Guidelines For Independent Study Guidelines For Independent Study: Fill & Download for Free

Air pollution in Delhi has actually gotten better in the past month.It is still “hazardous”, but much better than it was in November, when it was at times so bad it was “off scale”.Here’s our map of air pollution at the time of writing.Berkeley Earth now has a new tool that allows you to look at a long-term history of PM 2.5 air pollution by city. Here’s the history for Delhi. You’ll see that there was also a spike in November 2016, followed by a gradual decline.We have not independently studied the source of the November spike, but I understand that local government officials in Delhi attribute it to the harvest, and significant burning of biomass.Other facts worth considering:Over the past year, air pollution in Delhi has exceeded World Heath Organization guidelines for acceptable exposure for 332 days.Average air pollution in Delhi has a similar effect on health as smoking about 6 cigarettes a day.Current air pollution in Delhi (at the time of writing) is hazardous, and similar to smoking 17 cigarettes a day.For more, see: Berkeley Earth

#DrawingSessionAssuming we’re talking about drawing a human, yes, for me at least.The “face” is a very broad part of a drawing, usually a portrait revolves around the “face”.Going more specifically, I’d say it’s hardest to draw two even eyes, I find lips extremely difficult to look right, and hair is easy to draw but hard to make very realistic.Hands haven’t been much of a problem for me in my past, but I can see how it would be hard to get the joint proportions to be accurate.My advice for improvement on this would be to draw guidelines, the “skeleton” of the face/hand, and do independent studies, meaning to practice drawing many forms of a hand, and to practice drawing different angles of a face.

The best mesh for your analysis will depend on what physics you are trying to capture and what is the goal of your analysis. For some flow problems you will know what is the minimum size of grid you will need to have ; for example, in case of direct numerical simulation you will know what is the Kolmogorov scale size and your grid size will be of that size or half of that. Another example, let's say you have power dissipation in the domain which is a function of time, you will know what needs to be your minimum timestep. Timestep can also be seen as a quantity of interest just like spacestep. For transient flows you might want to also ensure that Courant number is less than unity. I'll not dwell into these sorts of examples where you know what should be the grid size approximately.I want to now take an example where there is no initial value for the grid size to start with. Fortunately we can make use of mesh independence study to choose the best mesh for our analysis.This analysis will involve three runs with coarse, medium and fine mesh. Based on these three runs, you can extrapolate the grid size for which the numerical dissipation is the least.Note that this is just a guideline for you to have a mesh to start with and will certainly involves some error. Like for example if you have a non uniform and spatially varying mesh in the domain, you will need to come up with one number for the grid size to represent the grid.Once you determine the grid size which gives least dissipation you can test this mesh and also a mesh with a smaller grid size to verify your results of mesh independence study. Note that after some point of refinement of grid, the numerical dissipation increases because of rounding off error. For more details on mesh independence study, I request your attention to Roache's work.I hope this has given some insights into the philosophy of mesh choice.