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The Quora moderators have asked me to improve my credentials for this answer. I have studied Irish history because I have Irish ancestors. I am related to Christopher St. George who built Tyrone House in Galway. I also belong to Clan McCartan, who were Lords of Kinlearty and are mentioned in The Annals of Ulster. Some McCartans were amongst The Wild Geese. Charles de Gaulle’s great-grandmother was a McCartan.Flight of the Wild GeeseFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to navigation Jump to searchNot to be confused with the Flight of the Earls (1607) or the Fenian convicts' newspaper The Wild Goose (1867).Uniform and colonel's flag of the Regiment of Hibernia in Spanish service, mid-eighteenth centuryPortumna castle. Wild Geese heritage museum.The Flight of the Wild Geese was the departure of an Irish Jacobite army under the command of Patrick Sarsfield from Ireland to France, as agreed in the Treaty of Limerick on 3 October 1691, following the end of the Williamite War in Ireland. More broadly, the term Wild Geese is used in Irish history to refer to Irish soldiers who left to serve in continental European armies in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries.[1]An earlier exodus in 1690, during the same war, had formed the French Irish Brigade, who are sometimes misdescribed as Wild Geese.McCartanFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to navigation Jump to searchMcCartanMac Artáinvert a lion a ramp. or, on a chief ar. a crescent betw. two dexter hands couped at the wrist gu.Parent houseUlaid (Dál nAraidi)CountryKingdom of UlsterFounderArtan macCruinneith (d. 1004)Final rulerDominick Macartan (d. 1772)TitlesKings of UlsterKing of Uí Echach CoboLordship of NewryEarl of IveaghBaron ArdilaunLord ArdilaunBaron AshfordCadet branchesMagennis (Guinness)McCartan is the Anglicized form of Mac Artáin of Irish origins. The surname denotes the son of Artán, diminutive of the personal name "Art" translating from Irish to English: A God, A Stone, Noble. They are the Lords of Kinelarty, a barony in the County Down of Northern Ireland. Kinelarty was at one point in time historically known as McCartans-Country and also Cineal Foghartaich.The McCartans belong to the Uí Echach Cobo branch resulting from the Dál nAraidi. The McCartans were Ard Rí (High Kings) of Ireland, Kings of Cuib, Princes and Lords of Iveagh holding claim to the longest reigning kingships throughout Irish medieval history. French President Charles de Gaulle is descended from the clan through his great-grandmother Angélique Marié McCartan.Up until the 1600s, the McCartans were prominent and in control of much of mid-Down (County Down). The McCartan strongholds included Drumaroad, the adjoining townlands Loughinisland, Drumnaquoile, Magheratimpany, Ardilea, and the neighbouring town of Ballynahinch.The Barony of Kinelarty, anciently known as Kinelfagarty, derives its name from Cenel Faghartaigh (the race/clan of Faghartagh). Faghartagh, from whose son Artan and grandson Artan Agus M‘C, are descended the Mac Artáin (McCartan). The clan were chiefs of the territories of Kinelarty and Dufferin__________________________________________________________________________________________________My answer goes beyond just a simple answer to the question because if you are of Irish descent like me, and haven’t read any Irish History for a while, like me, I thought some people might be interested in these three articles I have copied and pasted.Please don’t report me to the moderators. If you’re not interested, just don’t bother to read at all or just skim read.Ireland’s Medieval HistoryIreland's Medieval History | Authentic Ireland Travelhttps://www.authenticireland.com › medieval-irish-history-of-irelandWe have a number of Ireland Vacations with Medieval Themes. Contact us to learn more.The word medieval conjures up rich brocades, ladies at court, fine feasts, jousting knights, early scientists, and a world where magic was still very much alive. The medieval reality is considerably more interesting. Borders shifted, beliefs were flexible, religion flexed its muscles, kings were created and tossed over, heroes were bold and heroines were born.Early Medieval IrelandThe history of Ireland has been turbulent. (Does that sound like an understatement? It is.) Raiders have come from all directions, each leaving their mark, for better and worse, upon Ireland. The years of early Medieval Ireland are from 800 AD to 1166. Ireland was prosperous, rural and well-settled. Irish monasteries were centers for prayer and learning, but also places of great commerce and wealth.Ireland was divided into many small kingdoms called tuatha. Every man who owned land, or was a professional, or was a craftsman was a member of a local assembly called an oenach. These men created policies, declared war or peace on other groups, and elected or deposed their kings. The king’s territory wasn’t owned by the king, but by all free men living on the land. (They did owe the king military service and taxes. It seems taxes have been eternal.) The tuath became united for reasons that benefited all. About 80 to 100 groups were in Ireland at any given time. (There were a few powerful kings above these groups such as the Ui Neill’s.) Despite infighting among families when it was time for a new king, life was good.Kings of a tuath were considered sacred; so were the clergy and—unbelievably!—the Irish poets. This meant they didn’t have to perform manual labor. (Perhaps this is why so many Irish have become great poets and writers…) Gaelic society was basically a caste system that went down from free men who were landowners down to those without land. These were the laborers. Laws of organization were explicit and written in the Brehon Laws between 600 and 900 AD.And then came the Vikings.The raiders came from Norway and landed off Dublin. They rained quick and harsh upon Ireland without warning. Just when the poets had it good, they found themselves standing shoulder to shoulder with the laborers.Viking RaidsThe first we hear of a Viking raid was in 795 BC when Vikings decided to leave Norway for greener pastures—Ireland.These early raids interrupted the golden age of Christian Irish culture and began two hundred years of warfare. Vikings destroyed a number of monasteries and towns throughout Ireland. Most of the early raiders came from the fjords of western Norway. Their route? The Vikings sailed down the Atlantic coast of Scotland and then over to Ireland. During these early raids the Vikings also traveled to the west coast of Ireland to the Skellig Islands off the coast of County Kerry.The Vikings Settled in IrelandThe Vikings established settlements along the Irish coasts and began to spend the winter months there. (Ireland became their winter playground—hard to imagine, but true.) Vikings settled in Waterford, Wexford, Limerick, Cork, Arklow, and Dublin. There’s archaeological evidence found in Kilmainham, on the western side of Dublin, that shows a small Viking settlement in Ireland in the mid-840s. We also have written Irish journals describing the Vikings’ movement inland, often by way of rivers such as the Shannon , and then their retreat to coastal settlements.Thorgest was the first Viking who set up an Irish kingdom. In 839 he sailed up the Shannon and the River Bann to Armagh where he carved out a kingdom containing Ulster, Connacht and Meath . His glory lasted for six years until several of his subjects had just about had enough. Thorgest was caught and drowned in Lough Owen by Máel Sechnaill mac Maíl Ruanaid, the King of Mide.After that, Máel Sechnaill, High King, defeated a Norse army at Sciath Nechtain. The High King Máel contacted Charles the Bald, Emperor in what was then France, and asked for help saying they needed to ally themselves as Christians against the pagans. It didn’t fly, and in the end turned out to be an all-around poor decision to contact.Onward… In 852, the Vikings established a strong fortress where the city of Dublin now stands. One of the foreigners declared himself the King of Dublin. The next year they established a stronghold at Waterford.Sometime in the ninth century the Norse established a fortified settlement near the mouth of the River Avoca, now known as Arklow, in County Wicklow. Arklow was occupied by at least 836 AD when the Annals of Ulster record the attack of the heathens (the Vikings) at Kildare.In 914 AD, Viking settlements in Ireland began in earnest. Waterford was taken and became Ireland’s first city. (Waterford was settled by a Viking named Regnall. Reginald’s Tower is Ireland’s oldest civic building. As a mater of fact, Waterford is the only Irish city that still has a Viking name. Ram fjord or Windy fjord, was originally called Cuan na Gréine, Harbour of the Sun, by the Irish.) Between the years of 915 and 922 Cork, Dublin, Wexford and Limerick were urbanized. Modern excavations in Dublin and Waterford have unearthed a heavy Viking presence.After several generations of plundering and courtship, a group of mixed Irish and Viking people were called the Norse—the Irish word for foreigner—and they began to influence their Irsh homeland. There is current DNA evidence in the Irish coastal residents of their Norse descent today.Viking Power Ends. Finally.Viking rule was broken by the joint efforts of the King of Meath and Brian Boru (c. 941- 1014). By the late tenth century, Brian Boru, from midwestern Ireland, had gained influence through political maneuvering and conquest. He claimed the title of High King. Boru and his allies defeated the Vikings at the Battle of Clontarf in 1014. He was killed in battle, but the Vikings lost their power in Ireland and the Norse who stayed on became part of the Irish population.The Irish were free from invasion for 150 years. In-fighting drained Irish resources and weakened them. In 1150 the Abbot of Clonmacnoise wrote a famous book entitled Chronicum Scotorum. It is the story of Ireland from the Great Flood to the 12th century. (Now that was one very long tale.)This Time it’s the Normans: 1167-1185By the 12th century, Ireland was a country of divided kingdoms. Power was in the hands of a few regional dynasties, and these dynasties fought each other for control of all Ireland. The Northern Uí Néills held much of what is now Ulster. Their family, the Southern Uí Néills, were the Kings of Meath.The land was divided into several other large kingships, and one king, Diarmid, was exiled by a group of Irish forces. He fled to Normandy. Diarmid got permission from Henry II of England to use his subjects in order to regain his kingdom. Most importantly, Diarmid obtained the support of the great Norman, Marcher Lord Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke. The man known as Strongbow.In 1169 a huge force of Normans, along with mercenaries consisting of Welsh and Flemish, landed in Wexford. Within a short time Leinster was regained, Port Láirge Waterford and Baile Átha Cliath Dublin were under Diarmaid’s control, and suddenly Strongbow, a Norman, was his son-in-law. Diarmid named Strongbow as heir to his kingdom. This, of course, concerned King Henry II of England. He was quite worried about the establishment of a rival Norman state in Ireland. And so, Henry II decided to visit Leinster to establish his authority. And one thing led to another.Henry’s Invasion—Everyone wants a Piece of IrelandPope Adrian IV gave Henry the authority to invade Ireland in order to cleanse the Church of corruption and abuse. With a large fleet, Henry II landed at Waterford in 1171, becoming the first King of England to walk upon dear Irish soil. He immediately claimed Waterford and Dublin as Royal Cities. Henry received even more Irish land with the Pope’s blessing. He gave his Irish territories to his younger son John. John unexpectedly succeeded his brother, and the Lordship of Ireland fell directly to the English Crown.Henry was happily acknowledged by most of the Irish Kings, who saw him as a chance to get out from under the Normans. (This response by the Irish Kings may be found in the dictionary under the word “shortsighted.”) This led to the Treaty of Windsor in 1175. Soon, with all involved parties gone or dead, the treaty was worthless. In 1177 Limerick and lands north of Munster were captured by the Normans. Other Norman families, including familiar names such as Fitzgerald, carved kingdoms from the Irish soil.The Lordship of Ireland, 1185-1254King John’s Castle, built in the 12th century, still sits on the southern bank of the River Shannon. In 1185 the Normans owned huge parts of Ireland. Over the years, they had secured the entire eastern coast, including Dublin and then from Waterford up to eastern Ulster. The Normans had gone as far west as Galway and Mayo. The Lord of Ireland, King John of England, secured the Norman areas while at the same time ensuring that the Irish kings were under his control. Many Irish kings found themselves owing their thrones, and their armies, to King John of England.Norman Invasion Contained—It was about Time(This section may also be called, “Oh What Tangled Webs we Weave…”)The Normans suffered from a series of events that slowed, and then stopped, the spread of their settlement and power.Gaelic rebels attacked the English lordships. The rebels relied on raids and surprise attacks. This put a strain on Norman resources, and many of their knights were killed. Gaelic chieftains regained territory. In England, Kings Henry III and his successor, Edward I, were busy with warring factions in England, Wales, and Scotland. This meant the Norman colonists in Ireland lost their English pocketbook. Chaos ensued within Norman ranks, and Norman lords started fighting each other. Western European politics and the new strength of a Gaelic Ireland pulled residents and settlers deep into the heart of the Irish countryside and its spirit.What occurred in Ireland during the late 12th and early 13th century was a change from acquiring lordship over men to colonizing land. The Norman invasion resulted in the creation of borough towns, numerous castles and churches, importing tenants, and an increase in agriculture and commerce. These changes became permanent. Normans altered Gaelic society with efficient land use. It was a balancing act: Normans had acquired the Irish language, DNA, and customs. On the other hand, the Irish way of life changed—in some ways for the better—and many Irish, especially those in Leinster and Munster, have Norman surnames. Gaelic Resurgence, Norman Decline, and the Black Death: 1254–1536. (So much to conquer, so little time.)Ireland was deeply shaken by three events of the 14th century:The first was the invasion of Ireland by Edward Bruce of Scotland. (Remember him from the movie Braveheart? He was real.) In 1315, Bruce rallied many of the Irish lords against the English presence in Ireland. Bruce was eventually defeated in Ireland at the Battle of Faughart, near Dundalk, his troops caused a load of destruction, especially in the heavily populated areas around Dublin. In the midst of this chaos, local Irish lords won back land that had been lost to their families for generatons.The second was the murder of William Donn de Burgh, 3rd Earl of Ulster, in June 1333. His land was split among his family. Those in Connacht rebelled against the English Crown and openly sided with the Irish—not always the best course of action as history shows, but they were quite a family. What this mean was that just about all of Ireland west of the Shannon was lost by the English to the Normans. After more than two hundred years the Burkes, as they were now called, were allied with the administration in Dublin.The third catastrophe for the English in Ireland during medieval times was the Black Death. It arrived on Ireland’s shores in 1348. Most of the English and Normans lived in towns and vllages, while the native Irish were rural. Because of this, the Plague hit the invaders like a ton of bricks. A celebrated account from a monastery in Cill Chainnigh (Kilkenny) chronicles the plague as “the beginning of the extinction of humanity and the end of the world.” After the plague passed, Gaelic Irish language and customs dominated the country again. The English-controlled area of Ireland shrunk back to the Pale, a fortified area around Dublin. (We native Irish were beyond the Pale. Now you know where that expression comes from.)Desiring to save their hides, many of the Norman lords living outside the Pale adopted Irish language and customs. They became known as the Old English. According to some people, they became more Irish than the Irish. (Who could blame them?) During the following centuries they sided with the native Irish in political and military conflicts with England, and they were Catholic after the Reformation.The authorities inside the Pale were so worried about Ireland going Irish that they passed special legislation, known as the Statutes of Kilkenny, in 1367. They banned people of English descent from speaking the Irish language, from wearing Irish clothes, or inter-marrying with the Irish. Since their government in Dublin had almost zero authority, no one paid much attention and proceeded to speak and marry to a fare-thee-well.During the 15th century the government in Dublin continued withering away. (For one thing, the English monarchy was entrenched in the War of the Roses, and that kept them busy elsewhere.)Many kings of England delegated their authority to the powerful Fitzgerald Earls of Kildare. The politics in Ireland became even more remote to the English Crown. At the same time, the Gaelic lords expanded their powers, further decreasing English power in Dublin.But were there castles? Were there fine homes, and did people play music and wander the Burren? Absolutely. Were there banquets and poets and did people live in close-knit groups? Of course they did, and this unity is what you’ll feel in Ireland, particularly in the west and in the heartland. It’s this unity that has saved us over and again. It’s what will make you feel welcome when you come home to Ireland. Because, really, with so many people coming and going during the centuries, everyone here is related, and some of them are most surely related to you.Interested in Medieval Ireland? We Recommend:Ancient & Medieval Mysteries VacationIreland's Medieval History | Authentic Ireland TravelHISTORY OF IRELANDHISTORY OF IRELANDwww.historyworld.net › wrldhis › PlainTextHistoriesTo the 9th century AD9th - 11th century12th - 15th centuryNorman incursionsHenry II in IrelandEnglish governmentEdward Bruce, king of IrelandThe three great earls16th - 17th century18th century19th centuryTo 1922HISTORY OF IRELAND TimelineNorman incursions: 1169-1170Norman adventurers from south Wales, hungry for land, invade Ireland in 1169 and seize Wexford from the Vikings. Many of them are vassals of the earl of Pembroke, known as Strongbow. A request to him for help, from a dispossessed Irish ruler in Leinster, provides the occasion to cross the sea in force.In 1170 Strongbow himself lands and captures Waterford. Before the end of the year the Normans are in Dublin, which has been the capital of a Viking kingdom for the past three centuries. But the Irish, rid of one powerful set of intruders, have merely acquired another. The success of the Normans is followed, in 1171, by the arrival of their king.Henry II in Ireland: 1171-1172Henry II lands in Ireland in October 1171 with a large army. His immediate purpose is to ensure that the Norman adventurers, who have conquered much of the east of the island during the previous year, submit their gains to him rather than establishing independent kingdoms.It is possible that Henry also claims a more idealistic purpose. A contemporary chronicler, Giraldus Cambrensis (a cousin of several of the Norman adventurers from south Wales), writes that in about 1155 the pope granted Henry authority over Ireland so that he could reform the Irish church. The pope, appropriately, is Adrian IV - the only Englishman to have held the see of Rome.The story of the papal grant of Ireland to the English king may well be a subsequent attempt to justify the invasion, but nearly all the great lords of the island, Irish as well as Norman, do homage to Henry - without force or compulsion - when he holds court in Dublin and elsewhere. This suggests that they recognize some lawful basis for his presence.Henry spends only seven months in Ireland. During that time he sets up a feudal system of government for the island, just as his Norman ancestor William had done in the previous century after the invasion of England.The authority of the English crown in Ireland is formally established, but it is little more than nominal. The more important reality on the ground is that there are now powerful Norman families in Ireland, with large holdings of land, who consider the island their rightful home.Rivalry and warfare is inevitable between these families and the indigenous Gaelic (or Celtic) chieftains. But with the passage of time the two groups mingle and intermarry, weakening the link between the settlers and their origins in Anglo-Norman England. These first settlers become known as the Anglo-Irish (also sometimes called the Old English), by contrast with later immigrants who retain a close link with England.English government: 1210-1300In 1210 Ireland receives its second visit from an English monarch. John comes to Dublin and attempts to set up a permanent government structure on English lines. Dublin acquires during the 13th century its own exchequer and chancery. At the end of the century, in 1297, the first Irish parliament is summoned. In the manner of England's recent Model Parliament, knights from the shires and common clergy are included in addition to noblemen, bishops and abbots. In a parliament three years later there are also representatives from the towns.But English rule remains fragile, as is shown by the Celtic uprising of 1315.Edward Bruce [brother of Robert Bruce], king of Ireland: 1315-1318The great Scottish victory at Bannockburn in 1314 prompts hopes of a similar Celtic success against the English in Ireland. Chieftains in northern Ireland offer the Irish crown to Edward Bruce, younger brother of Robert the Bruce. Such a scheme appeals to Robert (now King Robert I of Scotland), perhaps on two grounds - certainly on the basis that it will further harass the English, and possibly because he hopes that a potential rival, his brother, will find a kingdom of his own outside Scotland.With an army of some 6000 Scots, Edward Bruce lands in Ireland in 1315.All the Irish and a considerable number of Anglo-Irish rally to his cause. Early successes include the capture of the castle at Carrickfergus, where he makes his base. In 1316 Edward is crowned king at Dundalk - well on the way south towards the English capital in Dublin.During 1317 his elder brother Robert arrives with reinforcements from Scotland. The Bruces campaign successfully through the west and south of Ireland. But they fail to capture Dublin. The uprising ends in 1318 when Edward Bruce is killed in a battle near Dundalk.The three great earls: 14th - 15th centuryThe long-term result of the Celtic campaign of 1315-18 is a strengthening of three great Anglo-Irish families. The English crown creates three earldoms in response to the Irish unrest. One branch of the FitzGerald family is granted the earldom of Kildare in 1316; another FitzGerald line is given the earldom of Desmond in 1329; and a member of the Butler family becomes earl of Ormonde in 1328.By the 15th century the earls of Kildare, Desmond and Ormonde control between them almost the whole of southern Ireland. The exception is the area immediately round Dublin, known as the pale, where English rule prevails under the lord deputy, a representative of the king.However, since the post of lord deputy is frequently held by one of the three great earls (most often Kildare), the influence of the Anglo-Irish is paramount in Dublin almost as much as elsewhere in southern Ireland.By contrast in Ulster, where the uprising of 1315 began, the old Celtic traditions remain strong. The province is an almost permanent battleground between two great dynasties, the O'Neills and the O'Donnells, both descended from Ireland's first historical king, Niall of the Nine Hostages.Read more: HISTORY OF IRELAND‘Unheard-of Mortality’….The Black Death in IrelandPublished in Features, Issue 4 (Winter 2001), Medieval History (pre-1500), Volume 9‘Unheard-of Mortality’....The Black Death in IrelandStudy of the Black Death in Ireland is fraught with difficulties: the few Irish chroniclers and annalists tell us relatively little about it; a further complication was the almost continuous warfare and the consequent economic decline already underway well before the arrival of plague in 1348. Nevertheless, there is enough evidence to suggest that the Black Death, and its subsequent outbreaks, had a significant and lasting effect in Ireland. For example, dendochronological studies have shown that oak forests regenerated in the later fourteenth century, evidence of a significant reduction in population; archaeological evidence, though scanty, indicates disruption in trade and commerce that lasted until the mid-fifteenth.Entered through portsThe plague’s effects were not uniform: the Anglo-Irish colony was affected more extensively and radically than Gaelic Ireland. It struck first in the colony’s ports, carried there by infected rats and their fleas in the holds of trading vessels or in merchandise. According to Friar John Clyn, the Kilkenny-based Franciscan monk whose record is virtually the sole eye-witness account, it first appeared in Howth or Dalkey and spread to Dublin and Drogheda by late July or early August. It had reached Bristol at the earliest on 24 June and at the latest on 1 August. The short time between its arrival in Bristol and in Ireland would suggest that the plague was brought to Ireland directly from the continent, probably from the region of Bordeaux.In general, the paths of transmission to the rest of the country were along overland routes between the ports and market towns, along the rivers connecting market towns and seaports, especially in the east and south, and by sea traffic between ports on the east and south coasts. Clearly Dublin and Drogheda formed one nucleus of the disease. Given the rapidity with which plague spread in the opening months and the general slowness of overland travel, it is likely that the disease was introduced into the south directly from England or the continent through busy ports such as Waterford, Youghal and Cork. But in the hinterland of these ports, particularly in the more heavily settled parts of the east and south, transmission could have occurred overland, since the distances were not great. Moreover, the plague in invading virgin territory often took a pneumonic (air-borne) form, especially during the winter months, which meant direct transmission between humans, and consequently a more rapid spread and a higher death rate.‘Unheard of mortality’The plague raged in Dublin between August and December, setting a pattern for the terror it would spread through other parts of the country. Clyn writes that ‘from very fear and horror, men were seldom brave enough to perform the works of piety and mercy, such as visiting the sick and burying the dead’ and extant sermons hint at survivors in Drogheda seizing the property of widows and minors. Others responded by going on pilgrimage or by prayer. Public functions were cancelled as is suggested by an unprecedented break in the record of the sermons of Richard Fitzralph, Archbishop of Armagh, between 11 May 1348 and his next sermon on 25 March 1349, and then again until his departure from the country in June 1349. There is a complete gap in the record of parliamentary sessions between May 1348 and June 1350 and a similar disruption in the record of sessions of the justiciar’s court.At this stage, the pestilence was highly contagious, such that ‘whosoever touched the sick or the dead was immediately infected and died’. Clyn also emphasises the devastation: ‘There was hardly a house in which one only had died, but as a rule man and wife with their children and all the family went the common way of death’. Friars and abbeys were hard-hit: twenty-five Franciscan friars died in Drogheda, twenty-three in Dublin. From Dublin, an annalist in the Franciscan friary at Nenagh tells us, this ‘unheard of mortality’ spread to surrounding towns and villages, many of which were left without inhabitants. That both pneumonic and bubonic strains of the plague were present is borne out by Friar Clyn’s graphic descriptions which incorporate the symptoms of both forms: he describes the eruptions on the groin or under the armpit characteristic of bubonic plague which is transmitted mostly by flea bite, but also the headaches and spitting of blood that distinguish the pneumonic form. Transmission by direct contact was quite likely then in Dublin and Drogheda in the first more virulent phases of the plague’s outbreak in Ireland. As it moved beyond these first stages to the surrounding countryside, it is not likely that it continued in its pneumonic form, especially once it moved away from the larger towns and areas of densest settlement. Its transmission to the rest of the country would have been by a creeping epizootic of rat and flea contacts, determined by the density of the rat and flea populations; this in turn depended on the density of the human population, and on the frequency and extent of trade.Rapid spreadBefore the end of the year 1348, the plague had penetrated into Louth, Meath and Kildare and had reached Kilkenny by 25 December 1348. The fact that it took so long suggests it reached the city from the south-east along river traffic on the Barrow, rather than overland from Dublin. Clyn tells us that the pestilence was rife in Kilkenny between Christmas and March and took a toll of eight Dominican friars in one March day alone. Clyn does not record any more deaths; he died himself soon after, very likely of the plague. But given its contagious nature, the plague would have inevitably spread among others of Clyn’s Franciscan community as well as among the town’s inhabitants. The record falls silent again until June 1349 when the prior of the Augustinian monastery of St Catherine in Waterford died of it. The plague spread along the south-east and south, to New Ross, Clonmel, Cashel, Youghal and Cork, though we do not know the exact dates. The Nenagh annalist is our only direct source for its transmission in the south and he focuses only on those deaths of interest to the Franciscan order. He records the deaths on 10 and 29 August of two friars at Nenagh. By 1 November, the plague had reached Limerick, where the death of one friar is noted. It then very likely spread to Ennis, County Clare, where the death is recorded of Matthew Caoch MacConmara, a lay patron of the Franciscans. And in the following year, the annalist notes the death of Traolach, son of Donncha O’Brien, who was buried at Nenagh. Though the cause of these latter deaths is not mentioned explicitly, their juxtaposition alongside the entry recording the coming of the plague to Ireland strongly indicates that these were plague deaths.Drogheda, Dublin, New Ross, Waterford, Youghal and Cork: the catalogue of port towns testifies to the fact that coastal areas bore the brunt of the disease. The English chronicler, Ralph Higden writes that the plague was ‘especially violent…around the coastal towns of England and Ireland’. Fitzralph in an address to the pope in 1349 stated ‘the plague had fallen most heavily on those who lived near the sea and has found more victims among fisherfolk and sailors than among any other class of men’. However, the less populated areas of the north and west did not escape entirely. The plague is recorded in Ulster in 1349 when ‘great destruction of people was inflicted therein’, though only two victims are named. The plague raged in Connacht and, according to the annals, especially in Moylurg in County Roscommon in 1349, again probably in late November or early December; the Four Masters merely record that ‘great numbers were carried off’. The Annals of Clonmacnoise also record the Black Death in Roscommon in 1348, probably a scribal error since the plague would most likely have taken longer to reach the west of Ireland. The disease was active in Mayo as late as 1350 and the annalist there writes of the deaths of William Ó Dúda, Bishop of Killala, Concubhar Ó Lochlainn, Cathal Ó Flathartaigh, the son of Dónal Mac Gearranagastair and his brothers who all died ‘within six days because of the pestilence’. The Annals of Loch Cé record the deaths of five persons, including the Bishop of Killala, in 1350.Gaelic Irish less affectedHowever, the brevity and formulaic quality of the annalists’ entries would suggest that the Gaelic-Irish population was not affected to the same extent as was the Anglo-Irish colony. Other commentators agree: Geoffrey Le Baker, a contemporary English chronicler, wrote that the plague in Ireland ‘killed the English inhabitants there in great numbers, but the native Irish, living in the mountains and uplands, were scarcely touched’, though he adds that in a later outbreak in 1357, the plague took the Gaelic-Irish ‘unawares and annihilated them everywhere’. In summer 1349, Archbishop Fitzralph asserted the plague had not yet reached the ‘Irish nation’. The Great Council in July 1360 complained of a plague that was ‘so great and so hideous among the English lieges, and not among the Irish’. The main reason for this disparity was that Anglo-Irish settlements were more vulnerable to the inroads of rats and fleas. The colonists were mostly concentrated in land below 600 feet, leaving the mountainous, hilly and less accessible areas to the Gaelic-Irish whose settlements were mainly pastoral and scattered, either in irregular nucleated rural settlements or individual farmsteads. The Anglo-Normans had settled mainly in well-drained, lower-lying land east of a line from Skibbereen to Galway to Coleraine; this was the area in which the Black Death wrought its havoc. A network of villages with strong trading links characterised much of this area: ideal conditions for the transmission of plague.Severe mortality was noted in County Dublin, on the royal manors of Newcastle Lyons, Saggart, Crumlin, Oughterard and Castlewarny; in County Tipperary, on the estates of the Archbishop of Cashel and in the manor of Lisronagh; numerous manors in Kilkenny and Meath by 1351 were left with empty cottages, untilled lands and fallen rents because of the deaths by plague of tenants. The priory of Augustinian nuns at Lismullin in County Meath suffered greatly from the plague and its successor of 1361 and its numbers were reduced from fifty-four to thirty-two, a mortality of 42.6 per cent that is close to the 45 per cent average death rate calculated for monasteries in England. The monastery of Llanthony Secunda in Duleek, County Meath, was left with vacant holdings because the tenants fled. These details suggest that the mortality from the plague in the more densely populated areas was between 40 and 50 per cent. Surviving records indicate high mortality among the clergy, though again since most chroniclers were monastic, they tended to focus on their clerical brethern. Mortality among the Irish bishops was about 18 per cent, similar to the estimate for the bishops of England. Mortality among the lower ranks of the clergy was higher, since they had greater contact with the public: Clyn writes that the pestilence was so contagious that ‘both the penitent and the confessor were together borne to the grave’. Mortality was highest among the regular clergy, given that abbeys and friaries offered ideal conditions for the propagation of the plague bacillus. The Franciscans lost almost 50 per cent of their houses in Dublin and Drogheda. In 1361 after a succession of plagues, only two friars remained in the Franciscan house at Nenagh, and a similar figure is reported in 1365 as surviving in the neighbouring Tyone Priory of St John. In other places, such as St Catherine’s in Waterford, only the death of the prior is recorded, but given the highly contagious nature of the plague, the number of plague deaths must have been far higher than has been recorded.After the plague…The effects of such loss of life were at once immediate and long-lasting. In rural areas, landlords were faced with a continuing shortage of tenants, falling rents and profits; tenants were able to profit from the labour shortage and seek higher wages and better conditions, though conditions for tenants in the colony never became as favourable as in England. A few reports indicate its devastation: in 1351 on the estates of the see of Cashel the ‘lands and rents have been all but totally destroyed by the king’s Irish enemies and by the mortality of their tenants in the last plague’. On the de Burgh estates in Meath, Kilkenny and Tipperary, holdings fell tenantless and remained so through 1351 because tenants could not be found. Numerous manors in County Kilkenny, for example, were severely hit: on the manor of Latthedran over sixty acres of land were still reported as ‘waste’ in 1351; over 127 acres and three cottages on the manor of Loughmoran were reported as vacant in Easter 1350 because of pestilence; on the manor of Callan one-sixth of the land was tenantless in 1348-9 and by the following year this had risen to over half, over 300 acres. By 1351, vacant holdings had dropped to twenty-six acres, but the fact that the manor’s revenues continued to fall suggests that some tenants may have enlarged their holdings to include the vacant lands. In other manors rents were reduced, to attract new tenants and to dissuade others from moving elsewhere. Obviously, the impact of the plague varied from region to region, depending on the nature of the terrain and communications. What is clear is that the continuation of warfare and the demands this created made recovery even more difficult. The 1352 plea for royal aid from the tenants and farmers of the king’s manors in County Dublin echoed a complaint common throughout the east and south:as well because of the late pestilence in that land as on account of the excessive prises of the king’s ministers in Ireland, they are so entirely impoverished that, unless a remedy be applied, they will not be able to maintain themselves and pay the farm due to the king.But despite all measures, reduced rental returns and vacant holdings are still reported for the royal demesnes well into the 1360s and later. A record from 1392-3 for the township of Colemanstown in the manor of Newcastle Lyons, Dublin, reported that only three tenants remained there, sixteen of the tenants having been ‘cut off by the late pestilence’.In cities and towns the effects were even more immediately evident, given their larger populations living in quarters favourable to the transmission of disease. Clyn writes that 14,000 people died in Dublin between 8 August and 25 December, indicating an average daily mortality of one hundred. Whatever the mathematical accuracy of this figure, it highlights the extent of the mortality in Dublin which propelled a demographic decline that was to continue until the mid-sixteenth century when one estimate puts its population at 8,000 inhabitants. A report from 1351 notes that ‘in the time of the said pestilence the greater part of the citizens of Cork and other faithful men of the King dwelling there all went the way of the flesh’. Houses were left uninhabited, indicating that whole families must have died. High mortality is noted in Drogheda, New Ross, Waterford and in the busy port town of Youghal, where sources would suggest a mortality of about 45 per cent among the burgesses of the town, a figure in line with the 40-50 per cent figure calculated for coastal settlements elsewhere.Towns devastatedThe effects of the plague on the towns were devastating. Labour shortages and the consequent disruption of the rural economy threatened the food supply to towns: food shortages became frequent. Conditions for survivors continued to worsen: towns became the object of the incursions of resurgent Gaelic chieftains; the resulting increased defence costs meant higher taxes on a shrinking population. Many towns fell into arrears and in ever increasing numbers petitioned for tax relief, citing both the pestilence and war as the agents of their misfortune: Dublin, New Ross, Clonmel all petitoned for aid in 1351. So too did Waterford, Drogheda, Youghal and others. The burdens were such that many left Ireland altogether. In Dublin, for example, in 1427 ‘owing to pestilence, incursions and divers heavy burthens…the citizens were unable to pay the rent to the Crown…Many of the commons had subsequently left Dublin and would not return to the city, on which great loss and manifest desolation was thus entailed’. Emigration continued, despite all efforts to stem the flow by requiring licenses to emigrate or to transport emigrants. Contemporary records create a picture of houses decaying, empty lots and ruined walls. In Cork, victims’ houses were reported to be falling into ruin in 1351. Contraction was an inevitable result: part of the quayside in Drogheda fell into disuse, indicating a downturn in trade in this busy port. A gap in the pottery record in Cork between 1350 and 1450 is a silent testimony to the decline in population, the decrease in demand and disruption in trade that happened in the wake of the plague. Even smaller inland market towns suffered, though those without a commercial base suffered most. In the smaller villages, many burgesses unable to support themselves probably drifted into becoming labourers, taking advantage of the labour shortages in the rural sector. The effect was to hasten the disappearance of smaller villages, a process that was to continue into the seventeenth century, though only one, Kinsalebeg, has been positively identified as having been deserted due to the Black Death.Demographic effectsAs with any epidemic, the outbreak of 1348 cannot be treated in isolation and a study of its demographic effects cannot be considered apart from the later related outbreaks. The recurring nature of the plague meant that sustained recovery was not possible and a chronic pattern of crisis mortality set in. In 1361, there was ‘a great mortality of people, consuming many men but few women’, and in 1363 there was ‘a great mortality in Ireland and especially in Connacht, Thomond, Kerry and Desmond’. There were outbreaks in 1370, 1383, 1390-3, 1398 and periodically thereafter. And these are just the outbreaks that have been recorded; there may have been other localised outbreaks that were not noted in the official records. Admittedly, later outbreaks were less virulent, though research in other countries has shown that areas which escaped the plague in 1347-9 were severely affected in later outbreaks. Many chroniclers note that later outbreaks often affected young people particularly. Plagues affecting children are recorded in 1350 and 1361 and in 1370 the Annals of St Marys Abbey Dublin recorded a great pestilence ‘of which many nobles and citizens and especially young people and children died’. This had obvious consequences for fertility and ensured that the population’s chances of recovering from plague mortality were further damaged. The recurrence of the plague was in effect the single, most significant effect of the Black Death: the long-term result was crisis mortality, lower fertility and had a profound effect on slowing population recovery. Whereas there was some demographic recovery in the earlier decades of the sixteenth century in Europe, this did not happen until the seventeenth century in Ireland, thanks to the continuation of warfare, the frontier conditions of colonial life in Ireland and recurring outbreaks of plague.The precise contribution of the Black Death to this demographic decline eludes quantification. The continuation of natural mortality, of other fatal diseases and our ignorance of contemporary population figures makes the task of estimation well-nigh impossible. There is the important consideration that Ireland in general had not experienced the same population growth in the thirteenth century as had England and other European countries and Irish towns in particular were not as crowded as European towns. Moreover in Ireland, it is difficult even to come up with satisfactory figures for specific groups or areas as the records are not comprehensive or consistent. Archbishop Fitzralph stated it had destroyed more than two-thirds of the English nation in Ireland and individual religious houses claimed death rates of over 50 per cent, figures that tally with historians’ estimates of overall mortality in Europe. The plague’s effect on demographic decline in Ireland in the later middle ages was a cumulative one. Thanks to famine and warfare, the population of the colony in Ireland had already been declining for some decades before the Black Death. The plague sealed the downward trend; many epidemiologists would even argue that exogenous factors such as pestilence are, in the end, ultimately responsible for large-scale demographic downturns. But for those alive in 1348, the Black Death was an inexplicable and inescapable disease and its aftershocks were felt long after the terror it first inspired had been forgotten.Maria Kelly is a history graduate of University College Cork.Further reading:M. Kelly, A History of the Black Death in Ireland (Stroud 2001).K. Down, ‘Colonial society and economy in the high Middle Ages’ in A. Cosgrove (ed.), A New History of Ireland, ii: Medieval Ireland 1169-1534 (Oxford 1987).T.B. Barry, The Archaeology of Medieval Ireland (London 1987).A. Gwynn, ‘The Black Death in Ireland’ in Studies 24 (1935).

Under the RICO or Corrupt Organizations Act, it is illegal to use any funds, for Conspiracy, Organized Crime, or Corrupt Organizations of any type, that, abridge, defy, or, overstep, the laws of the United States of America. Factually, any violation of Federal Law is not, only, a Crime Against the People, who, are Sovereign, but, a Crime, Against the U.S. Government, as, well. It, is then, up to the the FBI, or, any other, Federal Oversight Agency, with, the Department of Justice, the Attorney General of the United States and Federal Prosecutors, through, the respective U.S. Attorney’s Office and the Federal Court, to then, prosecute. The FBI can also, work with, Interpol and organizations, such, as, Scotland Yard in the United Kingdom, MI5 which, is their, equivalent to the U.S. CIA and, any, other Government, that, the United States holds and International Treaty with. The U.S. has also, implemented FEMA laws, which, allow, the FBI and the U.S. Government, to Seize, Persons and Property anywhere, in the World, that, the US Government has a Treaty with, under, any, National Need, Any National Emergency, or, due to any, crime, including, violations of International Law. All, law is based upon Maritime Law. Federal Law in the USA is “SUPREME” where all law, derives from, Federal law. State Laws although, independent and Sovereign, meaning, the individual states can decide and rule on their own laws, must, follow Federal Law. City and Town Ordinances, Zoning, and By Laws, must follow state law. The People are supposed, to be, Sovereign, over Government, where, the U.S. Constitution, and the Bill of Rights, are supposed, to be, the dictating, documents, for, which, all, laws, must follow and comply. Some laws after, creation, are then, ruled, “UnConstitutional” because, they, do, not, comply with, Constitutional Mandates and Entitlements. The Ex Post Facto Clause of the U.S. Constitution, prohibits, Congress, from, making, any, law, retroactive, which, strips away, pre existing, rights, and laws. As, an, example. You buy, a home built in 1926 located in a “Historic District”. Laws, for Code Enforcement, Zoning, Habitability, Sanitary Code and Housing Authority, were first created and implemented, after, 1933 forward. Since, the laws, were, not, in effect, when, the home was built, they, then, can not be, applied, to any, existing, issue, or, building, lot, land, title, issue, etc. Since, the people, who, had the home in 1926 and all, others that, held, the property thereafter, these rights, are “Grandfathered” and preserved, so, every, title, holder, thereafter, has, the same rights. Just, because, the laws, changed, does, not, mean, they, can be, imposed.Any, existing building, issue, such, as, a lower height railing, can, be, kept, because, of these factors, but, if, there is any, new construction, or, the property, was, burned down, and needed to be, rebuilt, then, current law would apply. There are legal protocols, or rules, that, must be, followed, which, are generally, “Rules of Court or Civil Procedure” which, dictate, actions, of officials, concerning, how and when, they, can enforce, the law, or, what can be, a crime and tortfeasor, if, not, followed. A good lawyer, knows, what, is lawful and what is not. When, Government Funds are used for any, illegal purpose, especially, if, it is outrageous, heinous, or, criminal in nature, it can be, deemed, a Terrorist Act. When, it, is in this country, it, is Domestic Terrorism. When, it, is in a Foreign Land it is International Terrorism. The USA fought against oppression, and fought for, Religious Freedom, fighting Tyranny. If, Government abridges and abashes, Constitutional Protections, and defies, it’s own laws, those, actions, can, be, deemed, as, Tyranny, against, the People. In theory, the U.S. Constitution, allows, citizens, to bear arms, and to defend their rights, their persons and their property, from, Intrusions by, Government, but, due, to ongoing, attacks, against, the U.S. Constitution, beginning, with, the Patriot Act, Law Enforcement and the Government, have been, given greater powers, to overstep personal rights, and then, protect each other, even, when, the law, has, abused, authority, and privelege. This, then, comes, down, to having, a well seasoned, Civil Rights Attorney, to help, maintain, personal rights. Terrorism can come, through, many, forms. It, can be, as, stated, Domestic and it, can be, International. In a World, where, the almighty dollar dictates, and money with, power and politics are all, interwound, truly, nothing, is safe, and no rights, priveleges, or, entitlements, can, or, will be, guaranteed. Legal Rights and Legal Protections, sometimes, comes, down to litigation, and of, course, the ethics, of those, you, are forced, to appear before as, well, as, those, you retain and pay, to represent you. Sometimes, when, it, comes, to money and opportunity, the, greed, the dirty politics, and the corruption, prevails, over, ethics, morals, and integrity, or, accountability and responsibility. When, anyone, misuses Government Funds, especially, for, criminal abuses, such, as, working, Conspiracies, for, Profit, or, Major Fraud, Major Theft, etc., then, the use, of the Government Funds, is a Violation of the “False Claims Act”. If, any, party, can, prove, that, Government Funds appropriated, for, a Specific Use, such, as, for, Law Enforcement, are, misused, or, wasted, or, defrauded, embezzled, etc., then, all, monies, appropriated, legally, can be, recovered, through, a Federal Suit, and the party, proving, the misuse, is legally, entitled, to half, of the recovery, of those, funds. It, is illegal, to do, things, like, commit, auto theft, or, commit, auto records fraud, or, sell, stolen, goods, across, state lines, (although, this, fact, is being, commonly done every day). Doing, so, is, called, “Interference with, Commerce”. It, is a Federal Crime. Sites, like, Ebay, Craigslist, Etsy, Mercari, Poshmark, and Facebook, as, well, as, Amazon, all, are selling, whether, knowingly, or, unknowingly, stolen goods, together, with, legitimate, goods.When, you, have a free marketplace, it, is difficult, to properly, police, all, sellers.To further, address, the question, for, which, the response, is hereby, made, all, crime, eventually, feeds, into corruption, and terrorism, regardless, if, domestic, or, international. The FBI has confirmed, this, fact. Drugs, prostitution, theft, scams, extortion, embezzlement, etc. are all, forms, of Money Laundering.Again, this, is a violation of Federal Law.Since, these, items, can be, sold, or, transferred, through, electronic media, the mails, shipping, banking, etc., this, is mail fraud, wire fraud, bank fraud, and or, postal fraud, and Money Laundering, where, the FBI has juristiction.Any, violation of Federal Law, is considered, a Federal Crime against, the People, and the U.S. Government. This, brings, us, to a matter, which, I want the, world, to recognize, and understand, then, act upon.Under, the law, “Silence is Assent”, meaning, not exposing, not, acting, upon, not, performing, a Required, Legal Duty of Care, as, stated, by, law, is then, Licensing, Maintaining, Participating, in, and Harboring, Crime, and Corruption. Harboring, and concealing, crimes, or, aiding and abeitting crimes, or, felons, is, in itself, a felony crime. When, multiple felonies, occur together, the Legal Standard and severity of penalties and punishment is thereby, raised, where, the litany, of felonies, are, deemed or termed, “Aggrivated Felonies”. The majority of Aggrivated Felonies, hold, ten year, twenty year and life sentences. Sedition, Espionage, or Treason, against the U.S. Government, can be, a life sentence, and can, also, be, a Death Sentence.Therefore, in principle, by, law, those, being, “Grossly Negligent” discriminating, against, any, citizen, or, the Public, (As, there, is required “Public Integrity” and “Public Protection”), then, any, Judge, Law Enforcement Officer, Lawyer, Attorney, or, Public Official, who, fails, to perform, in accordance, with, their, Oath of Office, to Uphold and Defend, the Laws, of the United States, technically, then, is a Legal Traitor, is, technically, a Criminal (But must be, adjudicated or Ruled, as, such, by, a Judge, or, Jury) and, is, thereby, allowing, Crime, Corruption, Torts, or, even, Sedition, if, the facts, exist. Betrayal of Public Trust, is, technically, allowing, Insurrection, against, the Government and the People, (a form of Terrorism) and can, be, aiding Espionage, Tyranny, and Crimes, against, both, the People and the Government.The Problem, with, exposing, such, issues, when, they, exist, is, that, the Media, is for, the Most Part, operated, by, Big Money Interests, and they, are alligned, with, the Politics. So, even, if, there, is blatant, wrongdoing, many, Media Outlets, will avoid, any, matter, which, can impact, their bottom line, and may, get, them, involved with, acts, of retaliation, and law suits. The defense, to any, law, suit, is supposed, to be, the Truth, as, truth, trumps, False Claims, claims, of slander, libel, and defamation of character. The, problem, again, is corruption, and dirty politics, where, anything, can be, manipulated, falsified, sabotaged, stone walled, until, someone rights, a wrong. That, again, can, take, time, effort, and lots of money.The Supreme Judicial Court of the United States, has ruled, that, “Money is Free Speech”. Well, this, means, if, you, have, more, money, than, everyone, else, then, you, have, more, free speech, than, everyone, else, and Autocracy, Anarchy, Socialism, Bureaucracy, and Dictatorships, are, not, part, of, a true Democracy.This, then, brings, us, to current matters, impacting all Americans, All Citizens of the United Kingdom, Citizens of Ireland, and for, the most part People of the Free World.I am about, to reveal a matter, which, the U.S. Government has hidden, from, the World, and then, everyone should ask, many, questions, why, and then, take, action, because, we, are all, at a Crucial Juncture, where, our lives and futures are all, at stake. Our Freedoms are now, up for grabs. Voting, is not, the real answer. Money even, is not, the entire solution.As, issues of Terrorism are on the Rise, I ask, that, you, Google, the “Carroll Trust Case” which, can, also, be, found on Twitter.com. To sum up, the case. Gerald H. Carroll, was a man, connected to “Howard Hughes Air Craft”. In the end of the last days, of Howard Hughes, his own staff, held, him, in his home, as, “Prisoner” and then, many, people, came, up, with, false Wills and Last Testaments to attempt, to claim, his vast fortune. He, was brilliant man, and an innovator. Gerald Carroll, held, property including, a Shopping Mall in the Los Angelas California area, and Gerald Carroll, is a member of the British Monarchy. The Carrolls and the House of Windsor, are related. Gerald Carroll, endowed, a Family Trust with $250 Million Dollars. Through, his business savy he, operated, 85 Corporations world wide, thereby, creating, opportunity, wealth, and livelihoods, for, many people. Gerald Carroll, maintains, the Family, Castle called, Leap Castle, in the County of Orphally, Ireland. The Family raised cattle. The Castle was built, by, Lord Cearbhail, a Danish King, who, fought, along, side, Brian Beru, or, Brian the Lion Hearted, to drive, the Vikings, out, of Ireland, in 1212 B.C. The Family name, comes, from, a Clan, called, Clan Cian. The name, through, slurring, became, O’Carroll, pronounced, “Oh, Keer All”. It, means, of the family, of Carroll. Mc before, any, name in Ireland, means, the son, of.The Grandson, of the First Attorney General of Maryland, was, the Longest Living Signor of the Declaration of Independence. The Carroll Family, personally, funded the U.S. Revolution with, their own, funds, and they were, friends, with, Lafayette, who, was, later, behind, the French Revolution, which, Changed, the World. It, was, the beginning, of Freedom and Social Reform. The Carroll family, gave land to George Washington, for, the Washington Monument, and Senator Charles Carroll of Carrollton, was on the Board of War, and re ratified, the new U.S. Navy with, President George Washington. The Carroll House in Annapolis Maryland is used, as, a Function Hall to this day, for, the Annapolis Naval College. Senator Carroll, appointed, Commodore Barry of Wexford, Ireland, to become, the Admiral of the Navy and Commander in Chief. All, law is based on Maritime Law. A country with, a strong naval fleet, is a country, that, has, power and control. Our Marines, are some, of the most intelligent and toughest of all, military branches. They are what, makes all true Americans Proud. The Carroll family, is also, credited, with, having, a relative, as, the First Catholic Arch Bishop of the Americas, named, John Carroll, a Jesuit Priest, who founded, Georgetown University. Georgetown University, is reknown, for, Law and International Diplomacy. Arch Bishop Carroll, promoted Higher Education for, Women when, women, could not, vote, or, own property.The Carroll Family, has, had ties to the U.S. Navy, the Board of War, the National Security Administration, the Central Intelligence Agency, the Defense Intelligence Agency, the United States Air Force, and has, been, the Military and Industrial Complex in Both, the U.S.A. and the U.K. Google Brigadier General James J. Carroll, and Lt. General Joseph F. Carroll. These, are only, a few, members, of the family, deeply, alligned, with, protecting, U.S. Citizens and the World, yet, now, the Family, is under, attack through, their own government and the attack is not, just against them, but, you and all other, Americans and UK Citizens as, well, The Carroll Trust Case, is what the Disney Movie “National Treasure” with Nicholas Cage, was based upon.In the Carroll Trust Case, a false forged birth certificate, for, Gerald H. Carroll, was used, for, Identity fraud, to then, work, embezzlement and fraud. In the plot, the Italian and Irish Mob, or, Mafia, is involved, along, with, the Irish Republican Army.The IRA is Protestant, and fiercely, independent. This group, has, been, fighting, against, the British Crown, for years, with, numerous “Terrorist Attacks”.In fact, when, U.S. President Ronald Regan was in Office, Margaret Thatcher, referred, to as, the “Iron Maiden”, was in a Hotel in London, with, other, members of Parliament. The IRA put, a bomb, in the building, and detonated it. The Center of the Hotel was destroyed, but, miraculously, no one, from, the British Government, was harmed. The Irish Protestants and the Irish Catholics, have, been, at odds, with, each, other, for, many, years. Some, have, learned, peace and unity, is a wiser choice, and others, refuse, to give into, what, they, view, as, the enemy.In the Carroll, Trust Case, The Identity Fraud, was, used, to create Parallel Bank Accounts, Parallel Trusts, and Parallel, Dummy Corporations, to transfer, stolen, assets, and money, from, the Legitimate Trust and Businesses to the Fraudulent Illegal accounts, and illegal entities. (MAJOR FRAUD, MAJOR THEFT)In the scheme, 50, yes, 50 Law Firms were involved, over a fifty year period.The Following Businesses were also, involved in working, the fraud against the Carroll Family. HSBC BANK, LLOYDS OF LONDON, that, owns, MASS MUTUAL INSURANCE AND INVESTMENTS in Springfield, MA. USA. TWO CHAIRMAN of MGM GRAND, (THERE IS NOW AN MGM CASINO IN SPRINGFIELD MA USA) Two Accounting Firms named ; Price Waterhouse Coopers Lybrand, and Ernyst and Young, as, well, as, Law Enforcement (Police and FBI) across the United States of America, working, crimes, with, the Mafia, against, the Citizens of the U.S.A. and this, activity, was found, to involve, New York Police Captain, William Bratton, who, was lured, to work, in Scotland Yard, in England, to keep, the Coverup, going. This also, involves the Museum Heist involving the Theft of Priceless Paintings, from, the Gardiner Museum in Boston. In England, several Royal Residences, were, broken, into, and robbed, where, illuminated manuscripts, behind glass, were stolen. As, part of the plot, the immense art collection held, by, the British Monarchy, was targeted. It, has, an estimated value of Ten Billion Dollars.Also, in the Scheme, the Getty Foundation, of the Oil Tycoon, was used, to buy, the Estate of Lord Sutherland, which, was, held, by, Lord Eggleston, before, his death. Lord Eggleston, was, attempting, to find, an heir, to maintain, his, family, interests in an island held, by, the Gardiner Family which, was Royally decreed and has, never become, a part of the United States. The family, maintains, the natural habitat and homestead there, which, is off, of Long Island Sound New York. It, is an island, where, Captain Kidd, once, buried, his treasure, befriending, the family, and rewarding, them, for, their assistance.Also, involved, were, two Lords of the British Monarchy, who, had ties, to the IRA. MI5, the British Counterpart, to the USA, CIA, worked, with, the FBI, Scotland Yard, and Interpol, to find, how, 85 Corporations, were, illegally, dismantled, around, the world, which, included, the theft of pensions, which, belonged, to the workers.The FBI Director Christopher Wray, is said, to have, an Intimate Knowledge of the Case, and he, has, placed, the case, under, lock and key in Washington, D.C. as, well, as a “GAG ORDER” which, means, the FBI KNOWS SOMETHING, THAT, THEY DO NOT WANT THE PUBLIC TO KNOW. THAT IS CONCEALMENT, AND IT, IS A VIOLATION OF THE FREEDOM OF INFORMATION ACT. The FBI declared, that, this, Case, is a Matter of both Economic Security and National Security importance, to both, the U.S.A. and the United Kingdom. The FBI declared, that, the facts in this case, Undermine, both, National Security and Economic Security in both, the USA and the UK.So, with, such, a Serious Matter, why, then, was the FBI and CIA working, with, and aiding, the Irish and Italian Mafia, such, as, matters, which, involved, Whitey James Bulger, and the Boston FBI Office. With, such, a serious problem, why, has, the FBI hidden, these, facts, from, both, the Public, and the related Carroll Family, Members in the USA, who, have, also, been, placed, under, attack, by, Law Enforcement, the Irish and Italian Mob, and Public Corruption, that, works, from, local and state politics, up to the highest levels, of the US Government? Lawyers, have, stated, “Ongoing Coverup” and the FBI has, done, nothing, but, Facilitate Crime and Corruption against the Carroll Family, in the USA.In the Scheme against Gerald H. Carroll, his shopping mall and land interests in Los Angelas California, were, undermined, and a Law Firm called, Loeb and Loeb, was also, implicated, in the plot. With, the attacks against the Carroll Family, in Arlington, MA, and in Springfield, MA. the same individuals working, fraud, and crimes, with, law enforcement, and the courts, have networked, and liquidated another, $110 Million Dollars through, Strong Arm Theft and Crimes, Posed, as, legal proceedings. No one, not, District Attorneys, not, U.S. Attorneys, not, the DOJ, Not, the FBI, Not, Homeland Security or ICE, nor, the Massachusetts Attorney General, have done, a thing, to correct, or, expose, or, act upon, any wrong, or, crime, not, only, against, the Carroll’s, but, against, many, other, victims of this, group, of criminals and terrorists, where, these are, not, just crimes and torts against the Carroll’s and British Monarchy, but, crimes, against all US Citizens the US Government and the Citizens of the United Kingdom and their Government.Some, people, may, respond, “This does not impact me, or, I have nothing, to worry about, or, to be, concerned about!” DEAD WRONG! Both, Democrats and Republicans are failing, the People. Neither, party, is truly, concerned, with, protecting, the Public. We, no longer, have “Statesmen” but, only, Politicians.If, you, think “Voting” is the answer, you, are dead wrong! Voting, may, have some impact, locally, but, on the National Level, there are too many, pigs at the trough, where, everything, is out of sight and out of mind. The Aristocrats, have little concern, about, the peasants and peons, as, they view them. To emphasize this statement, when, W. Mitt Romney ran for, U.S. President, he, was secretly, recorded, during, a speech, where, he, said, Fifty five per cent of Americans are on Entitlements, meaning, welfare, snap, ssi etc. He, then, said, “I don’t represent those people!” They would vote for O’Bama!” So, let’s analyze, this, statement. What, he, really, said, is the average American, is a no body, and they mean nothing, to him. What, he, was saying, was, that, the average American, will never, amount to anything, and he, saw, them, as free loaders, and scurges. What, he, was saying, that, he, only, represented the RICH.If, you, examine, the backgrounds, of many, of those, who, claim, to want to represent the American People, you, will find, Drug Dealers, Money Launderers, Gun Runners and Arm Dealers, or sell outs to Organized Crime and Terrorists. Don’t take, my, word on it. Research for, yourself. Kitty Kelley wrote a book about the Bush Family Comparing them to the Sopranos, and Romney made his $250 Million Dollars held in a Blind Trust in the Cayman Islands, by, investing $6.5 Billion Dollars of Stolen Assets converted into blood money to help the San Salvadorans during, the Iran Contra Crisis and that, is how, he, and his partners created, Baine Capital. Additionally, Romney’s Father, was in the Nixon Cabinet, and Nixon, was alligned, with, the MOB. His, attempts at getting, Re Elected and Getting, Jimmy Hoffa Released from, Prison, to get the votes and following, of the Teamsters who loved Hoffa, all, worked, with, the help of the Mob, was what, ended up, getting Jimmy Hoffa killed.The primary concerns, of the Bureaucrats, in our Government, are how, to become, richer and more, secure, and helping, themselves, their families, and their friends.As, one, should recognize, both, political parties, connect, to scandals, and business relationships, with, Countries and Entities, which, historically, have, always, been, hostile, to the United States of America. It, is illegal for, U.S. Citizens to collude, with, Communist and Hostile Governments, so, why, is this, not, the same for, our Elected Officials?When, anyone, is working, with, a Communist, or, Hostile Nation, and being, essentially, funded, by, them, on one hand, it, can, be, called, “Good Relations” and, a Beneficial Business Deal, but, it, also, makes, vital people, beholding, to Foreign Hostile Powers and Interests. What, some, people, fail, to understand, people who, can learn, all, about, you, and then, know, your strengths along, with, your faults, can, allow, you, to become, comfortable and confident, and when, you, least, expect, it, strike, and undermine, everything, because, they, were, conning, and using, you, and then, corrupting, you, to essentially, become, the Fox, in the Hen House.As, many, people, in the USA should recognize, their are people in their, Government who are trying, to do away, with, the U.S. Constitution, and are, attacking, and trying, to eliminate, anyone and anything, which, connects, to privelege, which, connects, to the History of the Country, and which, represents, the current government, and the attacks, include. attacking, the institutions, which, include, religion.In the process, there are Politicians, trying, to promote and implement Socialist, Communist, or, Anarchial Views, which, if, implemented, will, begin, to change and eliminate, all, freedoms, and rights, as, Americans Now, take for granted.In the process, of all, of this, turmoil, people should recognize, that, the attacks, first worked, against Muslims, with, 9/11, have, now, escalated, against, Blacks, and now, Asians, which, will, then, increase, against, hispanics, and so, on. You, may, ask, why, is, this happening? Well, United We Stand and Divided We Fall! Create Controversies, to get, people, distracted, from, the real issues. Get, people divided and confused, and pre occupied, so, that, in the process, agendas, that, those, in power, do, not, want anyone, to know about, or, fight against can be, slipped, in under, their noses. It’s divide and conquer. It, is intentional DISCORD, INTENTIONAL ABUSE, IT, IS INTENTIONAL EROSION, OF THE SYSTEM, TO CREATE FRICTION, DISCORD, UNREST AND TO MAKE EVERYTHING, MELT DOWN TO CREATE CHAOS, SO, THAT, THE CRIMINAL AND ENEMY ELEMENTS CAN TAKE HOLD AND GET A FOOT HOLD. When, EVERYTHING, CAN BE STOLEN AND IS UP FOR SALE TO THE HIGHEST BIDDER INCLUDING WHAT, IS NOT SUPPOSED TO BE UP FOR SALE, THEN, WHO, AND WHAT IS REALLY SAFE AND WHO CAN ANY, OF US RELY UPON?In the Carroll Trust Case, Gerald H. Carroll, has, taken the issues through, the Royal Courts of England, and more Lords have been investigated, by, MI5 finding, ties to the IRA. Here is a Question to ponder ; Do you want to work all your life, to have criminals come, to your door, or, just find a way to swindle you, out, of all, you struggled for?Do you, want, foreign governments, or, terrorist organizations, taking, over your government and your life, and tell you, what you should have, how, you, should live, and decide, if, you, and your family, will be, indentured slaves, and be, forced, to learn new ways, a new language, or, be, massacred, just, because, someone wants what, you struggled to have? Do you, want, to be, murdered, just because, in the eyes of the terrorists, you, are the enemy?Do you, want your Public Officials Selling, out you, your family, and your country, and do you, want terrorists, taking, over, your law enforcement, your, local, state, and federal governments, and your judiciary and then, using, the combined powers and resources, to set you, up, to rob you, to falsely, imprison you, and to destroy you and your family? Well, this is already happening! The Carroll Trust Case, is exposing, just that, yet, no one in the Media or Government will address it, and that, means, we, are all in deep trouble. That means that, the oppression and crime will increase. That means the lack of integrity, the lack of accountability, the lack of responsibility will increase and life as, you know it, will only, be, replaced by, strife, desparation, and despair, at, it’s best.Well, this family, named, “O’Carroll”, was devoutly, Catholic, and dropped, the O from, the name, due, to English Penal Laws, to sound, more English. The Family, settled, in the American Colonies, beginning, with, the appointment, of the First Attorney General of Saint Mary’s Land, or, now, Maryland, USA. Charles Carroll, the First Attorney General, brought, Catholics, to the Americas, due, to oppression, in England and Ireland, as, Catholicism, was outlawed. (King Henry the Eighth, founded, the Anglican Church and the Protestant Religion). King James, the First of England, joined, Ireland, Scotland, and England together. The Carroll’s connect to King Robert the Bruce of Scotland and the Stewart line, which, is related, to the British Monarchy, or, the Goth, family, later, named, “House of Windsor”. The style called, “Gothic” derives, from, the British Monarchy, name. The First Attorney General of Maryland, is considered the founder of the Colony, although, Lord Salisbury, originally, founded, the colony, after, settling, and founding, Nova Scotia. He, found, Nova Scotia, as, being, too cold, and inhospitable, so, he, searched, further south for, more favorable climate. The Grandson, of the First Attorney General, was Senator Charles Carroll, of Carrollton Maryland. The Son, of the First Attorney General was a Barrister and lived in Annapolis Maryland. The First Attorney General, created, a Manor Called, Doughoregan, where, he, had a chapel, for, other, Catholics to practice, their, faith.I give, this, history, and the Carroll Trust Case, as, it, directly, applies, to this, question. This case emphasizes, that, if, we, can not trust and rely upon, our fellow man, nor, trust, or, rely upon, our law enforcement and Government, in part, or, in whole, then, what, is safe, what, is sacred, what, can, we trust and what can we rely upon? What value is anything, or, anyone? If, our persons, our, loved ones, our, property, our, savings, our, rights, and our struggles, are all in vein and are not, valued, or, protected, by, those, we, have, sworn an allegience to and they, will not, defend or protect us, should, we, continue to defend and protect them?History Repeats itself, and some, people, do not, learn, from, history. The Public in the U.S.A., has, become, far too complacent, and apathetic, when, it, comes, to protecting, their interests and rights.Benjamin Franklin once said, “In Order, to keep, a Country and Government Just and Accountable to the People, one, must Over Throw it, Every Two Hundred Years!”We, are long over due!AS FOR DOMESTIC AND INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM, YOU CAN GOOGLE SEARCH, THE FEDERAL STATUTE, WHICH, FALLS UNDER, THE PATRIOT ACT, AND IT, IS U.S.C. 18 SEC 2331 OR, 18 USC Ch. 113B: TERRORISMFrom Title 18—CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE PART I—CRIMES