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Phew, you are asking me to write a book here, not answer a question.You ask many questions, but IMO the most important question we need to answer before we do anything else is:"What is the goal of this social experiment?"That bears on all the other answers.Now if I was doing this, the goal would be try and create and provide proof of concept, for a sustainable utopia, and show how ideas we use could be implemented for the greater population to solve some of the major global problems."What would your role in the tribe be?"Well, I have experience in quite a wide array of things, from construction, to survival, hunting, fishing, tending animals, growing a large market garden, to sales. I also have a deep hobby interest in understanding the human mind, nature, and well, everything I can.I've been a leader before, I'm comfortable leading as well.If not leading, I would certainly want some say in the model/experiment. I have many applicable ideas. I think there is vast potential for improvement in educational systems for instance, and I'd like to try some ideas.I have ideas in sustainable agriculture that need testing."What businesses would you start?"Well, this depends on the goal again. Is this an attempted completely self-sufficient society, cut off from the greater world? In other words, is my potential market base the couple hundred friends in the forest, or the wider planet?I don't really see a benefit for anything I want to do in being fully cutoff from the rest of society, but other peoples vision may differ.I would probably be involved in food production, but a properly setup model doesn't require a full time commitment IMO, but that depends on the scale of the endeavor of course.If we weren't cutoff, I would have a retail farm. In other words, growing the best possible food, and selling direct to customers, AT my farm. Rather like Joel Salatin. They could come out themselves, or order through a co-op. This is a lot different than a wholesale operation.Everything needs to be cleaner, and look better. Clients need to enjoy their time visiting you, so some activities and facilities are required. Restrooms, probably picnic tables, etc.Some food and drink options.Part of my model is trapping as much water as possible in ponds/lakes during winter/spring for irrigation during the summer/fall. And using them for a sustainable fish farming enterprise as well.This would make a great draw for a retail farm as well. You can have a couple campsites on each pond/lake and rent them out, and include in the cost all the fish they want to eat, but fish they leave with they have to pay for.I think camping close to a fish pond on a farm, in a much less crowded way than your typical campground would be a blast, and a great way to experience the farm where your food comes from.This has even more added advantages for the proposed social model, as people can also experience the social model and other projects within it while they are picking up food."What rules would you have or not want to have?"I think as long as people aren't hurting anyone else, they should be free to spend their life as they will.I would also want some basic principles of rationality and critical thought taught to everyone, and especially in the school. If parents want to teach religion to their children, ok, but no religion should be taught as truth by the schools. You can learn about religions of the world and their history, but no more religious indoctrination.I also don't think anybody is "owed" or entitled to anything. Nature gives us nothing, everything must be earned.The more people are given without earning it, the more "entitled" they become, the more they expect and demand. It isn't good for morality.I think society should aim to give everybody the opportunity to earn everything they need however.If somebody is out of work and needs help, help shouldn't be merely given, especially in monetary form. The person can work for it, and in so doing, can pick up valuable work ethic and life skills, meet people, network, etc.I think the right to vote needs to be earned by being educated on the issues or people you are voting on. These stories I hear of people flipping coins in the voting booth rather horrify me to be honest. What do these people think they are contributing if they don't understand what they are voting on?IMO, people should have to pass a simple test to show a basic understanding of both sides of each issue before they can vote.I'd also like to see the media and money trivialized from the political process. The way that springs to mind is to greatly limit how much political coverage the media can have, and outlaw all political commercials.You could have a simple web based forum where both sides spell out their side in a simple way, with links to greater depth, and written debate (far better medium for finding truth than live debate, which is all about rhetoric).And then the aforementioned simple test to qualify to vote. Let the facts and the rationality of the arguments guide the process, not who spends the most money.A smaller social group could beta test such a system.I guess that also answers "How would group decisions be made?"..."What kinds of friends would you want to participate or not?"Everybody would be welcome to participate, as long as they participate.... In other words if you aren't helping, you probably won't stay long."What kind of housing would you have?"I'd leave that open to people's creativity, but require sustainable methods and materials. In a forested area, a log home is great. Forests need thinning. Also log homes are highly energy efficient, and built properly can last over a hundred years, so it can be an effective use of materials, for a house in a forest. It obviously isn't a good housing model for all 8 billion people.In other places or climates being built into the ground or a hillside helps keep cool and reduce energy expenses.There are a lot of ways to build simple, inexpensive, sustainable shelters. When my family moved to 5 forested acres when I was 12, we built the first house for the winter for the family of 8 for like $5k or less. We used a lot of recycled building materials, used concrete piers and beams instead of a full concrete foundation, etc.But there was a massive amount of construction in the area. The building methods really depend on the climate and materials available in the area."How would you deal with energy, water, food gardens, and animals?"So I'm guessing the society is supposed to be self-sufficient? Not be on the grid? It would take much higher initial investment to have a self- sufficient power grid, but it would be a worthy goal.A small hydro-electric damn would be the best if that possibility existed. You can make your own solar panels, if you buy most of the relevant parts in bulk.Probably the easiest DIY power source would be windmills, if there are good locations.I would suggest that either every household needs to take care of their own energy, or if by the society, you would need to have meters measuring usage and charging for it. Energy costs, there needs to be incentive to use it wisely.A water treatment, management, and supply system would be necessary. I went to a school that ran its own water system for about 300 people, it was a full-time job for one person to run it all. Also metered to prevent waste.Now septic, I'm against a water based system. It's really just gross with a lot of potential for contamination. Moving outhouses are the most simple alternative, you dig a new hole and fill the other in every so often.The new generations of composting toilets are the most convenient for modern lifestyles.My family uses a pretty standard septic system and leech field, which seems to be the only water based system that won't contaminate other water sources, but it does require some space. I think for their family they have like 150 ft of leech pipe that is 3 feet deep surrounded by gravel.For a rural community it works. For a denser population, not so much.Still, non water-based systems are best IMO.I would basically employ tested and effective farming models such as Joel Salatins and the derivatives.A great longterm model would be having land be pasture for a certain period of time, perhaps a decade or more, and then use it for vegetables and crops for the same period of time, rotating.I think this would be less labor intensive than the constant scavenging of organic material and composting etc of an organic garden.Properly managed pasture builds tremendous amounts of organic material and fertility into the soil, crops and gardens take it out of the soil. Though by using creative methods to eliminate wind and water erosion and other methods you can slow that loss of fertility.This isn't a new idea, it goes back to old testament days, which says to grow crops for 6 years, and have one year as "sabbath rest" during which it was pasture for animals.But personally I think modern crops and veggies take a lot more out of the soil, I doubt one year in seven would be adequate to maintain sustainability without chemical fertilizers."What family or social structures would you want?"I think the conventional family structure is fine. As long as everyone is being properly cared for though, any "unconventional" family would be welcome.If people want to live in a communal structure go for it, I for one have zero desire for that, and don't think it especially necessary or helpful.I don't think sexuality should be socially judged whatsoever, that's entirely between the individuals involved.Having a life partner is important, IMO. It's rather foundational to life and family. If people were more open sexually, I think the pair bond would be stronger.The life partner bond doesn't need to be exclusively sexual. If both people are happy, it can be certainly. But I'd rather my partner have another lover than her not be happy. Sometimes we need some spice. Why not? We only live once.IMO only committed couples have unprotected sex, but if you are protected, pretty much anything goes.Jealousy is outdated evolutionarily, it comes from the time before birth control.I wouldn't make a deal of this in the society at all. You don't want to be known as a crazy sex cult or something.The society simply should have nothing to say about sexual practices that aren't harmful to anyone, and whatever the members get going on their own, go for it. If they end up all swingers ok. But I doubt that would happen."What would you want to avoid happening?"Hmm. I would view it as a social experiment. Whatever happens can be learned from. Experimenters shouldn't become overly attached to attaining specific results, you end up forcing things and the legitimacy of your results become tainted.The goal is to see how specific models work.For instance if crime happens, in the broader scale, that isn't tragic to the model at all. Crime WILL happen. It gives you a chance to test whatever internal law enforcement type system you have (though obviously for more major crimes you'll need to defer to real law enforcement... unless you become a real town with a real branch of justice).It also potentially exposes flaws in the model, things that can be improved. Shows human needs not being fulfilled perhaps.The biggest thing I wouldn't want to see happen, is to become considered a fringe cult, and then see Waco reenacted...But then I think a level of connectedness is important. You can certainly learn a lot in a social experiment that separates people from modern civilization and technology.... but it won't be applicable to real global problems, because 99.9% of people don't want to live like that.My social experiment wouldn't be so extreme, more just a small rural town showing how you can comfortably, and profitably, live sustainably. A group of like minded people would be important.I wouldn't be so strict as to mandate every single thing a person can, and cannot buy from outside, and I'm sure we'd all have computers and tv's and smartphones etc.If people start to miss being connected, that will cause people to leave faster than anything.I wouldn't want people to start thinking tribally. "Us vs them". "Our social experiment is better than theirs".Or looking down on more "regular" people. The goal is to broaden minds, think of the big picture, looking globally, not to get closed off into a secluded tribe in small chunk of forest. (At least my goal.)And the connectedness helps here.The goal of the model for me, would be to fix what IS broke, not what isn't broke, I really don't think it would need to be all that extreme."What might cause the community to fail?"Already mentioned a few things.The biggest reason it may fail would be if the model isn't economically viable. Which is a legitimate result for a social experiment that can be learned from.A model has two choices for economics, if its is connected, it needs to bring in outside money, to be able to buy outside tech and products.If it is not connected, your level of technology and connectedness is quite limited. You will need to be able to give everyone the opportunity to have a satisfying standard of living.That is quite a challenge, and has whole different economic factors.For the former connected model, I don't think it'd be all that hard. By all living on the same property, and using some community economy of helping and sharing you are saving a lot of money.So it isn't like each household needs to bring in six figures to be comfortable. It's quite possible to be comfortable and happy well below the "poverty" level when you are working and sharing with a community.You can sell food to the outside, you could have summer camps for kids and or adults, you can sell art etc. Maybe a private school or supplemental school if you aren't too far from the "outside".Another reason it could fail would be socially. Groups such as this tend to attract rather opinionated individuals, its quite easy for a major split to happen over ideology and the whole thing ending up fizzling.I think holding critical thought, rationality, objectivity, and just general open-mindedness as worthy goals would help maintain dialogue and keep people working together.Another reason would be if peoples needs aren't being met. It needs to be a diverse enough group to handle all of the societies needs. Medical, law enforcement, political process, food production and distribution, psychotherapist, water management, energy management, construction, and more./endramble

Since Modi government has came into power, n number of schemes have been launched:Financial inclusion schemes:PM Jan Dhan Yojna: aims to provide basic bank account to every family with no minimum balance required. Also, to bring poor financially excluded people into banking system and to decrease corruption in govt. subsidy schemes. It also provides accidental insurance up to 1 lakh and medical Insurance cover of 30,000Social security related schemes:Pradhan Mantri Jeevan jyoti yojna: its a life Insurance scheme worth ₹ 2 lakh at just ₹ 330 per annum.Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojna: its an accidental Insurance scheme worth ₹ 2 lakh at just ₹ 12 per annum for accidental death its ₹ 2 lakh and for partial disability- 1 lakh rupeesAtal pension yojna: it guarantees a minimum pension amount at the age of 60 to subscribers depending upon their contributions per month. Amount may range from 1000 to 5000 per month. Minimum contribution period should be 20 years.Urban Reform schemes:Smart cities scheme: Smart city will b equipped with basic infrastructure to give a decent quality of life, a clean and sustainable environment throughout application of some smart solutions. Its for rise of neo middle class who wants better civic amenities.2. AMRUT (Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation): In this 500 cities selected to develop civic infrastructure. Few capital cities, important cities loated in hilly areas and islands and tourist areas are selected.3. HRIDAY ( Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojna): to preserve and rejuvenate the rich cultural heritage of the country. 12 heritage cities had been identified. Aim is to bring urban planning, economic growth and heritage conservation for heritage cities.4. PRASAD (National Mission on Pilgrimage Rejuvenation and Spiritual Augmentation Drive) : Aims to create spiritual centres for tourism development within the nation. 12 cities have been identified.5. Swadesh Darshan: Aim is to develop theme based tourist circuit. It should be insured that none of them are in same town, village or city but are not separated by a long distance too.6. Rurban Mission: seeks to develop smart village on the line of smart cities and reduce the burden of migration to the cities through adopting cluster approach.Farmer centric schemes:Deen Dyal Upadhyaya Gram Jyoti Yojna: To provide round the clock power supply in Rural areas.2. DD Kisan: India first television chanel dedicated to farmers have been launched to provide onputs new farming techniques water conservation and prganic farming .It will include quiz shows farmers , a bottoms up approach involving agriculturists .This will provide real time interaction with time and farm scientists.3. Soil health card scheme: it aims to help farmers to improve the productivity of farms by providing them basic information for use of nutrients or fertilizers .the card careies crop wise recommendations of fertilizer that are required for farm lands and it also help farmers identify health of soil and judiciously use soil nutrients4. Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojna: it is a proposed scheme by the government of India which envisages connecting the irrigation system’s three crucial components - the field application , water sources & distribution network for optimal usage. it also envisage interlinking of perennial rivers to avoid drought and flood situations.5. Pradhan mantri Fasal Bima yojna: it aims to reduce the premium rates to be paid by the farmers so as to enable more farmers avail insurance cover against crop loss on account of natural calamities.Education related shemes:DIKSHA portal: for providing digital platform to teachers to make their lifestyle more digital. This will provide online/offline training to teachers, students and teacher educatorsYUYA: it aims to connect with youth by upgrading their skill as per their competencies.JIGYASA: student-scientist connect programme. Under this programme CSIR (Council of Scientific and industrial Research ) has joined hands with Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan. The focus is on connecting schools students and scientists so as to extend student’s classroom learning with that of a very well planned research laboratory based learning. This programme will connect 1151 kendriya Vidyalayas with 38 national laboratories of CSIR and will target 10,000 students and teachers every year.SWAYAM: Its an indigenously designed massive open online course ( MOOC), it will host all the courses, taught in classrooms from 9th class till post graduation and can be accessed by anyone, anywhere at any time. It aims to bridge the digital divide for students in e-Education.SWAYAM PRABHA: it will provide high quality educational contents, developed by experts, through 32 DTH (direct to home) television channels with an aim to bring uniformity in standards of education. It will cover diverse topics of all levels of education in various languages.National Academic Depository: it will directly integrate with boards/ universities which issue certificates which will be verified, authenticated, accessed and retrieved in a digital depository for purpose of employment, higher education and loansNational Digital library: its a online library containing 6.5 million books in English and the Indian languages.Deen Dayal SPARSH Yojna: stands for Scholarship for promotion of aptitudes and research in stamps as a hobby. It is proposed to award 920 scholarships to students pursuing philately as a hobby. Amount of scholarship would be 6000 per annumEklavya schools will be established for schedule tribe students by 2022 on the lines of Navodhya schools. Though its an old scheme but the government has signalled in budget 2018 that it wants to expand the scope.RISE: Revitalising Infrastructure and Systems in Education scheme. It aims to lend low cost funds to government higher educational institutions.PMRF (Prime ministe’s Research Fellows scheme): This scheme will help tapping talent pool of country for carrying out research indigenously in cutting edge science and technology domains. Under this scheme, 1000 best students who have completed or in final year of B.tech or integrated M.tech or M. Sc in science and technology streams from IISc/ IITs/ NITs/ IISERs/IITs will be offered direct admission in PhD programme in the IITs/IISc. In this, govt. will provide fellowship of Rs. 70,000 per month fornthe first two years, Rs. 75,000 per month for 3rd year and Rs. 80,000 per month in 4th and 5th year.Beti Bachao Beti Padhao yojna: it aims at promoting gender equality and educating girl child.E-basta: created a framework to make school books accessible in digital form as e-books. Books can be read on laptops, tablets and mobiles. It will bring various publishers and schools together on one platform.Padho pradesh yojna: Its a scheme of interest subsidy on educational loan for overseas studies. It assists the students belonging to poor and minority community to acquire loan for subsidised interest rates.Flagship missions:Make In India: to make India a manufacturing hub and to create 100 million jobs and skill enhancement in 25 sectors of economy. Enhancing service sector is also covered under this mission.2. Digital India Mission: to transform the country into a digitally empowered knowledge economy. To create participative, transparent and responsive government. Digital india mission has 9 pilliars:Broadband highwaysInformation for allUniversal mobile accessPublic internet access programmeElectronics manufacturing: target net zero importsEarly harvest programmesE- kranti: electronic delivery of servicesIT for jobsE- Governance: reforming government through technology3. Swachh Bharat mission: its a massive mass movement that seeks to create a clean india by 2019. It aims atElimination of open defecationConversion of insanitary toilets to pour flush toiletsEradication of manual scavenging100 % collection and scientific processing/ disposal/reuse/recycling of municipal solid wasteA behavioral change in people regarding healthy sanitation practicesSupporting urban local bodies in designing, executing and operating waste disposal systems4. Namami Gange Project or Namami Ganga Yojana: is an ambitious Union Government project which integrates the efforts to clean and protect the Ganga river in a comprehensive manner. This will cover 8 states, 47 towns and 12 rivers. Rivers covered are: Ganga, Yamuna, Gomti, Damodar, Mahananda, Ramganga, Beehar, Chambal, Khan, Shipra, Betwa and Mandakini.Innovation and entrepreneurship schemes:Start up india: Through the Startup India initiative, Government of India promotes entrepreneurship by mentoring, nurturing and facilitating startups throughout their life cycle. Since its launch in January 2016, the initiative has successfully given a head start to numerous aspiring entrepreneurs. With a 360 degree approach to enable startups, the initiative provides a comprehensive four-week free online learning program, has set up research parks, incubators and startup centres across the country by creating a strong network of academia and industry bodies. More importantly, a ‘Fund of Funds’ has been created to help startups gain access to funding.2. Atal Innovation Mission: It is a Government of India’s endeavour to promote a culture of innovation and entrepreneurship, and it serves as a platform for promotion of world-class Innovation Hubs, Grand Challenges, start-up businesses and other self-employment activities, particularly in technology driven areas. In order to foster curiosity, creativity and imagination right at the school, AIM recently launched Atal Tinkering Labs (ATL) across India. ATLs are workspaces where students can work with tools and equipment to gain hands-on training in the concepts of STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Math). Atal Incubation Centres (AICs) are another programme of AIM created to build innovative start-up businesses as scalable and sustainable enterprises. AICs provide world class incubation facilities with appropriate physical infrastructure in terms of capital equipment and operating facilities. These incubation centres, with a presence across India, provide access to sectoral experts, business planning support, seed capital, industry partners and trainings to encourage innovative start-ups.3. Stand Up India: to support entrepreneurship among women and SC and ST4. MUDRA - Micro Units Development and Refinance Agnecy: Pradhan Mantri MUDRA Yojana (PMMY) is a scheme launched by the Hon’ble Prime Minister on April 8, 2015 for providing loans upto 10 lakh to the non-corporate, non-farm small/micro enterprises. These loans are classified as MUDRA loans under PMMY. These loans are given by Commercial Banks, RRBs, Small Finance Banks, Cooperative Banks, MFIs and NBFCs. The borrower can approach any of the lending institutions mentioned above or can apply online through this portal. Under the aegis of PMMY, MUDRA has created three products namely 'Shishu', 'Kishore' and 'Tarun' to signify the stage of growth / development and funding needs of the beneficiary micro unit / entrepreneur and also provide a reference point for the next phase of graduation / growth.Schemes under Skill India Mission :Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Grameen Kaushalya Yojna: aims to give training to rural youths for jobs. Minimum age for entry is 15 years. Its complementing PM’s Make in India campaign.PM Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY): aims to provide skills training to youth across the country. It includes class 10th and 12th drop outs.Nai Manzil scheme: to enable students of madrasas to cope up with the contemporary education system and provide them skill training so that they could earn their living once they move out of madrasahUSTTAD ( Upgrading Skill and Training in Traditional Arts/crafts for development) to conserve traditional arts/crafts and build capacity of artisans and craftsmen belonging to minority communities.Nai - roshni scheme: a leadership training program for womenManas: for upgrading entrepreneurial skills of minority youthsSeekho aur Kamao (Learn and Earn): central sector scheme for skill Development of minorities.Schemes related to women:Beti Bachao Beti Bhadao: discussed aboveSukanya samridhi yojna: Sukanya Samriddhi Yojana (SSY) is a small deposit scheme for the girl child launched as a part of the 'Beti Bachao Beti Padhao' campaign. It is currently 8.1 per cent and provides income-tax benefit.A Sukanya Samriddhi Account can be opened any time after the birth of a girl till she turns 10, with a minimum deposit of Rs 1,000. A maximum of Rs 1.5 lakh can be deposited during the ongoing financial year.The account can be opened in any post office or authorised branches of commercial banks.The account will remain operative for 21 years from the date of its opening or till the marriage of the girl after she turns 18.To meet the requirement of her higher education expenses, partial withdrawal of 50 per cent of the balance is allowed after she turns 18.3. One Stop Crisis Centre: Ministry of Women and Child Development has formulated a scheme for operationalization of minimum 100 pilot projects of One Stop Crisis Centres (OSCCs), a specialized facility for providing all necessary services for women victims/ survivors of violence, in urban areas having population of more than 5 lakh, identified by the States for implementation during the remaining years of the 12th Plan. These Centres will be attached to the District Hospitals of the State Governments.4. SWADHAR - A scheme for women in difficult circumstances: to provide primary need of shelter, food, clothing and care to the marginalised women/ girls living in difficult circumstances who are without any social and economic support. Also, to provide emotional support and counselling to such women.5. STEP - Support to Training and Employment Programme for Women:STEP was launched by the Government of India’s Ministry of Women and Child Development to train women with no access to formal skill training facilities, especially in rural India. The Ministry of Skill Development & Entrepreneurship and NITI Aayog recently redrafted the Guidelines of the 30-year-old initiative to adapt to present-day needs. The initiative reaches out to all Indian women above 16 years of age. The programme imparts skills in several sectors such as agriculture, horticulture, food processing, handlooms, traditional crafts like embroidery, travel and tourism, hospitality, computer and IT services.6. UJJAWALA scheme: to prevent trafficking of women and children for commercial sexual exploitation. It works on 4 R appoach :RescueRehabilitationReintegrationRepatriationInfrastructure related schemes:Sagarmala project: Sagar Mala project is a strategic and customer-oriented ₹8 trillion (US$120 billion or €100 billion) investment initiative of the Government of India entailing setting up of 6+ mega ports, modernization of several dozen more ports, development of 14+ Coastal Economic Zones and at least 29 Coastal Economic Units, development of mines, industrial corridors, rail, road and airport linkages with these water ports, resulting in US$110 billion export revenue growth, generation of 150,000 direct jobs and several times more indirect jobs. It aims to modernize India's Ports so that port-led development can be augmented and coastlines can be developed to contribute in India's growth. It also aims for "transforming the existing Ports into modern world class Ports and integrate the development of the Ports, the Industrial clusters and hinterland and efficient evacuation systems through road, rail, inland and coastal waterways resulting in Ports becoming the drivers of economic activity in coastal areas."Bharatmala project: is a centrally-sponsored and funded road and highways project of the Government of India. The project will build highways from Gujarat and Rajasthan, move to Punjab and then cover the entire string of Himalayan states - Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand - and then portions of borders of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar alongside Terai, and move to West Bengal , Sikkim, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, and right up to the Indo-Myanmar border in Manipur and Mizoram. Special emphasis will be given on providing connectivity to far-flung border and rural areas including the tribal and backward areas.Setu Bharatam Project: It aims to make all national highways free from railway level crossing by 2019 to ensure road safety.Green highways policy 2015 - to develop eco friendly National Highways with participation of the community, farmers, NGO’s, private sector, institutions, government agencies and the forest department.Gold schemes:Gold monetisation scheme: Gold monetisation scheme is like a gold savings account. You would generally keep your gold without any security at home or store it in bank lockers by paying a maintenance fee. But instead of that, you could keep your gold in any form in a Gold Monetisation Scheme account and earn interest as the price of the precious metal goes up. Also, You do not have to pay capital gains tax on the profits made through the gold monetisation scheme. The capital gains are also exempt from wealth tax and income tax.The Gold Monetisation Scheme is a great opportunity for big Indian households to make profits from the old jewellery lying in bank lockers and at the bottom of safe deposit boxes. Companies, trusts, jewelleries and individuals who have a hoard of gold can also use this scheme to monetise their precious metal. But do not forget that your jewellery will not come back to you in the same form as you put them in – you get the returns in the form of money or gold coins and bars that you can later encash.2. Sovereign Gold Bond : SGBs are government securities denominated in grams of gold. They are substitutes for holding physical gold. Investors have to pay the issue price in cash and the bonds will be redeemed in cash on maturity. The Bond is issued by Reserve Bank on behalf of Government of India.3. Indian gold coin: • The coin will be the 1st ever National gold coin minted in India and will have the National Emblem of Ashok Chakra engraved on one side and Mahatma Gandhi on the other side .• Initially the coins will be available in denominations of 5 and 10 grams; later a 20 gram bullion will also be available through MMTC outlets.Advantages• It would provide gold coins of maximum possible purity and check the supply of counterfeit or adulterated gold sold by jewelers.• While it may not address people looking forward to buy jewellery, but people who buy gold coins for investment purposes can buy these, if they are still reluctant about the Gold bond scheme.• Physical gold coins are more liquid resource compared to gold bonds, as perceived by many people in India.Labour reform schemes:5 labour reform schemes have been launched for the youth, workers and employers to improve ease of business for enterprises while expanding government support to impart skill training for workers.A. Shram suvidha portalB. Random Inspection SchemeC. Universal Account NumberD. Apprentice Protsahan YojnaE. Revamped Rashtriya Swasthya Bima YojnaSchemes for Banking Reforms:Indradhanush plan for Revamp of Public Sector Banks: The strategy, Indradhanush (rainbow), focuses on systemic changes in state-run lenders, including a fresh look at hiring, a comprehensive plan to de-stress bloated lenders, capital infusion, accountability incentives with higher rewards including Stock Options and cleaning up governance.The 7 Elements includes:a. Appointmentsb. Bank of Board Bureauc. Capitalizationd. De-Stressing Public Sector Bankse. Empowermentf. Framework of accountabilityg.Governance Reforms2. Gyan Sangam : Gyan Sangam is the meet of various banks, financial institutions and insurance companies in order to discuss for enhancing the digitisation of the banking system in India and ways to increase the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems and big data analytics in the banking & financial services industry in India.3. Bankruptcy and Insolvency Code: The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 (IBC) is the bankruptcy law of India which seeks to consolidate the existing framework by creating a single law for insolvency and bankruptcy.The code could ensure quicker resolution of NPA (Non- performing Assets) problems, especially in PSU banks. In fact, the Financial Stability Report issued by RBI in 2015 indicates that corporate sector vulnerabilities and the impact of their weak balance sheets on the financial system needs closer monitoring. The time-bound insolvency resolution process would definitely help the financial services industry function better.Bankruptcy laws accept that business ventures can fail and allow entrepreneurs to make a new start. While facilitating failed firms to wind up painlessly, the code can pave the way to resurrection also.Schemes for sports:Revamped Khelo India: this marks a watershed moment in the history of Indian sports, as the programme aims at mainstreaming sport as a tool for individual development, community development and national development. Under this scheme, each selected athlete shall receive an annual scholarship worth ₹5 lakh for 8 consecutive years.National Sports Talent Search Portal: to unearth sporting talent from every nook and corner. The portal will be also available as smartphone application. Using this portal, a child or his parents, coaches or teachers can upload their biodata or video on the portal.Schemes for household:SAUBHAGYA: Pradhan Mantri Sahaj Bijli Har Ghar Yojana: to ensure electrificationof all willing households in the country in rural as well as urban areas here today.National Nutrition Strategy: NITI AYOG has launched this scheme aiming at Kuposhan Mukt BharatNational Rural Drinking Water Program Continuation and Restructuring : aim is to provide every rural person with adequate safe water for drinking, cooking and other basic domestic needs on a sustainable basis, with a minimum water quality standard, which should be conveniently accessible at all times and in all situations. Though this was already under NRDWP Started in 2009, Union cabinet has accorded its approval for continuation and restructuring.KUSUM SCHEME: The scheme will work towards promoting solar power production a.k.a. solar farming up to 28,250 MW to help farmers.KEY FACTS ABOUT THE KUSUM SCHEMEKUSUM scheme will provide 1.75 million off-grid agricultural solar pumpsIt will build 10,000 MW solar plants on barren lands for solar farmingFarmers will be given a chance to earn extra income if they help produce additional power by setting up solar power project on their barren landThe energy produced by the farmers on their barren land will be bought by the state electricity distribution companies (DISCOMS)The scheme is likely to decrease the consumption of diesel in the agriculture sector (used in pumps)KUSUM scheme also includes the distribution of 17.5 lakh solar pumps for which 60 per cent subsidy will be given to the farmers.Scheme for Fisherman:Sagar Vani project: is an integrated information dissemination system that will serve the coastal community, especially the fisherman community with the advisories and alerts towards livelihood as well as their safety at seaHealth related schemes:Mission indradhanush and then Intensified Mission Indradhanush: “Let no child suffer from any vaccine-preventable disease". This was stated by Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi as he launched the Intensified Mission Indradhanush (IMI) at Vadnagar in Gujarat, today. Through this programme, Government of India aims to reach each and every child under two years of age and all those pregnant women who have been left uncovered under the routine immunisation programme. The special drive will focus on improving immunization coverage in select districts and cities to ensure full immunization to more than 90% by December 2018. The achievement of full immunisation under Mission Indradhanush to at least 90% coverage was to be achieved by 2020 earlier. With the launch of IMI, achievement of the target has now been advancedAyushman Bharat project: The Government today announced two major initiatives in health sector , as part of Ayushman Bharat programme. The Union Minister for Finance and Corporate Affairs, Shri Arun Jaitely while presenting the General Budget 2018-19 in Parliament here today said that this was aimed at making path breaking interventions to address health holistically, in primary, secondary and tertiary care systems, covering both prevention and health promotion.The initiatives are as follows:-(i) Health and Wellness Centre:- The National Health Policy, 2017 has envisioned Health and Wellness Centres as the foundation of India’s health system. Under this 1.5 lakh centres will bring health care system closer to the homes of people. These centres will provide comprehensive health care, including for non-communicable diseases and maternal and child health services. These centres will also provide free essential drugs and diagnostic services. The Budget has allocated Rs.1200 crore for this flagship programme. Contribution of private sector through CSR and philanthropic institutions in adopting these centres is also envisaged.(ii) National Health Protection Scheme:- The second flagship programme under Ayushman Bharat is National Health Protection Scheme, which will cover over 10 crore poor and vulnerable families (approximately 50 crore beneficiaries) providing coverage upto 5 lakh rupees per family per year for secondary and tertiary care hospitalization. This will be the world’s largest government funded health care programme. Adequate funds will be provided for smooth implementation of this programme.Other schemes:Ajeevika Grameen Express Yojna: to provide an alternative source of livelihood to members of Self Help Group (SHGs). This scheme has been launched under Deendayal Antyodaya Yojna - National Rural Livelihoods Mission (DAY - NRLM). This scheme will facilitate them to operate public transport services in background rural areas.PENCIL PORTAL - Platform for Effective Enforcement for No Child Labour: its an electronic platform that aims at involving Centre, State, District, Governments, civil society and general public in achieving the target of child labour free society.It encompasses various components- Child Tracking System, Complaint Corner, State Government, National Child Labour Project and Convergence. Each district will nominate District Nodal Officers (DNOs) who will receive the complaints. Within 48 hours of receiving complaints, DNOs will check genuineness of complaint and take rescue measures in coordination with police, if complaint is genuine. So far, 7 states have appointed DNOs.3. National Biopharma Mission: this is an Industry- Academia Mission to accelerate bio pharmaceutical development in India.4. VAJRA - Visiting Advanced Joint Research : this scheme enables NRIs and oversees scientific community to participate and contribute to research and development in India.5: Test and Treat Policy for HIV patients: Test-and-treat is an intervention strategy in which the population at risk is screened for HIV infection and diagnosed HIV infected individuals receive early treatment, aiming to eliminate HIV as it reduces the rate of spreading the virus to other people.6. DIGITAL POLICE PORTAL: will enable citizens to register FIRs online and the portal will initially offer seven public delivery services in all states and UTs like person and address verification e.g. of employees, tenants, nurses etc, permission for hosting Public Events, Lost and Found Articles and Vehicle theft etc.It will provide investigator the complete record history of any criminal from anywhere across the country.7. Nationwide campaign - Gaj yatra: A nationwide campaign to protect elephants on the occasion of World Elephant Day.8. SHE BOX portal: The Minister of Women & Child Development, Smt Maneka Sanjay Gandhi launched an online complaint management system titled Sexual Harassment electronic–Box (SHe-Box) for registering complaints related to sexual harassment at workplace in New Delhi today. The complaint management system has been developed to ensure the effective implementation of Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act (the SH Act), 2013.This portal is an initiative to provide a platform to women working or visiting any office of Central Government (Central Ministries, Departments, Public Sector Undertakings, Autonomous Bodies and Institutions etc.) to file complaints related to sexual harassment at workplace under the SH Act. Those who had already filed a written complaint with the concerned Internal Complaint Committee (ICC) constituted under the SH Act are also eligible to file their complaint through this portal. The SHe-Box portal can be accessed at the link given below:http://www.wcd-sh.nic.in9. Sankalp and strive schemes:STRIVE scheme: will incentivize ITIs to improve overall performance including apprenticeship by involving SMEs (Small Scale Enterprises), business association and industry clusters. It will develop robust mechanism for delivering quality skill development training by strengthening institutions- National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC), State Skill Development Missions (SSDMs), Sector Skill Councils, ITIs and National Skill Development Agency (NSDA) etc.It will support universalization of National Skills Qualification Framework (NSQF) including National Quality Assurance Framework (NQAF) across skill development schemes. It will provide required push to National Skill Development Mission 2015 and its various sub missions. It is also aligned to flagship Government programs such as Make in India and Swachhta Abhiyan.SANKALP scheme : envisages setting up of Trainers and Assessors academies with self-sustainable models. Over 50 such academies are to be set up in priority sectors. It will leverage institutions for trainingtrainers in both long and short term VET thereby bringing about convergence. Additional trainer academies will also be set up.It will focus on greater decentralization in skill planning by institutional strengthening at State level which includes setting up of SSDMs and allow states to come up with State and District level Skill Development Plans (SSDPDSDP).It also aims at enhancement of inclusion of underprivileged and marginalized communities including women, Scheduled Castes (SCs)/Schedule Tribes (STs) and Persons with Disabilities (PWD). It will also develop a skilling ecosystem that will support the country’s rise in Ease of Doing Business index.10. Anti Narcotics Scheme: aims to combat illicit trafficking in drugs and psychotropic substance. The purpose is to assist state governments and UTs which are contributing in controlling the inter-state and cross border drug trafficking.11. Atal Bhujal Yojna: to tackle ever-deepening crisis of depleting groundwater level12. Gobar-Dhan yojna: the solid waste and cattle dung will be composed into useful elements such as Bio-CNG and Bio-gas.13. National Bamboo Mission: The Mission would ensure holistic development of the bamboo sector by addressing complete value chain and establishing effective linkage of producers (farmers) with industry.Beneficiaries:The scheme will benefit directly and indirectly the farmers as well as local artisans and associated personnels engaged in bamboo sector including associated industries. Since it is proposed to bring about one lakh ha area under plantation, it is expected that about one lakh farmers would be directly benefitted in terms of plantation.States/ districts covered:The Mission will focus on development of bamboo in limited States where it has social, commercial and economical advantage, particularly in the North Eastern region and States including Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Karnataka, Uttarakhand, Bihar, Jharkhand, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu and Kerala.The Mission is expected to establish about 4000 treatment/ product development units and bring more than 100000 ha area under plantation.Impact:Bamboo plantation will contribute to optimizing farm productivity and income thereby enhancing livelihood opportunities of small & marginal farmers including landless and women as well as provide quality material to industry. Thus, the Mission will not only serve as a potential instrument for enhancing income of farmers but also contributing towards climate resilience and environmental benefits. The Mission will also help in creating employment generation directly or indirectly in both skilled and unskilled segments.14. Secure Himalaya project:The Union Government had launched SECURE Himalaya, a six-year project to ensure conservation of locally and globally significant biodiversity, land and forest resources in high Himalayan ecosystem spread over four states viz. Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Uttarakhand and Sikkim.Key FactsThe SECURE project aims at securing livelihoods, conservation, sustainable use and restoration of high range Himalayan ecosystems. It is meant for specific landscapes including Changthang (Jammu and Kasmir), Lahaul – Pangi and Kinnaur (Himachal Pradesh), Gangotri – Govind and Darma – Byans Valley in Pithoragarh (Uttarakhand) and Kanchenjunga – Upper Teesta Valley (Sikkim).The key focus areas of the project is protection of snow leopard and other endangered species and their habitats and also securing livelihoods of people in region and enhancing enforcement to reduce wildlife crime. Under it, enhanced enforcement efforts and monitoring will be undertaken to curb illegal trade in some medicinal and aromatic plants which are among most threatened species in these landscapes.15. Operation Greens: aims to promote farmer producers organisations, agri-logistics, processing facilities and professional management. The operation aims to aid farmers and help control and limit the erratic fluctuations in the prices of onions, potatoes and tomatoes.

Inauguration Day is a crucial moment in American democracy, a celebration of the peaceful transfer of power even in the most divided of times.George Washington delivering his first inaugural address, 1789. Library of CongressThe rituals that have historically taken place for Inauguration Day — the Inaugural Address, the Inaugural Parade, the Inaugural Balls— are in some ways mostly pomp and circumstance. Many of the events marking the Inauguration of Joe Biden on Jan. 20, however, had to be reconfigured due to restrictions on large gatherings during the COVID-19 pandemic and amid security concerns following the Jan. 6 attack on the U.S. Capitol by a pro-Trump mob.Inauguration Day is also a crucial moment in American democracy, a celebration of the peaceful transfer of power even in the most divided of times.It has also been, over the years, the occasion for plenty else, from weather problems and missing Bibles to do-overs and not a few live animals. There were even some dead ones, too.Here’s a look back at something to know about every single Inauguration Day in American history, as well as a look at what each President said on that all-important event. (A good resource to find the full text of each inaugural address is the American Presidency Project at the University of California, Santa Barbara.)The following nine swearing-in ceremonies are not included, as they were not regularly scheduled Inaugural festivities—and, in fact, were hardly festive at all, given the circumstances: John Tyler in April of 1841 following the death of William Henry Harrison, Millard Fillmore in July of 1850 following the death of Zachary Taylor, Andrew Johnson in April of 1865 following the assassination of Abraham Lincoln, Chester A. Arthur in September of 1881 following the assassination of James Garfield, Theodore Roosevelt in September of 1901 following the assassination of William McKinley, Calvin Coolidge in August of 1923 following the death of Warren Harding, Harry S. Truman in April of 1945 following the death of Franklin Roosevelt, Lyndon Johnson in November of 1963 following the assassination of John F. Kennedy and Gerald Ford in August of 1974 following the resignation of Richard Nixon.President: George WashingtonDate: April 30, 1789What happened: When organizers forgot to bring a Bible for the 1789 swearing-in, George Washington had to borrow one from a Masonic lodge.What he said: “Among the vicissitudes incident to life no event could have filled me with greater anxieties than that of which the notification was transmitted by your order, and received on the 14th day of the present month. On the one hand, I was summoned by my country, whose voice I can never hear but with veneration and love, from a retreat which I had chosen with the fondest predilection… On the other hand, the magnitude and difficulty of the trust to which the voice of my country called me, is sufficient to awaken in the wisest and most experienced of her citizens' distrustful scrutiny into his qualifications, could not but overwhelm with despondence one who (inheriting inferior endowments from nature and unpracticed in the duties of civil administration) ought to be peculiarly conscious of his own deficiencies.President: George Washington, on March 4, 1793, the second inaugural address remains the shortest on record.What he said: “I am again called upon by the voice of my country to execute the functions of its Chief Magistrate. When the occasion proper for it shall arrive, I shall endeavor to express the high sense I entertain of this distinguished honor, and of the confidence which has been reposed in me by the people of united America.”President: John AdamsPresident: John AdamsDate: March 4, 1797What happened: John Adams was the first President to be sworn in by a Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.What he said: “If national pride is ever justifiable or excusable it is when it springs, not from power or riches, grandeur or glory, but from the conviction of national innocence, information, and benevolence. In the midst of these pleasing ideas, we should be unfaithful to ourselves if we should ever lose sight of the danger to our liberties if anything partial or extraneous should infect the purity of our free, fair, virtuous, and independent elected.President: Thomas JeffersonDate: March 4, 1801What happened: After the first truly contentious election in American history, outgoing President John Adams skipped the ceremony entirely, even as Jefferson struck a conciliatory note in his speech.What he said: “We have called by different names brethren of the same principle. We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists. If there be any among us who would wish to dissolve this Union or to change its republican form, let them stand undisturbed as monuments of the safety with which error of opinion may be tolerated where reason is left free to combat it.”President: Thomas JeffersonDate: March 5, 1805What happened: Jefferson rode from the Capitol to the White House in an impromptu parade that included everyone from diplomats to local laborers.What he said: “I know that the acquisition of Louisiana had been disapproved by some from a candid apprehension that the enlargement of our territory would endanger its union. But who can limit the extent to which the federative principle may operate effectively? The larger our association the less will it be shaken by local passions; and in any view is it not better than the opposite bank of the Mississippi should be settled by our own brethren and children than by strangers of anotherPresident James MadisonDate: March 4, 1809What happened: The first official Inaugural Ball was held for James Madison, but it was so crowded they had to break glass in some of the windows to get fresh air into the ballroom.What he said: “The present situation of the world is true without a parallel and that of our own country full of difficulties. The pressure of these, too, is the more severely felt because they have fallen upon us at a moment when the national prosperity being at a height not before attained, the contrast resulting from the change has been rendered the more striking.”President: James MadisonDate: March 4, 1813What happened: Madison’s second inauguration happened during the War of 1812, making it the first to take place during a war.What he said: “From the weight and magnitude now belonging to it I should be compelled to shrink if I had less reliance on the support of an enlightened and generous people, and felt less deeply a conviction that the war with a powerful nation, which forms so prominent a feature in our situation, is stamped with that justice which invites the smiles of Heaven on the means of conducting it to a successful termination.”President: James MonroeDate: March 5, 1817What happened: The War of 1812 had caused great destruction in Washington, D.C, and the Capitol was still being rebuilt when Inauguration Day arrived. As a result, Monroe became the first President to be inaugurated out of doors.What he said: “It is particularly gratifying to me to enter on the discharge of these duties at a time when the United States are blessed with peace. It is a state most consistent with their prosperity and happiness. It will be my sincere desire to preserve it, so far as depends on the Executive, on just principles with all nations, claiming nothing unreasonable of any and rendering to each what is its due.”President: James MonroeDate: March 4, 1821What happened: Monroe delayed taking the oath of office until after Inauguration Day, so that he would not have to do so on a Sunday—meaning that, technically, the Senate President Pro Tem was President for one day.What he said: “Having no pretensions to the high and commanding claims of my predecessors, whose names are so much more conspicuously identified with our Revolution, and who contributed so preeminently to promote its success, I consider myself rather as the instrument than the cause of the union which has prevailed in the late election.”President: John Quincy AdamsDate: March 4, 1825What happened: Although he was a devout Christian, John Quincy Adams chose to be sworn in on a legal book rather than a Bible.What he said: “The year of jubilee since the first formation of our Union has just elapsed; that of the declaration of our independence is at hand. The consummation of both was affected by this Constitution. Since that period a population of four million has multiplied to twelve. A territory bounded by the Mississippi has been extended from sea to sea. The New States have been admitted to the Union in numbers nearly equal to those of the first Confederation.”President: Andrew JacksonDate: Mar. 4, 1829What happened: Jackson walked to the Capitol for the ceremony accompanied by 15 veterans of the Revolutionary War; the subsequent party at the White House was so wild he had to “escape” out a window.What he said: “As long as our Government is administered for the good of the people, and is regulated by their will; as long as it secures to us the rights of person and of property, liberty of conscience and of the press, it will be worth defending; and so long as it is worth defending a patriotic militia will cover it with an impenetrable aegis. Partial injuries and occasional mortifications we may be subjected to, but a million of armed freemen, possessed of the means of war, can never be conquered by a foreign foe.”President: Andrew JacksonDate: Mar. 4, 1833What happened: For the first time, there were multiple official Inaugural balls.What he said: “In the domestic policy of this Government there are two objects which especially deserve the attention of the people and their representatives, and which have been and will continue to be the subjects of my increasing solicitude. They are the preservation of the rights of the several States and the integrity of the Union.“President: Martin Van BurenDate: Mar. 4, 1837What happened: Van Buren rode to the ceremony in a wagon built of wood from the USS Constitution.What he said: “Though not altogether exempt from embarrassments that disturb our tranquillity at home and threaten it abroad, yet in all the attributes of a great, happy, and flourishing people we stand without a parallel in the world. Abroad we enjoy the respect and, with scarcely an exception, the friendship of every nation; at home, while our Government quietly but efficiently performs the sole legitimate end of political institutions–in doing the greatest good to the greatest number–we present an aggregate of human prosperity surely not elsewhere to be found.”President: William Henry HarrisonDate: Mar. 4, 1841What happened: After giving a lengthy address on a cold day, William Henry Harrison developed an illness that would lead to his death 32 days later. Though scientists now question whether there was a connection between the two events, the deadly speech remains one of the most infamous Inauguration Day legends in American history.What he said: “Before concluding, fellow-citizens, I must say something to you on the subject of the parties at this time existing in our country. To me it appears perfectly clear that the interest of that country requires that the violence of the spirit by which those parties are at this time governed must be greatly mitigated, if not entirely extinguished, or consequences will ensue which are appalling to be thought of.President: James K. PolkDate: . 4, 1845What happened: Though it did not have the first time the song was used to welcome a President, Polk’s Inauguration involved the playing of “Hail to the Chief,” which he is credited with giving its association with the presidency.What he said: “I shall on the broad principle which formed the basis and produced the adoption of our Constitution, and not in any narrow spirit of the sectional policy, an endeavor by all constitutional, honorable, and appropriate means to consummate the expressed will of the people and Government of the United States by the reannexation of Texas to our Union at the earliest practicable period. Nor will it become in a less degree my duty to assert and maintain by all constitutional means the right of the United States to that portion of our territory which lies beyond the Rocky Mountains. Our title to the country of Oregon is “clear and unquestionable,” and already are our people preparing to perfect that title by occupying it with their wives and children.”President: Zachary TaylorDate: Mar. 5, 1849What happened: The postponement of his inauguration, to avoid a Sunday, may once again have technically left the nation without a president for a day.What he said: “It is to be hoped that no international question can now arise which a government confident in its own strength and resolved to protect its own just rights may not settle by wise negotiation; and it eminently becomes a government like our own, founded on the morality and intelligence of its citizens and upheld by their affections, to exhaust every resort of honorable diplomacy before appealing to arms.”President: Franklin PierceDate: Mar. 4, 1853What happened: He gave his speech entirely from memory, a first for an inauguration.What he said: “With an experience thus suggestive and cheering, the policy of my Administration will not be controlled by any timid forebodings of evil from expansion. Indeed, it is not to be disguised that our attitude as a nation and our position on the globe render the acquisition of certain possessions not within our jurisdiction eminently important for our protection, if not in the future essential for the preservation of the rights of commerce and the peace of the world.”President: James BuchananDate: Mar. 4, 1857What happened: James Buchanan’s 1857 inauguration was the first one that is known to have been photographed. (Read more about that picture here.)What he said: “The whole Territorial question being thus settled upon the principle of popular sovereignty—a principle as ancient as free government itself—everything of a practical nature has been decided. No other question remains for adjustment, because all agree that under the Constitution slavery in the States is beyond the reach of any human power except that of the respective States themselves wherein it exists. May we not, then, hope that the long agitation on this subject is approaching its end and that the geographical parties to which it has given birth, so much dreaded by the Father of his Country, will speedily become extinct?”President: Abraham LincolnDate: Mar. 4, 1861What happened: The inaugural parade featured a float bearing 34 young girls representing the 34 states.What he said: “We are not enemies, but friends. We must not be enemies. Though passion may have strained it must not break our bonds of affection. The mystic chords of memory, stretching from every battlefield and patriot grave to every living heart and hearthstone all over this broad land, will yet swell the chorus of the Union, when again touched, as surely they will be, by the better angels of our nature.”President: Abraham LincolnDate: Mar. 4, 1865What happened: For the first time ever, African-Americans had a part in the inaugural parade.What he said: “With malice toward none, with charity for all, with firmness in the right as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in, to bind up the nation’s wounds, to care for him who shall have borne the battle and for his widow and his orphan, to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves and with all nations.”President: Ulysses S. GrantDate: Mar. 4, 1869What happened: Though by this time it was customary for the outgoing president and the incoming president to ride together to the ceremony, Grant refused to share a carriage with Johnson.What he said: “The country has just emerged from a great rebellion, many questions will come before it for settlement in the next four years which preceding Administrations have never had to deal with. In meeting these it is desirable that they should be approached calmly, without prejudice, hate, or sectional pride, remembering that the greatest good to the greatest number is the object to be attained.”President: Ulysses S. GrantDate: Mar. 4, 1873What happened: It was so cold that the singing canaries brought in for the festivities ended up frozen.What he said: “The effects of the late civil strife have been to free the slave and make him a citizen. Yet he is not possessed of the civil rights that citizenship should carry with it. This is wrong and should be corrected. To this correction, I stand committed, so far as Executive influence can avail.”President: Rutherford B. HayesDate: Mar. 5, 1877What happened: Hayes didn’t know he would be president until mere days before the Inauguration was scheduled.What he said: “Upon one point there is entire unanimity in public sentiment—that conflicting claims to the Presidency must be amicably and peaceably adjusted, and that when so adjusted the general acquiescence of the nation ought surely to follow. It has been reserved for a government of the people, where the right of suffrage is universal, to give to the world the first example in history of a great nation, in the midst of the struggle of opposing parties for power, hushing its party tumults to yield the issue of the contest to adjustment according to the forms of law.”President: James A. GarfieldDate: Mar. 4, 1881What happened: As a massive parade marked the occasion, a hearse got tangled in the traffic and ended up participating in the procession.What he said: “The prosperity which now prevails is without parallel in our history. Fruitful seasons have done much to secure it, but they have not done all. The preservation of the public credit and the resumption of specie payments, so successfully attained by the Administration of my predecessors, have enabled our people to secure the blessings which the seasons brought.“President: Grover ClevelandDate: Mar. 4, 1885What happened: The new First Lady had to borrow a raincoat from an usher to protect her from a snowstorm.What he said: “Amid the din of party strife the people’s choice was made, but its attendant circumstances have demonstrated anew the strength and safety of a government by the people. In each succeeding year, it more clearly appears that our democratic principle needs no apology and that in its fearless and faithful application is to be found the surest guaranty of good government.”1889President: Benjamin HarrisonDate: Mar. 4, 1889What happened: A new tradition was established when the outgoing Clevelands invited the incoming Harrisons to the White House for lunch before the parade.What he said: “We have happily maintained a policy of avoiding all interference with European affairs. We have been only interested spectators of their contentions in diplomacy and in war, ready to use our friendly offices to promote peace, but never obtruding our advice and never attempting unfairly to coin the distresses of other powers into commercial advantage to ourselves. We have a just right to expect that our European policy will be the American policy of European courts.”President: Grover ClevelandDate: Mar. 4, 1893What happened: A rooster that had participated in the inaugural parade got away from his keeper and apparently spent the night in the White House.What he said: “The strong man who in the confidence of sturdy health courts the sternest activities of life and rejoices in the hardihood of constant labor may still have lurking near his vitals the unheeded disease that dooms him to sudden collapse. It can not be doubted that our stupendous achievements as a people and our country’s robust strength have given rise to heedlessness of those laws governing our national health which we can no more evade than human life can escape the laws of God and nature.”President: William McKinleyDate: Mar. 4, 1897What happened: This Inauguration was the first to be filmed with motion-picture cameras.What he said: “Economy is demanded in every branch of the Government at all times, but especially in periods, like the present, of depression in business and distress among the people. The severest economy must be observed in all public expenditures, and extravagance stopped wherever it is found, and prevented wherever in the future it may be developed. If the revenues are to remain as now, the only relief that can come must be from decreased expenditures. But the present must not become the permanent condition of the Government.”President: William McKinleyDate: Mar. 4, 1901What happened: A “Committee on Public Comfort” met tourists at train stations to help them find places to stay in D.C.What he said: “When we assembled here on the 4th of March, 1897, there was great anxiety with regard to our currency and credit. None exists now. Then our Treasury receipts were inadequate to meet the current obligations of the Government. Now they are sufficient for all public needs, and we have a surplus instead of a deficit.“President: Theodore RooseveltDate: Mar. 4, 1905What happened: Mrs. Roosevelt’s inaugural-ball dress was so heavy that the dance program had to be made shorter.What he said: “Much has been given us, and much will rightfully be expected from us. We have duties to others and duties to ourselves, and we can shirk neither. We have become a great nation, forced by the fact of its greatness into relations with the other nations of the earth, and we must behave as beseems a people with such responsibilities. Toward all other nations, large and small, our attitude must be one of cordial and sincere friendship. We must show not only in our words but in our deeds, that we are earnestly desirous of securing their goodwill by acting toward them in a spirit of just and generous recognition of all their rights. But justice and generosity in a nation, as in an individual, count most when shown not by the weak but by the strong.”President: William H. TaftDate: Mar. 4, 1909What happened: A freak snowstorm forced the ceremony indoors, and Taft joked he knew it would be a “cold day in hell” when he was inaugurated.What he said: “I have had the honor to be one of the advisers of my distinguished predecessor, and, as such, to hold up his hands in the reforms he has initiated. I should be untrue to myself, to my promises, and to the declarations of the party platform upon which I was elected to office if I did not make the maintenance and enforcement of those reforms a most important feature of my administration. They were directed to the suppression of the lawlessness and abuses of power of the great combinations of capital invested in railroads and in industrial enterprises carrying on interstate commerce.”President: Woodrow WilsonDate: Mar. 4, 1913What happened: After six decades of parties, the Inaugural Balls were canceled, as Wilson decided they weren’t serious enough.What he said: “This is not a day of triumph; it is a day of dedication. Here muster, not the forces of party, but the forces of humanity. Men’s hearts wait upon us; men’s lives hang in the balance; men’s hopes call upon us to say what we will do. Who shall live up to the great trust? Who dares fail to try?”President: Woodrow WilsonDate: Mar. 5, 1917What happened: For the first time, the official Inaugural parade included women as participants.What he said: “We stand firm in armed neutrality since it seems that in no other way we can demonstrate what it is we insist upon and cannot forget. We may even be drawn on, by circumstances, not by our own purpose or desire, to a more active assertion of our rights as we see them and a more immediate association with the great struggle itself. But nothing will alter our thought or our purpose. They are too clear to be obscured. They are too deeply rooted in the principles of our national life to be altered. We desire neither conquest nor advantage. We wish nothing that can be had only at the cost of other people. We always professed unselfish purpose and we covet the opportunity to prove our professions are sincere.”President: Warren G. HardingDate: Mar. 4, 1921What happened: Harding became the first to arrive at his Inaugural ceremony by car.What he said: “When one surveys the world about him after the great storm, noting the marks of destruction and yet rejoicing in the ruggedness of the things which withstood it if he is an American he breathes the clarified atmosphere with a strange mingling of regret and new hope. We have seen a world passion spend its fury, but we contemplate our Republic unshaken, and hold our civilization secure.”President: Calvin CoolidgeDate: Mar. 4, 1925What happened: Coolidge’s Inauguration was the first to be broadcast on national radio.What he said: “Our own country is leading the world in the general readjustment to the results of the great conflict. Many of its burdens will bear heavily upon us for years, and the secondary and indirect effects we must expect to experience for some time. But we are beginning to comprehend more definitely what course should be pursued, what remedies ought to be applied, what actions should be taken for our deliverance, and are clearly manifesting a determined will faithfully and conscientiously to adopt these methods of relief. Already we have sufficiently rearranged our domestic affairs so that confidence has returned, the business has revived, and we appear to be entering an era of prosperity which is gradually reaching into every part of the Nation.”President: Herbert HooverDate: Mar. 4, 1929What happened: A schoolgirl thought she caught a mistake in the Oath of Office, and wrote to the Chief Justice about it—and was proved was right.What he said: “Of the undoubted abuses which have grown up under the 18th amendment, the part is due to the causes I have just mentioned; but part is due to the failure of some States to accept their share of responsibility for concurrent enforcement and to the failure of many State and local officials to accept the obligation under their oath of office zealously to enforce the laws. With the failures from these many causes has come a dangerous expansion in the criminal elements who have found enlarged opportunities in dealing in illegal liquor.”President: Franklin Delano Roosevelt (January 30, 1882 – April 12, 1945), often referred to by his initials FDR, was an American politician who served as the 32nd president of the United States from 1933 until his death in 1945Date: Mar. 4, 1933What happened: As at George Washington’s first inauguration, the intended Bible was forgotten. One was borrowed.What he said: “So, first of all, let me assert my firm belief that the only thing we have to fear is fear itself—nameless, unreasoning, unjustified terror which paralyzes needed efforts to convert retreat into advance.“President: Franklin D. RooseveltDate: Jan. 20, 1937What happened: For the first time, following the passage of the 20th Amendment, the Inauguration was held in January, not March.What he said: “Today we reconsecrate our country to long-cherished ideals in a suddenly changed civilization. In every land, there are always at work forces that drive men apart and forces that draw men together. In our personal ambitions, we are individualists. But in our seeking for economic and political progress as a nation, we all go up, or else we all go down, as one people.”President: Franklin D. RooseveltDate: Jan. 20, 1941What happened: Many observers noted that, back in 1937, FDR had said that his “great ambition on Jan. 20, 1941, is to turn over this desk and chair in the White House to my successor, whoever he may be.”What he said: “To us there has come a time, in the midst of swift happenings, to pause for a moment and take stock—to recall what our place in history has been, and to rediscover what we are and what we may be. If we do not, we risk the real peril of isolation, the real peril of inaction.”President: Franklin D. RooseveltDate: Jan. 20, 1945What happened: Considering the ongoing war and the President’s failing health, the Inauguration was a relatively small-scale affair. TIME observed that only two top hats were visible (FDR wore a business suit rather than formal wear) and that “those on the portico could see what a supreme effort it takes to hoist himself up.”What he said: “We shall strive for perfection. We shall not achieve it immediately-but we still shall strive. We may make mistakes—but they must never be mistakes which result from faintness of ‘heart or abandonment of moral principle.”President Harry S. TrumanDate: Jan. 20, 1949What happened: Harry Truman’s 1949 inauguration was the first to be fully integrated, with all events and hotels open to minorities.He said: “In the pursuit of these aims, the United States and other like-minded nations find themselves directly opposed by a regime with contrary aims and a totally different concept of life. That regime adheres to a false philosophy that purports to offer freedom, security, and greater opportunity to mankind. Misled by that philosophy, many peoples have sacrificed their liberties only to learn to their sorrow that deceit and mockery, poverty and tyranny, are their reward. That false philosophy is communism.”President: Dwight D. EisenhowerDate: Jan. 20, 1953What happened: Eisenhower made news by asking men to wear homburg hats rather than silk top hats.What he said: “For our own country, it has been a time of recurring trial. We have grown in power and in responsibility. We have passed through the anxieties of depression and of war to a summit unmatched in man’s history. Seeking to secure peace in the world, we have had to fight through the forests of the Argonne to the shores of Iwo Jima, and to the cold mountains of Korea. In the swift rush of great events, we find ourselves groping to know the full sense and meaning of these times in which we live.”President: Dwight D. EisenhowerDate: Jan. 21, 1957, following a private swearing-in the day before (which was a Sunday).What happened: Parade highlights included two circus elephants.What he said: “And so the prayer of our people carries far beyond our own frontiers, to the wide world of our duty and our destiny. May the light of freedom, coming to all darkened lands, flame brightly—until at last the darkness is no more. May the turbulence of our age yield to a true time of peace, when men and nations shall share a life that honors the dignity of each, the brotherhood of all.”President: John F. KennedyDate: Jan. 20, 1961What happened: Robert Frost became the first poet to read as part of an Inaugural program.What he said: “And so, my fellow Americans: ask not what your country can do for you—ask what you can do for your country.”President: Lyndon B. JohnsonDate: Jan. 20, 1965What happened: For the first time, the limousine used by the President was bulletproof.What he said: “I do not believe that the Great Society is the ordered, changeless, and sterile battalion of the ants. It is the excitement of becoming—always becoming, trying, probing, falling, resting, and trying again—but always trying and always gaining”President: Richard NixonDate: Jan. 20, 1969What happened: “It was the first time in memory that anyone had tried to disrupt an inaugural parade,” TIME noted after an estimated 1,000 protesters showed up.What he said: “We have endured a long night of the American spirit. But as our eyes catch the dimness of the first rays of dawn, let us not curse the remaining dark. Let us gather the light.”President: Richard NixonDate: Jan. 20, 1973What happened: Dozens of Congressmen (reports differ on the exact number) boycotted the ceremonies due to the war in Vietnam.What he said: “At every turn we have been beset by those who find everything wrong with America and little that is right. But I am confident that this will not be the judgment of history on these remarkable times in which we are privileged to live.”1977President: Jimmy CarterDate: Jan. 20, 1977What happened: In a symbolic move, Jimmy Carter and his family broke from tradition and walked from the Capitol to the White House rather than riding in a car.What he said: “Let our recent mistakes bring a resurgent commitment to the basic principles of our Nation, for we know that if we despise our own government, we have no future. We recall in special times when we have stood briefly, but magnificently, united. In those times no prize was beyond our grasp.”1981President: Ronald ReaganDate: Jan. 20, 1981What happened: Inauguration Day was dubbed “America’s Incredible Day” by TIME after it saw not only the beginning of a new presidency but also the end of the Iran hostage crisis.What he said: “In this present crisis, government is not the solution to our problem; government is the problem.”President: Ronald ReaganDate: Jan. 20, 1985What happened: This year saw the coldest Inauguration Day on record, with wind chill driving the feel of the day down as low as 20° below zero at points.What he said: “So, we go forward today, a nation still mighty in its youth and powerful in its purpose. With our alliances strengthened, with our economy leading the world to a new age of economic expansion, we look to a future rich in possibilities. And all of this is because we worked and acted together, not as members of political parties but as Americans.”President: George H.W. BushDate: Jan. 20, 1989What happened: To match the theme of his speech (see below), Bush was celebrated with fireworks—precisely 100 shells, each with 10 flares.What he said: “I have spoken of a Thousand Points of Light, of all the community organizations that are spread like stars throughout the Nation, doing good. We will work hand in hand, encouraging, sometimes leading, sometimes being led, rewarding.”President: Bill ClintonDate: Jan. 20, 1993What happened: A celeb-heavy program included appearances by Michael Jackson, Barbra Streisand and Kermit the Frog.What he said: “Our democracy must be not only the envy of the world but the engine of our own renewal. There is nothing wrong with America that cannot be cured by what is right with America.”President: Bill ClintonDate: Jan. 20, 1997What happened: For the first time, the Inauguration was broadcast live online.What he said: “Let us shape the hope of this day into the noblest chapter in our history. Yes, let us build our bridge, a bridge wide enough and strong enough for every American to cross over to a blessed land of new promise.”President: George W. BushDate: Jan. 20, 2001What happened: A whopping 35,000 roses were used in the festivities.What he said: “Today we affirm a new commitment to live out our Nation’s promise through civility, courage, compassion, and character. America at its best matches a commitment to principle with a concern for civility. A civil society demands from each of us good will and respect, fair dealing and forgiveness.”President: George W. BushDate: Jan. 20, 2005What happened: One Inaugural party, the Texas State Society’s Black Tie & Boots Ball, featured live armadillos.What he said: “For a half a century, America defended our own freedom by standing watch on distant borders. After the shipwreck of communism came years of relative quiet, years of repose, years of sabbatical, and then there came a day of fire. We have seen our vulnerability, and we have seen its deepest source.”President: Barack ObamaDate: Jan. 20, 2009What happened: After Chief Justice John Roberts flubbed the oath of office, he and the President redid it the next day.What he said: “For we know that our patchwork heritage is a strength, not a weakness. We are a nation of Christians and Muslims, Jews and Hindus and nonbelievers. We are shaped by every language and culture, drawn from every end of this Earth. And because we have tasted the bitter swill of civil war and segregation and emerged from that dark chapter stronger and more united, we cannot help but believe that the old hatreds shall someday pass, that the lines of tribe shall soon dissolve; that as the world grows smaller, our common humanity shall reveal itself, and that America must play its role in ushering in a new era of peace.”President: Barack ObamaDate: Jan. 21, 2013What happened: On his way out of the 2013 ceremony, Obama turned around to look at the crowd, saying “I’m not going to see this again”—creating a viral Inaugural moment.What he said: “Let us, each of us, now embrace with solemn duty and awesome joy what is our lasting birthright. With common effort and common purpose, with passion and dedication, let us answer the call of history and carry into an uncertain future that precious light of freedom.”President: Donald TrumpDate: Jan. 20, 2017What happened: In many places throughout D.C., Inauguration events were met with protest; Trump’s first actions in office included signing a proclamation calling for a National Day of Patriotism.What he said: “We assembled here today are issuing a new decree to be heard in every city, in every foreign capital, and in every hall of power. From this day forward, a new vision will govern our land. From this day forward, it’s going to be only America first, America first.”