Dd Form 1861: Fill & Download for Free

USS Ward engaged a sub just outside of Pearl Harbor on December 7Three minutes after spotting the sub, the Ward was able to fire on and sink it, a full hour before Japanese bombers descended on Oahu and destroyed the US Pacific Fleet. Though the US didn't officially declare war until the next day, the Ward is considered to have fired the first American shots fired in WWII.USS Ward (DD-139) [ Note NOT Aaron Ward] was a 1,247-long-ton (1,267 t) Wickes-class destroyer in the United States Navy during World War I, later APD-16 (see High speed transport) in World War II. She caused the first American-caused casualties in World War II, when she engaged a Japanese submarine before the attack on Pearl Harbor, and successfully sank her, killing the two crew on board.Ward was named in honor of Commander James Harmon Ward, USN, (1806–1861), the first U.S. Navy officer to be killed in action during the American Civil WarOn the morning of 7 December 1941, under the command of LCDR William W. Outerbridge, Ward was conducting a precautionary patrol off the entrance to Pearl Harbor when she was informed at 03:57 by visual signals from the coastal minesweeper Condor of a periscope sighting, whereupon Ward began searching for the contact.At about 06:37, she sighted a periscope apparently tailing the cargo ship Antares whereupon she attacked the target. The target sunk was a Japanese Ko-hyoteki-class, two-man midget submarine, thus Ward caused the first American-caused casualties of World War II a little over an hour before Japanese carrier aircraft bombed in or near targets in Honolulu.

SUPREME COURTThe Supreme Court of India is the highest judicial forum and final court of appeal under the Constitution of India, the highest constitutional court, with the power of constitutional review.It comprises the Chief Justice of India and 30 other judges. It has original, appellate and advisory jurisdictions.As the final court of appeal of the country, it takes up appeals primarily against verdicts of the High Courts of various States of the Union and other courts and tribunals.The Supreme Court has extensive original jurisdiction for the protection of fundamental rights of citizens. It also acts as the court to settle disputes between various governments in the country. As an advisory court, it hears matters which may specifically be referred to it under the Constitution by the President of India. It also may take cognisance of matters on its own (or 'suo moto'), without anyone drawing its attention. It was first set up in Calcutta for administration of justice.The law declared by the Supreme Court becomes binding on all courts within India.In 1861 the Indian High Courts Act 1861 was enacted to create High Courts for various provinces and abolished Supreme Courts at Calcutta, Madras and Bombay and also the Sadar Adalats in Presidency towns which had acted as the highest court in their respective regions. These new High Courts had the distinction of being the highest Courts for all cases till the creation of Federal Court of India under the Government of India Act 1935. The Federal Court had jurisdiction to solve disputes between provinces and federal states and hear appeal against judgements of the High Courts.The Supreme Court of India came into being on 28 January 1950.It replaced both the Federal Court of India and the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council which were then at the apex of the Indian court system.Supreme Court initially had its seat at Chamber of Princes in the Parliament building where the previous Federal Court of India sat from 1937 to 1950. The first Chief Justice of India was Sir H J Kania. In 1958, the Supreme Court moved to its present premises.Originally, Constitution of India envisaged a Supreme Court with a Chief Justice and seven Judges; leaving it to Parliament to increase this number.In formative years, the Supreme Court met from 10 to 12 in the morning and then 2 to 4 in the afternoon for 28 days in a year.Size of the court.As originally enacted, the Constitution of India provided for a Supreme Court with a Chief Justice and 7 judges. In the early years, a full bench of the Supreme Court sat together to hear the cases presented before them. As the work of the Court increased and cases began to accumulate, Parliament increased the number of judges from the original 8 in 1950 to 10 in 1956, 13 in 1960, 17 in 1977, 26 in 1986 and 31 in 2008 (current strength). As the number of the judges has increased, they sit in smaller benches of two or three (referred to as a division bench)— coming together in larger benches of five or more (referred to as a constitution bench) when required to settle fundamental questions of law. A bench may refer a case before it to a larger bench, should the need arise.EligibilityA citizen of Indiawho has beena judge of one high court or more (continuously), for at least five years,oran advocate there, for at least ten years, ora distinguished jurist, in the opinion of the president,is eligible to be recommended for appointment, a judge of the supreme court.JUDICIAL INDEPENDENCE.The Constitution seeks to ensure the independence of Supreme Court Judges in various ways.Appointments and the Collegium.As per the Constitution, as held by the court in the Three Judges' Cases - (1982, 1993, 1998), a judge is appointed to the Supreme Court by the President of India on the recommendation of the collegium — a closed group of the Chief Justice of India, the four most senior judges of the court and the senior-most judge hailing from the high court of a prospective appointee.This has resulted in a Memorandum of Procedure being followed, for the appointments.Judges used to be appointed by him on the advice of the Union Cabinet. After 1993 (the Second Judges' Case), no minister, or even the executive collectively, can suggest any names to the President,who ultimately decides on appointing them from a list of names recommended only by the collegium of the judiciary. Simultaneously, as held in that judgment, the executive was given the power to reject a recommended name. However, according to some, the executive has not been diligent in using this power to reject the names of bad candidates recommended by the judiciary.The collegium system has come under a fair amount of criticism.In 2015, the Parliament passed a law to replace the collegium with a National Judicial Appointments Commission (NJAC). This was struck down as unconstitutional by the Supreme Court, in the Fourth Judges' Case, as the new system would undermine the independence of the judiciary.Putting the old system of the collegium back, the court invited suggestions, even from the general public, on how to improve the collegium system, broadly along the lines of - setting up an eligibility criteria for appointments, a permanent secretariat to help the collegium sift through material on potential candidates, infusing more transparency into the selection process, grievance redressal and any other suggestion not in these four categories, like transfer of judges.This resulted in the court asking the government and the collegium to finalize the Memorandum of Procedure incorporating the above.Once, in 2009, the recommendation for the appointment of a judge of a high court made by the collegium of that court, had come to be challenged in the supreme court. The court held that who could become a judge was a matter of fact, and any person had a right to question it. But who should become a judge was a matter of opinion and could not be questioned. As long as an effective consultation took place within a collegium in arriving at that opinion, the content or material placed before it to form the opinion could not be called for scrutiny in court.The position of Chief Justice of India is attained on the basis of seniority amongst the judges serving on the court.TenureSupreme Court judges retire at the age of 65. However, there have been suggestions, including from the judges of the Supreme Court of India, to provide for a fixed term for the judges there including the Chief Justice of India.SalaryArticle 125 of the Indian Constitution leaves it to the Indian Parliament to determine the salary, other allowances, leave of absence, pension, etc. of the Supreme Court judges. However, the Parliament cannot alter any of these privileges and rights to the judge's disadvantage after his appointment.A judge gets ₹90,000 per month, the Chief Justice earns an additional ₹10,000.RemovalA judge of the Supreme Court can be removed under the Constitution only on grounds of proven misconduct or incapacity and by an order of the President of India, after a notice signed by at least 100 members of the Lok Sabha (House of the People) or 50 members of the Rajya Sabha (Council of the States) is passed by a two-third majority in each House of the Parliament.Post-retirement.A person who has retired as a Judge of the Supreme Court is debarred from practising in any court of law or before any other authority in India.Power to review its own judgements.Further information: Review petitionArticle 137 of the Constitution of India lays down provision for power of the Supreme Court to review its own judgments. As per this Article, subject to the provisions of any law made by Parliament or any rules made under Article 145, the Supreme Court shall have power to review any judgment pronounced or order made by it.Under Order XL of the Supreme Court Rules, that have been framed under its powers under Article 145 of the Constitution, the Supreme Court may review its judgment or order but no application for review is to be entertained in a civil proceeding except on the grounds mentioned in Order XLVII, Rule 1 of the Code of Civil Procedure.Powers to punish for contempt.Under Articles 129 and 142 of the Constitution the Supreme Court has been vested with power to punish anyone for contempt of any court in India including itself. The Supreme Court performed an unprecedented action when it directed a sitting Minister of the state of Maharashtra, Swaroop Singh Naik,to be jailed for 1-month on a charge of contempt of court on 12 May 2006. This was the first time that a serving Minister was ever jailed.The Constitution of India under Article 145 empowers the Supreme Court to frame its own rules for regulating the practice and procedure of the Court as and when required (with the approval of the President of India). Accordingly, "Supreme Court Rules, 1950" were framed. The 1950 Rules were replaced by the Supreme Court Rules, 1966.In 2014, Supreme Court notified the Supreme Court Rules, 2013 replacing the 1966 Rules effective from 19 August 2014.HIGH COURTS the high court operates below the Supreme Court but above the subordinate courtsoccupies the top position in the judicial administration of a state originated in India in 1862 when the high courts were set up at Calcutta, Bombay and Madras In 1866, a fourth high court was established at Allahabad. In the course of time, each province in British India came to have its own high court. After 1950, a high court existing in a province became the high court for the corresponding state The Constitution of India provides for a high court for each state, but the Seventh Amendment Act of 1956 authorised the Parliament to establish a common high court for two or more states or for two or more states and a union territory At present, there are 24 high courts in the country  three are common high courts Delhi is the only union territory that has a high court of its own (since 1966) Parliament can extend the jurisdiction of a high court to any union territory or exclude the jurisdiction of a high court from any union territory Organisation of High Court  Consists of a chief justice and such other judges as the president may from time to time deem necessary to appoint the Constitution does not specify the strength of a high court and leaves it to the discretion of the president. the President determines the strength of a high court from time to time depending upon its workload Judges Appointment of Judges- appointed by the President, chief justice is appointed by the President after consultation with the chief justice of India and the governor of the state concerned Qualifications of Judges- a citizen of India, held a judicial office in the territory of India for ten years, or have been an advocate of a high court (or high courts in succession) for ten years the Constitution has not prescribed a minimum age for appointment as a judge of a high court Oath or Affirmation- make and subscribe an oath or affirmation before the governor of the state or some person appointed by him for this purpose Tenure of Judges- The Constitution has not fixed the tenure of a judge of a high court  four provisions in this regard- holds office until he attains the age of 62 years, resign his office by writing to the president, removed from his office by the President on the recommendation of the Parliament, vacates his office when he is appointed as a judge of the Supreme Court or when he is transferred to another high court Removal of Judges-RAJESH NAYAK  removed from his office by an order of the President, President can issue the removal order only after an address by the Parliament has been presented to him in the same session for such removal, address must be supported by a special majority of each House of Parliament (i.e., a majority of the total membership of that House and majority of not less than two-thirds of the members of that House present and voting, The Judges Enquiry Act (1968) regulates the procedure relating to the removal of a judge of a high court by the process of impeachment:A removal motion signed by 100 members (in the case of Lok Sabha) or 50 members (in the case of Rajya Sabha) is to be given to the Speaker/Chairman.The Speaker/Chairman may admit the motion or refuse to admit it. If it is admitted, then the Speaker/Chairman is to constitute a three-member committee to investigate into the charges.The committee should consist of(a) the chief justice or a judge of the Supreme Court,(b) a chief justice of a high court, and(c) a distinguished jurist.If the committee finds the judge to be guilty of misbehaviour or suffering from an incapacity, the House can take up the consideration of the motion. After the motion is passed by each House of Parliament by special majority, an address is presented to the president for removal of the judge. Finally, the president passes an order removing the judge. no judge of a high court has been impeached so far Salaries and Allowances- determined from time to time by the Parliament, In 2009, the salary of the chief justice was increased from `30,000 to `90,000 per month and that of a judge from `26,000 to `80,000 per month Transfer of Judges- President can transfer a judge from one high court to another after consulting the Chief Justice of India Acting Chief Justice President can appoint a judge of a high court as an acting chief justice of the high court when: 1. the office of chief justice of the high court is vacant; orThe chief justice of the high court is temporarily absent; or the chief justice of the high court is unable to perform the duties of his office Additional and Acting Judges President can appoint duly qualified persons as additional judges of a high court for a temporary period not exceeding two years when:1. there is a temporary increase in the business of the high court; or2. there are arrears of work in the high courtRetired Judges the chief justice of a high court of a state can request a retired judge of that high court or any other high court to act as a judge of the high court of that state for a temporary period can do so only with the previous consent of the President and also of the person to be so appointed Independence of High Court Mode of Appointment- See Above Security of Tenure-can be removed from office by the president only in the manner and on the grounds mentioned in the Constitution. This means that they do not hold their office during the pleasure of the president, though they are appointed by him Fixed Service Conditions Expenses Charged on Consolidated Fund- salaries and allowances of the judges, the salaries, allowances and pensions of the staff as well as the administrative expenses of a high court are charged on the consolidated fund of the state, pension of a high court judge is charged on the Consolidated Fund of India and not the state Conduct of Judges cannot be Discussed Ban on Practice after Retirement Power to Punish for its Contempt Freedom to Appoint its Staff Its Jurisdiction cannot be Curtailed Separation from Executive Jurisdiction and Powers of High Court At present, a high court enjoys the following jurisdiction and powers: 1. Original jurisdiction.Writ jurisdiction.Appellate jurisdiction.Supervisory jurisdiction.Control over subordinate courts.A court of record.Power of judicial review.The present jurisdiction and powers of a high court are governed by(a) the constitutional provisions,(b) the Letters Patent,(c) the Acts of Parliament,(d) the Acts of State Legislature,(e) Indian Penal Code, 1860,(f) Cirminal Procedure Code, 1973, and(g) Civil Procedure Code, 1908 1. Original Jurisdiction It means the power of a high court to hear disputes in the first instance, not by way of appeal (Retired Judges the chief justice of a high court of a state can request a retired judge of that high court or any other high court to act as a judge of the high court of that state for a temporary period can do so only with the previous consent of the President and also of the person to be so appointed Independence of High Court Mode of Appointment- See Above Security of Tenure-can be removed from office by the president only in the manner and on the grounds mentioned in the Constitution. This means that they do not hold their office during the pleasure of the president, though they are appointed by him Fixed Service Conditions Expenses Charged on Consolidated Fund- salaries and allowances of the judges, the salaries, allowances and pensions of the staff as well as the administrative expenses of a high court are charged on the consolidated fund of the state, pension of a high court judge is charged on the Consolidated Fund of India and not the state Conduct of Judges cannot be Discussed Ban on Practice after Retirement Power to Punish for its Contempt Freedom to Appoint its Staff Its Jurisdiction cannot be Curtailed Separation from Executive Jurisdiction and Powers of High Court At present, a high court enjoys the following jurisdiction and powers:Original jurisdiction. .Writ jurisdiction.Appellate jurisdiction.Supervisory jurisdiction.Control over subordinate courts.A court of record.Power of judicial review.The present jurisdiction and powers of a high court are governed by(a) the constitutional provisions,(b) the Letters Patent,(c) the Acts of Parliament,(d) the Acts of State Legislature,(e) Indian Penal Code, 1860,(f) Cirminal Procedure Code, 1973, and(g) Civil Procedure Code, 1908SUBORDINATE COURTS also known as lower courts so called because of their subordination to the state high courtConstitutional Provisions Articles 233 to 237 in Part VI of the Constitution1. Appointment of District Judges The appointment, posting and promotion of district judges in a state are made by the governor of the state in consultation with the high court.A person to be appointed as district judge should have the following qualifications:(a) He should not already be in the service of the Central or the state government.(b) He should have been an advocate or a pleader for seven years.(c) He should be recommended by the high court for appointment.2. Appointment of other Judges made by the governor of the state after consultation with the State Public Service Commission and the high court3. Control over Subordinate Courts the posting, promotion and leave of persons belonging to the judicial service of a state and holding any post inferior to the post of district judge is vested in the high court4. Interpretation district judge‘ includes judge of a city civil court, Additional district judge, joint district judge, assistant district judge, chief judge of a small cause court, chief presidency magistrate, additional chief presidency magistrate, sessions judge, additional sessions judge and assistant sessions judge expression: judicial service‘ means a service consisting exclusively of persons intended to fill the post of district judge and other civil judicial posts inferior to the post of district judge 5. Application of the above Provisions to Certain Magistrates Governor may direct that the above mentioned provisions relating to persons in the state judicial service would apply to any class or classes of magistrates in the state. district judge is the highest judicial authority in the district, When he deals with civil cases, he is known as the district judge and when he hears the criminal cases, he is called as the sessions judge.Source-WikipediaM laxmikant.DD Basu.

19th century[edit]Samuel Chamberlain (1829–1908) – Dragoon sergeant of the Mexican War who re-enlisted in 1861 and eventually became a brevet general.Patrick Cleburne (1828–1864) – British army corporal who later became a Confederate general.Johnny Clem (1851–1937) – Enlisted in the US Civil War as a drummer boy and retired as a US Army general in 1917.Nathan Bedford Forrest (1821–1877) – Began his career in the Confederate States Army as a private in the cavalry and was commissioned colonel in 1861; eventually becoming a lieutenant general.Christian Fleetwood (1840–1915) – USCT sergeant and Medal of Honor recipient, later became a major in the District of Columbia National Guard.Mirabeau B. Lamar (1798–1859) – Enlisted as a private during the Texas Revolution and received a battlefield commission as a colonel and command of the Texian cavalry immediately prior to the Battle of San Jacinto. Lamar would later serve as the Texas Secretary of War and be elected president.William McKinley (1843–1901) – Enlisted as a private in the Union Army in 1861; promoted to the rank of sergeant. Received a battlefield commission for valor under fire at the Battle of Antietam; mustered out of the army as a major. Subsequently, became the 25th president of the United States.John Murphy (born c.1820, date of death unknown) – Irish sergeant who deserted the US army during the Mexican War and received a commission in the San Patricios Battalion of the Mexican Army.Bennet C. Riley (1787–1853) – Commissioned as an ensign (an obsolete army junior officer rank) in the Regiment of Riflemen in 1813; eventually becoming a colonel and brevet major general.Winfield Scott (1786–1865) – Enlisted as a militia cavalry corporal in 1807. Commissioned as a captain in the Regular Army in 1808. Was promoted to brigadier general in 1814, aged 27, and eventually became a major general (and brevet lieutenant general).20th and 21st centuries[edit]Jeremy Boorda (1939–1996) – Rose from the USN enlisted ranks to become a four-star admiral and Chief of Naval Operations. Committed suicide in 1996 while serving as CNO.Ernest C. Brace (1931–2014) – Enlisted in the United States Marine Corps as a radio/radar technician in 1947, earned a commission as a Marine pilot, and flew more than 100 missions during the Korean War before being court-martialed.John Francis Burnes (birth name: Martin Maher) (1883–1918) – Enlisted in the United States Marine Corps in 1904, achieved the rank of Sgt. Major by 1916, appointed a Marine Gunner on 24 March 1917, was promoted to Captain (temporary service) on 3 June 1917, wounded in WWI during the Battle of Belleau Wood and died soon after. Awarded the Distinguished Service Cross, the Navy Cross, and the Silver Star citation. The destroyer USS John Francis Burnes (DD-299) was named for him. He is buried in Arlington Cemetery.Dale Dye (born 1944) – Retired USMC captain. Awarded Bronze Star and three Purple Hearts during the Vietnam War.John William Finn (1909–2010) – Enlisted in the navy in July 1926, shortly before his seventeenth birthday. Promoted to chief petty officer in 1935 after only nine years of active duty. Awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions at Naval Air Station Kaneohe Bay during the attack on Pearl Harbor. In 1942 Finn was commissioned, and served as a limited duty officer with the rank of ensign. In 1947 he was reverted to his enlisted rank of chief petty officer, eventually becoming a lieutenant with Bombing Squadron VB-102 and aboard the USS Hancock (CV-19). Retired from the navy as a lieutenant in September 1956.Robin Fontes – Enlisted in the United States Army Reserve in 1981, earned a commission from West Point in 1986, and was promoted to major general in 2017.John W. Foss (born 1933) – Enlisted in Minnesota National Guard at 16 and then Regular Army upon graduation from high school. Served as an infantry private. Accepted to United States Military Academy Preparatory School and then United States Military Academy, graduating in 1956. Served two combat tours in the Vietnam War and eventually became commanding general United States Army Training and Doctrine Command. Retired as four-star general in 1991.Wesley L. Fox (1931–2017) – Retired USMC colonel, who rose from the ranks of private to first sergeant to colonel. Awarded Medal of Honor, Bronze Star (with Combat V), and four Purple Hearts during the Vietnam War.Tommy Franks (born 1945) – Enlisted in 1965 as a cryptologic analyst; selected to attend the Artillery and Missile Officer Candidate School, Fort Sill, Oklahoma and was commissioned a second lieutenant in 1967, rising to four-star general. Franks was the U.S. general leading the attack on the Taliban in Afghanistan in response to the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center and The Pentagon in 2001.Tulsi Gabbard (born 1981) – Currently, a major in the Hawaii Army National Guard and representing the Hawaii's 2nd congressional district in the United States House of Representatives. Enlisted as a Medical Specialist with the 29th Infantry Brigade Support Battalion of the Hawaii Army National Guard, serving a 12-month deployment in Iraq in 2004. Commissioned as an officer in March 2007, deploying to Iraq for a second tour of duty with the 29th Brigade Special Troops Battalion of the Hawaii Army National Guard as the Military Police Platoon Leader. In January 2019, she began a campaign for U.S. President.Jim Gant (born c.1965) - US Army sergeant during the First Gulf War and captain during the American Afghan War.Alfred M. Gray, Jr. (born 1928) – Retired United States Marine Corps general who served as the 29th Commandant of the Marine Corps from 1987 to 1991. Served as an enlisted Marine sergeant before becoming a mustang.David Hackworth (1930–2005) – Korean War and Vietnam War veteran. Retired in 1971 with the rank of colonel.Courtney Hodges (1887–1966) – Enlisted as a private in the US Army in 1906, was commissioned and served in both World War I and World War II, during which he commanded First US Army, retired in 1949 as a general.George E. R. Kinnear II (1928–2015) – Enlisted as a Seaman Recruit in the US Navy in 1945, was commissioned as an Ensign in 1948, served as a Naval Aviator in Korea and Vietnam and as commander of NAS Miramar ("Top Gun"), and retired as a four-star admiral in 1982.Carwood Lipton (1920–2001) – World War II veteran who was a member of Easy Company, 2nd Battalion, 506th Parachute Infantry Regiment, in the 101st Airborne Division. He enlisted as a private and eventually received a battlefield commission to second lieutenant. His story was featured in the Band of Brothers and was portrayed in the miniseries adaptation by Donnie Wahlberg.James Mattis (born 1950) – Retired USMC general, a former Secretary of Defense. Enlisted in the USMC in 1969[5] and was commissioned a second lieutenant through Naval ROTC on January 1, 1972.[6]Audie Murphy (1925–1971) – The most decorated US soldier of World War II, Staff Sergeant Murphy received a battlefield commission in France in 1944; subsequently became an actor. Received the Medal of Honor and later held a major's commission in the US National Guard.Peter J. Ortiz (1913–1988) – Enlisted in the French Foreign Legion, receiving a field commission. Enlisted then commissioned a second-lieutenant in the United States Marine Corps in 1942. Retired as a colonel in the USMCR.Lewis Burwell "Chesty" Puller (1898–1971) – Enlisted in the Marine Corps in 1918 and received a commission in 1924. Retired as a lieutenant general. Was awarded the Navy Cross five times, the second person in history to be awarded as much.John Shalikashvili (1936–2011) – Enlisted in the army in 1958; applied to and accepted in Officer Candidate School the following year. Went on to become a four-star general and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (1993–1997), and retired in 1997.Clarence A. Shoop (1907–1968) – Enlisted in the Pennsylvania Army National Guard in 1927, earned a commission in the Army Air Corps as a pilot, and retired from the United States Air Force as a major general.Larry O. Spencer (born 1954)– Enlisted in the United States Air Force in 1971, subsequently earned a commission as a second lieutenant in 1980 through the Officer Training School and later became the 37th Vice Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force. Retired as a four-star general in 2015.Jeff Struecker (born 1969) – Retired US Army major. He served as an enlisted man in Panama and Somalia, before attended and graduating from seminary and commissioned as a pastor in the army. Portrayed by Brian Van Holt in the film Black Hawk Down (2001).John William Vessey, Jr. (1922–2016) – Enlisted in the Minnesota National Guard in 1939 at the age of 16; received a battlefield commission at the WWII battle of Anzio, and fought in the Korean and Vietnam wars, rising to a four-star general in 1976 and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff in 1982.Larry D. Welch (born 1934) – Enlisted in the Kansas National Guard in 1951; later enlisted in the USAF and rose to become Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force. Retired as a four-star general in 1990.Chuck Yeager (born 1923) – Enlisted in the U.S. Army Air Forces in 1941 and began as an aircraft mechanic. He soon entered pilot training and served as a flight officer upon receiving his wings. He later earned a commission as a second lieutenant and was a noted combat pilot during World War II and as a test pilot during the postwar era, to include being the first to successfully exceed the speed of sound. Retired from the U.S. Air Force as a brigadier general in 1975.Non-American mustang officers[edit]British Empire[edit]Idi Amin – British army cook during the 1940s, later one of the first native commissioned officers in the Ugandan army.Adrian Carton de Wiart – Joined British cavalry as an enlisted man during the Second Boer War. Commissioned as a lieutenant in 1901, and later served as a general during World War I and World War II.John Crocker – Enlisted as a private soldier in the British Army in 1915; temporary second lieutenant in the Machine Gun Corps on 26 January 1917; left army, but rejoined the Middlesex Regiment 1920. Rose to General in WWII.George Croil – Joined the Gordon Highlanders as a pvt in 1914. Air Marshal with the Canadian Air Force during World War II.Moshe Dayan – Enlisted in British Army during World War II and served as an Israeli general in all three of the Arab Israeli Wars.Henry Kelly VC – Promoted from sergeant major to lieutenant in 1915, later fought in the Irish Civil War and Spanish Civil War.Enoch Powell – Joined the British Army in 1939 as a private in the Royal Warwickshire Regiment, ending the war as a brigadier.Arnold Ridley, best known for playing Private Godfrey in Dad's Army, rose from private to captain during World War I, and also served with the British Army and Home Guard during World War II.William "Wully" Robertson. Chief of the Imperial General Staff (CIGS – professional head of the British Army) during the First World War. The first, and to date only, British soldier to rise from private to Field Marshal.Jan Smuts, South African World War I and World War II general, began his military career as a corporal in a commando before the Boer War.Charles Upham (21 September 1908 – 22 November 1994) WW2 20th Battalion NZEF started the war as a private, rose to the rank of captain, and went on to become the only combat soldier awarded a Bar to the VC.France[edit]Pierre Augereau – Served as enlisted man in numerous European armies, including the French, before the French Revolution; became a Marshal of the Empire under Napoleon.Jean-Baptiste Jules Bernadotte (aka King Charles XIV John) – Served in the Régiment Royal–La Marine for a decade; became a Marshal of the Empire under Napoleon, and later was elected Crown Prince of Sweden, he died as the King of Sweden and King of Norway.Jean-Baptiste Bessières – Enlisted in the Constitutional Guard and served in the army during the French Revolutionary Wars; became a Marshal of the Empire under Napoleon.Jean-Baptiste Jourdan – Enlisted in the French Army when he was 15 years old and fought in the American War of Independence; became a Marshal of the Empire under Napoleon.Jean Lannes – Served as Sergeant-Major of a volunteer battalion during the French Revolutionary Wars; became a Marshal of the Empire under Napoleon.Jacques MacDonald – Served as enlisted man in the Irish Legion and in Dutch service before receiving a commission in the French Army; became a Marshal of the Empire under Napoleon.André Masséna – Served as enlisted soldier in the Royal Italian Regiement of the French Army for 14 years; became a Marshal of the Empire under Napoleon.Bon-Adrien Jeannot de Moncey – Enlisted twice as a kid but was quickly dismissed when his father intervened; became a Marshal of the Empire under Napoleon.Michel Ney – Served 5 years as an enlisted cavalryman; became a Marshal of the Empire under Napoleon.Nicolas Oudinot – Had served 3 years as an enlisted soldier; became a Marshal of the Empire under Napoleon.Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr – Briefly served as enlisted soldier before being elected as officer in a volunteer unit during the French Revolutionary Wars; became a Marshal of the Empire under Napoleon.Nicholas Savin – Cavalry NCO during the French Revolutionary Wars, promoted to lieutenant under Napoleon. Died in 1894 at the claimed age of 126.Jean-de-Dieu Soult – Enlisted in the French Army as a teenager and served for several years before receiving a commission; became a Marshal of the Empire under Napoleon.Louis-Gabriel Suchet – Served as cavalryman in the National Guard before receiving a commission; became a Marshal of the Empire under Napoleon.Claude Victor-Perrin, Duc de Belluno – Had already retired after 10 years of enlisted service; became a Marshal of the Empire under Napoleon.Russia[edit]Pavel Ivanovich Batov – Russian Imperial Guard during World War I, Red Army commander during the Russian Civil War, Spanish Civil War, Winter War and Great Patriotic War.Ivan Bogdanov – NCO in Tsarist army and Red Army commander during Russian Civil War and Great Patriotic War. Killed in action in 1942.Semyon Budyonny – NCO in the Tsarist army, decorated multiple times during World War I, commander of the 1st Cavalry Army of the RFSFR in the Civil War, Marshal of the Soviet Union from 1935 to his death in 1973.Vasily Chapaev – NCO in the Tsarist army and three times decorated with the Order of St. George in World War I, joined the Bolsheviks in 1917 to become one of the first "Red Commanders". Noted for his bravery, he was killed-in-action in the Ural River in 1919 and has been since immortalized as a hero in both the Soviet Union and Russian Federation.Pavel Dybenko – Promoted to naval NCO in the Baltic Fleet in 1912. He took part in the October Revolution in Petrograd, fought in the Civil War and reached the rank of Army General and military district commander in the Red Army. Executed in Stalin's purges in 1938.Vasily Gordov – Junior sergeant in 1915–17. He commanded the Stalingrad Front in 1942 during the early stages of the Battle of Stalingrad. Took part in the Battle of Berlin and the Prague Offensive in 1945.Grigory Kulik – Promoted to senior Feuerwerker (artillery NCO) in 1915 and decorated many times for bravery in World War I, joined the Red Army after the Revolution and became a Marshal of the Soviet Union in 1940, taking part in the Great Patriotic War.Mikhail Lashevich – Senior NCO in the Imperial Army, was wounded twice in World War I. In the Civil War he held commanding positions in various Red armies, then went to Harbin to serve as deputy chairman of the Chinese Eastern Railway (1926–1928).Rodion Malinovsky - Corporal in the Tsarist army, Red Army general during WWII.Lev Mekhlis – Bombardier in the 2nd Grenadier Artillery Regiment (1911), Feuerwerker (Senior Artillery NCO) in 1917, joined the Red Army in 1918, Colonel-General from 1939, member of the Stavka in the Great Patriotic War, responsible for five to seven fronts.Romuald Muklevich – Petty officer in the Baltic Fleet from 1912, took part in the Storming of the Winter Palace in October 1917, rose to become an admiral and the commander-in-chief of the Soviet Navy 1926–31, commissar for shipbuilding industry 1934–36, deputy minister for the defence industries 1936–37. Killed in Stalin's purges in 1938.Konstantin Rokossovsky – Tsarist cavalry NCO until 1917, then served in the Red Army until arrested and imprisoned during Stalin's purge. Reinstated in the Red Army in 1940 and retired in 1962.Prokofy Romanenko was promoted from sergeant to praporschik before the October Revolution, and later joined the Red Army.Andrey Yeryomenko – In 1914 he took part in the capture of Przemysl and was promoted to NCO. Joined the Bolsheviks in the Civil War, he was a proponent of mechanized warfare and earned the nickname "Russian Guderian". In 1941–45 he commanded many fronts, including the Stalingrad Front during the main phase of the Battle of Stalingrad.Georgy Zhukov – NCO in the Tsarist army in World War, Order of St. George, Marshal of the Soviet Union from 1941 and Defence Minister during and after the Great Patriotic War.Andrei Zhdanov – NCO in the 139th Infantry Regiment (1916–1917), member of the Central Committee of the CPSU and Stalin's inner circle in the 1930s, Colonel-General of the Red Army and head of the defence of Leningrad in the Great Patriotic War.Dmitry Zhloba – Studied as a military engineer and became a Tsarist NCO in 1917. Joined the Bolsheviks in Moscow and took part in the storming of the Kremlin. In 1918 he led the famous "Steel Division" of 15,000 men to a legendary 800-kilometer march in sixteen days from Nevinnomysskaya to Tsaritsyn, falling on the rear of Pyotr Krasnov's besieging White Army to relieve the Bolshevik garrison during the Battle of Tsaritsyn.[7]Germany[edit]Nazi panzer ace Franz Bake was a lance corporal during the First World War. At the outbreak of World War II he was a lieutenant colonel.[8]Oskar Dirlewanger, an infamous war criminal, rapist and pedophile, was an enlisted machine gunner during World War I and a colonel with the Waffen SS during World War II.Sepp Dietrich was a sergeant during World War I and general in the SS during World War II.Hugo Gutmann, the commanding officer of Adolf Hitler during World War I, was promoted from Feldwebel to lieutenant in 1915.Adolf Heusinger enlisted in 1914, was promoted to lieutenant in 1917, and later became a general in the Nazi Wehrmacht and West German Bundeswehr.Ernst Jünger was promoted from private to lieutenant during World War I, and became a Wehrmacht captain during World War II.Erich Kastner, the last German World War I veteran, enlisted as a private in 1918 and was promoted to major during World War II.Günther Rall began his career as a sergeant in the Nazi Luftwaffe, and became a general in the West German Air Force after the war.Hans Sommer was promoted from staff sergeant to lieutenant in the Waffen SS, and after the war became a Stasi officer.Willi Stoph was an unteroffizier in the Wehrmacht, and a general in the East German Army.Poland[edit]Menachem Begin was a corporal in Wladyslaw Anders' Free Polish Army during World War II, and an Irgun commander during the 1947–1949 Palestine war.David Ben-Gurion joined the British Jewish Legion during World War I, and led the Israeli Defence Force during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War.Wladyslaw Bortnowski was an NCO in the Polish legion during World War I, and a Polish Army general during the September Campaign.Yitzhak Sadeh enlisted in the Tsarist army during World War I, and was an Israeli general during the First Arab-Israeli War.Netherlands[edit]Wiebbe Hayes – Promoted from sergeant to lieutenant for defeating the Batavia mutiny.ReferencesMilzarski, Eric. "7 reasons why enlisted love 'Mustang' officers". We Are The Mighty. Mighthy Networks. Retrieved 3 July 2018.Senior Airman Andrea Posey (May 12, 2016). "Face of Defense: Airman Earns Selection for Unique Commissioning Program". Archived from the original on 2016-07-13. Retrieved 2016-07-16.Mass Communication Specialist 1st Class Anthony Koch (July 17, 2007). "Making Mustangs: Helping Enlisted Sailors Become Officers". http://Navy.mil.Marine Corps Mustang Association: Membership Eligibility Marine Corps Mustang Association Retrieved 1 May 2017"James Mattis speech, "In the Midst of the Storm: A US Commander's View of the Changing Middle East"". 2013-09-25. 80:10 minutes in. Missing or empty |series= (help)Reynolds, Nicholas E. (2005). Basrah, Baghdad and Beyond. p. 4. ISBN 978-1-59114-717-6.isbn:0199390711 - Google SearchAchtung Panzer!External linksOfficial US NAVY CWO/LDO Community Manager PageAir Force Officer Accession & Training Schools (AFOATS), enlisted commissioning OpportunitiesU.S. Naval Academy Admissions StepsUSAF Academy admissions websiteNurse Corps Force Management, USAF NECPMarine Corps Mustang AssociationSource: Mustang (military officer) - Wikipedia