State Of Maryland Form 4a: Fill & Download for Free

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Trail Running: Why is the fastest runner at a single A school so much slower than the fastest at a AAA school?

At least part of the answer is probability. Probably it also involves coaching, demographics, etc, but let's set that aside for the moment and look at the numbers.I'll use my home state of Maryland as an example. A typical school in the highest division, 4A, has about 1500 students eligible for sports, with the average in 1A being around 500. Suppose the probability of any given eligible student being a truly gifted runner is 1 /5000. The probability of our 4A school having one of these runners is about 26%, while our 1A school's chances are just 10%.A worthwhile thing to keep in mind, though - The girls' meet record at Maryland's state meet was recently broken by more than 30 seconds. The new record holder is from a 2A school with just 900 eligible students.

Is it illegal for the majority shareholders in my LLC to refuse me financial information or a copy of the operating agreement?

To start, some legal terminology: Limited liability companies (LLCs) have members rather than shareholders.Maryland Corporations and Associations Code Section 4A-406 (2013 Maryland Code :: CORPORATIONS AND ASSOCIATIONS :: § 4A-406 - Information regarding affairs of limited liability company) provides significant information rights to all LLC members, however great or small their membership interests.Quoting a portion of that Section (emphasis added):(a) In general. -- A member may inspect and copy, in person or by agent, from time to time on reasonable written demand, for any purpose reasonably related to the member's membership interest:(1) True and full information regarding the state of the business and financial condition of the limited liability company;(2) A copy of the articles of organization and operating agreement and all amendments to the articles of organization and operating agreement;(3) A current list of the names and last known business, residence, or mailing addresses of all members; and(4) Other information regarding the affairs of the limited liability company as is just and reasonable for any purpose reasonably related to the member's membership interest.

During American slavery, who watched the babies/toddlers while the mothers worked in the field?

It’s important to note that these babies and toddlers were also enslaved. Many of them were even deliberately bred to be such. Virginia, Maryland and a few other states were infamous for being slave breeding states after the Atlantic Slave Trade was abolished in 1808. Slavery itself wasn’t abolished until 1865, though. No longer able to import Black Africans, but still able to enslave them, many plantation owners added breeding to their revenue streams. Particularly in areas where the land was no longer producing strong crops. They simply bred human beings to supply labor to places adding to the New World’s expansion (like Louisiana, which was purchased in 1803).So these children came out of the womb with a price tag attached to them.In one narrative, an enslaved person recalls being left as a child in an area reserved for children from 4a until 9p every day without food or water. In other narratives people report having been cared for by the very old and other children who were not yet old enough to work full time. Note that by 8 or 10 years old, most were working from sun up till sun down just like adults, so the older children caring for the younger were probably around 6 or 7 years old.I’ve read about toddlers working in fields as soon as they were old enough to stand and could be taught how to pick.I’ve read about small children also being lashed until they bled for any infraction at all.I’ve read several accounts of children being used as playmates for the plantation owner’s children, usually when the plantation owner’s child is too young to attend school. They were sort of like pets to keep the savage’s children occupied.I’ve even heard of the plantation owner’s children using enslaved children as their own sort of personal servants. And, yes, said children were also routinely beaten, spat upon, degraded, etc. by the plantation owner’s children sometimes at the urging of a parent (teaching them the role each child was to play out in life) and some just because they were mean kids or were mimicking what they’d seen.All children, enslaved or free, saw adults be violently beaten and tortured, so a certain psychological scarring and shaping was always taking place to ensure everyone knew how the hierarchy worked even from a young age.Depending on the plantation owner who held them captive, children were sometimes forced to watch their mothers and even grandmothers beaten in order to educate them on how to behave and what was expected. Children were also sometimes forced to beat their own mothers, fathers (if they had one or knew him) and grandmothers with whips.Children too young to yet work were often left to care for themselves. In many places, I’ve read where they were severely malnourished and were fed meals out of a trough like animals. I’ve read where they’d sometimes fight over food and were so hungry they’d lick the sides of the trough for anything left behind.I’ve read about mother’s taking their children out with them while working in the fields, setting them in baskets and working all day under an overseer’s whip in all sorts of unforgiving weather. If a child was crying, needed attention, hungry or sick, there was nothing a mother could do unless she was allowed a scheduled break. More often than not, an overseer would threaten her to keep the baby quiet and keep working or he’d harm the child…and she better not produce less than the required daily pickings at the same time.Children also never knew when they’d either be sold away or their mothers or fathers (if they were lucky to have one) would be. It wasn’t uncommon for a child to be sold to several different owners even before becoming a teenager.Women who were bred to produce more children to supply labor for other plantations sometimes had upwards of 25 children. In his book, Slave Breeding, Gregory D. Smithers writes about one woman having at least 35 children during her lifetime. Of course, these children were commodities, so the mothers didn’t get to keep them or nurture them. Or, if they did, it wasn’t for long. These children were made to be sold and when the timing was right, sold they were.I’ve told the story here before about my great-great-great grandmother, Patsy. We don’t know what happened to the 2 children she left. Who knows what their lives were like? We only know that one older one was last seen by Patsy holding the younger one. Older siblings often took care of younger ones for as long as they were allowed to. Sadly, Patsy’s story or that of her children is not unique. This was an everyday occurrence.In fact, my great-great Grandfather, Jim, was given as a servant to a plantation owner’s daughter as a wedding gift. I think he was 6 at the time.I’ve read about children being barely clothed and some of them spending a good portion of their childhoods naked. Most only got clothes once per year which consisted of nothing more than one pair of pants and maybe 2 shirts. Children outgrow clothing pretty easily. They also have a tendency to get rips or tears in their clothing. Nothing was replaced so if you outgrew or otherwise could not wear your clothes before the year was up, you went naked.Shoes were almost never part of the clothing allowance. I read where one little boy’s toes came off in his mother’s hands when she rubbed them after being severely frost bitten.Pedophilia has, unfortunately, always been among us. And, yes, some children were literally owned for these purposes.Girls who were of menstruating age were often bred either through rape by a White man or forced to have sex with another enslaved man.There’s a popular question on Quora as I write this about slavery supposedly being beneficial for Black people because it introduced them to Christianity. But can you imagine being taught that fornication and adultery are wrong, yet you are forced to have sexual relations with a man regardless whether you’re married to someone else or not? Regardless whether you’re a virgin or not? Imagine being used for all sorts of sexual perversions while being taught about Christianity and living in a very rigidly Christian environment where White women are praised for their virtue while Black girls and women are subjected to all sorts of sexual abuse.This was the life of infants, toddlers, young children, teenagers and the women who bore them during enslavement.Things weren’t much better during Jim Crow either. My great grandmother had 13 children. She, my great grandfather and their children worked from dusk till dawn as sharecroppers every day. My grandfather was left in charge of one of my great parent’s infant children one day while the rest of the family went to work. Unfortunately, the baby was very ill and died under his watch. I think he was 8 at the time. He died an alcoholic and I’ve heard whispers that his alcohol abuse stemmed from that day, which he never forgave himself for.The trauma our ancestors have collected seems never-ending. We all have our stories and they are not just about adults being enslaved. Children were not spared any of the indignity or injustices of those times. Unprotected by parents or families— and treated as mere commodities— they didn’t have much to speak of at all in the way of childhoods. Yes, they made up and played games when they could, they sang songs and danced as children do, but they always did so under the awareness they could be sold on any given day or a mother or other family member could be. They always knew they could be beaten for any infraction or any lie told on them. They could be raped or subjected to whatever cruel abuses a White person wanted to mete out.Through it all, though, we are the children of those children who survived the vicious brutality endured generation after generation after generation. We are strong, we are resilient and, at the same time, we are still wounded. When people say, “it didn’t happen to you, get over it”, they have no idea what that sort of trauma does to people. They don’t understand what it does to people’s ideas about family, responsibility, affection, stability. They don’t understand how those childhood sufferings affect parenting styles or how people have had to cope with depression and post-traumatic stress completely on their own while still dealing with the outside forces of White supremacy and oppression.I’m glad you asked this question because it’s important for people to understand that slavery happened to infants and toddlers, too. So, when you asked who watched them, a variety of answers can be given depending on the child and the savage who thought he owned them. One thing is for sure though, no one watched out FOR these children who were born to into a plight they could never escape.3/7/2018 Edit:Thank you for your upvotes and comments. I'm blessed to have genealogists on both sides of my family tree as well as a great-grandfather who lived to be an estimated 107 years old and who was able to share stories of his own mother, father and grandmothers who were actually enslaved. Much of what I've shared here has been passed down through generations in my own family and I've also read quite a bit about the experiences of other enslaved individuals throughout the years. For those who are interested, here are several links where you can read more about some of the details I've shared here, as well as gain additional insight regarding the lives of enslaved Black children in America:Childhood in SlaverySlave Breeding: Sex, Violence, and Memory in African American History (See also: https://muse.jhu.edu/book/19461)What Was it Like to be a Child Slave in America in the Nineteenth Century? (PDF)Childhood and Transatlantic SlaveryLife for slave children in 1861Interracial Relations in Antebellum MarylandMaster-Slave RelationsThe Slave FamilySlave ChildhoodHow Slavery Affected African American FamiliesNell Irvan Painter on soul murder and slaveryBorn in Slavery: Slave Narratives from the Federal Writers' Project, 1936-1938

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