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TL;DR ? Well, the short answer is “You gotta read all that to understand it, and search on the googlygoo. It’s always different”The bin / include / lib / doc / src / build / data / config et cetera ad infinitum list of folders are a hodge-podge of things from a variety of places. It grew over time and became what it is. Since developers are free to roll-their-own, it really depends on the type of project or language or platform or IDE that they are working with.Most notably, GNU Linux, which created structures for its packages[1] and has a lot of bureaucracy about what’s supposed to be in them. These in turn influenced others, and some of it has just made good sense so people have kept up with it. Notably, Microsoft C++ developers don’t adhere to this, you generally see .sln (Solution Files created by Visual Studio) and the like, however if the authors also develop for Linux, you might see some borrowing from the way Linux is organized due to their habits and familiarity with this folder structure. As far as “include” and “bin” and “lib” folders, this sort of organization is also generally true of DLLs and the entire “lib” thing is basically plagiarized / borrowed / copied by Microsoft from Linux / Unix (just like how DOS or Command Shell is basically borrowed / copied / plagiarized from the CP/M OS).Generally on the topic of project folders, it goes like this:bin/ a folder that contains the compiled .DLL file or (sometimes) a .lib or the executable application or .exe file — the “binary”include/ a folder that contains the publicly distributed .h (header files) for a library to be included in another application, required to use a library or DLLlib/ a folder that contains statically linkable ,lib files (precompiled code) and is part of a librarydoc/ all those nifty manuals programmers hate to write, or generated ones from the output of a source documentation utility like Doxygen, or a README file, or the .man files for Linux “man” command, or an offline website so you would see .html filesbuild/ a folder that is sometimes there for holding onto build scripts, half-built code, other stuff related to the compilation process, usually its generated by a utility or the compiler, you might see .objs here but you might not. There are other names for this folder on each platform, and sometimes you might find online documentation describing its structure, like for Android[2]src/ this is where the source code is, people edit this stuff, and it may have sub-foldersdata/ some applications come with “sample data” or “test data” that usually sits in here and is accessed by the application in the bin/ folderexamples/ some libraries come with a set of applications that test out various “units” of the “system” and also demonstrate usagecontrib/ this used to mean “user-contributed snippets” or source code given to the primary author or authors for use or to extend an open-source project [3](or even a closed source one), though the “contrib” idea hit its popularity peak a long time ago, in a time when not everyone had a source versioning control utility like gitThis is not the all-inclusive list. You might see something else, oh my!In C++ there are also the various file types, and the compiler related files, with specific extensions (though the idea of a file “extension” has eroded over time, we’re talking MIME/types at this point I guess) in any given project:.cpp & .h[4] go together, .h being the “header” — designed this way to allow programmers to release libs and .h files without source code, to create proprietary or closed source libraries that can be distributed without source..hpp is a combination of the two files. [5] I’ve seen a lot of differing opinions as to why an .hpp and the .h / .cpp combination are picked over each other. It comes back to the age-old question of “where is the line drawn between C++ and C?” — on the Mac, you can’t use .h in older xCode versions, and had to use .hpp with an associated .cpp — guess those arrogant Apple managers had to deal with the JIRA ticket when someone complained about this, because newer xCode can use .h just fine - plus, they knew Objective-C quite well but apparently didn’t know this nuance of C++.See, C++ doesn’t require you to use a .cpp anymore, so if you see an .hpp you are basically seeing the combination of the .cpp and .h file in a single file. Generally what would appear, in the .cpp, is at the end of an .hpp file, and the .h part is at the beginning of an .hpp file. Generally an .hpp is purely C++ because it doesn’t allow for C-style functions (generally…)Makefile (means its probably for Linux, though maybe not anymore) — this file, while it can be hand-written, is usually generated by autoconf[6] and may be related to the “configure” command — a whole world in and of itself and unrelated to Microsoft Visual Studio — is used to “build” the application (automating compilation and linking) usually using compilers like gpp, g++ or gcc[7] (all essentially the same compiler) and the associated GNU linker. Microsoft Visual Studio has another world and another compiler/linker/set of options to worry about. In later years, Linux developers have made versions of autoconf that also generate Visual Studio build scripts.You might see other things, but these are the main bits of evidence from the source code. There is a .suo file that is entirely optional with Visual Studio (it contains the intellisense database). On both Linux and Windows, there is a series of .obj files (compiled source that has not yet been linked), there are .make and .bat and .sh and .doc and .html and a bunch of other files that are specific to different platforms, for example on Windows you might see a “.pdb” file which is the debug symbol information for an application — and on Linux there are usually scripts that have no specific file extension, or they would have the .sh extension — and if you see other files, they could be configuration files, or they could be documentation, or test data. Other files may be other things (see the footnote regarding Linux packages).Generally a .pro file means the application is written in QT and QT has its own folder structures, which can also be customized. The .pro file is the file you load in QT Creator. You might see other files like “.qmake”, “.ui”, “.qc” and such, all for QT, which is now owned, through the acquisition of Nokia who acquired The Qt Company, by Microsoft.To go through a project you need:An IDE that lets you “go to definition” reliably, preferably you want to use the exact configuration the original author used — and hopefully some other editor or IDE that lets you search entire projects worth of files, and use intellisense or equivalent code navigation technologies, like Komodo Edit and/or Notepad++You need to know in advance if you are looking at a library, or you are looking at an application, if you don’t know in advance, then the lack of an application entry point — most commonly a function defined as int main() that has been defined (and not declared), usually, in a file called main.cpp — lack of this is a definite indicator that it’s not an application.FOR A LIBRARY:Look for the most prominent file to start with, usually named after the most major concept or the library itself.FOR AN APPLICATION:Locate your int main() and start exploring #include and symbols until you understand what it is you are looking at and how it is structured.Of note there are several programs out there that draw visualizations of C++ source code, rendered as a “Butterfly Chart” (or “Butterfly Diagram”) or a “Dependency Tree” or “Inheritance Graph” or a variety of other charts with equally esoteric names, that can help you navigate, and some IDEs even do this in a special window.Here are some that I’ve explored before, but my favorite is the Butterfly Chart to examine particularly ‘densely linked’ classes.ModelMaker Code Explorer: Refactoring made Easy! (but it’s for Pascal)Source Trail: A cross-platform source explorer for C/C++ and JavaSource Insight Programming Editor and Code BrowserSciTools.com (The app is called “Understand”)The Ultimate Visual Solution for C/C++Map dependencies across your solutions (In Visual studio, up to VS2015)StarUML C++ Module (Open Source, Legacy Tool)Doxygen: Main Page (Doxygen multi-language code documentation generation utility)Two examples of visualizations of code I have used to understand project structure will now follow.Here included is an Inheritance Graph of one class named AStarMapNodeHandles, as part of an A* Algorithm implementation, in my game engine at Lost Astronaut Studios (see below)Note that this a class that is related to another class, called AStarPathfinder, implementing an A* Pathfinder, but you wouldn’t know about this just by looking at the above depiction.Here is the same charting for a related class called AStarPathfinder:Note that in this case, AStarMapNodeHandles has a common inheritance (LinkedList and ListItem) [8]but does not trace back to the AStarMapNode, which is what AStarMapNodeHandles is related to — it’s an affiliated class wrapped around AStarMapNode, and used as a disposable reference to an AStarMapNode instantiation — a class that wraps a pointer to an AStarMapNode and contains utilities for handling a list of said pointers to this particular object. You would have to explore symbols of similar construction to determine the relationship (what I mean here is: read the code and understand it, because the utility didn’t) — so it is there, it just simply wasn’t mapped by the graph generation utility.And also here is a Collusion Graph of a class called Arrow2dThis shows the interrelationships of classes both through Inheritance and Dependency with respect to the Arrow2d class, a class that allows me to generate geometry describing indicator arrows in 2D. It shows how Arrow2d is used and what Arrow2d uses. Please note Quora has “shrank” the image, so you may not be able to make out the details.The above charts/graphs/diagrams/visuals were generated using Doxygen with an installed plug-in called GraphViz.Finally, the horror.OpenGL (and DirectX) totally obliterate classic program structure by introducing additional languages with filenames like .vshader, .fshader, .vs, .fs, .geo, .tess, .glsl, .cg, .hlsl, .cuda, .cl, .opencl — etc., which are source code files that may be directly embedded as strings in C++, or loaded from external files at runtime.You might see Assembler thrown in some places.You might see a “.bin file” or a “.dat file” which are either both data files, or one is a special executable for Linux only, or some other OS, not Windows . . .You might see .json files if they are using JSON with C++ for a data file format (which is possible), and you might see XML files, OR you might see configuration files for the compiler that are in XML, OR you might see a KV file (key-value format) yada yada ya.. the purpose of files is never quite clear until you read the code.Some programmers embed data in their source codeSome programmers embed data in their executable at compile time, but it doesn’t appear in the sourceLinux compilation with the GNU C/C++ compiler defaults its compiled executable name to a.outFootnotes[1] The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ[2] what is generated and intermediates folders in build directory and why outputs folder is missing[3] What's in the "contrib" folder?[4] C++ Programming - Wikibooks, open books for an open world[5] When to use .hpp files[6] Making configure Scripts - Autoconf[7] GCC, the GNU Compiler Collection[8] h3rb/ZeroTypes

You can take 2 different approaches here, if you want to become a MS infrastruture specialist I would suggest you begin your journey from Active Directory, if you want to become a MS server specialist( will help in supporting and debugging the .net applications better) I would suggest you start from Exam 70-660 (points 13 -18)I have listed details of AD and Microsoft kernel.Starting with Active Directory : This is the heart of Microsoft Infrastructure.Install AD and configure DNS for it :Since you already have a good amount of SA experience (BIND) the first step of configuring the DNS for AD wont take a lot of you time. You must have already heard about all the DNS jargon and learning how to configure in windows is pretty easy if you know what the record means.Get to know AD : By now you will be familiar with the AD UI, now get to know the tools like ADMT. Start adding/removing domain/forests/, configuring trusts/sites/replication/global cataloge. Learn how to start/stop add/remove an AD node.Getting familiar with AD services :LDS : learn to configure LDS,authenticataoin serverRMS :RMS template creation, delegation, administrative role defination,FS : onfigure trust policies; configure user and group claim mapping; import and export trust policiesRODC : Readonly DNS,caching,purpose/benefits of an RODC,role seperatin,sysvol,password replication5. Create AD objects :create/delete/enabling/disabling AD accounts (user,computer,groups,templates,contacts,DL)create/apply Group Policy Objects :WMI,filtering,loopback,GPP,creating templates,deploying/uninstalling softwares via GPO,configuring audit policy.6.Maintaining AD environment :backup and recovery:types of restores, windows server backup,DSRM,backup and restore GPO.Offline Maint : realtime monitoring,WMI queries,powershell,analyzing logs7. Certificate Services :Install and configure CA`s.Deployment of CA :multiple forest certificate deployment, X.509 mappingThe above mentioned skills will give you a very insightful purview into the Microsoft world.8.Configuring WSUS and Windows Deployment Services9.Configuring Performance Monitoring : configure data collectors,performance and reliability monitors,analysis of data, dump analysis.10.Configuring HA using failover clustering; Network Load Balancing; geo-clustering support; cluster service migration; Cluster Shared Volumes (CSV)11.Configuring IIS : configuring pools,accoutns,server core,xcopy deployements,configuring FTP,SMTP,SSL security.12.Basic sharepoint configuration : RMS,backup, timer jobs,report loggingAll the following points have been taken from (http://www.microsoft.com/learning/en/us/exam.aspx?ID=70-660&locale=en-us#tab2)13 . Identifying Architectural ComponentsIdentify memory types and mechanisms : nonpaged vs. paged; memory descriptor lists; physical memory vs. logical memory; address translation; heap memory.Identify I/O mechanisms : Plug and play; IRQL levels; I/O request packets (IRPs); I/O manager; device stacks; filter drivers; timersIdentify subsystems : Object manager; cache manager; process manager; memory manager; security reference monitorIdentify processor functions and architecture : Interrupts; processor affinity; system service calls; 64-bit vs. 32-bitIdentify process and threads : Process environment block (PEB), thread environment block (TEB); thread scheduling, states and priority14 . Designing SolutionsOptimize a system for its drivers : driver signing; identifying filter drivers; timers and deferred procedure calls (DPCs); system worker threads; Driver VerifierDesign applications : Application Verifier; gflags; kernel mode vs. user mode threads; structured exception handling (SEH); memory mapped files; authentication mechanisms; synchronization primitivesDeploy compatible applications : Application Verifier; Application Compatibility Toolkit (ACT); gflagsIdentify optimal I/O models for applications : synchronous vs. asynchronous I/O; I/O completion ports; multithreaded applications15 . Monitoring :Monitor I/O latency : Perfmon; disk I/O; application performance; device I/OMonitor I/O throughput : Filter drivers; cache manager; xperf; kernrateMonitor memory usage : nonpaged vs paged pool; user memory vs. kernel memory; debugging memory leaks; memory corruption; heap corruptionMonitor CPU utilization : thread time; kernel vs. user time; thread states; Perfmon; WinDbg; Xperf; KernrateMonitor handled and unhandled exceptions : Adplus; Dr Watson; Windows Error Reporting (WER); default post-mortem debuggers; exception handling16 . Analyzing User ModeAnalyze heap leaks : UMDH (User-mode dump heap); user mode stack tracing; WinDbg; Application Verifier; Gflags; PerfmonAnalyze heap corruption : Page heap; WinDbg; Application Verifier; GflagsHandle leaks : Procmon (Process Monitor); Perfmon; WinDbg; htrace; Process Explorer; Handle.exeResolve image load issues : Tlist; loader snaps; dll dependencies; application manifests; 64-bit applications vs. 32-bit applications; tasklistAnalyze services and host processes : sc.exe; services; service dependencies; service isolation; services startup types; service registry entriesAnalyze cross-process application calls : RPC; LPC; shared memory; named pipes; process startup; winsockAnalyze the modification of executables at runtime : WinDbg; image corruption; detours; hot patchesAnalyze GUI performance issues : spy++; message queues; Application Verifier; TraceTools; ATL Trace; Task Manager17 . Analyzing Kernel ModeFind and identify objects in object manager namespaces and identify the objects’ attributes : Winobj.exe; symbolic links; object namespace; security descriptors; global namespace; device objects; file objects; object manager; semaphoresAnalyze Plug and Play (PnP) device failure : removal failures; global device list; WinDbg; device adds and removes; power handlingAnalyze pool corruption : Driver Verifier; WinDbg; pool tags; Poolmon; guard pagesAnalyze pool leaks : WinDbg; poolmon; Driver Verifier; crash dump analysis; paged and nonpaged pool; cache trimmingIsolate the root cause of S state failure : System power states and transitions; power IRP handlingAnalyze kernel mode CPU utilization : kernrate.exe; WinDbg; deadlocks; Performance monitoring; event tracing18 . Debugging WindowsDebug memory : Heap; pool; virtual memory vs. physical memory; stack; analyzing crash dumps and user dumpsIdentify a pending I/O : WinDbg; deadlocks; I/O manager; IRP processingIdentify a blocking thread : thread state; locks; synchronization objectsIdentify a runaway thread : thread priorities; processor affinity; Perfmon; kernrateDebug kernel crash dumps : WinDbg; DPCs; Assembler; forcing kernel crash dumps; trap processing; register usage; call stack composition (prolog/epilog); processes vs. threadsDebug user crash dumps : dump types; forcing user crash dumps; gflags; system resource utilization (CPU, disk, network; memory)Set up the debugger : WinDbg; physical connection (USB, rs-232, 1394); boot.ini; bcdedit; remoting; NMI; debugging system processesThen you can take chose between Exchange,SQL server or MS OCS.Please refer to http://www.microsoft.com/learning/en/us/certification/mcitp.aspx#tab2for an exhaustive list and syllabus of the exams.

One way to define fitness is by measuring it in 10 components of general physical fitness. This concept was shaped by Coaches Jim Cawley and Bruce Evans of Dynamax and popularized by the Crossfit HQ. Although you could argue that there are some missing elements, this 10 components is a pretty good comprehensive list.Before I list the components, allow me to explain that these 10 elements are based on General Physical Preparation (GPP), not Specialized Physical Preparation (SPP). In general, GPP is to provide balanced physical condition in the 10 elements, whereas SPP focuses on exercises and movements specific to particular sports (for example, speed drills with a ball in Soccer).That being said, here are the 10 components -Cardiovascular / respiratory endurance – The ability of body systems to gather, process, and deliver oxygen. (5k run)Stamina – The ability of body systems to process, deliver, store, and utilize energy. (100 push-ups)Strength – The ability of a muscular unit, or combination of muscular units, to apply force. (bench press, deadlift)Flexibility – The ability to maximize the range of motion at a given joint. (zipper test, v sit & reach test)Power – The ability of a muscular unit, or combination of muscular units, to apply maximum force in minimum time. (clean & jerk, vertical jump)Speed – The ability to minimize the time cycle of a repeated movement. (40 yards dash)Coordination – The ability to combine several distinct movement patterns into a singular distinct movement. (rope jumps)Agility – The ability to minimize transition time from one movement pattern to another. (burpee tuck jumps)Balance – The ability to control the placement of the body’s center of gravity in relation to its support base. (stork stand test)Accuracy – The ability to control movement in a given direction or at a given intensity. (wall balls)As an avid crossfitter, the 10 components of general physical fitness is a concept near and dear to my heart. I use it everyday to measure my fitness and identify my strengths and weaknesses.I am also creating an app called “Wodbuddies” that measure the users’ 10 fitness components levels by asking them to complete various fitness challenges. If you want to check it out -website - www(dot)wodbuddies(dot)comfacebook page - wodbuddiesinstagram - @wodbuddiesThanks!