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“China has a fighter named J-11D. How good is this fighter?”Shenyang J-11 is licence-built Sukhoi Su-27. The The J-11B is an unlicenced copy of Su-27 with much more Chinese sub-systems.J-10D looks more like being an upgrade with an AESA radar to existing J-11B, although there are 10 on order, maybe in order to replace lost airframes in squadrons: after the disastrous performances of the J-11 during the “Falcon Strike” drills against Royal Thai Air Force‘s Gripen-C/DThe PRC should take Gripen E as a template, says Senior Colonel Li Chunghua Hua of the PLAAFDuring the drills, in WVR, 25 J-11 were “shot down” at the cost of 2 Gripens, in BVR, it were 41 J-11 “lost” for 5 Gripens. Note that the Thai Gripens were only armed with AIM-120C and Sidewinders. RTAF has since purchased IRIS-T and ordered the MBDA Meteor. Since the J-10C behaved better than the J-11A or J-10A/B, thanks to its AESA radar, it’s no surprise that PLAAF decided to upgrade J-11A/B with an AESA. It’s likely that RTAF will order a radar upgrade for their Gripen-C/D in order to have Gripen-E’s AESA Raven ES-05 radar… If there are some more “Falcon Strike” series drills, it might be epic, although the several countries implied in the Gripen’s systems as well as in the Meteor and the IRIS-T may ask Thailand to not proceed with further “Falcon Strike” drills as China may do ELINT/SIGINT that may reduce these systems’ efficiency by helping to develop countermeasures…The Shenyang J-16 has been introduced in 2015 and is a Su-30 copy fit with an AESA radar (thus, in 2018 these were still not considered combat ready). It has been reported that measures to reduce the J-16’s radar cross section as well as the same radar absorbing paint you see on J-20 are usedWhat is the quality of its engines?Now, about the quality of J-11/15/16 engines…Shenyang WS-10B Taihang Doesn’t Solve China’s Engine NightmareWell, the tittle of the link says everything, and when you know that Russian engines are already lambasted for their short MTBO (mean time between overhaul) of only a few hundred hours (at best a thousand), short lifespan (2000-3000 hours, sometimes 4000 if you're lucky) and that it’s not uncommon that PLAAF manages to replace its Flankers’ WS-10s by original Russian AL-31F because WS-10 sucks or that Pakistan insisted to get real Klimov RD-93 for its JF-17 rather than its Chinese pendant, you may not want WS-10A or B… The WS-10B still doesn’t allows J-11/15/16 to go supersonic without afterburner and its afterburner is still freaking thirsty, so…“What is the price of this fighter?”Wikipedia lists the J-11 value as $30M per unit, thus it’s very dubious since a J-10 already costs close to $30M, and the J-11D having avionics upgrade, especially a costly AESA radar… Nevertheless, the biggest cost of a jet fighter is not its cost of purchase, it’s its cost of use, and the annual cost of use of a Russian Flanker is on par with the F-15E with $32k per flight hour therefore, keeping 3 pilots trained, each with 160 yearly flight hours will cost you $15.3 millions. With WS-10B that are even more troublesome than Russian AL-31F, you’re likely to equal the Typhoon at $40k/h or the F-15C at $44k/h…“Should Pakistan buy this fighter?”Due to Russian intellectual property, China can’t export J-11/15/16. I don’t think Russia is willing to lose its best client by starting sales of its gear, even Chinese-built, to Pakistan. Pakistan is nowhere near to get any J-11/15/16, unless China wants to be sued at the WTO and end having to compensate Russia with financial damages worth twice the contract with Pakistan…“Will it make any difference to its military inferiority vs the Indian Air Force?”Even if it managed to get it, J-11D would make no difference… Actually, the size of Pakistan, unlike for India which is a really huge country, doesn’t requires heavy jet fighters. Another point is that India NEVER attacked Pakistan, Pakistan has ALWAYS been the aggressor, even the 2019 Balakot strike was a retaliation on the JeM Pulwama terror attack and as everybody knows, JeM is nothing else than an ISI creature, in other terms, if Pakistan stops its irrational and unjustified aggressions on India, PAF won’t have to face India’s wrath and India having 6x Pakistan’s population and 11x its economy and 7x its military budget, forget about winning an arms race on India. The truth is that Pakistan is a stratocracy (a military dictatorship under constitutional disguise) and Pak-Army fans the flames of conflict with India to justify its abusive power…Moreover, the jingoistic 4% of GDP spent in the military impedes Pakistan’s economy, being a nuclear power reduces the risk of an invasion to near ZERO, This fact should have allowed to significantly reduce Pak-Army”s manpower but it’s still a 650k+ army added with about 350–400k paramilitaries and a terrorist-petting zoo with tens of thousands fanatical looneys praying 5 times a day to make Pak another Afgha under Talibans’ rule…Considering the F-16’s capability at being pushed to 4 missions per 24h, the poor reliability of the WS-10A/B will imply even being less mission capable as a Su-27/30/33/35 so, less than 3 missions per 24h is two, so you’ll need 150 J-11D to replace your 75 F-16s which already cost $11M/year each by aircraft that cost $15.3M/year each if not more. Prepare yourself to increase your Mil-budget by about at least $1.5bn/year to sustain your 150 J-11D if you retire the F-16s and want to keep their operational capabilities, any way you’re likely to end forced to retire them, the US are nowhere near to forgive Pakistan for having hidden bin Laden for 10 years…Pakistan’s foreign debt is about $125 billions (and Pak state’s public debt is of $270bn). By stopping this totally dumb behaviour towards India which, would UN regulations be strictly applied, would even have Pak’s UN seat suspended as long it doesn’t behaves according to UN’s charter (yup , and Pak wouldn’t be the only one! There are more than 50 countries that should be suspended, even China for its illegal occupation of Tibet should be suspended!) and reducing its Mil-budget to $5bn, the foreign debt would disappear within 25 years, moreover, trade with India will soon improve the economics. By finishing off roaches like JeM, LeT and other varmint like them, tourists will soon come back as they used to before Zia ul-Huq made the country becoming insane. Close your 6000 madrasas that just create terrorists because there are not enough imam jobs for their “students”, replace these by REAL schools, empower women, stop persecutions on minorities, etc, in other terms, become a normal country, and you won’t need more than 200k militaries and no paramilitaries at all!Now, without this ridiculous rivalry with India, well you already have 135 JF-17 block 1/2. Now the block.3 is coming with a more powerful engine and an AESA radar. Mark my word, with 135 JF-17 bloc.3 adding, the JF-17 fleet will weight 15 squadrons and the bloc.1/2 might be partly upgraded to be close to the block.3. Considering the geography of Pakistan, these 270 JF-17 will be more than enough to protect the airspace : if we include illegally occupied Kashmir, Pak is 1152km long and if it can be as large as 1171km between the extreme points of Balochistan and Sindh, it’s mostly less than 550km large while between POK’s LOC and Afghanistan, it’s less than 250km…Frankly, if your air-boss can’t manage to place 15 squadrons or 30 half squadrons of JF-17 in a way that any airspace violation can be intercepted by PAF in less than 2 minutes, using R-Darter or PL-12, fire the general in charge of PAF, and when it comes to CAS/COIN, if the PAC can’t prepare gunship-kits for your 18x C-130 Hercules, 4x CN-235, etc, fire PAC’s boss, and NESCOM can clearly provide more Burraqs than the 13 in service…Normal countries have an army, in Pakistan, the army has a country. Moreover, Pakistan is an ideological state, and all ideological states, especially those based on religious ideologies, have ALL became failed states, normal countries, those who last and are prosperous, are ran through real-politik. Become a normal country and you won’t need to question about how rivalling India because, any way, it’s impossible.Actually, if India was as nice toward Pakistan that Pakistan is towards India,Guess what they would do? Ever heard about the Indus Waters Treaty?Guess what? I’d buy some Bagger 293 and/or Bagger 288And some smaller excavators, trenchers and maybe even some tunnel boring machines if ever I have to dig through mountainsThen guess what can be done with such machines?Well, you’ve surely heard about the Thar desert?And about the Indira Gandhi Canal :This canal is fed by a pat of the Beas+Sutlej rivers, but another part flows into Pakistan. Let’s use these machines to dig a second canal at insane speed and to elongate the Indira Gandhi Canal into Gujarat… Then cut the Sutlej water flow for Pakistan! Then the Ravi river can be rechannelled into the Beas and the Chenab into the Ravi. It would be more difficult to rechannel the Jehlam and even more for the Neelum, but for real bravehearts, nothing impossible. Indus and Shyok don’ look good for this, but… several dams with huge reservoirs, then once they are full, the whole water can be rapidly emptied…Imagine how it would be wonderful : it’d bring Pakistanis one step closer from becoming Arabs : they could start riding camels in the desert, start to wear white thobes for males and abaya for females, learn to speak Arabic. Pakis would be eternally thankful to Modi to having turned them into Arabs.Isn’t this vision of Pakistan’s future romantic?

SYLLABUS - LDCE Group 'B' of ADEN ( Civil Engineering Department )SYLLABUS( Civil Engineering Department )Limited Departmental Competitive Examination for Promotion from Class III toADEN/Class IITime : 3 Hrs.Marks : 150Paper I - General Knowledge & Civil EngineeringPart I General Knowledge 50 marks : Common topics on general knowledge, Current affairs & Railway management & policy regarding Hindi language and Rules.Part II Civil Engineering ( general ) 100 marks1. Surveying( i ) Chain and Compass survey :-Basic principles, base lines, check lines, tie lines, perpendicular and oblique offsets, conventional signs, plotting of survey, true and magnetic bearings, open and closed traverse, recording and plotting of traverse, closing errors.(ii) Plain table Survey –Plain table outfit, method of radiation, intersection and traversing, contouring with plain table using telescopic alidade, merit and de-merits.(iii) Levelling –Level lines, datum, bench marks, simple leveling, arithmetical check, longitudinal and cross section contouring.(iv) Theodolite survey –Types of theodolite, measurement of horizontal angles, vertical angles, magnetic bearings and deflection angles, prolonging a straight line, traversing by method of included angles, balancing the survey closing errors, calculations of latitude and departure, use of theodolite as a tacheometer.(v) Curves –Elements of simple circular curves, setting out simple circular curves, different methods.(vi) Setting out works –Setting out buildings, culverts, center lines of railway alignment.(vii) Care & Custody of Survey Instruments.Handling of instruments – Transport and protection, permanent adjustments, repairs and periodical overhaul.2. Strength of Materials, Structural Design & Drawings.(a) Strength of Materials - Stress, Strain, Hooke’s Law, working stress, factor of safety, bending moment and shear force in simply supported beams and cantilevers, simple theory of bending, moving loads on simply supported beams, influence lines for bending moment and shear force in statically determinate beams, short columns, long columns empirical formulas.(b) Structural Design & Drawings.(i) Steel Structures - Riveted and welded joints, tension & Compression members, plate girders, connections, IRS Code of Practice for steel structures, sketching of connection details.(ii) RCC Structure – Slab-Singly and 2-way reinforced, beams rectangular, T and doubly reinforced, Bond, Shear reinforcement, design of columns, footing, IRS code of Practice for RCC Structures, Sketching of RCC details of simple structures.3. Construction Materials.Description, Specification, properties and uses of building materials- stones, sand, timber, bricks, cement, lime, building hardware, paints, varnishes, glasses, tiles.4. Foundation & Construction Engineering.(a) Soil Mechanics – Elements of soil mechanics – Physical properties of soils compaction, field methods of compaction, stablisation of soil, safe bearing capacity of soils, determination of safe bearing capacity, earth pressure, plate loading test, specifications and construction of earth work in embankments & cuttings.(b) Foundation Engineering – Function of foundations, different types of foundations, settlement of foundations, methods of reducing differential settlement, pile foundations, well foundations for bridges.( c ) Buildings – Bricks and stone masonry, construction details – roofs, floors, staircases, joinery, scaffolding.(d) Reinforced & prestressed concrete – Bending & placing of reinforcement, fine and course aggregates, concrete mixing, laying and compaction, finishing of RCC surfaces, formwork, curing, testing.(e) Steel Structures – Standard rolled sections, fabrication – templating, straightening, drilling, riveting, belting and welding, match marking, trial erections, testing, site erections equipment methods.(f) Construction Machinery & Equipment – Drilling and blasting equipment for quarrying, tunneling and excavation in rock, pile hammers and pile driving, equipments, pumps, concrete mixers, vibrators, grouting equipment, air compressors, pneumatic tools and different types of cranes.5. Hydraulics & Hydrology.(a) Hydraulics – Elements of hydraulics – open channel flow, flow in pipes, frictional loss, empirical formulas.(b) Hydrology – Rainfall and run off, rainfall statistics, rain gauges, run off calculations by empirical methods, flood discharge estimation, measurement of flood discharge current meter.(c) Hydraulic Structures – Design of bridges- alignment, number of spans, economic spans, waterway calculations, scour depths, afflux, clearance, depth of foundations, Box and pipe culverts, river training works spurs, groynes, aprons, lavees.6. Public Health Engineering.(a) Water Supply.(i) Quality of water – Physical, Chemical and bacteriological standards of water, water borne diseases, water demand methods of fore casting, sources of water, treatment of water – aeration, sedimentation, filtration (slow and rapid sand filters), disinfection, hardness methods of removal.(ii) Conveyance and Distribution – Pumping equipment, rising mains, systems of distribution residual pressures, different types of pipes and fittings, testing of pipes.(b) Sewerage – sewage, water collection and carriage, design and sewers house connections, storm water drains, disposal of sewage – river pollution and control, sewage treatment, land irrigation, septic tanks, primary clarifiers, sludge and scum removal, trickling filters, activated sludge process, sludge digesting, principles of anaerobic digestion, sludge gas, sludge drying and disposal.Time : 3 Hrs.Marks : 150Paper IIProfessional Subject, Establishment and Finance RulesPart I 100 marksProfessional Subject (Civil Engineering railway )1. Survey & ConstructionClassification of surveys, Principle governing location, ruling gradients, compensation for curves, vertical curves, hill surveys, catch sidings, tunnels, preparation of drawings, design of large bridges, progress reports on surveys, project estimates, standard of construction, junction arrangement, project report, preliminary arrangement for construction of new lines, letting out contracts, programme of work, critical path net works, execution of works and measurements, progress reports, completion of works.2. Railway Track –Description, specification and functions of track structure elements, Rails sleepers, fastenings, ballast, formation and other sub structures, points and crossings, geometry and design features, Track layouts.3. Maintenance of Permanent Waya) Duties – duties of Assistant Engineers, duties of Permanent way Inspectors, duties of works Inspectors, duties of Bridge Inspector, duties of Mates, Key men and Gang men.b) Maintenance of permanent way, system of maintenance, Beater packing, Machine packing, systems of maintenance, overhauling, systematic through packing, picking up slacks, Direct Track maintenance, miscellaneous works, lifting and lowering of tracks, screening of ballast, maintenance of drains, lubrication of rail joints, adjustment of creep, maintenance of level crossing maintenance of points and crossings.c) Maintenance of Short welded Rails – laying & its maintenance.d) Long welded rails and continuous welded rail – laying, maintenance, Manual provisions.e) Maintenance of track in circuited sections & electrified section- special precautions.f) Maintenance of curved track and realignment of curves, Curvature, transitions, super elevation of curves, safe speeds, cant deficiency, speed on curves with turnouts, realignment of curves, methods.g) Testing of track with track recorders – OMS 2000, TRC, TGI & CTR concept, Oscillograph car, Interpretation of track recording charts, Attention to track defects and records of track defects.4. Maintenance of Bridges –Inspection of bridges, Records of inspection, details of bridge inspections, works connected with maintenance of Bridges, laying of bridge sleepers, replacing cracked bed blocks, painting of steel work.5. Inspection & maintenance of Tunnels –Inspection of tunnels, Records of inspection, equipment of inspection, details of Tunnel inspection, works connected with maintenance of tunnels.6. Inspection & maintenance of Buildings –General instructions, Direct Building maintenance, additions and alterations to quarters, transfer of buildings, Building registers, scale of accommodations and other facilities, vacant railway buildings, Maintenance of buildings – inspection and repairs, petty repair books, periodical inspections, details of inspections.7. Maintenance of sanitary and hygienic condition in station yards and railway colonies, water supply drainage & sewerage –a) Sanitary – Formation of sanitation committees, inspection of sanitation committee, sanitary arrangement in station and colonies, drinking water, well protection, cleaning of wells, disinfection, prevention of infections diseases, disinfection of quarters.b) Water supply – Sources of water supply, water sample analysis, open wells-size, pumping capacity, improving yield, shallow tube wells, deep tube wells, impounding reservoirs, storage capacity, flood discharge, record of water levels in wells, rainfall registers, high level storage tanks, precaution against pollution, pumps types selection, Installation, aqueducts and pipelines-types, selection, laying estimating requirements of water, layout of distribution system, water supply from outside sources, maintenance and operation of water supply installation, responsibilities of Engineering Department and Mechanical Department.c) Drainage and Sewerage – Drainage systems, waterborne sewerage, size of sewerage, sewage treatment systems, sewage disposals, sewage purification systems, surface drainage layout, size of drains, disposal of sullage effluent, drainage of latrines, maintenance of sewerage and drainages systems, maintenance of open sullage drains, storm water drains, house connection, connection for sanitary arrangements, responsibilities of Engineering staff.8. Acquisition management & disposal of land –General Code Rules, ownership of railway land, sanctioning authority for acquisition and relinquishment, principles for acquisition and relinquishment, procedure for acquisition and relinquishment, plans and schedules, taking over and handing over, demarcation of boundaries, land records – demarcation and verification of railway boundaries, maintenance of right of way, religious structures, management of Railway land leasing of licensing, lease or license of land, merchants and vendors at stations, oil installation, natural products and grazing, construction of building near railway land, sale of natural products, felling of trees within railway land, outside railway land, felling of tree near electric or telegraph wires.9. Large scale Permanent renewals –Classification of routs and tracks, track renewal programmes, factors governing permanent way renewals, preparation for relaying, preliminary work, restriction to be observed during relaying, post relaying work, classification and disposal of released materials.10.BridgeWorks –What precautions when working on bridges, rebuilding or alterations to bridges, design and execution of bridge works, temporary arrangements, work for erection of Girders, assembly and creation of girders, cranes of girders, testing of girders, proposals for strengthening existing girder spans, methods of re-girdering major bridges.11. Works affecting Railway Safety and opening new works –General references to rules : Works requiring sanction of the CRS and notice thereof, applications to the CRS for execution of works and safety Certificates, documents to accompany application, submission of safety certificate, deviation from plans approved by CRS, applications for running of new types of locomotives and or rolling stock and for increase in speed, notification to railway officials when opening works, works resulting from accidents, opening of new lines, infringement to Schedule of dimensions- condonation, procedure thereof, movement of ODCs-type and procedure for sanction for movement, precautions during movements.12. Railway Operation :( a ) General :Reference to G & SR, Types of signals and their significance, rules for working of trains, block working rules, introduction of temporary single line working.( b ) Engineering restriction and indicators: General- Definitions, Responsibility of the Inspector-in-charge, works of short duration, protection of line in block section and procedure for passing trains, works of long duration, temporary engineering fixed signals, arrangements prior to commencement of work, protection in block section for speed restrictions, procedure for blocking lines for engineering purposes, works at times of poor visibility, temporary signals in emergency, periodical notices of engineering restrictions, permanent speed restrictions indicators, review of permanent speed restrictions, indicators General.( c ) Level Crossing :General – Classification, Standard Specifications, normal position of gates, level crossing equipment, traffic and engineering gates, sitting gate lodges, appointment of Gatemen, duties of gatemen, maintenance of level crossings, examination of gate equipment and gatemen in rules, level crossing register, road traffic census, manning / demanning of level crossings.( d ) Working of Trolly / Lorry / Dolly :General instruction-rules for working, distinction between trollies, lorries and mortar trollies, certificates of competency, officials permitted to use trollies and lorries, responsibility for safe working, work at night or in bad weather, working on track circuited sections, conveyance of non railway officials, trolly permits for private sidings, trolly refuges, protection, equipment trollies and lorries, working of trollies and lorries in block sections, in station limits.( e ) Ballast and material trains :General –Rules for working in running ordering of ballast trains, issue of ‘’fit & run’’ certificate, equipments testing of brake power working in block sections, running on Ghat section, loading and unloading for Hooper wagons, planning of ballast and material train movement, training out materials and daily reports of ballast train working, charges for ballast trains, register of engineering vehicles.13. Accidents :General –Observance of rules, intimation of accidents by station masters, duties and responsibilities of the engineering officials in the event of accident impairing through traffic, action at site, reporting details of accident-provision of Accident Manual, action in case of derailments, examination of site and preparation of sketches, recording track and rolling stock measurements accidents procedure, use of recorded data, restoration of through running, procurement and arrangement of labour and equipment, temporary arrangement at site of accident, transshipment, funds required due to emergency, attendance of police at accidents, driver’s reports on defects in track, action on receipt of reports of defective track, abnormal occurrence attributable to oscillation of locomotives, accidents not impairing through traffic, records of accidents.14.Riversand floods( a ) Rivers and floods, General pre-monsoon precautionary measure and patrolling of Railway line –Behavior of rivers, watchmen at important bridges, pitching and boulder reserve, vigilance during floods, floods records survey of the course of river, river protection works, types, design, records-rivers and floods.( b ) Pre-monsoon pre-cautionary measures.Vulnerable section, materials for anticipated emergencies, monsoon emergency rakes, equipment, tools rail clusters, temporary bridge spans, protective works, railway affecting tanks, inspection and vigilance over railway affecting tanks :- pre-monsoon, during monsoons.( c ) Monsoon and emergency patrolling –Kinds of patrolling, key men’s daily patrol during abnormal rain, systematic night patrolling during monsoon, stationary watchmen at vulnerable points, review of patrolling systems and vulnerable locations, security patrolling during civil disorders, protection of line in emergency, duties of patrolmen and their equipment reporting damage & obstruction on track to Station Master, check over patrolling, inspection of equipment, surprise checking at night.15. Preparation of Plans & estimates :Preparation of Plans – General procedure, plan for other departments, sizes of drawings, titles and numbering of drawings, Scale of drawing, details on drawing, symbols and colours of drawings, Railway Board drawings/ plans issued by the Chief Engineer’s Office/ plans in Divisional / Asstt. Engineer’s / Inspector’s office, completion drawings, care and filling of tracings, preparation of estimates – Code rules, technical details, rates and quantities, schedule of rates and price – listing of stores, report and justification, rent statement for staff quarters, special features of estimates, remodeling of station yards, track renewal works, deposit depot works, urgency Certificate, Supplementary Estimates.16. Contract and Execution of works :( a ) Contracts, General – Code reference for contracts, list of approved contractors & registration of application, Schedule of rates, Analysis, non-scheduled rates, special rates, tenders, procedure, tenders documents drawing and specifications committees, acceptance of tenders, contracts, procedure, contract documents, General and special conditions of contract, loan of tools and plants to contractors, issue of departmental material to contractors, lease or license of railway quarries, measurements and measurement books – code reference, recording measurements, ‘on account’ measurement, standard measurements, responsibilities of inspectors and Asstt. Engineer for measurements of works, ballast, measurements, computation for quantities, preparation of abstracts in measurement books, submission of bills, checking of bills, bill registers, disputes with contractors.( b ) Execution of works – General instruction :Code rules, agencies for executing works, responsibilities of executive officers, deposit works, excess and savings on estimates, attention to public interest, prevention of accidents, religious edifies and archaeological remains, revision of lightening conductors, planning critical path net works, PERT, Departmental execution of works record, progress reports, charges for stores and labour, execution of works in Engineering workshops, contacted works, issue of work orders, completion documents, works pertaining to other departments.17. Miscellaneous :( a ) Management of Engineering stores general :Reference to code Rules, procurement of stores – requisition, acknowledgement of receipt, claims of short receipt etc. custody of stores – classification, handling and storage, Account heads of stores – operation, records and returns, disposal of released and surplus stores – return to stores depot, disposal by auction, verification of stocks and adjustment for shortages / excess.( b ) Law and Order, Railway police :Lodging of complaints, co-operation with Railway police, cognizable offences, non-cognisable offences, powers against railway staff, action by railway staff in case of attempted sabotage, answering of Court summons, prevention of trespass, disposal of human bodies found run over, disposal of cattle found dead on the line.PART – II 50 MarksESTABLISHMENTPersonnel Management.1. Organisation of the Personal Department in the railway. The objectives of the Personal Department, functions and policies of the Personal Department, Role of the Personal Officer in the Headquarters and on the Divisions.2. Classification of services – Recruitment to the different services Groups ‘A’ to ‘D’ – Recruitment of Artisan –staff – Special Reservation in the Rly Services, Role of Railway service Commissions in recruitment – recruitment other than through usual channels – Promotion policy and methods.3. Personal supervision – leadership styles, formal and informal democratic or Participative leadership style, advantage of participation, Joint councils of Management, negotiating Machinery Schemes, Zonal and Divisional corporate Enterprise groups.4. Inspection of Loco Shed, C & W Depots, Stations, Engineering Offices.Labour Relations and welfare :Unionand their Role :1. Important recognized trade union in Railways, Role of unrecognized unions and methods of dealing with them.2. Industrial Disputes and the legislative, Framework, Causes of Industrial Disputes basic remedies the Industrial Disputes Act 1947, Strikes, Lock – outs and lay – offs, handling of grievances at Divisional and in the Headquarters, handling of grievances by labour Enforcement Officers.3. The hours of Employment regulations, Overtime, job – analysis and its mechanics.4. The factories Act, Special rules for workshop staff in the Railways.5. The Workmen’s Compensation Act – Ex – gratia payment, Incentive Bonus scheme.6. Pass rules.7. Retirement benefits under the Provident Fund and schemes, Final Settlement.8. Welfare for the whole family of Railway men – concept and practice obtaining on the railway.Finance Rules :1. Parliamentary control over railway Finance – public accountability, canons of financial property.2. Financial planning and Budgeting – Budgetary and financial Reviews – Appropriation accounts.3. Rules of allocation – Classification of Expenditure – Control over expenditure, Responsibility accounting – performance budgeting – Exchequer control, financial results of working.4. Works programme – financial justification of works – Survey preparation of Estimates – Capital Budget – control over capital expenditure – Productivity test.5. Financial control over stores expenditure – Purchase and stores keeping procedure – Inventory Control and A.B.C. Analysis.6. Financial and cost control in Railway Workshops.7. Rules and procedure relating to Tender and contracts for execution of works & Procurement of stores.8. Procedure for processing and finalizing the audit objection and Draft, Paras.9. Delegation of Powers.10. Losses, Frauds and embezzlements.*****************************

Mine isn’t any of those. It was a Letter. Let me describe the situation with the translation of a few industry acronyms first.The GlossaryRP aka HP- Radiation Protection aka Health Physics, the minimization of radiation exposure.Rad Con - Radiological Controls; the manner of executing a task.RP Tech - The people that specialize in providing the on-the-scene protection and direction. The person supervising them (me) is the Lead Tech. One of these guys:CA - Contaminated Area, the location that requires you to wear Anti-Contamination protective clothing so that when your task is completed you remove them and (hopefully) you remain “clean”.PC’s - Protective Clothing, the yellow outfit the person above is wearing. But we didn’t have to wear the masks in very many places. More like this:SOP - no, not Standard Operating Procedure, it’s the Step Off Pad; the boundary area between the CA and the non-contaminated areas of the plant.RCA - Radiologically Controlled Area. In a Boiling Water Reactor (BWR) the entire power plant is within the RCA and everything in there is assumed to be potentially contaminated until monitored and proven to be “clean”.The BackgroundSo here we are, on a 12+ hour dayshift, sometime between first break and lunch. We’ve got a bunch of union Boilermakers dressed out in PC’s inside our Main Condenser, a CA, cutting out hundreds of 1″ dia. cooling water tubes with “side grinders”. You may have seen them:They spin at approx. 10,000 rpm with a cutting wheel designed to cut through metal like a knife through Cheez-Whiz. And the Boilermakers are generally big, burly guys used to lifting and carrying and physically moving heavy metal stuff. So they generally have a lot of upper body strength.I’ve got one of my RP Tech’s (Dirk or Neil) dressed out in PC’s inside the CA of the Condenser providing guidance and job coverage. The other RP Tech is out at the SOP to assist. What I didn’t know at the time was that if I could have hand picked any 2 Techs from the entire dayshift crew to be there it would have been those two.I’m wandering inside the RCA nearby, observing and monitoring numerous other job sites. Suddenly there’s a very excited voice over the plant loudspeaker system saying, “Injured man in the Main Condenser Area!”The EventIt doesn’t take me long to get to the SOP area where Dirk and Neil already are working as a team, hot and cold side, to get this middle-aged Boilermaker out of his PC’s. And that’s probably been at least one of his trades all his life; he’s barrel chested and bulked up.It turns out that his side-grinder did a kick-back kinda thing, sort of like sometimes happens with a chainsaw. And it jumped straight across his chest, nipple to nipple. Visualize a nice, thick skinless chicken breast that you just sliced part way through with a brand new sharp box cutter. Until he started bleeding that’s exactly what it looked like.RP Life Lesson: When shit’s hitting the fan, circle the wagons and call for the Calvary. As I’m directing Dirk and Neil, others begin to report for assist. A Nuclear Operator to coordinate all activities. A Security member to communicate the expedited entry to the transfer point of the ambulance. And EVERY AVAILABLE RP Tech. I and all of us in our profession know that it’s better to have too many than not enough. I can always send some away. I send Techs to obtain a clean backboard and Gurney, or monitor one and declare it “clean.” I’ve directed Techs to stand by to monitor the guy as practical to certify him clean (which we were able to do, completely).Note: we were performing first aid as we went. The priority is always the injury first, Rad Con is secondary. As we go the guy is getting a bit shocky, but is more excitable at the fact that he’s cut, badly, in a Radiologically Contaminated Area. We talk to him calmly as we go, like it was just another day at the office for us. In a weird sort of way, it was. A week later another guy “wrenched his back” in a CA after hearing that he was on the first lay-off list. Go figger. And it was me, Dirk and Neil again getting somebody out clean. Neil, Dirk and I have him out and certified clean as the Plant Nurse and First Responders arrive so they could continue easily.Another Life Lesson, courtesy of Adm. (Ret) A. R. Clemens, former CNO: For any casualty, Submarine or otherwise, get the rate of change to zero. At that point it’s all done in recovery mode.Wheel him to the RCA boundary and keep talking to him and reassuring him all was well as we where waiting on the ambulance to arrive. This all transpired in less than 20 mins. Nuclear power plants have a tendency to not be located in the heart of a city, so you’re gonna wait for one. And even in the most extreme circumstances of needing an ambulance at our site it was on the order of 20 minutes. So that timeline is realistic from the time of the announcement.Another top-notch RP Tech, Ken, is outside the RCA waiting on the ambulance and the person transfer. He’ll end up going along to the hospital for anything unexpected and to provide technical guidance. Even though our local hospitals have the equipment, training and perform contaminated injured person drills, this won’t be the case today.What happens nextThat job and area is picked up and a stand down is done by the craft until after lunch. With no active work there Neil Dirk and I unwind from it near the RCA entrance. After lunch as the job is allowed to resume I think every Boilermaker swung by to shake the 3 of our hands and thank us for taking good care of “one of their’s.”The next day we get updated that he was released to go home with a whole bunch of staples/stitches but won’t be able to return to work for awhile. Of course. And again, handshakes and thanks all around for (primarily) the 3 of us.The “Award”On first break on the second day following the event we get presented with a “Thank You” letter each from that craft and their supervision and management (it was ram-rodded by a Contract Company).This wasn’t some Microsoft Word template letter typed up by the Admin person. No, the thank you paragraph explaining what we did and how they appreciated it was hand-written by one of their own. And it was signed not only by the dayshift crew but also their nightshift counterparts.I’ve received awards, commendations, bonuses and raises for performing my job(s) well.But none will ever compare to that hand-written Thank You letterImaqes courtesy Google Images