Ct 1096: Fill & Download for Free

In this technocracy dominated era, there's no dearth of technological approaches to improve clinical trial (CT) participation. Ranging from alert systems linked to electronic health records (1) to online registries (2, 3, 4), the usual technology-based suspects have made their appearance on the scene to no avail. For e.g., available free to anyone online, ResearchMatch allows any US resident to register as a potential CT participant (volunteer). Hosted at Vanderbilt University and funded by the NIH, this registry launched in December 2008. Yet >7 years on, its name recognition is limited and <100000 volunteers have signed up (2).Obviously, core of the problem requires a human, not technological, touch. Meantime, the general population gains the bulk of its knowledge about CTs from entertainment fare online or on TV and from news (5, 6, 7, 8). Obviously such sources are more likely to fuel and sustain misconceptions rather than anything remotely close to the truth about CTs. Essentially, the current CT ecosystem woefully under-utilizes two of its foundational pillars,1) Referring physicians and other healthcare providers who lead patients to CTs (9, 10).2) Current and previous CT participants, i.e., potential Patient Advocates.Even more inexplicably, pertinent questions relating to the CT process remain unansweredWhat's the difference between healthcare providers who either do or don't participate in CTs, and between those who either do or don't refer patients to CTs?What are the recruiting strategies used by successful CTs (11, 12, 13)?Why don't organizers of successful CTs routinely record and report their recruiting strategies? Clearly trial funders should mandate their doing so.What level of engagement remains with CT participants after a trial's over? Do trial organizers and their staff stay in touch with them? While volunteers are enrolled in a trial, which can be for several months to even years, do trial organizers develop a rapport with at least their most enthusiastic participants, and teach and encourage them to advocate and recruit newer volunteers on their behalf within their families and communities (14, 15)? Given the current state of affairs, clearly not and yet wouldn't doing so set up a virtuous positively reinforcing cycle leading to cumulatively increasing CT participants? Instead, why is the system set up to recruit and forget once the trial's over? Isn't this an egregious example of re-inventing the wheel every time?~70 years since the 1st double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized CT and with >210,000 ongoing registered CTs across the US and 193 other countries (see figure below from 16), it's scarcely believable but sadly true that such basic issues aren't well-studied nor their lessons freely available for others' benefit (17, 18).Upon reflection, it's only to be expected that an inherently top-down and paternalistic enterprise like human biomedical research would under-utilize Patient Advocates. After all so insular is it that its very basics such as research ethics and regulatory oversight have been developed without seeking and incorporating the input of research volunteers (19), who are more frequently described condescendingly as subjects. Even peer-reviewed literature about woefully lacking CT participation rates is dominated by the voices of biomedical research aficionados. Where are the voices of CT participants? Why don't medical and scientific journals report their perspective, about their experiences and suggestions in their own words? Imbalance couldn't get starker than this (20). When was the last time the US FDA or the NIH convened meetings or town halls specifically inviting volunteer input into the CT process? Never. The current CT world is strikingly insular (21, 22).'Findings concur with previous research suggesting that CT investigators rarely communicate about clinical research outside of specific, study-based recruitment messages, which are often only provided to current patients already familiar with the medical institution...Findings from the current study, however, show that CT teams rarely promote CT research outside of the medical setting or reach out to community organizations to serve as an important conduit between the medical institution ß and hard-to-reach populations...Although investigators rely heavily on local physicians to recruit patients into their studies, there may be limited communication between the investigators and local physicians [37] and between these local doctors and their patients [28].'(8).The funders and fund recipients, i.e., clinical researchers and their support staff working largely in academic medical centers, currently control the process. They hold endless rounds of meetings and write exhaustive white papers and reports filled with earnest recommendations. These current CT stakeholders haven't yet thought to expand their fold and bring into it the ones whose voices perhaps matter the most in CT participation and logistics, patients and volunteers who've participated in CTs, i.e., Patient Advocates. We all know new drugs and therapies can't get approved unless robustly tested on large pools of volunteers, and yet those same volunteers, the very heart of human biomedical research, have no say in how the process could be structured so their ranks stay filled, not depleted.What Factors Deter CT Participation And How They Could Be MitigatedObvious ones are fears about unapproved medications and procedures, i.e., that one could be used as a 'guinea pig', as well as fears of side-effects, and that one could get a placebo instead of Rx due to randomization. Given such fears are likely pervasive among the population at large (23, 24, 25, 26), who could be more persuasive in convincing others to participate in CTs than those who've done so themselves? If previous trial participants aren't doing so, maybe there's something inherently discouraging about the process that urgently needs to be overhauled? While the medical and scientific aspects of CTs are rightfully the purview of clinical researchers and scientists, and should remain so, these patient-centric aspects are areas where Patient Advocates could help reshape the process to encourage others.Studies also suggest local community-based sources of CT information are seen as more trustworthy. These include local doctors, TV and community health centers (7). As well, informal family and community networks, i.e., family and friends, and local church and faith-based organizations (26).Cancer Clinical Trial (CT) Participation Rates Are High In Children Regardless of Race/Ethnicity But Very Low Among Adults. What Accounts For Such A Difference?Poorly envisaged top-down policies often lack mechanisms to enforce their recommendations. In US biomedical research, one of the most prominent examples is the 1993 NIH Revitalization Act that mandates inclusion of racial and ethnic minorities in federally funded biomedical research (27). 23 years on, African Americans and Hispanics represent 12% and 16%, respectively, of the US population and yet constitute only 5% and 1% of CT participants (28) while whites are over-represented (29). Why is this so? Among US CT volunteers, blacks are supposed to mistrust medical research, and language and culture are supposed to be barriers to Hispanic participation while implicit bias among clinical researchers is supposed to disfavor minority participation in CTs. However, a crucial piece of data unerringly rebuts these oft-repeated myths because there's more than adequate participation among children regardless of race/ethnicity compared to dismal rates among adults.In the US, only 3 to 5% of ~10 million adults with cancer participate in CTs (30). However, CT enrollment among <15 years old is anything but dismal. In the US, 60% of cancer patients aged <15 years are enrolled in CTs (31). That's not all. Proportion of minority pediatric cancer patients enrolled in cancer CTs (~10% blacks, ~12% Hispanic) ~matches their proportion in the population (32). This means neither do pediatric minorities systematically lack access to health research nor face systemic bias against CT enrollment. How to explain this huge difference between children and adult CT enrollment rates? What's different about the pediatric CT recruitment process? Undoubtedly, applying what works in recruiting children to CTs would hugely improve adult enrollment rates.Crux Of The Problem: Huge Gap Between Eligible And Actual Adult Clinical Trial (CT) ParticipantsReal gap in adult CT enrollment is ~10X. For e.g., in the US, ~20% of cancer patients are typically eligible to participate (33, 34) but only 3 to 5% of them do so (30). This huge gap between eligible and actual participants is the critical problem needing to be solved. Weakest link in the chain? Extremely poor inclusion of referring physicians and Patient Advocates into the CT recruitment process, i.e., we're back to square one, the need to expand the fold of current CT stakeholders to include patients and volunteers, and their physicians, and seek their input in improving CT participation and logistics. One approach could be to have CT participants access trial-related procedures and services closer to their home rather than exclusively at academic CT sites, which are often far from their homes.Clinical Trial (CT) Location Matters Hugely To CT ParticipantsTravel distance to and lack of transportation to and from the trial site are major barriers in CT participation (35, 36, 37). Even in the US, arguably the wealthiest country in the world and unquestionable global CT leader, many if not most CT volunteers need to drive >1 hour each way to reach a CT site (see figure below from 38).Bibliography1. Embi, Peter J., et al. "Effect of a clinical trial alert system on physician participation in trial recruitment." Archives of Internal Medicine 165.19 (2005): 2272-2277. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/C_Harris/publication/7519692_Effect_of_a_Clinical_Trial_Alert_System_on_Physician_Participation_in_Trial_Recruitment/links/00b7d51e41b31eddbe000000.pdf2. Harris, Paul A., et al. "ResearchMatch: a national registry to recruit volunteers for clinical research." Academic medicine: journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges 87.1 (2012): 66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3688834/pdf/nihms335956.pdf3. Denicoff, Andrea M., et al. "The National Cancer Institute–American Society of Clinical Oncology Cancer Trial Accrual Symposium: Summary and Recommendations." Journal of Oncology Practice 9.6 (2013): 267-276. Summary and Recommendations4. Tan, Meng H., Matthew Thomas, and Mark P. MacEachern. "Using registries to recruit subjects for clinical trials." Contemporary clinical trials 41 (2015): 31-38.5. Kelch, Robert P. "Maintaining the public trust in clinical research." The New England journal of medicine 346.4 (2002): 285.6. Len-Rios, Maria E., and Qi Qiu. "Negative articles predict clinical trial reluctance." Newspaper Research Journal 28.1 (2007): 24.7. Tanner, Andrea, et al. "Communicating Effectively About Clinical Trials With African American Communities A Comparison of African American and White Information Sources and Needs." Health Promotion Practice (2015): 1524839915621545.8. Tanner, Andrea, et al. "Promoting clinical research to medically underserved communities: Current practices and perceptions about clinical trial recruiting strategies." Contemporary clinical trials 41 (2015): 39-44.9. Baer, Allison R., et al. "Engaging referring physicians in the clinical trial process." Journal of Oncology Practice 8.1 (2012): e8-e10. Engaging Referring Physicians in the Clinical Trial Process10. Robinson, M. Koa, JoAnn U. Tsark, and Kathryn L. Braun. "Increasing primary care physician support for and promotion of cancer clinical trials." Hawai'i Journal of Medicine & Public Health 73.3 (2014): 84. http://www.hjmph.org/HJMPH_Mar14.pdf#page=1211. Lai, Gabriel Y., et al. "Effectiveness of strategies to recruit underrepresented populations into cancer clinical trials." Clinical Trials 3.2 (2006): 133-141. Effectiveness of strategies to recruit underrepresented populations into cancer clinical trials12. Friedman, Daniela B., et al. "How are we communicating about clinical trials?: an assessment of the content and readability of recruitment resources." Contemporary clinical trials 38.2 (2014): 275-283.13. Friedman, Daniela B., et al. "A qualitative study of recruitment barriers, motivators, and community-based strategies for increasing clinical trials participation among rural and urban populations." American Journal of Health Promotion 29.5 (2015): 332-338. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Caroline_Bergeron2/publication/261137533_A_Qualitative_Study_of_Recruitment_Barriers_Motivators_and_Community-Based_Strategies_for_Increasing_Clinical_Trials_Participation_Among_Rural_and_Urban_Populations/links/54c78b270cf238bb7d0ab8ab.pdf14. Friedman, Daniela B., et al. "Improving our messages about research participation: a community-engaged approach to increasing clinical trial literacy." Clinical Investigation 4.10 (2014): 869-872. http://www.future-science.com/doi/pdf/10.4155/cli.14.8715. Tanner, Andrea, et al. "Barriers to medical research participation as perceived by clinical trial investigators: communicating with rural and African American communities." Journal of health communication 20.1 (2015): 88-96.16. Trends, Charts, and Maps17. Michaels, Margo, et al. "Impact of Primary Care Provider Knowledge, Attitudes, and Beliefs about Cancer Clinical Trials: Implications for Referral, Education and Advocacy." Journal of Cancer Education 30.1 (2015): 152-157.18. Sriphanlop, Pathu, et al. "New York state health care provider participation in clinical trials: a brief report." (2016). http://www.vipoa.org/journals/pdf/9370870213.pdf19. Dresser, Rebecca. "What Subjects Teach: The Everyday Ethics of Human Research." Wake Forest Law Review 50 (2015): 301. What Subjects Teach: The Everyday Ethics of Human Research20. Holzer, Jessica K., Lauren Ellis, and Maria W. Merritt. "Why We Need Community Engagement in Medical Research." Journal of Investigative Medicine 62.6 (2014): 851-855.21. Comis, R. L., et al. "Baseline study of patient accrual onto publicly sponsored US Cancer Clinical Trials: an analysis conducted for the global access project of the National Patient Advocate Foundation." Philadelphia, PA, Coalition of Cancer Cooperative Groups (2006): 1-52.22. Friedman, Daniela B., et al. "What do people really know and think about clinical trials? A comparison of rural and urban communities in the South." Journal of community health 38.4 (2013): 642-651.23. Meropol, Neal J., et al. "Barriers to clinical trial participation as perceived by oncologists and patients." Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network 5.8 (2007): 753-762. Barriers to Clinical Trial Participation as Perceived by Oncologists and Patients24. Weckstein, Douglas J., et al. "Assessment of perceived cost to the patient and other barriers to clinical trial participation." Journal of Oncology Practice 7.5 (2011): 330-333. http://nnecos.org/Resources/Documents/JOP-2011-Weckstein-330-3.pdf25. Fleisher, Linda, et al. "Application of best practice approaches for designing decision support tools: the preparatory education about clinical trials (PRE-ACT) study." Patient education and counseling 96.1 (2014): 63-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4171039/pdf/nihms621149.pdf26. Bell, Jennifer AH, and Lynda G. Balneaves. "Cancer patient decision making related to clinical trial participation: an integrative review with implications for patients’ relational autonomy." Supportive Care in Cancer 23.4 (2015): 1169-1196.27. Chen, Moon S., et al. "Twenty years post‐NIH Revitalization Act: Enhancing minority participation in clinical trials (EMPaCT): Laying the groundwork for improving minority clinical trial accrual." Cancer 120.S7 (2014): 1091-1096. Twenty years post-NIH Revitalization Act: Enhancing minority participation in clinical trials (EMPaCT): Laying the groundwork for improving minority clinical trial accrual - Chen - 2014 - Cancer - Wiley Online Library28. Clinical Trials Shed Light on Minority Health. FDA, April 2013. http://www.fda.gov/downloads/ForConsumers/ConsumerUpdates/UCM349488.pdf29. ThinkProgress, Tara Culp-Ressler, April 4, 2014. There Are Too Many White People In Clinical Trials, And It’s A Bigger Problem Than You Think30. Murthy, Vivek H., Harlan M. Krumholz, and Cary P. Gross. "Participation in cancer clinical trials: race-, sex-, and age-based disparities." Jama 291.22 (2004): 2720-2726. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Cary_Gross2/publication/8520126_Participation_in_Cancer_Clinical_Trials_Race-_Sex-_and_Age-Based_Disparities/links/5471f6ea0cf24af340c3e241.pdf31. Fern, Lorna A., and Jeremy S. Whelan. "Recruitment of adolescents and young adults to cancer clinical trials—international comparisons, barriers, and implications." Seminars in oncology. Vol. 37. No. 2. WB Saunders, 2010.32. Bleyer, W. Archie, et al. "Equal participation of minority patients in US national pediatric cancer clinical trials." Journal of pediatric hematology/oncology 19.5 (1997): 423-427.33. Sateren, Warren B., et al. "How sociodemographics, presence of oncology specialists, and hospital cancer programs affect accrual to cancer treatment trials." Journal of Clinical Oncology 20.8 (2002): 2109-2117.34. Brawley, Otis W. "The study of accrual to clinical trials: Can we learn from studying who enters our studies?." Journal of Clinical Oncology 22.11 (2004): 2039-2040. Can We Learn From Studying Who Enters Our Studies?35. Kanarek, Norma F., et al. "Geographic proximity and racial disparities in cancer clinical trial participation." Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network 8.12 (2010): 1343-1351. Geographic Proximity and Racial Disparities in Cancer Clinical Trial Participation36. Coakley, Meghan, et al. "Dialogues on diversifying clinical trials: successful strategies for engaging women and minorities in clinical trials." Journal of women's health 21.7 (2012): 713-716. http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/pdf/10.1089/jwh.2012.373337. Itty, Tracy Line, Felicia Schanche Hodge, and Fernando Martinez. "Shared and unshared barriers to cancer symptom management among urban and rural American Indians." The Journal of Rural Health 30.2 (2014): 206-213. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Felicia_Hodge/publication/261289550_Shared_and_Unshared_Barriers_to_Cancer_Symptom_Management_Among_Urban_and_Rural_American_Indians/links/543556e30cf2dc341db0a397.pdf38. Galsky, Matthew D., et al. "Geographic Accessibility to Clinical Trials for Advanced Cancer in the United States." JAMA internal medicine 175.2 (2015): 293-295. Accessibility to US Clinical Trials for CancerThanks for the A2A, Joseph Philleo.

The height of Cluniac influence was arguably from the second half of the 10th century through the early 12th. However, Cluny itself was actually founded earlier, in the year 910.The Abbey of Cluny.Under the leadership of Peter the Venerable, the Monks from Cluny became important Bishops, Legates and Cardinals in France and the Holy Roman Empire.Peter the venerable.Cluny played a major part in recreating the earlier preserved wisdom of the Irish Monastic foundations, founded by Columcile and Patrick earlier in Ireland, and which had spread to Europe, which preserved such treasures as the Book of Kells.An Image of St Comumcile from the book of the Gospels of kells.The high point of year-long celebrations will be events to mark the feast day of Columcille in June.The town of Kells plans to celebrate St Columcille this year on the 1,200th anniversary of the re-establishment of the monastery which was the original home of the Book of Kells.The year-long celebrations will culminate in a weekend of ecumenical services, lectures, readings, tours, workshops and music around the feast day of Columcille on 9 June 2014.However, it is not yet known whether the famous book itself will make an appearance.A spokesperson said that while it would be lovely to have some of the Book of Kells on display for the celebrations, “we completely understand Trinity’s concerns on moving such a national – and international – treasure.”Kells housed the Book of Kells for more than 800 years before the manuscript was moved to Trinity College for safekeeping.The famous book was almost returned in 2000 but conditions for its display were deemed inadequate.Then in 2011, a campaign to have at least one of the Gospels of the famous book returned was launched by locals including the Kells Tourism Forum, which is also involved in organizing this year’s celebrations.“Columcille, also known as Columba, was a Christian of noted significance in both Ireland and Europe,” according to Lucy O’Reilly, chair of Kells Tourism Forum.“Columcille was foremost in the monastic tradition, the building of monasteries and the spread of learning.”The Saint founded monasteries in many places in Ireland, including Kells and Derry as well as Iona in Scotland.The noted English historian, St Bede has stated that Columba/Columcille led many to Christianity by his “preaching and example.”He was much admired for his physical as well as spiritual strength. He was unflagging in his missionary and pastoral journeys throughout his seventy-six years of life.Locally a committee has been established to organize the celebrations. It includes members of the Church of Ireland; the Catholic Church; Kells and District Tourism Forum; Kells Town Council; Kells Archaeological and Historical Society; Denis McCarthy; Kells Silver Band; Kells Local Heroes; Kells Chamber of Commerce; and Craobh Cholmcille de Chonradh na Gaeilge.The famous Legend about St Columcile.After this period, the Anglo Saxon chronicle tells us that there was in the year 793 an attack upon the Religious foundation of the isle of Lindisfarne. "On the sixth of the ides of June, the ravaging of the heathen men lamentably destroyed Gods Church at Lindisfarne". After a series of violent burnings and murderous attacks on Christianity, finaly Lindisfarne was abandoned for good in 875.The author actually drew a graphite sketch of this image, taken from the Lindisfarne Gospels for his Examination School Artwork College Portfolio in 1982.The book of the Lindisfarne Gospels..During the Dark ages it was the great monastic Irish orders, and after these attacks, followed by the later Benedictine Order at Cluny who preserved and copied again the manuscripts and ancient literature.A Cluniac Monk.By the eleventh century, Cluny Abbey, which followed the rules of St Benedict, as indeed didevery monastic order that followed chose to reinterpret the rules. The order applied itself to the liturgy rather than educational and intellectual work expanded. In England, William Warenne founded the Cluniac abbey at Lewes just after the conquest. William the Conqueror requested more Cluniac monks to come from their mother abbey in Cluny to England but was unsuccessful in the first instance. Gradually though more Cluniacs did arrive. William Rufus, not known for his piety, encouraged the Cluniacs to come to England as did his brother King Henry I who funded Reading Abbey which interestingly was inhabited initially by Cluniac monks but did not go on to become a Cluniac establishment. The royal family continued to support the Cluniac order. King Stephen founded the Cluniac priory at Faversham which became notable as the burial place for his family.Roi Etienne (King Stephen).King of England(more...)Reign22 December 1135 – 25 October 1154Coronation22 December 1135PredecessorHenry I or Matilda (disputed)SuccessorHenry IIBornc. 1092 or 1096Blois, FranceDied25 October 1154 (aged c. 57-62)Dover, Kent, EnglandBurialFaversham Abbey, Kent, EnglandSpouseMatilda I, Countess of BoulogneIssuemore...Eustace IV, Count of BoulogneMarie I, Countess of BoulogneWilliam I, Count of BoulogneGervase, Abbot of WestminsterHouseBloisFatherStephen, Count of BloisMotherAdela of NormandyStephen (c. 1092/6 – 25 October 1154), often referred to as Stephen of Blois, was King of England from 1135 to his death, as well as Count of Boulogne from 1125 until 1147 and Duke of Normandy from 1135 until 1144. Stephen's reign was marked by the Anarchy, a civil war with his cousin and rival, Empress Matilda. (known as Empress Maude in England at that time). He was succeeded by Matilda's son, Henry II, the first of the Angevin kings.Stephen was born in the County of Blois in central France; his father, Count Stephen-Henry, died while Stephen was still young, and he was brought up by his mother, Adela, daughter of William the Conqueror. Placed into the court of his uncle, Henry I of England, Stephen rose in prominence and was granted extensive lands. He married Matilda of Boulogne, inheriting additional estates in Kent and Boulogne that made the couple one of the wealthiest in England. Stephen narrowly escaped drowning with Henry I's son, William Adelin, in the sinking of the White Ship in 1120; William's death left the succession of the English throne open to challenge. When Henry, I died in 1135, Stephen quickly crossed the English Channel and with the help of his brother Henry of Blois, a powerful ecclesiastic, took the throne, arguing that the preservation of order across the kingdom took priority over his earlier oaths to support the claim of Henry I's daughter, the Empress Matilda.Civil War existed in Norman England between the soldiers of Empress Maude (Matilda) and the “Pretender” King Stephen who had made himself King illegally in England.Society in Norman control’d England was divided by the bitter civil war between King Stephen (Steven) and Empress Maude (Matilda) of France. Both had french claims to the rulership and crown of Norman England.During the civil war, the church switched allegiances several times to once more support who it felt was most likely to win the war, so as to protect its rich lands from confiscation if the church failed to support whoever finaly became King or Queen over Norman England.Below. A Benedictine brother finds a lost and very frightened refugee from the civil war, she had been hiding from renegade deserter soldiers who had become violent outlaws in the forests of Norman England at that time.Empress Maude needed the support of the Holy Church in her struggle against the pretender to the throne, King Stephen. The war lingered on, each side gaining and then losing again the same ground.The early years of Stephen's reign were largely successful, despite a series of attacks on his possessions in England and Normandy by David I of Scotland, Welsh rebels, and the Empress Matilda's husband, Geoffrey of Anjou. In 1138 the Empress's half-brother Robert of Gloucester rebelled against Stephen, threatening civil war. Together with his close advisor, Waleran de Beaumont, Stephen took firm steps to defend his rule, including arresting a powerful family of bishops. When the Empress and Robert invaded in 1139, however, Stephen was unable to crush the revolt rapidly, and it took hold in the south-west of England. Captured at the battle of Lincoln in 1141, Stephen was abandoned by many of his followers and lost control of Normandy. Stephen was freed only after his wife and William of Ypres, one of his military commanders, captured Robert at the Rout of Winchester, but the war dragged on for many years with neither side able to win an advantage.Stephen became increasingly concerned with ensuring that his son Eustace would inherit his throne. The King tried to convince the Church to agree to crown Eustace to reinforce his claim; Pope Eugene III refused, and Stephen found himself in a sequence of increasingly bitter arguments with his senior clergy. In 1153 the Empress's son, Henry FitzEmpress, invaded England and built an alliance of powerful regional barons to support his claim for the throne. The two armies met at Wallingford, but neither side's barons were keen to fight another pitched battle. Stephen began to examine a negotiated peace, a process hastened by the sudden death of Eustace. Later in the year Stephen and Henry agreed to the Treaty of Winchester, in which Stephen recognized Henry as his heir in exchange for peace, passing over William, Stephen's second son. Stephen died the following year. Modern historians have extensively debated the extent to which Stephen's personality, external events, or the weaknesses in the Norman state contributed to this prolonged period of civil war.In Yorkshire, Pontefract was a Cluniac establishment. Despite this early popularity, the Cluniacs did not prosper as an order in England as the centuries progressed not least because all Cluniac houses were daughter houses following the rule and direction of the mother-house in Cluny and thus aliens. Whilst the Plantagenets held a huge European empire it wasn’t a problem but as English monarchs found the size of their continental domains dwindling they didn’t want monks who looked to Europe for direction and preferred to sponsor home-grown talent.The Cluniac brothers supported the ideas and reforms coming from the then Roman papacy Under Pope Gregory vii. Pope Gregory VII (Latin: Gregorius VII; c. 1015 – 25 May 1085), born Hildebrand of Sovana (Italian: Ildebrando da Soana), was a pope from 22 April 1073 to his death in 1085. The Pope brought in many reforms, some were controversial. It was this particular Pope who became Pope by ana ct of "Acclamation". He also was at the forefront of the Relationship emerging and shaping between the Popes and the Holy Roman Emperors.Gregory remained the Pope from 1073 until his death in 1085.Pope Gregory v11.Peter the Venerable died in 1156, his work chiefly accomplished successfully.The first female members were admitted to the Order during the 11th century.

The following article in Sikhiwiki. org appears to be apt in answeing the questions and clearing the doubts:Vasu BhardwajEmotional Mr. Vasu Bhardwaj telling his story on Indian TVMr. Vasu Bhardwaj was a Special Correspondent of Gujarati "Mitr", a daily published from Surat, India. This science researcher with American educational background was working in India when in 2001, he was diagnosed suffering from bone cancer and doctors soon pronounced defeat at finding a cure for him. The story below is written by Mr Bhardwaj:When recitation of Gurbani cured me of deadly cancer, I experienced God.SGGS Page 1096 Full Shabadਜਾ ਤੂ ਮੇਰੈ ਵਲਿ ਹੈ ਤਾ ਕਿਆ ਮ੝ਹਛੰਦਾ ॥jaa thoo maerai val hai thaa kiaa muhashha(n)dhaaWhen You are on my side, Lord, why should I worry?If God is with me, who can harm me?: Not even the deadliest disease of cancer can take my life away and that is exactly the divinely inspiring message of the truly miraculous story of my victorious battle against bone cancer which was medically diagnosed to be multiple melanomas.It was the continuous recitation of Gurbani that not only cured me of bone cancer that had already destroyed most of my bones in my skeleton, but also shattered my will to live. The blessings of Guru Granth Sahib not only triggered and accelerated the processes of complete and total cure in my body, but the Guru also enabled me to experience God. This also inspired me to pursue Naam therapy to totally and permanently get rid of otherwise fatal bone cancer.Can Shabad-Kirtan and faithful recitation of Sri Guru Granth Sahib save me from fatal clutches of cancer?Can such a miracle happen?These were the questions that repeatedly crossed my mind and also dominated my dreams. Initially, I dismissed such ideas and being a science researcher with American educational background, I did not even believe in the existence of god. I have always been taught by my American scientists, teachers and professors that our life and the universe are governed by the irrefutable and irreversible laws of science and that God was nothing but a 'concept' or an illusion invented by timid and non-scientific minds. Hence, I have never been to any place of worship and also never prayed. But not anymore.Medical HistoryIt was April 27th 2002 when three different teams of oncologists and haematologists from Mumbai, Surat and Ahmedabad presented me with the unanimous medical investigation reports based on their repeatedly unanimous findings, they passed their judgment with one voice that my life is going to end in a few days as the deadly cancer called multiple melanomas has ruined most of my bones that are functionally vital for my survival. On April 29th 2002, I had completed three and half years of painful life as a terminally bed-ridden cancer patient. I was slowly dying of cancer. The bony structures of my right ear had been eaten away by bone cancer that gave me total deafness in my right ear. Repeated audio graphs done by several E.N.T. surgeons proved beyond doubt that the decibel loss was irreversible and so immense that Dr. A.B.R. Desai in Mumbai, who is reputed to be the final authority on E.N.T. ailments, told me that there was something very tragically wrong with the bones in my right year and after trying several treatments, Dr. Desai told me that he has no medicine for my ailment and that I will never be able to hear with my right ear. The reputed E.N.T. surgeon Dr. Farida Wadia of civil hospital was of the opinion that if the loss of hearing in the right year was not due to nerve deafness and was really a symptomatic manifestation of some un-diagnosed ailment then the hearing will return after that un-diagnosed ailment is cured. Is she blessed with 6th, 7th and 8th sense? I guess say so because that is exactly how the events ran their course.Medical Prognosis PoorDr. Farida Wadia was also using her imagination like telescope in time and exactly predicting things which were yet to come. Later, it was Dr. Kiran Shah, the senior most reputed oncologist haematologist in Surat who himself performed bone marrow analysis and gave me the shocking news that I am not only suffering from bone cancer called multiple melanomas but the cancer has already destroyed much my vital bones. As per his advise, electrophoresis of the blood and MRI - [magnetic resonance imaging] - of brain and skull as well as CT-Scan were also done at Mahavir General Hospital which confirmed beyond doubt that I am slowly but surely dying of bone cancer. I had been loosing appetite and had developed dislike for food. [Anorexia nervosa] in between, I had also suffered from tumour on the right side of my head which gave me excruciating headache and giddiness. I lost orientation and would fall after walking for 30 seconds. As soon as cancer was diagnosed, I was immediately admitted to government civil hospital. There they administered six chemotherapy sessions – one every 28th day. This further destroyed my appetite and all the hair on my head and body were gone. I suffered these agonies for more than three and half years when on April 27th 2002, three teams of doctors and oncologists advised me that I should prepare my will as I had only a few days left.Beginning of the MiracleNow, this was the phase when the divine miracle began to take shape. It was Sardar Kesar Singh, the owner of reputed " Kwality Group of Hotels and Restaurants" in Surat and his son Sardar Manjeet Singh, who suggested to me that I should undertake a pilgrimage to the holy Golden Temple at Amritsar and offer Akhand Path and Ardas with complete faith and total devotion and pray before Sri Guru Granth Sahib to cure me of my cancer and bless me with good vibrant health and long life to remain in his service. I initially, took this suggestion very lightly and argued back that I do not understand Punjabi or Gurmukhi and would therefore, not follow any word of Sri Guru Granth Sahib and whatever brief knowledge of Sikhism and Sri Guru Granth Sahib I acquired was in April of 1999, when I wrote six researched articles on the 300 years of Khalsa celebrations published in the Indian press. But, Sardar Kesar Singh, who is also the president of Gurdwara at Udhana-Surat, convinced me that Sri Guru Granth Sahib's blessings are not restricted to those who speak or understand Punjabi or Gurmukhi. It is the faith and sincere devotion to the Guru which makes you worthy of his blessings.Inspiration and DedicationI found Sardar Kesar Singh's advice very much inspiring. Moreover, my sister-in-law Miss Kunti, a staunch devotee of Sri Guru Granth Sahib and a faithful follower of principles of Sikhism since her childhood, was equally instrumental in motivating me to undertake this pilgrimage. she taught me the basic philosophy of Sikhism and brought me a copy of Sri Guru Granth Sahib in English. My mother-in-law Ms.Shanti Hotchand Khatri, have a separate room at their bungalows at Baroda where they offer prayers, Ardas and listen to ShabadKirtans every early morning. Their persuasion proved to be decisive.The MiracleSo we left by Golden Temple Mail express train which departed from Surat at around 1-15 a.m. on April 29th 2002. We were received by the staff of Golden Temple and particularly Sardar Diljeet Singh Bedi who is in charge of liaisons with press and the public. Myself being a leading journalist, foreign-educated researcher and U.S.A. trained science writer, was given a VIP treatment and given accommodation in room no. 16 of Sri Arjan Dev Niwas. Since I had only a few days to live according to my doctors, they quickly made preparations for Akhand Path and Ardas after I paid Rs 2100 as fees. My wife Kanta, my daughter Halley and my brother-in-law's daughter Puja also sat with me. I was permitted to photograph and tape-record entire Akhand Path as well as Shabad Kirtans which I wanted to keep listening till I was to breath my last on my death - bed.BlessingsBut I was never to be lying on my death-bed because the moment the Granthi started reciting the Akhand Path , I began to feel streams of energy entering and flowing thru my body. It rose majestically from the pages of Sri Guru Granth Sahib like a serene cool flame of light entering my body through my fingers. The excruciating pain which I had suffered while struggling to reach the Golden Temple also disappeared. After 48 hours, I got up on my own two feet and began to feel and enjoy such vibrant health that I almost ran with joy towards Sri Arjan Dev Niwas and quickly climbed the stairs to my room no. 16. My appetite returned. I first took bath and then visited Jaliyanwala Bagh and then went to the 'Hotel Cityheart' and for the first time in three and half years I enjoyed a variety of Punjabi and Chinese foods which I had missed like deserts miss the rains.Return to SuratWe returned to Surat on 18th May 2002 and on 25th May again bone marrow analysis and electrophoresis tests were done on my body. No cancer was detected. Hence, to obtain second medical opinion, the samples were sent to Mumbai and Ahmedabad and medical doctors there also confirmed that the bone cancer is gone. My oncologist at Ahemedabad Dr. Pankaj Shah was preparing for stem cells transplant on me which was to have cost me Rs. nine lakhs. The entire medical world was taken by surprise. All doctors agreed that this is, indeed, a miracle because there is no medicine in Allopathy that can cure deadly cancer within 48 hours and effect a 180 degree change. The latest electrophoresis: serum protein test done is dated April 7th 2003 at Abha Clinical Laboratory. The doctors have signed this medical test report with comments: " no melanomas band."Post-Miracle AnalysisI have preserved all the medical reports and x-rays done before and after the Akhand Path and Ardas at Golden Temple and they all tell the true story of my miraculous cure. Ever since this miracle, I am not only experiencing Guru's vibrations within me but also feel God's spiritual energy within me which inspires me and guides me in thought and deed, and vibrate in unison with him. I am joyfully back to " cheers and gears of life.", soulfully sharing my God-Given spiritual energy with those who love and faithfully listens to Guru Granth Sahib and enrich their mind, body and soul with divinely vibrant health.Chardi-KalaNow, I am enjoying the life of guru-inspired faith and taking Sri Guru Granth Sahib and God as my constant companion. It is the miracle and the divine magnetic spell of Sri Guru Granth Sahib, which I also realized through Naam therapy that has not only blessed me with healthy life but considering my greatly vibrant health, spiritual strength and new youthful looks and glamorous shining black hair, the same oncologists tell me that I am totally free of all kinds of diseases. I myself feel so close to the Guru that something tells me that I will live for 125 years and remain in Guru's service and bring true love, happiness and inspiration to all my friends.My life has taken a spiritual turn. I get sound sleep without any sleeping pills. Since 25th April 2002, I am no longer on any medicine. I read Nitnem and get sound sleep and get up early to read Paath and enjoy Shabad Kirtan on Punjabi TV channel. Guru's teachings have gone a long way in dispelling the darkness of ignorance. Guru has not only changed my destiny but made me a devotee with the faith that is not blind but enlightened.ConclusionSo often, I see and meet Gurus in my dreams and they taught me a new healthy life-style to give happiness to others. I am never angry. I have no bad habits and always remain jovial. Now, my motto is: ' people enjoy the happiness they feel. but I enjoy the happiness I give. Guru's one of the teachings says : " Kirat Karani and Wand Chhakana." - Meaning: earn the fruits of your hard work ‘ Naam Japana’; and share your fruits with others with love. I believe in the sun even when it is not shining. I believe in love even when not feeling it. I believe in God even when he is silent. There is one God. God is truth. He is the creator of the universe and all beings. He is without fear and without hatred. He is the eternal being and the divine soul, birth less, self enlightened. He is enemy to none. Through grace of the Satguru he is met. Diseases and sins are destroyed by hearing the name of God says Guru Nanak. The Name, revealed to me by Guru's advice, is the breath of my life and the praise of the lord is my life's vocation. " Truth is great but greater than truth is truthful living." says Sri Guru Granth Sahib. The Khalsa belongs to [the wondrous guru ] God; all victory of is the victory of [the Wondrous guru ] Wahe Guruji ka Khalsa- Wahe Guruji ki Fateh.Mr Vasu Bhardwaj, Journalist, Science Writer, Corporate News coverageThe TribuneFaith cured him of cancer by Shivani Bhakoo Ludhiana, March 15, 2003Do you believe in miracles? If not, meet 60-year-old Vasu Bhardwaj, who was suffering from bone cancer two years ago and doctors had shown their helplessness to cure him. Today he is a fit man. There is no sign of malignancy in his body. Various tests to detect cancer have proved this point.Thanks to his incessant faith in God, this Special Correspondent of Gujarati Mitr, a daily published from Surat, has survived one of the killer diseases. “God is the ultimate healer. He knows your problems and if you have faith in Him, He will definitely come to your rescue”, says Vasu Bhardwaj, who got rid of bone cancer last year through faith healing.Vasu is in the city to participate in a five-day “faith-healing” camp, which is under way at Model Town and is being organised by the Sarb Rog Ka Aukhad Naam mission, an organisation which claims to cure fatal diseases through faith healing. Hundreds of patients from all over the country are attending the camp to get rid of their diseases.The story of Vasu, who is perhaps the happiest man on earth after he was cured of the dreaded cancer, is no less than a miracle. It was around four years ago that he started having a hearing problem in his right ear. “I was not comfortable as I could not hear anything from my right ear.” said Vasu, adding that his problem could not be diagnosed initially for months.“After a few months, following a test, I came to know that I was suffering from bone cancer. As I belong to a family of doctors, with my wife also being a doctor, I was advised to take injections and medicine regularly. I underwent a lot of chemotherapy sessions during this time. I had hair loss also. I used to feel depressed but could not do anything”, said Vasu.In April, 2002, doctors warned him that it was his last stage. Somebody suggested to him to visit the Golden Temple once and pray for himself. “He was a Sikh friend of mine. He asked me to organise an Akhand Path of 48 hours at the Golden Temple. I knew nothing about religion but had faith in my mind and reached Amritsar. The path began on May 3, 2002, at the Golden Temple. During those hours, I was praying for my life. I did not have anything for two days. I had gone to the temple on a stretcher. When the path concluded, my condition had miraculously improved. And I came out of the temple without a stretcher. I had guru ka langar and went to see the Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar the same day”, said Vasu.Vasu claimed that on May 25, 2002, electro-phoresis and bone marrow tests were conducted and he was astonished when both reports came out to be negative. “I am leading a normal life now and am not taking even a single medicine. This is because of faith healing. I did not know anything about Gurbani but had faith in God. After every two months, I go to the Golden Temple”, said Vasu.He was invited to attend the camp by Dr Balwant, local organiser. Thousands of patients from Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Delhi, Uttar Pradesh and other states are participating in the camp to get themselves treated for fatal diseases like cancer and tuberculosis and neurological problems. The camp will conclude on March 16.“It’s not that people should have faith in one particular religion. They should have faith in God, Who’s there to cure them”, said Vasu.Demise: in 2006 - Shri Vasu Bhardwaj left a memorable record of his healing through Gurbani. He had enjoyed perfect health almost till end.This article appeared in the Tribune India Ludhiana on 16 March 2003The following is the link to the youtube video where Mr. Vasu Bhardwaj is narrating the whole incident :https://youtu.be/S2VD_5bjHdg