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These are the planes & helicopters that India possessSu-30MKIHAL TejasBoeing C-17 Globemaster IIIC-130J HerculesAn-32Mil Mi-17 helicopterIlyushin Il-78MKINetra AEW&C on Embraer ERJ 145 platformCH-47F ChinookHAL DhruvMig-29KBoeing P-8ISea kingDornier Do-228-101HAL LCHHAL RudraIndian Air force has:Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21: The Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 serves as an Interceptor aircraft in the IAF. The IAF have phased out most of its MiG-21s and plans to keep only 125 that have been upgraded to MiG-21 Bison standard. The phase-out date for these aircraft has been postponed several times. Initially set for 2014-2017, it was later postponed to 2019. Currently phase-out is scheduled for 2021-2022.Mig 21 Bison : 112 in service ( 3rd generation)Sukhoi Su-30MKI : The IAF's primary air superiority fighter with the additional capability to conduct air-ground (strike) missions is Sukhoi Su-30MKI. The IAF have placed an order for a total of 272 Su-30MKIs of which 260 are in service as of January 2020.Su-30MKI : 260 in service ( 4+ generation)Mikoyan MiG-29: The Mikoyan MiG-29 known as Baaz (Hindi for Hawk) is a dedicated air superiority fighter and constitutes a second line of defence after the Sukhoi Su-30MKI. 69 MiG-29s are in service, all of which have been recently upgraded to the MiG-29UPG standard.Mig-29 UPG : 69 in service ( Indian Air force)( upgraded to 4+ generation)Mig-29 K : 36 in service ( Indian Navy)(4th generation)Dassault Mirage 2000: The Dassault Mirage 2000, known as Vajra (Sanskrit for Diamond or thunderbolt) in Indian service, is the primary multirole fighter, the IAF currently operates 49 Mirage 2000Hs and 8 Mirage 2000 TH all of which are currently being upgraded to the Mirage 2000-5 MK2 standard with Indian specific modifications and 2 Mirage 2000-5 MK2 are in service as of March 2015. The IAF's Mirage 2000 are scheduled to be phased out by 2030.Dassault Mirage 2000 : 41 in service (4th generation)HAL Tejas: The MiG-21s are planned to be replaced by the indigenously built HAL Tejas. The first Tejas IAF unit, No. 45 Squadron IAF Flying Daggers was formed on 1 July 2016 with two aircraft. Initially being stationed at Bangalore, the first squadron will be placed at its home base at Sulur, Tamil Nadu. The Tejas will be 40 aircraft of the MK1 variant and 83 of the MK1A variant. The latter will have an AESA radar, improved EW fit and internal changes for ease of maintenance.HAL Tejas : 20 in service (4+ generation)40 on orderSEPECAT Jaguar: The SEPECAT Jaguar is known as Shamsher serves as the IAF's primary ground attack force. The IAF currently operates 139 Jaguars. The first batch of DARIN-1 Jaguars are now going through a DARIN-3 upgrade being equipped with EL/M-2052 AESA radars, and an improved jamming suite plus new avionics. These aircraft are scheduled to be phased out by 2030.SEPECAT Jaguar: 91 in service (3rd generation)Mikoyan MiG-27: The Mikoyan MiG-27 known as Bahadur (Hindi for Valiant) serves as the IAF's primary ground attack force. The IAF currently operates over 85 MiG-27s. The type will be phased out soon to account for increasing serviceability concerns and 40 of them have been upgraded for improved strike missions, including laser designation and with self-protection jamming.Mig-27 ML: (3th generation) Retired on 31st December 2019Dassault RafaleDassault Rafale: 4 in service36 on order (4.5th generation)Boeing C-17 Globemaster III (Strategic Airlifter)C-17: 11 in serviceIlyushin Il-76 (Strategic airlifter)Il-76MD: 14 in service (Strategic airlifter)Il-76 (A-50EL): 3 in service (AEW&C)Il-76: 6 in service (Aerial Refueling)Boeing C-130J Super Hercules ( Tactical Airlifter)11 in serviceP-8I Neptune ( Anti-submarine / Maritime Patrol aircraft)Best Submarine hunter aircraft in the world.P-8I : 8 in service4 more on order.HelicoptersMiL Mi-17 (Utility)Mi-17 : 90 in serviceMi-17 V-5 : 148 in service ( Gunship)Mil Mi-24 (Attack)Mi-35 : 17 in serviceMil Mi-26 (Transport)Mi-26: 3 in serviceHAL DhruvHAL Dhruv: 83 in service ( Indian Air force)145 in service (Army Aviation Corp)8 in service ( Indian Navy)4 in service ( Coast Guard)CH-47 Chinook (Transport)CH-47F: 12 in service15 on order.HAL Rudra (Attack)HAL Rudra: 12 in service (Air Force), 20 on order50 in service ( Army), 60 on order.HAL LCH (Attack)HAL LCH: limited series productionBoeing AH-64 (Attack)AH-64E: 16 in serviceAir Force: 22 on orderArmy: 8 on order

March 1943The Red Army had cleverly drawn the German 6th Army into the Soviet city of Stalingrad. A battleground that favored the Red Army with its mastery of close-quarter-combat. By November 1942, the Soviets launched Operation Little Saturn, breaking the weak Italian, Romanian and Hungarian armies protecting their flanks and encircling the German/Axis forces within the city. Despite their heroic efforts to hold out, in December their relief effort codenamed: Wintergewitter (Winter Storm) had proven unsuccessful. On February 2nd, newly promoted Generalfeldmarschall Friedrich Paulus along with the German 6th Army surrendered to the Soviet Union. It is the German Reich’s first major setback of the Second World War. Meanwhile, in North Africa, Allied forces have begun pushing back Generalfeldmarschall Erwin Rommel’s Afrikakorps across Libya. In Germany, Propaganda Minister Dr. Joseph Goebbels issued a “Total War” declaration in the Sportspalast on February 18th, calling on every German citizen to fully contribute any/all available resources to the German war effort.From early February, Joseph Stalin orders new offensives all along the southern fronts. Though they have fought and survived the Battle of Stalingrad, their commanders can permit them no rest. Instead, they must struggle on, through the late winter blizzards, instruments of their Supreme Commander’s lust for glory. The Red Army drives deep into German-held territories, fighting exhaustion, cold, mud. Inch by inch, the infantry advances, reclaiming lands devastated by retreating Germans.Outnumbered by over 7:1, the German forces led by Generalfeldmarschall Erich von Manstein, fight a brilliant mobile retreat. But by the end of February, the Red Army has recaptured both Kursk and the nearby city of Kharkov. This Soviet winter offensive has struck a serious blow to German power. Over a matter of months, the Germans have lost a million men and vast numbers of tanks and guns. The Red Army still has enormous reserves of manpower, it is also benefitting from a huge increase in weapons production and aid from the United States and Great Britain.The Führer and Reich Chancellor Adolf Hitler knows, that if his stretched forces are to defeat the Red Army in 1943, they must attack quickly before it can recover from the losses of the winter. The Führer’s strategy is simple and optimistic; on the map, the city of Kursk seems like an obvious place to start. Here, the Soviet assault has pushed a bulge 160 miles long and 100 miles deep at the center of the Eastern Front.Orders are given to the Oberkommando des Heeres (OKH) to prepare plans for a summer offensive. Stating that the Kursk salient could be used as a springboard for future Soviet offensives and must be dealt with as soon as possible.Generalfeldmarschall Erich von Manstein who has recently recaptured the strategically important cities of Kharkov and Belgorod in a previous counteroffensive presents an alternative plan whereby the German forces would pinch off the Kursk salient with a rapid offensive codenamed: Zitadelle (Citadel), commencing as soon as the spring rasputitsa subsides. Army Group Centre led by Generalfeldmarschall Günther von Kluge will engage from the north, while Army Group South led by von Manstein will attack from the south.The offensive will be led by a new generation of German tanks, specially designed to combat the Soviet T-34 and KV-1. The new Panzerkampfwagen V “Panther” with a 75 mm gun, and the Panzerkampfwagen VI “Tiger I” with an 88 mm gun and their frontal armor, make them almost impervious to Soviet tank fire. Due to the complex designs of these new tanks, the Führer is forced to delay the attack while sufficient numbers are manufactured and delivered to the front.But even as German forces begin to assemble, Deputy Supreme Commander of the Red Army, Marshal of the Soviet Union Georgy Zhukov can only guess what is about to occur. His guess is confirmed due to reports provided by British Intelligence containing information that the Germans are indeed preparing for a summer offensive, as well as when and where they will attack. In response, Zhukov orders the construction of a series of defensive lines and massively builds up Soviet forces in the Kursk salient, pulling in troops and tanks from less vulnerable parts of the front.On May 13th, the North African Campaign comes to an end with over 275,000 German and Italian troops becoming prisoners of war. German High Command is now concerned that the Allies’ next target will be somewhere in Italy or Greece, and deploy several divisions to reinforce defenses. While in the east, both sides make their final preparations for the upcoming offensive.And so now, two gigantic armies are converging.July 5, 1943 - Operation CitadelJust as the German troops prepare for the assault, they are hit by a massive Soviet artillery bombardment. Even so the next morning, the German panzers charge forward but this time, however, they are up against a well-entrenched enemy. There is no realistic chance of a lightning blitzkrieg breakthrough.The northern prong consisting mainly of infantry, finds the going more difficult as they lack the proper strength to push through Soviet defenses, gaining only six miles of territory. Meanwhile, in the south, German panzers make steady progress through Soviet lines, driving a wedge 25 miles deep, despite heavy resistance and high casualties.But as they advance further into the salient, it becomes increasingly clear just how well the Soviets have prepared their defenses. The Red Army has turned the area surrounding Kursk into three defensive lines of interconnected webs consisting of minefields, barbed-wire fences, anti-tank ditches, deep entrenchments for infantry, anti-tank obstacles, dug-in armored vehicles, and machine-gun bunkers. It is the largest defense network ever constructed, over 50 miles deep. Overhead, the Luftwaffe and the Red Air Force engage in spectacular dogfights in an attempt to gain air superiority, while on the ground, over 3,000 tanks now engage in the largest armored battle in history.On July 9th, the United Nations launch Operation Husky the invasion of the island of Sicily. The Allies hope the invasion will force the Germans to divert part of their elite troops from the Eastern Front and ease pressure on their Soviet ally. With their southern flank now threatened, the Führer and the OKH know they will have to redeploy units from the Eastern Front to Sicily in order to counter the Allied invasion.Germany is now in a precarious situation; do they divert their armies south and potentially compromise their Citadel offensive? Or do they sacrifice Sicily and perhaps part of Italy, and continue their advance towards Kursk, achieve a Pyrrhic victory, then redeploy their forces? After hours of discussions, it is decided that Operation Citadel should remain their highest priority.Meanwhile, Axis forces in Sicily are instructed to perform a tactical withdrawal from the island, with orders to destroy any/all potential assets that may be of any use to the Allied invaders such as airfields, major docks, fortifications, bridges, and other military installations on the island, and inflict as much damage to their invasion force as possible. The U.S. 7th Army and British 8th Army make good progress in Sicily in spite of a vicious counterattack. Italian troops make little effort to resist but German divisions resist fiercely. Within a week, General George S. Patton captures Palermo the capital city of Sicily in a surprise attack. It is the first large Axis city captured by the United Nations, the Italians are shocked. Axis forces make a fighting retreat to Messina, preparing to evacuate Sicily.The Liberty ship Robert Rowan (K-40) hit by a German Ju-88 bomber and its cargo of munitions explodes off Gela, Sicily. The plume contains a significant amount of toxic substances.By July 12th in the Eastern Front, there are signs that a German breakthrough is possible, particularly near the town of Prokhorovka. As German divisions such as XXIV Panzerkorps, the II. ϟϟ Panzerkorps and Army Detachment Kempf continue pushing through Soviet defenses. Although at this point, it is increasingly difficult to achieve the victory envisioned for Zitadelle. Instead, Generalfeldmarschall von Manstein seeks to achieve an operational gain.Following the destruction of the Soviet 5th Guards Tank Army, the main armored reserve, stands a thin stretch of the third defensive line manned by the ruins of two Soviet armies. With all available strength needed to push forward, Generalfeldmarschall von Manstein’s armored spearheads force a major breakthrough and reach the open steppes, where they wage fluid maneuver warfare, the kind that the Wehrmacht greatly excels at. With this massive breakthrough along the Soviet’s southern flank, von Manstein transforms his current position into a deathtrap for Soviet armored reserves concentrated in mass quantities in and around Kursk. Engaging in a fluid mobile battle resulting in entire Red Army tank formations being destroyed.These casualties cause the delay of Полководец Румянцев (Operation Polkovodets Rumyantsev) by more than two weeks. As the Soviet armies needed for the operation are deployed to counter the German breakthrough, including armies from the northern sector of the front. With Soviet defenses now weakened, Army Group Centre launches an all-out attack on the northern flank, inflicting even greater casualties and pressure on the ailing Red Army. By July 16th, after four days of savage fighting, German armies break through the last lines of Soviet defenses and reach the city of Kursk. Against all odds, Operation Citadel is a resounding though costly, German victory.With the Kursk salient eliminated and their forces now concentrated, the Germans have regained the strategic initiative on the Eastern Front. The German victory at Kursk results in a significant loss of men and materials for the Red Army and has effectively shut down Soviet offensive capabilities for the rest of the year. Once word of the German victory spreads across the Soviet Union, their morale is seriously damaged and the Red Army is forced to resort back to their tactics of early 1942; withdrawal into the vast depths of inland Russia. Meanwhile, the Germans gain mass quantities of resources and experience a significant boost in morale. Using their victory as propaganda in an attempt to reach out to the Ukrainian population. Offering them a sort of autonomy in return for a huge boost in voluntary manpower to fight the Red Army, buying them time to prepare for new offensives and redirect resources against the Allied bombing raids, which are starting to impact their ability to wage war.After hearing the reports, Joseph Stalin is shocked about the German breakthrough. He was certain that the Soviet armored reserves would be able to halt and push back the German divisions. But with his people and armies suffering a decrease in both strength and morale, he is unsure of what to do. He could continue his attacks despite his forces being weakened in an attempt to gain the initiative or he could attempt to negotiate a separate peace with Germany in order to buy time to rebuild his armies and continue the war at a later point in time.Meanwhile with the Eastern Front stabilized, the Germans can now concentrate their forces on the Italian Front. Diverting several elite units to Sicily to help their Italian allies. By August 3rd, the first Luftwaffe fighter squadrons and panzer divisions arrive in southern Italy from the Eastern Front and are transported across the Strait of Messina. They will be used to challenge Allied air supremacy. Generalfeldmarschall Albert Kesselring is put in charge of all Axis forces in Italy and Generalfeldmarschall Erwin Rommel takes command in Sicily. Allied forces in Sicily advance on Messina intent on cutting off the Axis retreat. Meanwhile, additional Axis reinforcements arrive in Messina daily. That same day, the United Nations conclude Operation Gomorrah, an eight-day air offensive against Hamburg. The city is devastated and 50,000 civilians are killed, most during night attacks. Minister of Armaments Dr. Albert Speer reports that if the Allies can knock out 10 more cities the same way, the war is lost. The weather is getting too bad for bombing though, so this is unlikely.In Rome, Il Duce of Fascism Benito Mussolini is removed from power following a vote-of-no-confidence by the Grand Council of Fascism and is arrested. Maresciallo d’Italia Pietro Badoglio, who is anti-Axis is appointed Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Italy.On August 9th, the 4th Panzer Army and II. ϟϟ Panzerkorps attack in the early morning after a short artillery bombardment. Tiger I tanks are used to spearhead the attack followed by masses of Panther tanks. Forward observers of the U.S. 7th Army watch horrified as anti-tank rounds bounce off the Tigers. Dug-in M4 Sherman tanks try to stop the advance but they’re outclassed. As the German attack rolls up the Allied front line, the first American aircraft appear and strafe German tanks. The Luftwaffe and the Regia Aeronautica also show up in unexpected numbers and with new determination. Both sides tackle each other in vicious dogfights while bombers attack tanks.With the unexpected Axis counteroffensive, the U.S. 7th Army is routed, pulling back to the south. The U.S. 1st Infantry Division is pinned down and surrounded. It’s the Battle of Kasserine Pass all over again. On the 10th, General George S. Patton counterattacks in coordination with British forces, and a massive tank battle develops. Tiger tanks are still unreliable and most have broken down. Allied tanks are attacked by Junkers Ju-87 Stuka dive bombers fresh from the Eastern Front. The Allies use Republic P-47 Thunderbolt fighter-bombers against Axis armor. Fighters from both sides try to protect their tank destroyers. Dogfights start all over the battlefield and continue throughout the day with neither side gaining the initiative. Allied fighter pilots are taken aback by the resurgence of the Luftwaffe.The remnants of the surrounded 1st Infantry Division surrender and join the thousands of other prisoners of war. They are paraded through Rome to support Benito Mussolini. By the end of the day, tank losses are heavy on both sides and the battle lines stabilize. The Allied front line has been pushed back 50 km. German repair shops work day and night to get precious Tiger tanks running again. Damaged Allied tanks have been abandoned behind the front lines. This is the advantage of the attacker.In the Eastern Front, German armor pours through the now undefended gap in the front. Soviet counterattacks are casually brushed aside. Livny is quickly captured, rumors of the advancing German panzers causes panic far behind the front lines. Voronezh is the first major city recaptured by the Germans since the Kursk offensive. With German strength reasserted by the Citadel victory, thousands of Ukrainians, Baltic citizens, even Soviet defectors rally behind the Axis cause and enlist into the Wehrmacht/Waffen-ϟϟ.Cossack volunteersSoldiers of the ROA, (Russian Liberation Army) - By mid-1943, several hundred thousand ex-Soviet volunteers were serving in the German Army.On August 14th, The OKH decides to keep the Red Army off balance by launching a new offensive in the north. This will exploit the German capability of the rapid concentration of forces. Meanwhile, the Kursk airfield is expanded. It will be used for a long-range bomber offensive against trans-Ural factories. Simultaneous but limited offensives at Voronezh, Moscow, and the Southern Front are designed to prevent the Soviets from reinforcing the north. The Soviet Southern Armies have been weakened as many divisions have been transferred to the Moscow area, this makes Soviet communication with the North and Southern Fronts slow and difficult.By August 15th, Axis reinforcements including a rebuilt 10th Panzer Division arrive in Sicily. The soldier's morale is high after the good news from the Eastern Front and the successes in Sicily. Crucially, heavy artillery arrives to pound the Allies on the beaches. The Allies lack good airfields in Sicily and have to support the battle from Tunisia and Malta. German Stukas continuously attack the bridgehead causing moderate damage but badly affecting Allied morale. General Patton advises to get out “while the going is good.”The next morning, a heavy artillery bombardment precedes an all-out attack by the German 4th Panzer Army and 10th Panzer Division in Sicily. Tiger I tanks force their way through Allied lines and reach the shore, exchanging fire with Allied cruisers, causing heavy damage and a hasty withdrawal. Two days later, The Allies have evacuated Sicily, losing all their heavy equipment. 50,000 Allied soldiers become prisoners of war. They are paraded through Rome to support Benito Mussolini. The dictator is released from prison and his former prison guards are now in cells, while Prime Minister Marshal Pietro Badoglio is put under house arrest. Such are the fortunes of war.In the Eastern Front, heavy casualties and mounting pressure by Axis forces eventually force Stalin to make the most difficult decision of his life. He sends a peace proposal to the German government through their Swedish connections, calling for an end to hostilities and return to 1941 pre-Barbarossa borders. The proposal is accepted, and a conference is scheduled between German and Soviet diplomats.August 23, 1943Ministers of Foreign Affairs Joachim von Ribbentrop and Vyacheslav Molotov convene in the neutral city of Stockholm, Sweden. There, they proceed to sign what is referred to as the Stockholm Pact, a practical repeat of the Treaty of Brest Litovsk of 1918. It is agreed that all fighting on the Eastern Front will be suspended and economic trade between the two powers will be reopened. In exchange for peace between the German Reich and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics with the liberation of the Baltic States and Ukraine as a buffer state.Once news of the Soviet withdrawal from the war reaches the west, the United Nations realize that without the U.S.S.R. the Axis Powers will be able to use their full military strength against them. In a desperate attempt to preserve their freedom and potentially save millions of lives, the Unites States of America, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland along with all other western Allies, are forced to sue for a negotiated peace through connections with Switzerland to end the war.The Führer accepts their calls for peace and he along with Il Duce of Fascism Benito Mussolini travel to Zürich, Switzerland, and meet with Allied leaders to negotiate peace terms. It is agreed that the French State in Vichy will be recognized as the legitimate government of France and all Allied personnel will be withdraw from the Mediterranean in exchange for the islands of Corsica, Sicily and Sardinia, while the Italian Social Republic takes the mainland and a gradual withdrawal of German troops from western Europe. Both sides spend weeks discussing future borders that both sides can agree upon and the reopening of markets and trade between nations.The United States has suffered a major defeat in Europe, but with the surviving troops headed back home, the U.S. can now concentrate their efforts on the Pacific War against the Empire of Japan.October 2, 1943The Second World War in Europe officially comes to an end.

This is a big question. In order to understand why people hate the police, we first have to understand why police officers behave the way they do, and the judicial system that 9 out 10 supports them. As I read all the answers given here, I am reminded of how much work we still have to do as a society to bring positive change to law enforcement agencies. Despite what we have learnt about police brutality and misconduct, many people continued to blame the "few bad apples" for ruin the Department's reputation, and they quickly jumped into conclusion denouncing these individuals saying they only represent an extremely small group of minority.For the LAPD, the blame goes even further with the revamp of police recruiting andselection practices that focus on deterring unfit individuals to becoming members of the organization, which reinforces the Department’s framing of police misconduct as a consequence of a few “bad apple” cops who slipped through the screening process, and these individuals do not reflect the culture of the organization. I reject this argument, and I tell you why.From the Systems theoretical standpoint, law enforcement agencies are considered an organizational system, which exists within the context of a larger social system that influences the way in which the organization operates and becomes dysfunctional. I argue that the environment (social culture) within which Law Enforcement operates is the deciding factor in determining organizational culture and behavior. Social culture influences organizational culture, as police officers bring their learned assumptions to judgments and decisions in the work environment, and this interaction between a perilous social culture of urban cities and the adaptive culture of the organization that creates the perfect formula for dysfunction. Police corruption is, by and large, supported by social structures and attitudes that are embedded in local society. Conventional wisdom tells us bad apples don’t fall far from the free.Today, it is not uncommon to turn on the news and hear that somewhere in the United States somebody was hurt or killed by the police. Living and workingin Los Angeles, I get to hear about this almost on a daily basis. Because I work in the mental health field, sometimes these tragic stories hit closer to home for me than I would have liked. A few years ago, a 37 year old homeless man with mental illness named Kelly Thomas was fatally beaten by six local police officers at a bus depot in Fullerton, California. According to the Huffington Post, the beating incident was captured by a bystander with a cell phone, and bus surveillance tape released later showed how officers beat Thomas and used a stun gun on him repeatedly as he cried out for his father. In an interview, Thomas’ father reports, "When I arrived at the hospital to see him, I honestly thought that gang bangers had got a hold of him like the cowards sometimes do and just beat him with a baseball bat in the face. Immediately my thoughts were to get with Fullerton police ... and I didn't learn until a certain amount of hours later the truth. That put me in absolute shock" (Huffington Post, 2011). The beating was so unjustifiably brutal that the story quickly became international news. The Department quickly issued a statement saying that the case was an isolated incident, and the officers did receive training on how to deal with the mentally ill and the homeless. This is a classically individual-level analysis, leading to the notion that the problem lies within the character of a few “bad apples”.Another recent case of police brutality happened at the Pacific Clinics in Rosemead, California. Though this particular case did not receive the same amount of media attention given to the Thomas’ case, it felt closer tohome because of the relationship between Pacific Clinics and the agency I worked for, APCTC. One of our staff psychiatrists also worked for Pacific Clinics, and the person who was shot and killed by the deputies from the sheriff’s Temple Station was his patient. The Pasadena Star-News reports three deputies from the sheriff's Temple station were involved in the fatally shooting of a mentally ill woman sitting inside the clinic with a hammer in her lap. The victim was identified as Jazmyne Ha Eng, 40 years old, 4-foot-11, and 95-pound Cambodian woman with a history of psychological disorders, and she was wielding a "full-sized" ball-peen hammer when she was shot and killed by deputies. The initial incident report stated that a deputy tried to shock Eng with his taser gun, but it was not effective. Eng, then, advanced toward the deputies with a hammer. Fearing for his safety, a deputy fired two rounds from his duty weapon. Eng was pronounced dead at the scene. The coroner’s report reveals no trace of taser dart found on Eng’s body, only the shot wounds that killed her (SGV Tribune, 2012).Cases of police abuse and corruption often occur more frequently than publicly reported (Bayley & Perito, 2011; Weisburd, Greenspan, Hamilton, Williams, and Bryant, 2000). Of those reported, a few serious cases ignite intense public debate. For instance, the Los Angeles PoliceDepartment issued a report by a board of inquiry into the “Rampart Area Corruption Incident” in 2000, prompted allegations of bank robbery, false arrest, falsifying reports, theft of cocaine from the police property room, and beating of handcuffed suspects. The Rampart Scandal is often referred to as one of the most widespread cases of police corruption in U.S. history, with more than 70 officers implicated in the worst corruption scandal in LAPD history.The Los Angeles Police Department developed a version of the storyimplicating a very small group of Black and Hispanic officers were responsiblefor all the misconduct (LAPD, 2000). Two other high profile cases in recent memory are the Rodney King beating by LAPD police and the torture of Abner Louima by New York City police.Poverty, Ethnicity,and Crimes: A Sociocultural PerspectiveMost cases involved police misconduct occur in large urban cities, such as Los Angeles, New York, Chicago, Detroit, Baltimore, and so on. Studies on the intersection of urban poverty, crime, and the racial divide show a correlation between variations in crime rates and socioeconomic status and race, with crime rates (mostly gang and drug related crimes) higher in urban poor communities, as these low-socioeconomic neighborhoods experienced great levels of poverty, racial heterogeneity, transience, family disruption (Bobo, 2009; Devah, 2007; & Venkatesh,2000), high unemployment rate, unequal access to quality education, unequalaccess to police services, legal aid services, and disparities in political representation(Bartels, 2005), thus creating a society that tolerates and embraces unlawfulbehaviors of ingroup members, and thereby, providing ample opportunities forpolice abuse of power and corruption.Sociocultural theory posits that our cognitive development and learningprocesses are influenced by societal culture, leading to the notion that ourbeliefs, moral values, attitudes, manners, normative behaviors, and work ethics, embody the societal culture in which we are accustomed to (Vygotsky, 1986). Thisperspective assumes that our social mores teach us right from wrong, and that ourattitude and behavior are culturally dependent. In other words, people are simply the products of their societal culture, implicating possible consequences for those who grew up in a “bad” neighborhood because of the likelihood that they will become “bad” just like their social environment. Possibly, this may be the reasoning factorbehind the policy that mandates automatic disqualifications of any convictedfelons from becoming police officers by the LAPD, even though studies show supervisor background ratings are not useful in predicting integrity problems (Fischler, 2009).Moreover, disqualification of ex-convicts does not stop nor explain why do some police officers with clean records routinely violate the laws they publicly sworn to uphold. It is not uncommon to find some clean rookie cops turning dirty after being on the job for a relatively short time, suggesting that law enforcement, as an organization, has been influenced by the external social culture there by integrating internal processes in order to survive in the external environment in which it operates. Consequently, this need to conform and eventuallydominate the parent culture leads the organization to dysfunction. From this perspective, punishing a few “bad apples”, in addition to preventing felons from slipping through the crack during selection process, only indicates the organization has missed the mark and the “real culprit” has not yet identified, and therefore, the problem is left unchanged.While disqualifying certain criminals from becoming police officers maybe the right card to play in the game of social politics, but it does little to the effect of preventing future cases of police misconduct from reoccurring. Undoubtfully, law enforcement, as an organization, is aware of certain personality types of the men and women they select for police work, especially extensive data on personality traits of the selected, the nature of the job, and the operational structure of the organization, are readily available to assist in determining which candidate best suited for the job. It is difficult to imagine a powerful organization, such as the US law enforcement, is ignorant to the fact that there are considerable overlaps of day-to-day activities between armed police officers and criminals.Meta-analysis that compared personality traits between two adversarial groups— the police and criminals—shows a stark similarity between the two groups, including stress, long hours, tension, life threatening situations, the use of coercion, the expectation of conflict, a code of silence, and the opportunity to work in large powerful gangs (Wisenheimer, 2009). The personality traits and work attitudes of108 criminals convicted of assault and 96 armed police officers were alsocompared using the MMPI, Zuckerman-Kuhlman Personality Questionnaire. The results reveal both groups scored significantly higher than the general population and various occupational groups on the following scales: Impulsive Sensation, Aggression-Hostility Work Activity. Both groups scored significantly lower on: Neuroticism-Anxiety, Sociability. No significant differences were observed onthe Lie scale.The study goes on to list many more variables shared by both groups, concluding that armed police officers and violent criminals are “two sides of the same coin, united in an unbreakable bond”. Wisenheimer (2009) even recommended their commission for active police duties within the anti-gang crime unit of the police department. More on psychological screening is discussed later in the article. For now, why do some law enforcement agencies, such as the Los Angeles Police Department, automatically disqualify ex-convicts of violent crimes but selectcandidates of equal potential in breaking the law, is unclear, but I speculate that the answer lies in the dynamics between the American public and the politics of law enforcement.Poverty, racial differences, social class, dense population of criminal offenders, and high crime rates are powerful aspects of urban cultures to influencepolice behavior (Weisburd, 2009). Anecdotal evidence suggests a correlation between poverty-stricken minority community and high crime rates. Conventionalwisdom suggests that residents of poor urban neighborhoods face a higher riskof criminal victimization than other city residents. In addition, racial and ethnic minorities, African-Americans in particular, are considerably more likely to be victimized and incarcerated (Raphael & Sills, 2006). In addition to high unemployment rates, these high incarceration and victimization (often use of excessive force with intention to cause serious bodily harm or kill) rates are often attributed to a higher propensity among ethnic minorities (males in particular), especially African Americans, to criminally offend, creating a dysfunctional society that perpetuates police brutality and corruption.We know that crime, whether committed by citizens or law enforcement, can and do happen in all communities. News media frequently reports crimes committed in large urban cities, with poor minority neighborhoods suffer disproportionately due to police abuse of power. (Bayley & Perito, 2011).Critics of police brutality argue that the racial/ethnic difference between citizens and the police is one of the main reasons leading to police abuse of authority (Weisburd et al, 2000). Studies show that police harassment of minorities is not an isolated occurrence (Grant, 2003; Weisburd et al, 2000; Kaplan, 2009; & Greenspan, Weisburd, & Bryant, 1997). For example, two studies conducted across two Midwestern States, Illinois and Ohio, found more than 25% of minority police officers observed police using considerably more force than necessary when apprehending a suspect of ethnic minority, and harassing a citizen because of his or her race (Martin, 1994; & Knowles, 1996). Recently, the use of racial profiling by law enforcement in the State of Arizona had the Latino community protesting in the streets across the country, accusing the enactment of the law, known as SB 1070, unconstitutional. This is because a subsection of this piece of legislator allows law enforcement agents to stop a person at any given place and time (theLatino community is implicitly targeted), whom they believed to look like an illegal alien, and demand proof of citizenship. Many Americans, especially Mexican Americans, believe SB 1070 is racially motivated, and they claimed that racial profiling constitutes harassment and a violation of basic human rights.Bad Apples Don’t Fall Far From the TreeLaws likethe SB 1070 rarely happen in a vacuum. According to the annual report issued by the Southwest Border HIDTA Arizona Partnership in 1990, a subdivision of the Office of National Drug Control Policy, the two major metropolitan areas in the region, Tucson and Phoenix, are primary distribution centers and drug transit areas with theirclose proximity and easy access to the Arizona Sonora, Mexico border. An estimate of multi-ton quantities of cocaine, marijuana, methamphetamine, and heroine are smuggled into the cities to be distributed across the States annually. Thereport indicates drug related violence, homicides, and property crimes areincreasingly perpetuated by drug gangs and abusers. Drug proceeds are smuggled from Arizona to Mexico in bulk form by vehicles, commerce shipments, pedestrians, and so on. The report also indicates that the increased interdiction by law enforcement has frustrated narcotic smugglers, leading to increased acts of violence toward law enforcement agents.Over the course of extended interaction between two cultures—border patrol and drug gangs—many cops succumb to the dominant culture (drug gangs) at large and join in the actions, while others refuse to conform and be tainted. Not everyresident in a “ghetto neighborhood” is a gang member, as not every cop is ahero. Nevertheless, the development of a culture of poor urban society seems to embrace violence and corruption as symbol of identity, upon which economic marginalization leads to anger and resentment, and as motivation for crime and violence. Today, the national war on drugs rages on, where law enforcers and the outlawed continue to play cat-and-mouse, reflecting the external societal culture in peril shaping the culture of law enforcement agencies, as agents bring their learnedassumptions to judgments and decisions in the work environment, and finally endup either colluding with law offenders in corruptions or putting ordinarycitizens in harmed ways for personal gain. Consequently, police brutality and corruption occur routinely. Again, the same argument goes: three cops cango crazy, but more than 70 cops, for instance, embody a culture of policing,where such development of organizational culture conforms to the same identitychosen by the social culture where they grow up.The following are cases in point. A border patrolcorruption prompted a reform of immigration law in the State of Arizona leadingup to the enactment of SB 1070 in 2011. According to ABC news investigators, atotal of 134 patrol agents in Naco, Arizona were arrested or indicted forcorruption in the past 7 years (ABC News, 2011). One agent used his own patrol car to smuggle drugs. Another case concerns an agent allowing illegal aliens through a point of entry without checking their documentation. Another case involved an agent pleading guilty to selling national security documents. The border patrol relies on sensors embedded in the ground to track smugglers. Less than a year ago, an agent in Tucson pled guilty to giving a drug trafficker the locations of more than 100 of thesensors. Prosecutors say he did it for a $3,000 bribe.Clearly, the effect of social culture on organizational culture is profound. Remedies for police corruption would seem to depend upon local social dynamics and traditions, as well as the capacity of local jurisdictions to manage them. Police corruption is typically supported by social structures and attitudes that are embedded in local ways of life. Thus, changing organizational cultures requires the transformation of local cultures.Blame a Few “Bad Apples”Won’t WorkLaw enforcementorganizations have grown much more diverse in recent years (Sklansky,2006). Today’s large American cities, such as the Los Angeles PoliceDepartment and New York Police Department, are not the homogeneous workplace large numbers of female, openly gay and lesbian officers, and minority officers. Openly gay and lesbian officers, too, are well represented in Los Angeles.In social cultural system context, law enforcement as an organizational cultural system routinely experiences behavioral misdeeds of rogue officers. It is well known that police, as an organization, lie, steal, cheat, commit acts of extortion, make false arrests, plant evidence, and even commit murder for personal gain. Police corruption scandals are common (Grant, 2003), but the organization’s first defense is always to say that it is an isolated case of a few “bad apples”, and that it never reflects the core values of the organization and the officers who committed these horrendous acts should have never been hired. Institutional reforms had been made by the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) and the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department to weed out the “bad apples” following the Rodney King beating by LAPD police and the Rampart Police Corruption Scandal. In the report “Rampart Area CorruptionIncident,” Chief of Police, Bernard Parks, recommended pre-employment testingand screening of police officer candidates, in addition to undergo a thoroughbackground check and complete a few other assessment measures, as an ongoingeffort to weed out the “bad apples”. This perspective assumes better hiring practices will help the organization hires people who will be less likely to abuse their authorityas law enforcers. Cases like Eng, Thomas, and many others happened since the Rampart Scandal and Rodney King beating, implicate blaming a few “bad apples” hasnot been working out too well for the American public, and that business isresumed to “normal” at the Department.Pre-employment PsychologicalTesting: Does It Really Help?Though the use of psychological testing for police recruits was first suggested in 1931 by the Wickersham Commission (Dantzker, 2011), police agencies chose not to use it much until a decade ago. The Rampart Scandal in the late 1990s forced the LAPD to undergo a complete reform in personnel selection practices (LAPD, 2000). In response to the Rampart Scandal, the Board of inquiry recommended the use of psychological tests on all new recruits (LAPD, 2000). In compliance with theBoard of Inquiry’s recommendation, the Department opened its firstpsychological service program in 2000 to assist the Personnel Department withthe selection of new recruits. The goal is to weed out unqualified candidates and prevent future police misconduct.The most commonly used personality tests and inventories in departments throughout the United States are the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory—2 (MMPI-2), the California Psychological Inventory (CPI) , the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF), Edwards Personal Preference Schedule, and the Inwald Personality Inventory (IPI) (Cochrane, Tett & Vandecreek, 2003). The LAPDuses the MMPI-2 and clinical interview as psychological screening tools intheir selection process, and they use the pass-fail approach to the results,keeping candidates who pass and rejecting those who fail. Interestingly, studies have indicated that although psychological assessment appears to be valued in the selection process, very few candidates are rejected based solely on the results, anddepartments that use a pass-fail approach use psychological assessments to ruleout psychopathology (Cochrane, Tett & Vandecreek, 2003).Data on what type of psychological screening used by the LAPD prior to the Rampart Scandal was not available, but current selection practices appear to be consistent with research findings that suggest qualified candidates are pre-selected through other procedures prior to the psychological evaluation. Therefore, once thecandidates complete the evaluation, few of them are found to be outrightunqualified (Cochrane, Tett & Vandecreek, 2003). In other words, unless a candidate is mentally ill, the LAPD would hire candidates who presenting themselves as extremely masculine and having stereotypical masculine interests. A meta-analysis of MMPI measurements of common personality traits of police officers indicates both male and female police officers gave defensive profiles, with male officers presented themselves as having stereotypic male interests and attitudes, while female officers rejected traditional feminine roles and stereotyped behaviors (Kornfeld, 1995).Results of another meta-analysis on personality profiles of police show many individuals who seek admission into police training programs tend to possess personality traits good for policing, that is self-disciplined (control), socially bold (independent), extraverted, emotionally tough, and low in experienced anxiety (Eber,1991). However, one in four police officers possesses personality associated relatively high levels of schizophrenia, paranoia, psychasthenia, and other symptoms not good for being cops (Lorr & Strack, 1994). These individuals appeared just as tough and independent as the “good” cops, but they were lower in self-control and extraversion and much higher in anxiety (Lorr & Strack, 1994). Furthermore,studies that compared personality traits between cops and criminal have shownthat armed police officers and violent criminals are “two sides of the samecoin, united in an unbreakable bond” (Wisenheimer , 2009), leading to their commissions for active police duties within anti-gang crime units of the police department.ConclusionThe literature on police abuse of authority is vast, and many theories have developed since the Rampart Scandal to give meanings to, and to solve, this deeply rooted social problem. There are plenty reasons why people hate cops. When we as a society see cops as them vs us, we do not allow ourselves to see the big picture that cops reflects the kind of society we created, and therefore we have the responsibility to influence and make positive change.Social culture influences organizational culture, as police officers bring their learned assumptions to judgments and decisions in the workplace, and through this interaction between a corrupt social culture of urban cities and the adaptive culture of organizations that creates the perfect formula for organizational dysfunction. Police corruption is, by and large, supported by social structures and attitudes that are embedded in local cultures. When law enforcement agencies operate under the assumption that a few “bad apples” are to blame for the misconduct, they missed the opportunity to look at the big picture, to identify and analyze problems from outside looking in, and to understand where the problems really stem from, and then have the courage to lead, engage, unite and transform local communities toward social change through positive integration and innovation. There is no room for ego and “us versus them” attitude. Remember that organizational dysfunction is strongly influenced by social structures and attitudes embedded in local societies. Thus, changing organizational cultures requires the transformation of local cultures. The Justice Department and Law Enforcement are doing the best they can under the circumstance. They are the product of our society, and until we change as a society, things will remain the same. If we focus on this, then we would not have free time to sit around hating cops.ReferencesBayley, D., & Perito, R. (2011). Police corruption: What past scandals teach us about current challenges. United States Institute of Peace. Washington, DC: Special Report.Cochrane, R. E., Tett, R. P., & Vandecreek, L. (2003). Psychological testing and the selection of police officers. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 30(5), 511–537.Dantzker, M. L. (2011). Psychological Preemployment Screening for Police Candidates: Seeking Consistency if Not Standardization. Professional Psychology: Research & Practice, 42(3), 276-283.Grant, J. (2003). Assault under Color of Authority: Police Corruption as Norm in the LAPD Rampart Scandal and in Popular Film. New Political Science, 25(3), 385.Kaplan, P. J. (2009). Looking Through the Gaps: A Critical Approach to the LAPD's Rampart Scandal. Social Justice, 36(1), 61-81.Knowles, J., J. (1996). 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