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You’ve been sold a bill of goods, Calvin [Calvin Keating asked this question]. All these rumors are untrue. Let’s look at each in turn:There was no blanket or veil between Joseph and his scribes as they worked. All witnesses agree on that — David Whitmer’s younger sister, Elizabeth Anne Whitmer Cowdery (Oliver’s widow), presented William E. McLellan with her own eyewitness testimony from the time when she was in her mid-teens, saying that “Joseph never had a curtain drawn between him and his scribe while he was translating. He would place the director in his hat, and then place his face in his hat, so as to exclude the light, and then [read] <to his scribe the words (he said) as they appeared before him>” (Feb 15, 1870, RLDS Archives, P13 f191). Joseph’s wife Emma also said: “In writing for your father I frequently wrote day after day, often sitting at the table close by him, he sitting with his face buried in his hat, with the stone in it, and dictating hour after hour with nothing between us.” (“Last Testimony of Sister Emma,” Saints’ Herald, 26 [Oct 1, 1879], 289-290)Once when Joseph was taking a break from translating, his scribe Martin Harris deliberately switched a common river stone for Joseph’s seerstone, but when Joseph resumed his work he exclaimed to Martin: “It’s dark as Egypt! Martin, what have you done!” At which point Martin confessed his perfidy.Emma’s brother-in-law, Michael Morse, knew Joseph in Harmony, Pennsylvania, and saw him translating on several occasions. He later recalled that Joseph would place “the Seer Stone in the crown of a hat, then putting his face into the hat, so as to entirely cover his face, resting his elbows upon his knees, and then dictating, word after word, while the scribes – Emma, John Whitmer, O. Cowdery, or some other, wrote it down.” (W. W. Blair letter, May 22, 1879, Sandwich, Illinois, to Saints’ Herald, 26 [June 15, 1879], 190-191)Eleven Witnesses testified of the physical nature of the golden plates, and saw the engravings thereon. Every Book of Mormon carries their testimony in the introduction. None ever recanted. See the LDS Church Gospel Topics Essay on “Book of Mormon Translation,” online at https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/manual/gospel-topics-essays/book-of-mormon-translation?lang=eng .See also my “Translation of Languages (hermēniea glōssōn I Cor 12:10),” (Independence, MO, June 1980), online 2010 at Translation of Languages , and my “Golden Plates,” Oct 1984, online at https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/mi/66/ .Artwork of Joseph Smith Translating the Book of Mormon - FairMormon .

Are you interested in the diagnosis or the pathophysiological basis?The diagnosis, as mentioned in the other answer, is usually abscess formation. As per the American Academy of Orofacial Pain, there can also be non dental reasons for a throbbing toothache, such as a throbbing migraine or a sinus/nasal problem such as infection or congestion. [1]The etiology of throbbing pain, however, was thought to be vascular for centuries. The prevailing view has been that the throbbing sensation is primarily caused when blood pulsing through dilating blood vessels causes the rhythmic activation of pain-sensitive neurons that lie nearby.Dr. Ahn, a neurologist at University of Florida College of Medicine, who has been studying pain for some years now, puts it well."Aristotle linked throbbing pain to heart rhythm 2,300 years ago," Dr. Ahn notes. "It took two millennia to discover that his presumption was wrong." [2]His group was studying the causes of throbbing migraine pain. Throbbing pain is highly associated with the diagnosis of migraine. Thus, due to the assumption about the vascular basis of throbbing, vasoconstrictors (drugs that constrict the dilating blood vessels that are thought to trigger the nerves during throbbing) are often prescribed.If throbbing pain is due to dilation and pulsing of blood vessels, the throbbing rate ought to be related to the pulse rate/heart rate. Dr. Ahn's work questioned whether the throbbing quality in the case of migraine pain were related to heart rate, indirectly challenging this premise. [3]However, because the pathophysiology of migraine is very controversial, the group decided to study other painful conditions as well, where the nature of pain was often described as throbbing. They focused on dental pain. [4] The study required patients with acute dental pain to indicate the rhythm of throbbing in their teeth by pressing a button, while their pulse rate was being recorded from their earlobe. Given synchrony between the recordings, it would be easy to study the relationship between the Throbbing Rate and Arterial Pulse Rate.Their findings were that the throbbing rate (44 bpm ± 3 SEM) was much slower than the arterial pulsation rate (73 bpm ± 2 SEM, p<0.001), and that the two rhythms exhibited no underlying synchrony.​Throbbing is a characteristic feature of dental pain, and its rate is distinctly slower than heart rate. The individual throbbing and arterial pulse rates were unrelated (in blue; Pearson r=0.10 with 95% CI -0.28 to 0.45), and clearly distinct from the prediction by the prevailing view (in red). [4]Also, these throbbing and arterial pulse events had some specific fractal pattern in their beat-to-beat variation, which might indicate that the underlying causes of both might be different.​Fractal analysis of heart rate (HRV) and throbbing rate variability (TRV) shows that the two rhythms observe distinct power laws. Representative instantaneous heart rate (in red) and throbbing rate (in blue) series are shown in (A) and (B) from the same subjects [4]Replicating these results in other pain conditions would support an alternative hypothesis, that the throbbing quality is not a primary sensation but rather an emergent property, or perception, whose “pacemaker” lies within the central nervous system. This hypothesis is supported by the fact that throbbing pain is common in conditions involving isolated lesions of the central nervous system.The same authors later presented a case for this proposed "pacemaker", and stated that future studies could use functional brain imaging to identify its working. [5]To further validate this (this time in the case of migraine again), the group presented a case study, wherein the subjective report of the throbbing rhythm, arterial pulse, and high-density electroencephalogram (EEG) were simultaneously recorded in a migraine patient. [6] They found, as in prior studies, that the throbbing rate and heart rate were unrelated. Spectral analysis of the EEG revealed that the overall amount of power in the alpha range of EEG (8 to 12 Hz) increased in association with greater throbbing intensity. The rhythmic oscillations of overall alpha power coincided with the throbbing rhythm, and that this synchrony/coherence was proportional to the subjective intensity of the throbbing.Thus, they demonstrated early evidence that modulations of alpha power might represent a neurophysiological correlate of the throbbing quality of pain.If this "pacemaker" of throbbing pain that might lie in the CNS and might involve alpha waves is understood, future interventions in case of throbbing pain could move beyond traditional approaches like medication, and could include stereotactic transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), deep brain stimulation of targeted circuits, and gene therapy to modulate targeted brain circuits. [5]So, to answer your question, why does tooth pain throb?Recent research shows that it might be all in your mind!Thanks for the A2A!References[1] Page on amazonaws.com[2] http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/264506.php[3] Ahn, A. H. (2010). On the temporal relationship between throbbing migraine pain and arterial pulse. Headache, 50(9), 1507–1510.[4] Mirza, A. F., Mo, J., Holt, J. L., Kairalla, J. A., Heft, M. W., Ding, M., & Ahn, A. H. (2012). Is there a relationship between throbbing pain and arterial pulsations? The Journal of Neuroscience, 32(22), 7572–7576. http://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0193-12.2012[5] Ahn, A. H. (2012). The neurobiology of throbbing pain in migraine. Headache,52(Suppl 1), 12–14. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4610.2012.02136.x[6] Mo, J, Maizels, M, Ding, M, Ahn, A. H. (2013). Does throbbing pain have a brain signature? Pain, 154(7), 1150-5. doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2013.02.013.

Ginsburg. Here’s a complete list showing date of birth, age, appointed by, when appointed, and years on the court. It’s sorted by appointment date.Clarence Thomas6/23/1948Age: 71 yr 10 moGeorge H. W. Bush10/23/1991Served: 28 yr 6 moRuth Bader Ginsburg3/15/1933Age: 87 yr 1 moBill Clinton8/19/1993Served: 26 yr 8 moStephen Breyer8/15/1938Age: 81 yr 8 moBill Clinton8/3/1994Served: 25 yr 8 moJohn G. Roberts1/27/1955Age: 65 yr 2 moGeorge W. Bush9/29/2005Served: 14 yr 6 moSamuel A. Alito, Jr.4/1/1950Age: 70 yr 0 moGeorge W. Bush1/31/2006Served: 14 yr 2 moSonia Sotomayor6/25/1954Age: 65 yr 9 moBarack Obama8/8/2009Served: 10 yr 8 moElena Kagan4/28/1960Age: 59 yr 11 moBarack Obama8/7/2010Served: 9 yr 8 moNeil McGill Gorsuch8/29/1967Age: 52 yr 7 moDonald John Trump4/10/2017Served: 3 yr 0 moBrett Michael Kavanaugh2/12/1965Age: 55 yr 2 moDonald John Trump10/6/2018Served: 1 yr 6 m