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Mr. Toth states “We do not measure spacetime. We cannot measure spacetime.” I disagree. The official footage captured by a US Navy F/A-18 Super Hornet present at the 2004 Nimitz UAP incident off the coast of San Diego offers metric effects on physical processes in an altered spacetime as interpreted by a remote (unaltered spacetime) observer.Gravity is a property of matter; but not a property of electromagnetism. The hypothesis is that protons [holes in the semiconductor junction] in all forms of matter and their presence in our location in the universe, this is the source of the attractive force of gravity in the vicinity of matter. The other novel thing is the absence of matter produces a repulsive anti-gravity force that is much weaker than the gravity force and balloon like. Electrons however do not contribute enough mass to really affect gravitation in any significant way. The geometry of matter, or lack thereof, causes a force field to be produced that I could measure.In his paper H. E. Puthoff, [link to article->] “Advanced space propulsion based on vacuum (spacetime metric) engineering,” Jour. Brit. Interplanetary Soc. 63 (3), 82-89 (2010) Hal proposed the basic hypothesis in altered spacetime:· denser spacetime (g00 < 1, |g11| > 1) time dilates, length shrinks “gravitational”· expanded spacetime (g00 > 1, |g11| < 1) time shrinks, length dilates “antigravitationalHarmful Spacetime Metric-Engineering Consequences video of Dr. Harold E. Puthoff.Gravitation is faster than speed of light in context of Quantum Tunneling.In the barrier is where the entanglement occurs, but the protons don't really move, they vibrate. You might say they all sing and dance to the same tune.Quantum tunneling is an example of the quantum entanglement phenomenon. Quantum tunneling is the quantum mechanical phenomenon where a subatomic particle passes through a potential barrier instantaneously. In quantum mechanics the hypothesis is matter [i.e. mass or gravitons] as having properties of both waves and particles. One interpretation of this duality involves the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, which defines a limit on how precisely the position and the momentum of a particle can be known at the same time. This implies that there are no solutions with a probability of exactly zero (or one), though a solution may approach infinity if, for example, the calculation for its position was taken as a probability of 1, the other, i.e. its speed, would have to be infinity [instantaneous]. Hence, the probability of a given particle's existence on the opposite side of an intervening barrier is non-zero, and such particles will appear on the 'other' side (a semantically difficult word in this instance) with a relative frequency proportional to this probability.Watch "Understanding Quantum Mechanics: The Tunnel Effect"Gravitation is slower than speed of light in context of frame dragging.Examine the difference between gravito-magnetic induction and [electro-]magnetic induction. A GMR read head signal is observed from a 10μm x 10μm square bump of around 32 nanometer tall on a hard disk platen spinning at a constant linear velocity of 500 inches per second (ips). The disk is spinning counter-clockwise, so we observe the first [electro]-magnetic induction signal on the left as the edge of the square nano-bump moves under GMR sensor. This upward magnetic induction is induced by the 90° change in the angle at the edge of bump at the speed of light. This is followed by the downward gravitomagnetic signal of a bump 1μSecond later traveling at the speed of gravity. We observe the downward polarity second [electro]magnetic induction signal on the right of the gravitomagnetic signal as the edge of the square nano-bump moves under GMR sensor 0.8μSecond later traveling at the speed of light. In this example we observe the gravitational frame dragging is 1μSecond. Voltage is in millivolts (mV).Presence of matter moving produces a pull force and negative polarity gravityThe image is of a cross sectional view of the GMR read head with a piezo-electric crystal mounted on the back side of the head slider. The GMR read head is sensitive to magnetic field changes while the piezo-electric crystal on the back of the slider is sensitive to physical motion of the head slider. A 10μm x 10μm square bump of around 32 nanometer height measurement results are shown. On the left is the piezo-electric Glide Head signal where is observed an undamped physical pull against the head slider against the force of Earth Gravity as shown. On the right the GMR sensor shows a negative polarity gravitomagnetic signal. Therefore this infers the presence of matter on the spinning disk produced a physical pull force and negative polarity gravitomagnetism. In this example we observe the gravitational frame dragging is 1μSecond.Absence of matter moving produces a push force and positive polarity gravityThe image is a cross sectional view of the GMR read head with a piezo-electric crystal mounted on the back side of the head slider with a nano-pit on the surface of the disk. A 10μm x 10μm square pit of around 52 nanometer depth measurement results are shown. On the left is the piezo-electric Glide Head signal where is observed a short dampened physical push against the head slider against the force of Earth Gravity. On the right the GMR sensor shows a positive polarity gravitomagnetic signal. Therefore this infers the absence of matter on the spinning disk produced a push force and positive polarity gravitomagnetism. In this example we observe the gravitational frame dragging is 1μSecond. This also infers that there exist two different time frames: one for matter [or the lack there of], and another for electromagnetism [EM].Above are 3-D images of measurements taken from a Park Systems atomic force microscope (AFM) of the 10μm x 10μm square pit of around 52 nanometer depth and a 10μm x 10μm square bump of around 32 nanometer height associated with the data displayed above.Gravitational junction: parabolic pull force of nano-gravity and hyperbolic push force of nano-antigravity [like a balloon]A diode is a semiconductor material with a p–n junction connected to two electrical terminals. The p-type side of the junction has an excess of protons [called “holes”], and also called “acceptors”. The n-type side of the junction has an excess of electrons, called “donors”. By varying the area of the nano-pits and the nano-bumps on the surface of the spinning disk, the graph of the measured gravitational force is derived. A gravitational diode curve is observed for variable area pits and bumps. The p-type side of the gravitational diode is the acceptor side of the junction producing positive gravitational induction and a push force with a third order polynomial of a hyperbolic force like that of a balloon. The n-type side of the gravitational diode is the donor side of the junction producing negative gravitational induction and a pull force with a second order polynomial of a parabolic like that of normal gravity.Do protons power life on earth?To perform 20 million billion calculations per second the brain's thought processes must involve some sort of chain reaction involving chaos theory. The MRI image is like watching the spark plug in your car. But the sparks come from somewhere; in your car its the magnetic coil that creates the spark; in your brain it is the spin of protons [or holes]. Most current theories are based on the synaptic electromagnetic impulses that occur in the human brain for example as the basis for consciousness. A postulate is gravity produced by the spin of protons that is the basis for all life; plants, animals and even fungi..the gravitational motor using protons [i.e. holes] to power protein motors in every cell on this planet. Research has shown that there's two types of magnetism: electromagnetism and gravito-magnetism. Gravitomagnetism is produced by the presence or absence of matter moving in the universe. Gravitomagnetism isn't the same as ferromagnetism. We observed gravitomagnetism induced from glass nano-bumps. No metal of any kind was present. Also, with absence of matter [nano-pits] produced a push force we could measure. These properties of hole transport may power life as well. In a semiconductor the flow of protons is known as hole flow while the flow of electrons is known as electrons flow. It’s because of the movement of protons [holes] that ATP synthase [live] powers everything that is alive on earth; animal, vegetable, even fungi. Check out this video of ATP synthase {represented through human motion}, the molecular motor moving protons [H+], the power plant in the cell.Tic Tac GIF [below] demonstrates both gravitational and anti-gravitational effectsGeneral relativity (GR) is a theory of gravitation that was developed by Albert Einstein between 1907 and 1915. According to general relativity, the observed gravitational attraction between masses results from the "warping of space and time by those masses". General relativity has developed into an essential tool in modern astrophysics. It provides the foundation for the current understanding of black holes: regions of space where gravitational attraction is so strong that not even light can escape.Tic Tac GIF [above] demonstrates Special Relativity (SR) effects including length dilation using angular momentum in its propulsionEinstein's "Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper" ("On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies") was received on 30 June 1905 and published 26 September of that same year. It reconciles Maxwell's equations for electricity and magnetism with the laws of mechanics, by introducing major changes to mechanics close to the speed of light. This later became known as Einstein's special theory of relativity.Consequences of this include the time-space frame of a moving body appearing to slow down and contract (in the direction of motion) when measured in the frame of the observer. This paper also argued that the idea of a luminiferous aether – one of the leading theoretical entities in physics at the time – was superfluous.On time travelI was exploring time travel in a discussion with Hal Puthoff. Let's assume that the speed of light is our fixed time reference with gravitational interaction time being our variable. With expanded spacetime (g00 > 1, |g11| < 1) time shrinks, length dilates, so an anti-gravity pre-signal; we observed this effect for a 10μm x 10μm nano-pit exhibits as shown. To a non-expanded spacetime observer, objects moving in expanded spacetime appear to exceed the speed of light.Likewise with denser spacetime (g00 < 1, |g11| > 1) time dilates, length shrinks, so a post-signal would be expected. We observed this effect for a 10μm x 10μm nano-bump, exhibits as shown.Image source: Cosmography of the Local Universe (FullHD version) at 14:20 minutes in.ConclusionsThe geometry of matter, or lack thereof, causes a force field to be produced that I could measure. Regarding the gravitational temporal relation, both forms of gravitation experience the same amount of frame dragging as described in Einstein's General Relativity theory; so doesn't that mean that Time must be the substance between gravitational energy and EM energy that makes up our existence? Time must be a substance. That's because gravitational space time is produced by hole states of matter and electromagnetism spacetime (EM or light) is produced by electron states of matter. Quantum mechanics (QM) is built on EM space time; not gravitational space time. However, Special Relativity is built on EM space time while General Relativity is built on gravitational space time. The manifold of events in spacetime are a "substance" which exists independently of the matter within it...Special Relativity (SR) and General Relativity (GR) created a conundrum for Einstein that he tried to resolve unsuccessfully to unite the two theories into one grand unified field theory. My discovery is that while the speed of light is constant, that's not true for gravitation. It can be slower in speed and faster, too. Einstein focused too much on the speed of light and not enough on the "holes" all around him. That's where the gravitation is. That "electromagnetism is in spacetime A," let's call that spacetime "{EM} spacetime", and this is what Einstein's "Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Korper"[1] ("On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies") described, which reconciles Maxwell's equations for electricity and magnetism with the laws of mechanics, by introducing major changes to mechanics close to the speed of light. This later became known as Einstein's special theory of relativity (SR).[2][3] That "gravitation is in spacetime B," let's call that spacetime "{G}spacetime" and this is what Einstein's General Relativity (GR) describes. According to general relativity,[4] the observed gravitational attraction between masses results from the "warping of space and time by those masses". When I write about this "manifold of events in spacetime are a "substance," which exists independently of the matter within it," this "manifold of events in spacetime" is this property that makes Time; as we measure it; the emergent {positive arrow of time}. Therefore time is a vector whose direction depends on your position in our universe, which is created by a change of energy states between gravitation to electromagnetism; and vice versa. The image of our local universe, above, shows that spacetime is a substance. It flows from the past [shown on the left] and into the future(s) [shown on the right] and back again. This suggests that our region of spacetime is the superposition of the past [denser spacetime] and the future [expanded spacetime] in the here and now.[1] EINSTEIN, A. Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Korper. Annalen der Physik 17: 891-921, 1905.[2] EINSTEIN, A.; GROSSMANN, M. Entwurf einer verallgemeinerten Relativitatstheorie und einer Theorie der Gravitation. Zeitschrift fur Mathematik und Physik 62: 225-261, 1913.[3] EINSTEIN, A. Die Grundlage der allgemeinen Relativitatstheorie. Annalen der Physik, 49, 1916.[4] HILBERT, D., Die Grundlagen der Physik. Mathematische Annalen, 92, 1924.Link for Michael E. Boyd’s CV: Michael E. Boyd (0000-0001-8039-4166)

I’ve dealt with the same pain for years, trying to find, like any engineer, a logical explanation, how private non-unionized companies became exempt from the basic supply and demand rule of capitalism (on the hiring side).Doubt, you’re the “tl;dr” type, but for those pressed for time, I’ll get to the point. You’ve reached your professional cap in IT. Job hopping won’t help anymore. Make the final “hop” out of the dying “outsourced” IT to a top tech company where you are a “revenue generator” rather than the “cost center”: Google, Facebook, Amazon, Netflix, etc. And grow there. Sorry for the Captain Obvious answer.If anyone is wondering how a white-collar professional could reach his/her career cap in only nine years, read on… No, you did not reach the top professionally - by learning every possible technology, skill, and trick in your trade. Your cap was forcefully lowered by the industry through the so-called “offshore outsourcing”.With nine years in the industry you (thankfully) did not witness the first crushing wave in 2002, when contract rates were slashed in half (I’ll cover salaries later). I am a bit older, so I can provide an accurate real-life statistics of software developer wages before, during, and after the “outsourcing” bonanza. And since you’ve reached the top, I’ll only cover the senior level dev-slash-architect wages.The earliest period I know about: from others, as I am not THAT old is the first half of the 90s. I knew a girl: smart and college-educated, but w/o a PhD, publications, and other scientific credentials, who was making $90/hr in 1991, in the middle of the disarmament and defense cuts “recession”. I never asked, but knowing her, am leaning to think she found that contract through a recruiter. Programming jobs were recession-proof before 2002, and from what I heard about the 1980s and even 70s, they were well-paid (adjusted for inflation). People retired on that money alone - in their conservative 401Ks/IRAs.Hard to imagine today, seeing the same harmful cycle: the company dumping “expensive” engineers during a recession to “hire some genius unbelievably cheap”, wait for him/her to quit immediately, when the recession ends, and wonder “why we can’t find people”. Then go through the list of weaklings, further spaghettifying the code, and finally look for an “expensive” (meaning 5% over the average pay rate) messiah to magically clean it up and end the hourly server crashes. What happened here is the loss of the principal engineer(s). Why it is permanent - even if the greedy employer sees the light (e.g. through the CTO change)? Because no one trusts employers anymore. Unless it is Google or Facebook.Sure there are few honest caring employers left underneath the top (Google) tier. They are not hiring. No personnel turnover there inside super-compact super-effective tightly-knit teams of experts. Well-compensated of course. Even if they need someone, they’d carefully go through their friends first. Experts tend to befriend other smart people, don’t you think? GitHub will be the second stop (if any), perhaps followed by StackOverflow. No one will source resumes on Dice, LinkedIn, or through recruiters.On the job seeker side, I don’t know about you, but I dread updating my Dice or LinkedIn profile, because the 1% of the following calls and emails - I mean not from Indian body shops - is for the aforementioned “We need someone quick because our recession-hired genius quit” situation. Even if I hate my current job, I don’t want to waste my time on conversations that always end with the polite “We’ll let you know when something in your pay range comes up” and “It is hard to find good people”. Really? I wonder why?For the record my “pay range” is very reasonable. It is what I am currently making - plus some extra. Why else would I make a “lateral move”? Because I am unemployed, hate the city I live in, or otherwise desperate? Keep dreaming. Like all telemarketers recruiters try to coerce you into a money-losing decision by applying whatever intelligence-insulting sales tricks they are “trained” on. They are paid to call and try. More on the topic here: Alex Rogachevsky's answer to What do you think of recruitment agencies in the software development sector?Even if some desperate employer sees the error of its ways and offers the $200K base salary, no one is listening anymore. Nor experts post resumes on Dice - lost in the thousands of indistinguishable acronym-filled “discount resource” profiles . Besides, you don’t need nine years in the industry to know what would happen upon accepting such “dream offer”. Your boss will try to make that money worth through unpaid overtime. Almost forgot… there is another obstacle - the “salary history” to prevent the cardinal HR sin - getting more than 3% increase through changing jobs.All those atrocities existed before 2002 - portrayed with the astounding accuracy in the (pay attention) pre-outsourcing 1999 “Office Space” movie. Time to cover salaries. They were pathetic: in the $60–80K range. $90K tops with a bonus. Six figures were untouchable w/o an MBA degree. It’s never changed. You cannot make more than your non-technical (MBA or otherwise) boss. Non-tech companies are not “slow” to “adapt”. They are rigid. They’ll never change their salary grids set by MBA decision makers.Software development is not rocket science, though it is perhaps the most dynamic: rich, complex, and fast-changing discipline of engineering. The only way to understand it is to be/stay an engineer. That said, I wish IT made even the slightest attempt to promote from below, rather than hire completely non-technical managers. Again, if it happens somewhere, it means a tight team w/o personnel turnover. Can’t get in there through recruiter-aided job-hopping.Non-technical bosses feel very insecure about their lack of technical expertise, and envy anyone who has the stamina and attention span to learn new technologies, analyze more than three (average human comfort level) hierarchical topics at once, and otherwise exhibit superior mental capacity. Combine that with a six-figure salary creeping into the “management” pay bracket, and they’ll hate you, doing anything in their power to dilute your salary and make your life miserable.You’d fight back by fooling them with estimates - the art perfected by conniving “offshore resources” and their coordinators treating clueless American bosses as stupid “gringos”. Leads to more hate and distrust. The only way to break that vicious cycle is to found a completely new company, that understands engineers and treats them right. Or, here we go again, go to an already founded one - in the Google and Facebook tier.Back to the “Office Space” pre-outsourcing era. Since you haven’t witnessed it, you did not see people who put up with pathetic IT “permanent” salaries - and did look a lot like the Milton character from that movie. All of them have vanished - crushed by the first wave of “offshoring” in 2002. However for anyone with a spine, like you and me, the industry came up with a compromise: hourly-paid contracting outside of the official MBA-dictated salary grid. The rates were in the $60–90/hr range + recruiter markup for solid mainstream e.g. C++ programming. For the sake of clarity I’ll skip the 7.5% C2C vs. W2 difference, considering it the negotiation wiggle room. I am also not going into the “cut the middleman” discussion to keep it real and relevant for most job hoppers relying on recruiters.There are few comforting myths about contract rates e.g. the price of “benefits” and “job security”. A programmer is not a minimum wage Starbucks barista, where the outstanding health and other benefit package (mandated to be the same across the company) can outweigh the annual wages. All “benefits” combined (the lion’s share of which is the PTO) hardly account for 10% a of six-figure engineering salary. Add a (not guaranteed) 15% bonus, for which one has to suck up to his/her boss, waste time on all stupid corporate trainings, and comply with other regulations. 5% of matching 401K contribution, which will disappear at your retirement age, as the Wall Street gambles away your “nest egg”, unless you spend your day trading instead of programming. The result (best case scenario) is only 30%, whether the same (salary) number multiplied by 2.08 (2080 hours in a year) is more than double in contractor income.The “job security”? Please. Did Milton with his I am sure pathetic salary, have job security at Initech? It is someone’s brains, not (lower) salary. When a multi-million contract hinges on the tricky new feature, you better have a person to implement it under one week. Or fix a critical bug that brought down the server farm at 3am in the middle of the sensitive Big Data aggregation job.Contract rates were not “compensating” for anything. That was the awkward, yet straightforward free economy’s response to the supply and demand situation. Then the “outsourcing” happened - crushing the rates to $40 in 2002. The rates have eventually climbed back to the same $60–90/hr. While the base (architect-level) salaries remained approximately at the same $130K level since the dot-com era, raising to $150K in the last two “prosperous” years.Do the math against the hourly rates. If, hypothetically speaking, the well-known country did not pour its near-billion population into IT, the net rates recruiters paid contractors could have been around $125/hr today simply adjusted for inflation, which equates a $250K salary. Rumors say, it is Google’s base number for the Level 6 Engineer position. I am sure Facebook and others are not far behind. It doesn’t matter, how the company arrives at the fair (supply and demand driven) salary: hourly or annually. And even if I am off by $50K, what matters most, is employers like that exist.Yes, you’d need to prove your “seniority” to get hired there - as opposed to IT counting just “years of experience”. You’ll need to prove you are one of the few. The main difference with the corporate IT world, is that you don’t need to brandish MBA or PhD regalia for that. You can use just your brains.Don’t hop IT jobs. They are all the same. Both massive IT and equally dysfunctional “eternal startup” sweatshops are drowning in the amount of spaghetti code typed by “discount resources” since 2002. They could afford to hire more people - who produced more crap. There are things much worse than “communication issues” inside a bloated team. The surplus of labor leads to the “keeping them busy” issues - resulting in unneeded/wrong technology trials - that stick and not only need to be maintained, but also “integrated” between each other. Plus the rest of the chaotic unproductive commotion, cheap “extras” have mastered to show, that they are doing something, and doing it “faster” than Americans. It leaves toxic baggage long after the bodyshop-sourced “bodies” are gone. Essentially IT has created monstrous spaghetti codebases, which only pliable little people from you know where are willing to dig into.There is no replacing that mess with new systems. IT management is incapable of developing anything new. Y2K proved it. Make no mistake, both the prehistoric mainframe software, that was supposed to die in 2000, and all spaghetti produced after that is going to live on. Sure, as a job hopper, you’ll come across a desperate hiring manager willing to throw $5–10K extra to anyone willing to dig into that mess. Do you really want to? Instead of developing cool mobile apps, sharp websites, and tricky concurrent data-processing algorithms. You have one life - to waste it on that stressful brain cell killing sh_t.Over the last 20 years IT has had 70% failure rate. I am not going to link Michael Krigsman’s IT Failures ZDNet blog, where that number came from, because he seemingly stopped publishing it and changed his tone to more optimistic, trying to make truce with the IT Consulting Food Chain. Though he did not officially disprove the last 2009 number. In my experience it was closer to the 90% failure rate: - $10M+ projects never touched by a single user.I can only speculate how companies survive losses like that. First, they still operate their ancient pre-Y2K “legacy” mainframe. Second, R&D losses hedge against taxes - while transferring money to several layers of friend/relative middleman supplying the phony “workforce”. Nothing would ever beat complex and poorly understood enterprise software development as the ultimate obscure money sink. Third, the losses are passed to the customers via price fixing. Auto insurance commercials are clever and funny, but when was the last time you noticed the difference between rates when shopping around? And lastly, sorry for getting political, companies operating in the intentional loss (fraud) mode tend to be “bailed out” by taxpayer money.Nothing we can do about it, but what it means to you, an engineer, is your brain makes no difference in loss-driven corporate IT. Your contribution is not needed at all. You were hired, so some middlemen can make money on you.You would not want your manager’s job either: asked to “produce” and “held responsible”. Believe me, they hate “outsourcing” too, and want to hire fewer - more capable engineers. But have nothing to offer them. I recently had a conversation with one of my client’s CTO. Someone forced an “offshore resource” on him - paying for three months in advance (I wonder how low). I let him know about my level of excitement to “keep that guy busy”. The response was priceless. “Money aside, if we bring in someone good, I’d feel horrible throwing him into our mess”.Please, make that final “hop” and go where you are needed - and appreciated (financially). Which depends on what you bring to the table. If you are an “enterprise architect” doling out vague advice to buy more IBM, Oracle, or Microsoft - whatever your consulting company is selling, there is no place for you in any true engineering team.

The following content is from an Israeli think tank agency..Happy reading..The the bilateral relationship between the two countries has blossomed at the economic, military, agricultural and political levels. Both countries see themselves as isolated democracies threatened by neighbors that train, finance and encourage terrorism, therefore both countries also view their cooperative relationship as a strategic imperative.Relations between Jerusalem and New Delhi were not always warm. Although both countries gained their independence from the United Kingdom within months of each other, they found themselves headed in pointedly different directions for nearly four decades - India as a leader in the Non-Aligned Movement that maintained close relations to the Arab world and the Soviet Union; Israel which linked its future to close ties with the United States and Western Europe.India's large Muslim population was another major obstacle to building a relationship with Israel, as Indiafeared that close relations with the Jewish State might somehow radicalize its Muslim citizens - numbering more than 100 million - and hurt its relations with the Arab world.Although India publicly kept a distance from Israel until the late 1980's, there was in fact a great deal of bilateral activities between the two countries in the preceding years. India extended de-jure recognition to Israel in 1950 and allowed Israel to maintain a consulate in Mumbai (Bombay) to facilitate the voluntary immigration of thousands of Indian Jews to Israel. Thousands of Indians have also traveled to Israel for special courses and training in agricultural technology and community development. Israeli supplied weapons aided India in winning the Kargil War against Pakistan in 1999. Israel also provided humanitarian relief to India. Following a devastating earthquake in 2001, Israel sent an IDF emergency response delegation to India for two weeks to provide humanitarian relief and treatment for the victims.Since firmly establishing diplomtic ties, both countries have benefited immensely. India has become one of Israel’s largest trading partners, many of the world’s leading high-tech companies in Israel and India are forging joint ventures that are successfully competing in the tough international marketplace. Trade and cooperation between the countries now centers primarily on security-related deals and aid in areas such as agriculture and water desalination. As of July 2013, India-Israel trade had risen to approximately $6 billion a year, far surpassing the the modest $200 million level it was at in 1992.The key to the growing India-Israel ties, however, is in the realm of security and defense. In the early 2000s, the Indian army declared its intention to implement a modernization program to which resources of tens of billions of dollars would be allocated. Since then, defense deals with Israel have grown exponentially - today, India is the number one export target of Israel’s defense industries.Including diamonds, bilateral trade between Israel and India amounted to $4.13 billion during 2016. Israel exported $1.15 billion worth of goods to India during 2016 not including diamonds, amounting to 2.5% of Israel's total exports for the year.Recent DevelopmentsThe head of Israel's space research program, Colonel Avi Hareven, and the head of the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO), Dr. K. Kasturirangan, signed an agreement on space cooperation between the two countries in November 2002.In 2006, Israeli and Indian ministers of agriculture signed a long-term cooperation and training deal, which has since been supervised by field experts from Mashav, an international development program of Israel’s Foreign Ministry. In 2008, the two nations started a $50 million shared agriculture fund, focusing on dairy, farming technology and micro-irrigation. This constituted the Agriculture Cooperation Agreement. In 2011, India and Israel signed an agreement to foster cooperation on urban water systems, which came after more than a decade of joint research, development and shared investment in the countries’ respective water technologies.Israel has sold radar and surveillance systems as well as electronic components for military aircraft and and has helped India defense itself through training in counterterrorism methods. In November 2011, India's elit Cobra Commando unit bought more than 1,000 units of the Israeli X-95 assualt rifle to use in counterinsurgency operation. Also in 2011, India placed orders for four advanced Israeli Phalcon AWACS planes (airborne warning and control systems) which are capable of detecting hostile aircraft, cruise missiles and other incoming aerial threat far before ground-based radars.In January 2012, India and Israelstepped up their counter-terrorism coordination strategy in the wake of Indian External Affairs Minister SM Krishna's visit to the Jewish state. While in Israel, Krishna met with top Israeli government and defense leaders and agreed to work to boost their counter-terrorism cooperation. The two countries also signed an Extradition Treaty and a pact on Transfer of Sentenced Prisoners.In May 2013, Israel announced that it will help India diversify and raise the yeild of its fruit and vegetable crops by offering the country advanced technology and know-how. Israel will help set up 28 centers of excellence across India focussed on specific fruit and vegetable crops. "We congratulate India on being self-sufficient in food. Feeding 1.2 billion people is not an easy task. But with improvement in technology, a lot more can be achieved," Daniel Carmon, head of MASHAV, Israel's Agency for International Development Cooperation, said. By March 2014, 10 Centres of Excellence operated throughout India offering free training sessions for farmers in efficient agricultural techniques using Israeli technological expertise and know-how. Vertical farming, drip irrigation and soil solarisation are some of what is taught at the centers. The 10 already operating focus on mangoes, pomegranates and citrus fruits and the idea is to expand to flowers, bee keeping and dairying, with 28 centers by 2015. Israeli Embassy spokesman Ohad Horsandi explained: "The idea is to transfer applied research and technologies to the farmers in various states across India. While Israel has already entered into agreement with seven state governments to set up these centres, the most successful model has been Haryana," in the northern part of the country. The visit was jointly arranged by the governments of India and Israel and managed by the Weitz Center for Development Studies and Israel NewTech, the national sustainable water and energy program of Israel’s Ministry of Industry, Trade and Labor.In June 2013, a delegation of 16 high-ranking Indian officials of the water authorities of Rajasthan, Karnataka, Goa and Haryana came to Israel and visited wastewater treatment plants, met with some of Israel’s leading environmentalists and agronomists and listened to explanations of some of the newest technologies for water management. "In India, we have a major crisis of water," said Rajeev Jain, an assistant engineer in the water department of Rajasthan. "Our problem is the same that Israel faced. But Israel is an expert at successfully implementing technologies that we aren’t able to implement. So we have come here to understand which technologies they use and how they manage these things."During a July 2014 visit to Tel Aviv, Indian Defense Secretary Radha Krishna Mathur outlined his goals for Indo-Israeli defense cooperation. The Indian government requested an unspecified number of Sword Fish ground radar trackers, precision-guided artillery, unspecified missiles, and two AWACS units (in addition to the four ordered in 2005). Mathur was especially interested in the delivery of long-range anti-missile defense batteries for deployment aboard Indian naval ships. The project was announced in 2005, and originally scheduled for delivery in 2012. Israeli and Indian government officials signed an intelligence-sharing agreement in July 2014, hoping to fight radical Islamic extremism in the region together.In a historic moment, the first meeting of the Prime Ministers from Israel and India in over a decade occured on September 28, 2014. Israeli Prime Minister Netanyahu met with Indian Prime Minister Narenda Modi and the two spoke of economic, technological, and agricultural collaboration in the future. Netanyahu expressed his concerns about a nuclear Iran and the spread of radical Islam throughout the Middle East, and the two enjoyed a friendly conversation. The Indian Prime Minister acknowledged that Israel and India have a historic working relationship and stated that India is "the only country where antisemitism has never been allowed to come up, where Jews have never suffered and lived as an integral part of our society". The meeting was left on a positive note, with Netanyahu inviting Modi to Israel for a return visit.Israel Aerospace Industries successfully tested a jointly developed Indian-Israeli Barak 8 air and naval defense missile system on November 10, 2014. The missile test was carried out by Israel's Defense Ministry and India's Defense research and Development Organization, and represents the first full successful test of the missile. A top advisor to India's defense minister hailed the test as "an important milestone in the cooperation between India and Israel".India-Israel cooperation increased dramatically in 2014 since the election of India's new Prime Minister Narendra Modi. Between Modi's election in May 2014 and November 2014, Israel exported $662 million worth of Israeli weapons and defense items to India. This export number is greater than the total Israeli exports to India during the previous three years combined.Israel and India continued their positive relationship into 2015, with Israeli Defense Minister Moshe Ya'alonmaking the first official visit of an Israeli Defense Minister to India in February. While in India, Ya'alon, along with many other top Israeli defense officials, attended the Aero India arms exhibition in Bangalore. The purpose of Ya'alon's trip was to increase interaction and cooperation between defense industries in Israel and India. Photos surfaced online the following day of Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi standing at the Israel Aerospace Industries booth at the exhibition, in a public display of Israel and India's strategic relationship.Indian President Pranab Mukherjee and Prime Minister Narenda Modi announced in June 2015 that they will be embarking on a historic visit to Israel, the Palestinian territories, and Jordan in 2015, making them both the first Indian President, and Prime Minister to visit Israel. In early October is was revealed that the Indian dignitaries would be making their trip, which will last 6 days, during the week of October 12. President Mukherjee will deliver a speech at the Knesset, and officials from both countries are due to discuss cooperation in science, technology, agriculture, medicine, and economics. During the lead-up to the visit, Indian media speculated that multiple agreements to increase bilateral cooperation would be signed.In what was hailed as a “huge development for India” by local news agencies, India abstained from a vote at the UNHRC that approved their Gaza Commission of Inquiry report, in July 2015. Fourty-one countries voted in favor of adopting the findings of the biased report, and India was one of only five others who abstained. This marked the first time that India had ever voted against Palestinian interests at the UNHRC, signalling a significant shift in India-Israel relations.Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI) and the Indian state-owned Defense Research and Development Organization (DRDO) began collaborating on a jointly developed surface-to-air missile system for the Indian Army in 2015. Indian officials purchased 321 launchers and 8,356 missiles from the Israeli military in 2015. India uses Israel-made unmanned drones for surveilance and military purposes, and ordered 16 drones during 2015.India’s ambassador to Israel, Jaideep Sarkar, encouraged the approximately 85,000 Israeli Jews of Indian descent to tour their country of origin in August 2015, amid warming ties between the nations. Sarkar stated that, “We want to tell the world proudly about the rich Jewish life in India with your efforts we are working to preserve the Jewish heritage in India. We hope to have a package tour to Jewish heritage sites in Mumbai and elsewhere by early next year.” He also suggested that these Indian-Israeli Jews consider enrolling in higher education courses at Indian universities.The government of India quietly approved the purchase of 10 armored Heron TP drone vehicles from Israel on September 11, 2015, at a price of $400 million. These drones will help secure India's borders, and will be operated by members of India's air force. An original proposal for the purchase was presented in 2012, but the program did not receive political backing until 2015.The Barak 8 long-range surface-to-air missile, developed jointly between India and Israel, was successfully tested on December 30, 2015. The test of the missile system, which cost the Indian government approximately $1.4 billion, was carried out on the Indian warship INS Kolkata. India again successfully tested the Barak 8 on June 30, 2016. An Indian defense official praised the test, stating “the test launch was a grand success and it met all the targets.” The Barak 8 was developed by India's Defense Research and Development Organization in collaboration with Israel Aerospace Industries, and can be launched from a ship or from land. Another successful test of the Barak 8 missile was carried out on September 20, 2016, at the Chandipur research and development base in Odisha, on the Bay of Bengal.During a 3-day visit to Israel in January 2016, Indian Minister of External Affairs Sushma Swaraj stated that the full development of positive Israel-India ties is of “the highest importance,” to the government in India.The number of tourists from India increased dramatically from 2014 to 2015, with 40,000 Indian nationals vacationing in Israel in 2015 compared to 34,900 in 2014.Indian firm Reliance Defense and Israeli firm Rafael Advanced Defense Systems signed a cooperative agreement worth an estimated $10 billion at Defexpo India on March 30, 2016. Per the agreement, Rafael and Reliance will cooperatively produce air-to-air missiles, various missile defense systems, and surveilance balloons for the Indian military. The undertaking is projected to provide employment for 3,000 Indians at a facility in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh.In the first visit of it's kind in 20 years, Israeli President Reuven Rivlin visited India for a week in mid-November 2016. Rivlin and Indian Prime Minister Narenda Modi held discussions and meetings pertaining to security cooperation and combatting terrorism, and also discussed the future of Israeli investment in India. While in India, the Israeli President also visited the Taj Mahal and observed Indian water treatment facilities. Indian officials signed contracts worth a combined $1.4 billion with Israeli Aerospace Industries (IAI) during Rivlin's visit, on November 16, 2016. The two defense contracts provide for the Indian purchase from Israel of two Phalcon/IL-76 Airborne Early Warning and Control Systems (AWACS), valued at $1 billion, as well as 10 additional Heron TP UAV drones, valued at $400 million.The Indian Navy launched a new, Israeli-developed Integrated Under Water Harbour Defence and Surveillance System (IUHDSS), in February 2017. The system will enhance the security of above and below-water vehicles operated by the Indian Navy in the Mumbai Naval Harbor.In October 2014 India and Israel reached a deal for India to purchase 8,356 Spike anti-tank guided missiles and 321 missile launchers developed by Israeli Rafael Advanced Defense Systems Ltd. This contract was deferred prior to it's signature however, due to costs and vendor issues. The Indian Ministry of Defense announced in March 2017 that the contract, worth approximately $1 billion, would finally be moving forward.Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI) announced in April 2017 that it had struck a deal with India's Army and Navy to supply them with an advanced air defense system worth upwards of $2 billion. The deal was described by IAI as Israel's largest ever defense deal.On May 10, 2017, three warships from the Indian navy docked in the port of Haifa, ahead of Indian Prime Minister Modi's scheduled visit during the Summer. The ships, the INS Mumbai, the INS Trishul, and the INS Aditya, participated in a Naval drill with the Israeli navy when they entered the port. This is the eigth time that Indian ships have docked at an Israeli port, the first being in 2000.The Indian military carried out their first successful tests of the Israeli-made Surface-to-air Python and Derby missile system (SPYDER) on May 11, 2017. The launch of the SPYDER system went off without a hitch, and all three missiles that were launched hit their targets. Python and Derby missile comprise the SPYDER system, which also features an on-board radar for increased accurary. The system, which is made for low-altitude missile strikes, has a range of 15km.A new partnership between Indian security firm Punj Lloyd and Israel Weapons Industries, known as Punj Lloyd Raksha Systems, or PLR, was announced in May 2017. The firm produces small-arms from the Israel Weapons Industries product line, and is the first private small-arms manufacturer in India to produce equipment for both local and export use. Ashok Wadhawan, the president of manufacturing at Punj Lloyd, explained that the joint venture aims to target the supply of carbine, assault rifle, sniper rifle and light machine guns for armed forces, paramilitary forces and state police.Pilots from India joined pilots from Israel, the United States, Germany, France, Italy, and Poland in June 2017 for the 2017 Blue Flag exercise, the largest aerial training exercise to ever take place in Israel.The week before Modi's historic visit to Israel, Benjamin Netanyahu's cabinet approved of measures aimed to strengthen the Israel-India relationship. Duirng their weekly meeting on June 25, 2017, the Israeli cabinet agreed to measures to increase Israel's non-diamond exports to India by 25%, and established a new $40 million joint innovation, research, and development fund. The resolutions approved also included incentives to film Bollywood movies in Israel, and plans to increase the number of Indian firms doing business in Israel.Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi became the first sitting Indian PM to visit Israel on July 4, 2017. Israeli Prime Minister Netanyahu appeared with Modi throughout his three-day visit, accompanying him on visits to Yad Vashem and water desalination plants as well as various cultural events. Officials at the Israeli Foreign Ministry emphasized that Netanyahu's level of participation in the visit was not at all standard, and underscored the crucial importance of the trip. During Modi's trip he did not meet with any Palestinian officials, although he met with Mahmoud Abbas in India two months prior.Multiple collaborative agreements were signed between Indian and Israeli entities during Modi's visit. The Israel Space Agency and the Indian Space Research Organization signed an agreement to foster partnership in the development of electric propulsion systems for small satellites, and creating systems to accurately measure the extreme conditions of outer space. Israeli officials and their Indian counterparts signed an agreement to create the India Israel Innovation Innitiative fund (I4F) on July 5, 2017, modeled after the US-Israel BIRD foundation. The two countries pledged $4 million per year each to I4F over a five-year period. Representatives from a number of India's largest corporations signed eight trade agreements with Israeli firms including Elbit Systems and Israel Aerospace Industries on June 6, 2017. A collaborative agreement was also signed during Modi's visit to Israel between the Asher Space Research Institute at the Technion and the Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology. This agreement aims to establish joint study and research exchange programs.Concluding his visit, Modi bid farewell to the people of Israel via a Twitter post in Hebrew and English that read I thank the people and Government of Israel for their hospitality. This successful visit will add more energy to India-Israel relations. Israeli prime Minister Netanyahu posted a message on Twitter in Modi's native language of Hindi as well.