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Yes. I suspect, though, that you’re not asking just to get a head count. You are probably interested in the underlying ethical principles and the practices taken when officer’s see another officer abuse authority. To do this I want to first look at two ethical principles that work well in understanding how we measure ethics. These are broadly known as the deontological and teleological approaches.The term deontology refers to the focus on duty. Stated a little differently, what obligation does one have to act in a specified manner. To better understand this let’s look at where we get the word and the basic princples. The word deontology derives from the Greek words for duty (deon) and science (or study) of (logos).In contemporary moral philosophy, deontology is part of the larger category known as normative ethics. Deontology is the study and theories regarding which choices are morally required, forbidden, or permitted. In other words, deontology falls within the domain of moral theories that guide and assess our choices of what we ought to do (deontic theories), in contrast to those that guide and assess what kind of person we are and should be (aretaic [virtue] theories).We can see deontology at work when we see a police officer pulling over a driver for speeding. The age-old question of “how fast can I go before the cops stop me” is answered with ZERO, when applying a deontological approach. What this means is that the duty to stop speeding is absolute, and therefore the ethical practice is to prevent or stop the negative act from occurring. At this point, some of my readers are likely saying something like, “yeah but what the spirit of the law??That’s a good question. With deontology, the focus is less about the outcome than it is about the duty to act. In other words, as a deontologist, we focus on the question of “is the action ethical” and we tend to overlook the outcome. This is the proverbial “letter of the law” approach, and in some systems, it works very well.The spirit of the law, though, is slightly different and comes to us through the use of teleological ethics. Teleology is the explanation of phenomena by the purpose they serve rather than by postulated causes. In other words, we don’t necessarily care about how you get there, only that the result was ethical.Let’s see how these two approaches can give us very different actions for the police officer. In this example, we have a missing child who has been taken from her parents by a previously convicted child molester. The suspect has been convicted of harm to a minor child and of rape of a minor child, but has never been convicted of murder (though he is suspected). Two witnesses saw the child with the suspect and an additional witness saw the suspect load the child into a small car. The child has been missing six hours.You are now the police officer searching for the child. A description of the suspect and his car are given over the radio. You are assigned to search in a warehouse district nearby. While driving between large buildings you see a small vehicle matching the description of the suspect’s car exit the building. You pull in behind the vehicle, make the stop less than 50 yards from the warehouse door, and as you approach the vehicle you hear the sound of a child’s voice, “Help me.”What do you do?Clearly you have a legal duty to protect the life of the child. To do that, though, you need to let the suspect go, so that you can immediately begin searching the warehouse, or you can drag the suspect with you and demand that he tell you where the child is.The clock is ticking. What do you do?The deontologist would demand that you take the suspect into custody, though not into arrest. You must also provide a warning as defined in the Miranda v. Arizona case (careful to apply the rights as enunciated in the Brewer v. Williams case – hint, part of you answer rests there). You do that. The suspect, though, simply sits down in the road and refuses to answer any questions. You need to get him up and secured. You also need to find that child.What do you do?The teleologist would tell you to forget the rules (duty) and seek the right outcome. Saving the child is all that is important. Forget legal rights, forget the justice system, and you must certainly forget that if you screw this up it will be you may be sued by the parents of a dead child or by the ACLU lawyers who go after you for civil rights violations to the suspect. Forget all that, do the right thing, find the child regardless of the ethics of the actions.What do you do?

A narcissist engages in hierarchical thinking, meaning they are always judging people by one or the other of several ranking systems (that not everyone judges by since at least some of us recognize that we are all different but equal). These systems could be wealth, looks, fame, success, power, intelligence, fitness, status, etc. So a narcissist sees his or her various sources of narcissistic supply (the people who give them attention, approval, admiration, acquiescence, or agreement) as one being above or below the others. If someone is given higher rank than the others (in their own mind) a narcissist will keep trying to get back into their life to see if they can elicit some emotional response from them, positive or negative. Some may want to see if they can seduce you again, while others may want to see if they can make you angry and still others may want to get revenge (especially if you left them rather than vice-versa). Those who want revenge may just want to scare you or they may take it as far as actually assaulting you or your property.If their goal is to seduce you and you have actually seen through their pretense of love to the point where you have zero feelings for them anymore, they are likely to move on to try and find someone they can seduce. If, however, they are malignant narcissists and their goal is to terrorize you by either making you feel threatened or by some kind of actual assault then short of having them incarcerated (which could only be for a short while creating even more desire for revenge when they get out) then you may have little control over the situation as long as they know where to find you. (I had to relocate to avoid one extremely violent malignant narcissist who stalked me from Georgia to Arizona after seeing my address on a letter he found in my mother's house)For a malignant narcissist the act of overpowering and terrorizing their victim is a source of negative narcissistic supply that a narcissist sadistically enjoys. A malignant narcissist enjoys the feeling of power that is derived from tormenting and torturing a victim. They feel that this is justified in their world view as their rightful position to punish anyone who does not give them what they want and/or feels entitled to. Irrational and incomprehensible as this may seem to a normal person, dominating a victim is how they try to seek relief from their own feelings of having been diminished in some way.This is often but not always from past abuse that could be: emotional (like neglect and being unloved), verbal (overly critical parenting or as a spoiled child being expected to live up to unrealistic ideals rather than just letting them be a kid who gets muddy, spills stuff, etc...), physical (that makes a child decide THEY want to be the bully in control) or sexual (which may make them want to be the dominant one in relationships because they got dominated and exploited). Their feelings of inadequacy could, however, also arise from simply being rejected or slighted by someone in their past.The relief derived from the act of 'punishing' someone, who may be a stand in for their real or imagined offender, is only temporary because they still have the same thoughts and feelings that drove them to act out their revenge fantasies to begin with. Without self awareness or therapy they will still be tormented by their inner critics/inner demons and continue acting out their sadistic desires even if their victim had nothing to do with the incident that made them feel so inadequate that they wanted to somehow get revenge on someone (as a stand in for the original offender).If they are non-malignant narcissists and are seeking merely the narcissistic supply of being able to re-seduce you then they will quickly lose interest if you really no longer have any feelings for them but they can sense if you really still want them from your body language and the way you look at them so to really get free of them you have to resolve your own feelings and learn to see through the act of lovebombing. Recognizing that they try to seduce so as to once again have an opportunity to prove their superiority by flipping and devaluing you (a minor form of sadism) is key. If they have shown a pattern of devaluation in the past they will continue with their habit of lovebombing/devaluing so long as you fall for their efforts at seduction.

As a paramedic/EMT, do you ever get people trying to interfere or get involved when you’re trying to look after a patient?Sometimes, sure.My most frequent encounters with people who were interceding (often with good intent) was family members.Although family members can be a valuable source of information and may have insights about the incident that resulted in EMS being called, occasionally they would interject their opinions about medical treatments, transport decisions or destinations, or other things that they are not legally entitled to offer.This may vary by jurisdiction, but in Arizona the transport decision is entirely up to the patient, as long as they are legally able to make their own decisions (an adult or an emancipated minor, for example) and capable of understanding the consequences of being treated, transported, or refusing treatment or transport.A patient who is incapacitated can be treated and transported by EMS under implied consent, which essentially states that EMS providers can perform the medical treatments and transport they deem necessary and proper given their understanding of the patient’s condition when the patient cannot consent. If the patient cannot consent—for whatever reason—a family member or friend can only override the EMS provider’s decision if they have a medical power of attorney, or they are the adult parent of a minor child, and other circumstances may exist in certain jurisdictions (for example, a prisoner may not have total say in their transport/refusal of transport, depending on the circumstance, even if they would otherwise meet the criteria for doing so).A family member may be insistent that the patient be transported. They may wail, cry, antagonize, pressure, and cajole the patient, the EMS crew, and everybody within earshot. If a patient who is competent to understand and legally permitted to make their own decisions does not want to be transported, the EMS crew cannot transport them.I’ve been on scene as a paramedic with a 12-lead EKG that shows unequivocal evidence of an active heart attack with a patient who absolutely refused to be treated or transported. All the EMS providers on scene, every family member in the home, and I myself tried everything we could think of to convince them to let us treat and transport them.I’ve also been on scenes with patients whose family called EMS for injuries or illnesses that could most probably be best handled either by an urgent care or by the patient’s regular physician. The patient, being competent and legally permitted to make their own decisions, didn’t want to be treated or transported. Based on the evidence I had, I had no reason to suggest differently. The family member(s) on scene, however, had very different ideas. Sometimes, they would try to guilt the patient into requesting a transport. Sometimes, they would try to convince us to transport without the patient’s consent.I get it. I would want to feel like my family member or friend was making the right decision, were I in their shoes. Many people who don’t deal with EMS don’t understand that the decision for transport or treatment is 100% in the hands of the patient, as long as they can make their own decisions.Occasionally, bystanders would offer help. I don’t remember accepting bystander help for any scenes I worked offhand, and in most cases a bystander’s help wouldn’t do much good anyway.I have heard others say that occasionally, a bystander physician might offer help—although I never experienced this myself—and our EMS service actually had business cards printed for exactly this situation. It explained that a physician who wanted to perform patient care was legally permitted to do so, but that they had to either follow the directions of the on-scene EMS providers, communicate with the EMS base hospital using the EMS equipment to consult with the medical director, or take 100% patient control and accompany the patient to the hospital.In my time working in EMS, I do not recall having any serious incidents of this sort. For the most part, bystanders and family members/friends would answer questions or stand by, and not intervene.Thanks for the A2A!