ВОЕННАЯ ТЕХНИКА, ВОЕННО-ТЕХНИЧЕСКИЙ СБОРНИК, СОВРЕМЕННОЕ СОСТОЯНИЕ, ИСТОРИЯ РАЗВИТИЯ ОПК, БАСТИОН ВТС, НЕВСКИЙ БАСТИОН, ЖУРНАЛ, СБОРНИК, ВПК, АРМИИ, ВЫСТАВКИ, САЛОНЫ, ВОЕННО-ТЕХНИЧЕСКИЕ, НОВОСТИ, ПОСЛЕДНИЕ НОВОСТИ, ВОЕННЫЕ НОВОСТИ, СОБЫТИЯ ФАКТЫ ВПК, НОВОСТИ ОПК, ОБОРОННАЯ ПРОМЫШЛЕННОСТЬ, МИНИСТРЕСТВО ОБОРОНЫ, СИЛОВЫХ СТРУКТУР, КРАСНАЯ АРМИЯ, СОВЕТСКАЯ АРМИЯ, РУССКАЯ АРМИЯ, ЗАРУБЕЖНЫЕ ВОЕННЫЕ НОВОСТИ, ВиВТ, ПВН[3] Авиационная ракета большой дальности Meteor[4] Авиационная ракета средней дальности РВВ-СД (изделие 170-1)[5] Головка самонаведения 9Б-1103М-200ПС[6] Авиационная ракета малой дальности РВВ-МД

A lot do not live in NYC as it is a general rule for most professions that you do not eat where you shit…. The pay scale for NYC patrolman is stated on a blue instructions manual and in the various NYC precincts that you can see binders hanging on the wall you can ask to look thru.NYC Police Cadets make about USD 38,000 (upon hire)NYC Patrolman / Officers make about USD 42,000 (6 percent annual adjusted increments topping out at USD 72,000)NYC Patrolman (with 3 stripes on their sleeves (five years of service) like half a chevron for sergeants) make about USD 78,000NYC Patrol Supervisor / Sergeant makes about USD 79,000NYC Police Lieutenant (white shirt) make about USD 90,000 (executive officer of a precinct and has a charge card)NYC Police Captain (white shirt) makes about USD 105,000 (commanding officer of a precinct - usually two per precinct for each shift of the day). THIS IS ALSO THE LEVEL WHERE YOU CAN FINALLY LOSE THE 15 LB BELT WEIGHT AND ONLY CARRY A REVOLVER WHEN YOU LEAVE THE OFFICE. I DON’T THINK EVEN LIEUTENANTS CAN DO THAT CAUSE THE ENTIRE BELT IS PART OF YOUR UNIFORM AND IF HE OR SHE IS THE EXECUTIVE OR HIGHEST RANKING OFFICER.. THEY NEED TO HAVE THAT BEAST OF A RADIO ON THEIR POSSESSION SINCE THAT RADIO HAS QUITE SOME RANGE. IT IS A TWO WAY RADIO. IT IS PROBLEMATIC IF SOMEONE JUMPED THE PRECINCT AND YOU ARE NOT ARMED. ASIDE FROM THE DETECTIVES, USUALLY THE LIEUTENANT OR AT MOST ONE OR TWO OTHER PEOPLE ARE ALONE IN THE PRECINCT AT NIGHT. THERE MAY BE OTHER PEOPLE WORKING OUT OR AT THE RANGE OR THE SHOWERS BUT THE DOORS ARE LOCKED.NYC Police Deputy Inspector (white shirt, usually at HQ or Patrol Borough Manhattan North, PBMS, PBQ, PBB, PBSI, PBBRONX) usually make about USD 110 - 130KNYC Deputy Inspector (white shirt, usually assigned a squad command like Transit Police or T&LC police or Emergency Services Unit or Traffic or NYC Schools) usually make upwards of USD 150kNYC Deputy Chief of Police usually assigned to oversea squad commands or “operational priority areas” like community policing or intelligence unit usually make USD 180k +NYC Chief of Police (usually head of the department) like Chief of Detectives, Chief of Patrol, Chief of Asset Control (Vehicles, Departmental Arms, Helicopters, Stationary, Uniforms) usually make USD 210+, Chief of Internal AffairsNYC Police Commissioner usually make USD 1 million +Those salaries were in the days of Howard Safir as police commissioner. Salaries are probably higher now.In addition, all active patrol cops get 24/7 availability pay (essentially their taxes get refunded to them in exchange for them being on call at any time). Each level also have their own union, like the Patrolmen Benevolent Association of NY, NJ, Sergeant Benevolent Association, Lieutenant Benevolent Association, Captain’s Endowment Association that negotiates on their behalf.Patrolmen get minimum 3 hour call back pay and I think they upped it to 4 hours so even if you finish court in 1/2 an hour you still get paid 1 1/2 times for 4 hours of service.You also get laundromat coupons to use for your dry cleaning of your uniform that you can use for your personal clothing.You get free use of the MTA bus and train system by showing your shield and ID as it protects the people and give a police presence so that saves you about USD 90 a month on a MTA subway pass.Also, you get free batteries for your flash light and free ammunition (Union Metallic Cartridge or Federal or CCI) for your side arm qualification and free use of private ranges around the city of New York by showing shield and ID. Thats a good USD 600 per month membership waived since parking is usually included with a lot of these range memberships.You get a full sized departmental unmarked sedan to drive home if you are a Captain of a precinct and gas is paid for and so is insurance. You get a laminated tamper proof parking permit (it has a number that you can radio in to check and it is signed by the Commanding Officer of the Patrol Borough that every cadet and his mother knows as they have to salute the gold cap that comes around) that allows you to park pretty much anywhere that you deem reasonable.You get a 80 percent pension after 20 or 25 years of service depending on which bargaining unit you belong to. Alot of cops can retire from NYC and go work at Rockland Country or NYS Thruway and make an additional 80 k so that is an easy 150k+.They used to pay for your pager service and device in case you are called back under the NY Defense Authorization Act of 1964 or 1969 and that is the most annoying part that happens every Thanksgiving Day Parade, every Christmas Parade, every Saint Patricks Day, every New Year’s Eve, Every Cinco D Mayo, Every 4 th of July and last I met up with some buddies…. apparently every time they decide to have an active shooter drill or some sort of other drill. So pretty much every two months give or take.That being said, you don’t get much time for leave of absence or your two weeks leave that you can cash in for pay since almost no one gets to use it. You have to get commanding officer of the precinct to approve your leave and usually you have a hard enough time getting it to him or her since it goes to your Patrol Supervisor to the Shift Supervisor (Lieutenant) to the Executive Officer (Lieutenant) to the Commanding Officer (Captain). I think you have to give three weeks notice and I’m not sure if that has changed.They were also pushing the old timers from before to get at least a two-year degree so they were paying for classes at the City College of New York or similar CUNY owned schools.You can get a new set of uniforms and vest every two years (3 uniforms and 1 jacket and five turtle necks). Shoes are out of your own pocket so that sucks as steel toed shoes are expensive. They pay for one duty firearm and one off duty firearm (ankle). One flash light, knight stick or expandable baton, OC spray, CPR training, key ring leather, holster and pouches, one clip on tie (so you don’t get pulled into a shredder machine or attacked and strangled, one tie pin). You also get a hat and a rain coat and a safety vest and collar pins that tells your precinct /transit/esu etc and then your patrol borough. You get a black rubber band also for covering your shield #. Oh and you get a whistle for whatever reason since no body in that city stops to look even if you are hit by a bus. Oh and if you have a vehicle and are ESU or some other desired and highly paged person (like a Executive Officer) they pay for your red and white lights. Blue are for federal in NYS. Oh and when you are paged or what not or driving a departmental sedan. You don’t have to pay to go thru any of the tolls but just give them the vehicle number (which is a pain in the ass since these vehicles do not have NYS registration on the windshield or glove box) and you have to look above the vehicle or get out of the vehicle when you are in between toll boths. There is usually only one that is attended and almost all the time the stupid EZ pass is missing or borrowed to another vehicle. You get one bike patrol collared tee shirt with one pair of shorts. You get one windbreaker (the same one that the Feds wear) but the NYPD or NYC POLICE ON THE BACK and PD on the front so its no use for wearing at one times). Since you will get stopped 800 times and asked for directions when you do not have a radio.You can get a replica badge made that they may or may not pay for depending which precinct you are attached to but no one really knows if you go to another precinct and get another expense sheet since you use the same six digit number (not your shield number). One goes on your jacket which is impossible to put on and one goes on your uniform and most get another for off duty as it is their bus or subway permit and it is impossible to put it on the tight plastic or leather ID holder.This is for the NYPD Transit, T&LC, Patrol Division… Howard Safir apparently announced that patrolmen who are willing to work in anti crime while being identified will get a pay raise to USD 87,000 and a detective specialist first class shield that looks like a sergeants shield.Oh and everytime reverend al sharpton or the pope or Prince Charles apparently appears, you get called back also.Academy last 16 weeks. Then you get out an are assigned to a precinct training officer (one who usually at least has five year stripe). NYC also has a good policy of 2 units per car so its good for responding to calls where you are out of public sight. That will also probably end up being your wingman, child’s god father or mother or best friend for years if you get along just like in the military. So its something to thing about. Also, its good cause sometimes after 8 hours of driving in that city you don’t feel like driving anymore and can switch around. Its also good if you get stuck directing traffic since you can alternate 1/2 hours before you freeze to death.NYC Marshals and NYC Sheriffs apparently get paid more since they are closer to city hall. I don’t know. I know one lady who left NYC PD before her pension was due to join ASPCA (they require the same level of sworn peace officer powers) and they are non-profit and do not have government immunity from civil suits so you have to have a stella record. Apparently NYC courts are also covered by PBA of NY and NJ but the Ed Koch People’s Court Officer is a white shirt and so he is in a different union. I’m sure he makes almost the same or more compared to the other actor or commentator that Judge Judy hires. I think it is 3 million.Yea, it is rumored that Transit (MTA subway makes USD 280k by the New York Post but I don’t buy it… its the same union and every precinct has a union rep at all times that you can complaint to and ask to transfer to… most won’t take it cause in the subway you are out of radio communications at times and even if you had radio, you may be 2 against more if you are stuck in a moving train or bus)… Housing is slightly better since you are dealing with familiar residents. Also you have to be on your feet 8 hours or more since you can’t sit down in public even if seats are available. A white shirt or patrol supervisor is supposed to sign your time sheet or log book every 4 hours and they will catch you.Also, because it is NYC, I know of NYC police officers who never had a driver license and can be transferred from patrol to transit or to other divisions until they get their driver license.. So if transit is really paying USD 280,000. Most cops would just get a DUI or surrender their license as an excuse to try and go into transit.You are also supposed to “make rounds” and go from car to car and this isn’t possible during rush hour so you can only switch cars every time the train stops and you are shoulder to shoulder with people who are apparently tired poor hurdled masses yearning to breathe free… and you can get stabbed without your partner seeing since it is shoulder to shoulder and EMT may not be available till the train stops and some stupid fool may decide to pull the emergency brakes.I heard of non-stop complaints about transit positions and know quite a few who switched out even recently after two weeks. So I doubt it is really USD 280k. Or everyone would jump at it. There are 21 year olds who don’t know any better fresh out of the academy.Oh and you have to be 21 to be a patrolman (used to be 19 for a while) till they realize that these guys may be asked to enforce or enter liquor establishments which causes a problem. You can enter the academy as old as 18 but I’m not sure what they do with the cadets they hired those days at 19. Probably put them in dispatch or answering phones or something.Oh.. and the NYPD has one of the highest drop out rate as most don’t know what its like to work in that city and they go to some other agency. Its always awake and something is always happening somewhere and it takes alot out of you, It really is a pretty good department to work for. They have everything from horses to aviation units or coast guard like units that they will pay for if you want to go in that area and look outstanding record wise. It was 44000 strong when I was there and I believe it is in excess of 60,000 now adding on all the other laws that have changed and adding on Port Authority cops (not transit). I guess some people are just not realizing that city can be claustrophobic or some times too busy for their liking. Oh and they also are quite unheard of in how generous they are with at least one person I know who went to Columbia at their expense. He was a sergeant I think… I didn’t know he was a supervisor till one day where his badge was showing thru his shirt. Its probably one of the best employers I’ve seen. In that sense it is bigger than the armies of most countries and probably bigger than some divisions of the military.They give you a booklet or binder that fits into your back pocket at the start and there are three to four laminated pages of 10-XX codes with 10–04 being received and acknowledged to 10–96 or 10–98 and these are not supposed to be told. Every code stands for something like lost person or larcaney or prisoner transport and the radio calls even for probably the least busy area Staten Island never stop with only three things said. Unit number or call sign… code.. location. So you can imagine how crazy it is to work there for even one month. It must be more stressful to work in communications than to be an air traffic controller at regan national or JFK. On and don’t be fooled by those apps on Android or iphone that claim to be police radio. They know from in the 1980s that lawyers, identity thieves and ambulance chasers listen in to these via radio shack police scanners and their radios are the most expensive thing that you will likely touch there. Each unit i was told cost about 12,000 and it is a bigger problem for you to lose a radio than for you to lose a car or a weapon. Those things also have the ability to broadcast your location the moment you push the PTT button and dispatch knows where you are even before GPS was widely available or even introduced 20 years later. So they will never really be lost for too long. Since social security numbers, driver licenses etc are communicated on these radios when they find someone with no ID or other wierd situations. Like McCulay Culkin lost in NYC. The channels you hear are a joke of the department where they probably tune it to NYC bus communications or something. The other channels are encrypted and trunking frequencies where it randomly switches frequencies from a selection of LAW ENFORCEMENT ONLY USE channels that are FCC regulated just long enough for a police scanner to never catch on so that must be quite expensive technology since it hasn’t been broken yet with no social security or other number breaches. The joke is thats why they call something a BUS over the radio.It is also good for career progression like if you were a patrol cop for 10 years and no longer want to run around every day and want to move into administration or school safety where it is a more fixed job… For when you are older and jumping in and out of a police interceptor 50 -100 times a day takes a toll on your knees.Many who enter at the academy dream of being a Federal agent and it is probably one of the best places to start off since they have liasions at every level and department liasing with the feds which is just across 1 PP known as 1 Federal Plaza. So you at least know how to get your feet in the door until you realize you would forgo three or more years of pension. In some cases, the NYPD pays way better than the Federal Service. For instance, untill 2004 or so… The President of the United States was paid a sum of no more than USD 200,000 when Howard Safir and others like Giuliani had to be making more.Its probably also a good thing that NYC unlike other states and cities keep their payscales private and no one really knows how much you make except probably the union and human resources.One more perk that they offer is legal assistance if you ever get in trouble with Internal Affairs or run into a divorce or something. They have something called a union rep that in most cases has been to court more than most lawyers and know the players quite well and their social securitiy numbers since IAB are also part of the union. In other matters, they refer you to some legal unit or something so that is another good thing.There are alot of other perks that I didn’t know about till recent. Like each mayor since the days of Giuliani and the police comissioner and those people who have NYS legislature drilled into their trunk and front grill medallions or the city equivalent have uniformed NYC Courts officers as chauffeurs. I think that is probably true of people who need to get some place at some time that need to run lights and sirens or can’t drive.Housing is one… if you don’t want to eat where you shit. You can always live in Queens and work in Manhattan. This works very well for NYC since people that stay below 96th street or whatever the rich classy boundary is depending on who you speak to… don’t really travel to the other parts because of language barriers or because the train numbers change….but I don’t think that is the issue as Astoria is cheap and affordable. So is the Bronx or other parts. It really doesn’t matter if and when you are armed and only you know it. You see one BR going for USD 300 - 600 in Astoria and as a beat cop you probably hear of where the rent controlled vacancies are. You are supposed to live in the five or 7 boroughs of NYC or Nassau Sulfolk or Westchester Counties if you work for NYC Police but really no one cares as long as you get there when you are supposed to. I know people living in Jersey who work there and forget about driving to work cause I can’t even get a police vehicle out from the precinct area where all the damn cars are supposed to be “angled parking only” but double parked in front and behind on the side walk so literally you can’t even drive on the side walk. The worse are the unmarked cars which you are told to leave alone as they may be evidentiary or some other special detail no one knows about and they have everything from RVs to taxi cabs so you really don’t know who to call to move their damn car. Yeah, sometimes even dispatch and the commanding officers don’t know whose car it is and so you are shit out of luck if it is blocking your car that you just inventoried everything to make sure they are in stock before starting your shift. It used to be bad when they had two makes of cars (caprice and fords which are all keyed alike because they are fleet vehicles and you had to find someone who had a key to the other make) and now they have like 8 different types of cars from taurus to chargers to prius and i’ve heard its quite impossible these days.Oh and even if offered police discounts legally and posted. You cannot take them as there are Internal Affairs Bureau and other agencies everywhere, For every one uniformed officer there are about three non uniformed officers. I have been stopped by transit cops at least twenty times using my shield and asking to see my ID card that goes along with the shield and calling it in to make sure it is real. There are also sooo many cops assigned to areas you never imagine there to be cops like Off the Track Betting, Liquor Control, Finance and Revenue, so its only a matter of time before you get into trouble if you are taking discounts and the most likely to say something would be your partner cause they don’t want to get into trouble or have to testify against you (probably to you directly).Oh and if you are transit, T&LC and traffic… there is no limit to your over time since you have to write alot of tickets and these people do not want to or really cannot afford to pay and choose or have no choice but to keep fighting it and you keep getting called back to go to court. Estimates are with salary and over time from court. You are over 100k easy in your first year but no one wants to be in court all day and the court usually takes more time than you get paid for to travel there and wait for your turn. 4 hours is sometimes under cutting it since NYC courts are insanely busy.The highest occupation hazard for patrolmen are when doing traffic stops or directing traffic so its probably a good thing that NYC cops dont give out that many traffic tickets compared to highway cops. And cars really don’t travel all that fast in the city. Oh and they also have a highway patrol unit for the two highways that run west and west of NYC and the LIE. Those are the cars with the 5 tier of flashing lights and a sign board affixed.You have to go to your command first, grab a radio, call in service, be in uniform, do a radio check before you leave your precinct to go to court. So that takes up about 6 hours with traffic. You can get fired or arrested for contempt if you don’t show up habitually. I think that is the only time you would be unaccompanied and probably hence why they want to have you officially clock in rather than claim you were in traffic for 8 hours. Most don’t like giving tickets as it is unpleasant to deal with and there are no quotas per se like people imagine there to be. I guess its that part of the job that someone has to do it.

The Hattians, Kaska ,Hurrians, Mitanni were : ḫЗšt or Kushites in Asia.The Hyksos were Kushites namely Hatti, that had settled much of Palestine and Anatolia.As early as 6000 BC the Kushites had already settled much of the Levant. These Kushites took millet cultivation and cattle from Nabta Playa into Eurasia after 6000 BC.Narmer was one the first ruler to expand the Kushites into the Levant and Anatolia. Narmer is attested in Egypt and Canaan. Many serekhs of Narmer have been found Tel Erani, Arad, 'En Besor, Halif Terrace/Nahal Tillah .We know that Narmer was probably a Kushite because of a Clay bulla (reg. no. G-67.95, Locus 102, B. 1308) from Nahal Tillah (Levy,1997). The inscriptions on the Clay bulla can be read as ḫЗts.t Kush, ḫhttp://3s.tj "he who belongs to Kush" or Kushite.The early hunter-gathers and farmers in the Levant herded cattle,and cultivated millet.Ancient DNA (aDNA) indicates that R1 clades were carried by European hunter-gathers (CHG) and European farmers (EF). Villabruna man lived 14kya in Italy and carried R1b1a. European hunter-gatherers carried R1b1 in Spain and Samara. Many European farmers also carried varied R1 clades. Although the lineages R1b1 and R1b1a were recognized as R-V88 clades (Cruciani et al, 2010), some researchers claim that Y-Chromosome R1 is of Eurasian origin, without any collateral evidence from archaeology to support this claim.There is no archaeological evidence of the herding of Cattle and millet cultivation older than the Nabta Playa material.At Nabta Playa the people herded cattle and cultivated crops. The Kushites cultivated pennisetum millet at Nabta Playa (c. 7950 BC ) and probably herded cattle (Miller, et al, 2010; Mitchell,2013).A center of cattle worship was the Kiseiba -Nabta region in Middle Africa. At Nabta archaeologists have found the oldest megalithic site dating to 6000-6500 BC, which served as both a temple and calendar. This site was found by J. McKim Malville of the University of Colorado at Boulder and Fred Wendorf of Southern Methodist University.As a result, we have in the archaeological literature the name Ounan-Harif point. This name was proposed for the tanged points at Nabta Playa and Bir Kiseiba .Harifian is a specialized regional cultural development of the Epipalaeolithic of the Negev Desert. Harifian has close connections with the late Mesolithic cultures of Fayyum and the Eastern Deserts of Egypt, whose tool assemblage resembles that of the Harifian.Researchers make it clear that the European Neolithic was began by the Levantines. As noted earlier these early European farmers cultivated millet and herded cattle. It is clear these Neolithic "Europeans" were Africans who took the Nabta Playa cultural traditions into Europe. This is supported by the settlement of people from Nabta Playa who took the OunanThe original homeland of the Kushites or Niger-Congo/Nilo-Saharan/ Canaanite speakers was probably situated in the Saharan Highlands during the Ounanian period.This is why the Egyptians often referred to the Kushites as a hill people. This is supported by the various meanings of Gardiner's Egyptian sign N25. The N25 sign from Gardiner’s List of Egyptian Signs xЗs Khas or kЗs meant Kush.From here the Kushite populations migrated into the Fezzan, Nile Valley and Sudan as their original homeland became more and more arid.The Niger-Congo speakers formerly lived in the highland regions of the Fezzan and Hoggar until after4000 BC. Originally hunter-gatherers the Proto-Niger-Congo people developed an agro-pastoral economy which included the cultivation of millet, and domestication of cattle (and sheep).This was probably the ancient homeland of the Dravidians, Egyptians, Sumerians,Niger-Kordofanian-Mande and Elamite speakers. We call this part of Africa the Fertile African Crescent[9-10,13-14]. We call these people the Proto-Saharans[9,14]...The generic term for this group is in the ancient literatures was: Kushite. Origination of these diverse Kushite tribes in the ancient Sahara, explains the analogy between the Bafsudraalam languages as outlined in Figure 1.These Proto-Saharans were called Wawat, Ta-Seti, xЗs Khas , kЗs and Tehenu by the Egyptians.The Niger-Congo inhabitants of the Fezzan were round headed Africans [13]. The cultural characteristics of the Fezzanese were analogous to the C-Group culture items and the people of Ta-Seti and Wawat.The C-Group people were the Proto-Saharan orNiger-Congo speakers who occupied the Sudan andFezzan regions between 3700-1300 BC [13].The inhabitants of the Fezzan were called Tmhw (Temehus). The Temehus represent the Proto-Niger-Congo speakers.The Temehus were organized into two groups the Thnw (Tehenu) in the North and the Nhsj (Nehesy) in the South [14]. A Tehenu personage is depicted on an Amratian period pottery vessel.Some Tehenu wore a pointed beard, phallic-sheath and feathers on theirheadThe Temehus are called the C-Group people by archaeologists [13,15]. The central Fezzan was a center of C-Group settlement. Quellec [15] discussed in detail the presence of C-Group culture traits in the Central Fezzan along with their cattle during the middle of the Third millennium BC.During the Fifth Dynasty of Egypt (2563-2423), namely during the reign of Sahure there is mention of the Tehenu people. Sahure referred to the Tehenu leader “Hati Tehenu” . These Hatiu, correspond to the Hatti speaking people of Anatolia. The Hatti/Hurrian people often referred to themselves as Kashkas or Kaskas.During the Old Kingdom the Kushites were also called heqa khasut, "ruler(s) of the foreign countries".Hattians lived in Anatolia. They worshipped Kasku and Kusuh. They were especially prominent in the Pontic mountains. Their sister nation in the Halys Basin were the Kaska tribes. The Kaska and Hattians share the same names for gods, along with personal and place names . The Kaska had a strong empire which was never defeated by the Hittites.The hyksos according to Bright, John (2000). "A History of Israel". Westminster John Knox Press ( p.60 ); and Drews, Robert (1 October 1994). "The Coming of the Greeks: Indo-European Conquests in the Aegean and the Near East". Princeton University Press(p.254 ) included Hurrians/Hattians.The heqa khasut, "ruler(s) of the Kushites" or Hyksos/ Hykussos, were Hattians or Kashkas. in otherwords they were Kushites. This is obvious in their name khasut which corresponds to Kaska. The name heqa khasut , was first used by the Old Kingdom to refer to the Kushite Nubian chieftains. That is why the Hyksos / Hykussos expected the Kushites in Nubia to support them in their war with the Egyptians.The Hyksos were allies with the Kushites in Nubia due to their common origins. Carnarvon Tablet I, and mentions the interception and capture of a courier bearing a message from Apepi at Avaris to his ally, the ruler of the Kingdom of Kush (modern Sudan), requesting the latter's urgent support against the threat posed by Kamose's activities against both their kingdoms . See: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HyksosThe Hatti controlled the city state of Kussara, before they conquered Egypt. Kussara was situated in southern Anatolia.HattiIn the ancient literature the Proto Dravidians are called Kushites. Using boats the Kushites moved down ancient waterways many now dried up, to establish new towns in Asia and Europe after 3500 BC. The Kushites remained supreme around the world until 1400 1200 BC.During this period the Hua (Chinese) and Indo European (I E) speakers began to conquer the Kushites whose cities and economies were destroyed as a result of natural catastrophes which took place on the planet between 1400 1200 BC. Later, after 500 AD, Turkish speaking people began to settle parts of Central Asia. This is the reason behind the presence of the K s h element in many place names in Asia e.g., Kashgar, HinduKush, and Kosh. The HinduKush in Harappan times had lapis lazuli deposits.Proto Saharans/Kushites expanded into Inner Asia from two primary points of dispersal : Iran and Anatolia. In Anatolia the Kushites were called Hattians and Kaska. In the 2nd millennium BC, the north and east of Anatolia was inhabited by non I E speakers.Anatolia was divided into two lands “the land of Kanis” and the “land of Hatti”. The Hatti were related to the Kaska people who lived in the Pontic mountains.Hattians lived in Anatolia. They worshipped Kasku and Kusuh. They were especially prominent in the Pontic mountains. Their sister nation in the Halys Basin were the Kaska tribes. The Kaska and Hattians share the same names for gods, along with personal and place names (1). The Kaska had a strong empire which was never defeated by the Hittites.Singer (1981) has suggested that the Kaska, are remnants of the indigenous Hattian population which was forced northward by the Hittites. But at least as late as 1800 BC, Anatolia was basically settled by Hattians (2)Anatolia was occupied by many Kushite groups,including the Kashkas and or Hatti. The Hatti , like the Dravidian speaking people were probably related . The Hatti were probably members of the Tehenu tribes.The Tehenu was composed of various ethnic groups. One of the Tehenu tribes was identified by the Egyptians as the Hatiu or Haltiu.During the Fifth Dynasty of Egypt (2563-2423), namely during the reign of Sahure there is mention of the Tehenu people. Sahure referred to the Tehenu leader “Hati Tehenu” .(3) These Hatiu, may correspond to the Hatti speaking people of Anatolia. The Hatti people often referred to themselves as Kashkas or Kaskas.The Hatti controlled the city state of Kussara. Kussara was situated in southern Anatolia.The earliest known ruler of Kussara was Pitkhanas. It was his son Anitta (c. 1790-1750 BC) who expanded the Kussara empire through much of Anatolia.Many researchers get the Hittites (Nesa) mixed up with the original settlers of Anatolia called Hatti according to Steiner “.[T]his discrepancy is either totally neglected and more or less skillfully veiled, or it is explained by the assumption that the Hittites when conquering the country of Hatti adjusted themselves to the Hattians adopting their personal names and worshipping their gods, out of reverence for a higher culture” .(4)Neshili, was probably spoken by the Hatti, not the IE Hittite. Yet, this language is classified as an IE langauge. Researchers maintain that the Hatti spoke 'Hattili' or Khattili “language of the Hatti”, and the IE Hittites spoke "Neshumnili"/ Neshili .(5) Researchers maintain that only 10% of the terms in Neshumnili is IE. This supports the view that Nesumnili may have been a lingua franca.It is clear that the Anatolians spoke many languages including:Palaic, Hatti, Luwian and Hurrian, but the people as you know mainly wrote their writings in Neshumnili. The first people to use this system as the language of the royal chancery were Hatti Itamar Singer makes it clear that the Hittites adopted the language of the Hatti .(6)Steiner wrote that, " In the complex linguistic situation of Central Anatolia, in the 2nd Millennium B.C. with at least three, but probably more different languages being spoken within the same area there must have been the need for a language of communication or lingua franca [i.e., Neshumnili), whenever commercial transactions or political enterprises were undertaken on a larger scale" .(7)•The Hatti language which provided the Hittites with many of the terms Indo-Aryan nationalists use to claim and Aryan origin for the Indus civilization is closely related to African languages including Egyptians. For example:Big, mighty, powerful protect, help upperHattic ur $uh tufaEgyptian wr swh tpMalinke fara solo dya, tu ‘raising’Head stretch (out) prosper to pourHattic tu put falfalat duqEgyptian tup pdMalinke tu ‘strike head’ pe, bemba fin’ya duEye hand Place King, term of respectThe Malinke-Bambara and Hatti language share other cognates and grammatical features. For example,in both languages the pronoun can be prefixed to nouns, e.g., Hatti le ‘his’, le fil ‘his house’; Malinke-Bambara a ‘his’, a falu ‘his father’s house’. Other Hatti and Malinke- Bambara cognates include:Hattic b’la ka -ka Kaati Malinke n’ye teke -ka ka, kuntigi ‘headman’Good hypothesis generation suggest that given the fact that the Malinke-Bambara and Hatti languages share cognate terms, Sumerian terms may also relate to Hatti terms since they were also Kushites. Below we compare a few Hatti, Sumerian and Malinke Bambara terms: Mother..... father.... lord ....,ruler... build to set upHattic na-a............... ..............ša..... texMalinke na..... baba................ sa.... teSumerian na ‘she’ aba.....................tu ‘to create’To pour...child....son.. up....to raise...... strength.....,powerful...... landHatti.... dug.... pin,pinu... tufa... ur... -kaMalinke.. du den dya........., tu.... fara... -kaSumerian.. dub... peš..... dul.... usu.... kiThe Hattic language is closely related to African and Dravidian languages for example: •English ……Hattic …..Egyptian…….. Malinke (Mande language)powerful ……ur………. wr'great,big' ………faraprotect…….. $uh……… swh …………………solo-head …………tup ………tp ……………tu 'strike the head'up,upper….. tufa ………..tp……………… dya, tu 'raising ground'to stretch put… pd ………pe,……………….. bambao prosper …….falfat …..-- …………………..find'yapour ……………duq …….---………………….. du 'to dispense'child …………..pin………,pinu………………… denMother ………..na-a ………--…………………….. nalord …………….sa ………..--………………………. saplace ………….-ka………… -kaThe languages have similar syntax Hattic le fil 'his house'; Mande a falu 'his father's house'. This suggest that the first Anatolians were Kushites, a view supported by the Hattic name for themselves: Kashka.•HurriansAn important group in Anantolia in addition to the Hatti, were the Hurrians. The Hurrians enter Mesopotamia from the northeastern hilly area . They introduced horse-drawn war chariots to Mesopotamia .Hurrians penetrate Mesopotamia and Syria-Palestine between 1700-1500 BC. The major Hurrian Kingdom was Mitanni , which was founded by Sudarna I (c.1550), was established at Washukanni on the Khabur River . The Hurrian capital was Urkesh, one of its earliest kings was called Tupkish.Linguistic and historical evidence support the view that Dravidians influenced Mittanni and Lycia . (Winters 1989a) Alain Anselin is sure that Dravidian speaking peoples once inhabited the Aegean . For example Anselin (1982, pp.111-114) has discussed many Dravidian place names found in the Aegean Sea area.Two major groups in ancient Anatolia were the Hurrians and Lycians. Although the Hurrians are considered to be Indo-European speakers, some Hurrians probably spoke a Dravidian language.The Hurrians lived in Mittanni. Mittanni was situated on the great bend of the Upper Euphrates river. Hurrian was spoken in eastern Anatolia and North Syria .Most of what we know about Hurrian comes from the Tel al-Armarna letters. These letters were written to the Egyptian pharaoh. These letters are important because they were written in a language different from diplomatic Babylonian.The letters written in the unknown language were numbered 22 and 25. In 1909 Bork, in Mitteilungen der Vorderasiatische Gesellschaft, wrote a translation of the letters.In 1930, G.W. Brown proposed that the words in letters 22 and 25 were Dravidian especially Tamil. Brown (1930), has shown that the vowels and consonants of Hurrian and Dravidian are analogous. In support of this theory Brown (1930) noted the following similarities between Dravidian and Hurrian: 1) presence of a fullness of forms employed by both languages; 2) presence of active and passive verbal forms are not distinguished; 3) presence of verbal forms that are formed by particles; 4) presence of true relative pronouns is not found in these languages; 5) both languages employ negative verbal forms; 6) identical use of -m, as nominative; 7) similar pronouns; and 8) similar ending formations: Dravidian Hurriana a-kku -ikkaimbu impuThere are analogous Dravidian and Hurrian terms:English Hurrian Dravidianmountain paba parampulady,woman aallay aliKing Sarr,zarr Ca, ciragod en engive tan tarato rule irn irefather attai attanwife,woman asti attiMany researchers have noted the presence of many Indo-Aryan words. In Hurrians. This has led some researchers to conclude that Indo –Europeans may have ruled the Hurrians. This results from the fact that the names of the Hurrian gods are similar to the Aryan gods: Hurrian SanskritMi-it-va MitraAru-na VarunaIn-da-ra IndraNa-sa-at-tiya NasatyaThere are other Hurrian and Sanskrit terms that appear to show a relationship: English Hurrian Sanskrit TamilOne aika eka okka ‘together’Three tera triFive panza panca añcuSeven satta saptaNine na nava onpatuOther Hurrian terms relate to Indo-Aryan:English Hurrian I-A TamilBrown babru babhru pukarGrey parita palita paraitu ‘old’Reddish pinkara pingala puuvalEnglish Mitanni Vedic TamilWarrior marya marya makan, maravanConclusionIn summary, the Hattic speaking people were members of the Kushite tribe called Tehenu. They were probably called Hati ( pl. Hatiu), by the Egyptians.The language of the Hittites was more than likely a lingua franca, with Hattic, at its base. In Western Anatolia many languages were spoken including Hattic, Palaic, Luwian and Hurrian used Nesa as a lingua franca. For example, the king of Arzawa, asked the Egyptian in the Amarna Letters, to write them back in Nesumnili rather than Egyptian .(8)Steiner notes that “In the complex linguistic situation of Central Anatolia in the 2nd Millennium B.C., with at least three, but probably more different languages being spoken within the same area there must have been the need for a language of communication or lingua franca whenever commercial transaction or political enterprises were undertaken on a larger scale” .(9)This led Steiner to conclude that “moreover the structure of Hittite easily allowed one to integrate not only proper names, but also nouns of other languages into the morphological system. Indeed, it is a well known fact the vocabulary of Hittite is strongly interspersed with lexemes from other languages, which is a phenomenon typical of a “lingua franca” .(10) You can find out more about the Kushites in my latest book : The Kushites who,what when, where.References:Bright, John (2000). "A History of Israel". Westminster John Knox Press .Brass, M. (2013). Revisiting a hoary chestnut: the nature of early cattle domestication in North-East Africa. Sahara (Segrate, Italy), 24, 65–70.Drews, Robert ( 1994). "The Coming of the Greeks: Indo-European Conquests in the Aegean and the Near East". Princeton University PressLevy et al. ( 1997).Egyptian-Canaanite Interaction at Nahal Tillah, Israel (ca. 4500-3000 B. C. E.): An Interim Report on the 1994-1995 Excavations. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/…/302287010_Egyptian-Canaanite…Mitchell P., Paul Lane (Ed.),(2013). The Oxford Handbook of African Archaeology. Oxford .Miller N.F., Robert N Spengler, Michael Frachetti. (2010). Millet cultivation across Eurasia: Origins, spread, and the influence of seasonal climate, The Holocene , Vol. 26 10:1566-1575Wengrow, D., Dee, M., Foster, S., Stevenson, A., & Ramsey, C. (2014). Cultural convergence in the Neolithic of the Nile Valley: A prehistoric perspective on Egypt's place in Africa. Antiquity, 88(339), 95-111. https://www.cambridge.org/…/198005B5D23B644951E17B3F0803AF74Winters, Clyde (2018) .The Y-Chromosome R1 introduced to Eurasia by the Kushites. Y-CHROMOSOME R1 WAS INTRODUCED TO EURASIA BY KUSHITESFootnotes1. Itamar Singer, Hittites and Hattians in Anatolia at the beginning of the Second Millennium B.C., Journal of Indo-European Studies, 9 (1-2) (1981), pp.119-149.2 Gerd Steiner, The role of the Hittites in ancient Anatolia, Journal of Indo-European Studies, 9 (1-2) (1981), 119-149.3 El Mosallamy,A.H.S. Libyco-Berber relations with ancient Egypt:The Tehenu in Egyptian records. In (pp.51-68) 1986, p.55; and L. Borchardt, Das Grabdenkmal des Konigs Sahure. Vol. II, Table 1.4 Steiner, p.160.5 I.M. Diakonoff and P.L. Kohl, Early Antiquity. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990.6. Itamar Singer, Hittites and Hattians in Anatolia at the Beginning of the Second Millennium BC,Journal of Indo-European Studies, 9 (1-2) (pp.119-149).7 Ibid., p.162.8 Ibid., p.161.9 Ibid., p.16210 Ibid., p.165.