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Any story about our home ownership begins with Aunt Leslie's weekend home in Oak Grove. It was an Earthly paradise. Some time in the early aughts, April and I began visiting her place on Mattox Creek and we thought that the whole of Westmoreland County must be a magical tidewater amusement park. Near the end of graduate school, when we had a baby and an offer of work, how could we turn down the chance to move to the Venice of eastern Virginia?We had been renting in Charlottesville and numerous of our friends had been going through houses and flipping mortgages to the tune of six figure profits. It was our expectation, nay our birthright, that we would buy a house, do what adults do, and some day sell and move on to bigger house. It was a biological imperative: we have kids and careers, now is the time to buy.My dad advised against it. "Just rent. See what happens." But what did he know, we were in our twenties!Besides, rentals were scarce. I wonder why?We bought, with the help from nice gifts from our parents. The year was 2006.You may remember what happened next. The entire real estate market basically defecated and fell back in it. Maybe all those $300k loans on $40k salaries were not such great ideas?But we had been conservative. A $160k house with Potomac River access! What could go wrong?We tried to refinance in 2010 because the 6% interest rate seemed pretty high. The assessor said the house was worth $88k. Ouch. But that's ok, we'll stick around and ride this one out, we said.Fast forward two years and we have concluded that we belong further west. No problem. We'll rent it out until the market turns around.Each of the first three years, we had solid tenants who paid the rent every month, let us know if anything was amiss, and essentially took care of the house.In the fourth year, we found a sweet young couple via Craigslist who said that they were fleeing the crime of their neighborhood in Hampton Roads. She said that she was a nurse by trade and had a job lined up. He was a local fellow with connections and people I asked said that he was a fine person who would certainly find a job. We took a gamble on them, but after having no trouble with earlier tenants, we expected that the rent checks would come on the monthly.His very elegant parents even came to the lease signing and fronted half of the security deposit and first month’s rent. Her children were well behaved, clearly loved, and anxious to enjoy their new home and school.They managed to pay the rent the following month and wasted no opportunity to tell me how much they loved the place.When the third month rolled around, no rent check came. When I inquired, she blamed the rotten mail service in Coles Point. I believed her. And I waited. And waited. When it had not arrived in a week, I started checking around. The neighbors told me that the grass had not been mowed and it appeared that the power had been cut off. I immediately set out to see for myself. Upon arrival, I could not believe how badly the house and property had been abused in three short months. The grass had never been mowed, the screen door had been knocked off its hinges, and there was trash throughout the house and yard, including a hideous burn pile in the middle of the yard, replete with broken glass, discarded beer cans, and all manner of refuse. A pit pull was in a cage in the back yard, just as abandoned as the property. The fence that my dad and I had constructed one hot summer day had spray painted messages and the sky light of our garage had been shattered, just like our sense of justice.After a call to animal control and the clerk of the court, I changed the locks and set about cleaning the house. The next day, friends from all over the Northern Neck descended on the property to clean, repair, and prop up our beloved home. Very quickly, it looked like a place worthy of a family in search of a safe place to lay their heads.Anxious to find other renters lest the vandals were still in the neighborhood, we were quick to respond to a sweet old retired couple who had heard the story and assured me that they would love our home as their own. I knew that their credit was not good, but they were so earnest and their social security and disability income was sufficient to cover the rent. Besides, I visited the home they would be leaving and it was well kept. She tearfully hugged me when the lease was signed and he gave me the kind of handshake that felt like any legal document was a mere formality. These were good people and our house was now in their care.For the first year, it worked pretty well. They were late a few times, but they always paid it back in the next few months. In December, they missed rent again, but they paid $200 extra dollars each of the next four months. In May, they missed again. This time, there were myriad excuses. Medical bills had piled up, the electric bill was unusually high, and times were tough. But he had decided to get a job at Walmart to bridge the gap. I gave them the benefit of the doubt and surely expected that they would begin paying down the deficit in June. I even went to see her on June 2nd, the day before the rent was due. She had a specific plan for repayment and said that a deposit would be made the following morning as soon as her social security came through.I called at noon when no deposit had been made. She assured me that she was stuck at the doctor’s office and would make the deposit that afternoon. No deposit came. And she stopped answering my calls. The next day, I sent a certified letter saying that they had five days to pay their rent or “quit” the property. Once the letter was recieved, I was able to pay $80 to seek a court date for eviction, which was set for early July. At this point, it was obvious that they would be staying until someone forced them to leave. Worse, now that they knew that I was seeking to oust them, they ceased to pretend that they were following any of the tenets of the lease.Multiple people were occupying the house other than that “sweet” old couple and several folks had moved into the outbuildings, which, up to that point, were uninhabitable by any reasonable standard. The shed took on water (and myriad frogs) with any rain downstairs, and the upstairs lacked insulation, had holes in the floor, and was filled with our old boxes of keepsakes and unused furniture. They were actually paying her rent, even as she was not paying me anything! She even brazenly had one of them evicted for nonpayment.Neighbors told me that the police came often. Shouting and violence were commonplace. Many of the denizens of the shed wandered the neighborhood in an apparent drug induced stupor and knocked on doors requesting to use a phone or to bum a cigarette.I spoke to the police and they confirmed that they had visited the property at least 25 times. One detective warned me to watch out for needles when I finally had the opportunity to clean the place.The next door neighbor shared a horror story about how one of the young woman had fled her boyfriend one night and taken up residence on her couch. The boyfriend came over and banged on the locked door, but when it didn’t open, he slit both his wrists and proceeded to bleed all over the door and sidewalk. The next day, she believed that the erstwhile couple had conspired to steal her summer’s savings, which had been noticed the night before. Someone kicked in her back door and made away with nearly $2000.Not only were we being victimized as landlords, but the entire neighborhood was under assault.The court date finally arrived and, shockingly, she was there. The judge moved as swiftly as the law would allow: they were not paying the rent and were in clear violation of the lease, so they had 10 days to move out. He also found a $3500 judgment for me, which is ultimately meaningless, because you can’t garnish social security or disability. She cried all the way out the door, but the house was to be ours again.The law says that if the tenants are still there after 10 days, I have to file a writ of possession at a cost of $50, enabling the police to drop by and give them another three days before being dragged out of the house and having their belongings left on the street.On the 10th day, she reached out to me and said that she was so sorry that they had fallen behind, she hoped that I didn’t hate her, and she promised to pay me back. She begged for two more days so that she could “clean up” the house and leave it nice. Knowing that she actually had three days before anyone could make her leave, I begrudgingly allowed it. She said that she would be entirely out of the house by noon on Saturday.I sat across the street from the house from 11am until 6pm and watched at least six people I had never seen before retrieve items from every building on the property. Sure enough, they were cursing and yelling at each other the entire time, but they did not acknowledge my presence.At 6pm, when they pulled out, I decided that I was willing to wait no longer. I changed the locks and examined the house. The all too familiar trash burn pile had been resumed, as if by some unspoken agreement that the local dumpster was just too far to drive. Cigarette butts had been dropped throughout the yard and multiple ash trays had been emptied on the carpet. Many tiles had been broken, removed, and otherwise mangled. Many of our possessions had been stolen, including the microwave oven, two vacuum cleaners, a dehumidifier, a space heater, and the rocking chair in which my wife was sung to sleep as an infant. They also left a ‘95 VW Golf sitting in the front yard with its transmission sitting in the back seat.On the first day, an obviously inebriated middle aged man walked right up to me and asserted that the Golf was his and that he had lived in the very wet downstairs of the garage, presumably getting friendly with the frogs. He tried to shake my hand and asked me for a cigarette, but I declined on both accounts. I told him that I would be hauling the car off unless he removed it quickly. The very next day, I saw him stumbling around at the neighbor’s house, where only middle school aged children were present. I walked over and the kids explained that he was saying that his grandfather, God, had told him to come borrow their car in order to drive to the hospital. A quick 911 call later and a county deputy was handcuffing him and escorting him somewhere to get him help.I spent 7 days cleaning up the mess that they had spent two years making. I cursed them throughout the process, but I also cursed my gullible, trusting nature, and my unwillingness to believe that someone could lie to me that consistently and convincingly. Now the house is livable again. It’s amazing what a carpet shampoo, a few coats of paint, lots of candles, and 15 loads to the dump can do.Now how do we rent the place again, knowing what depravity exists? Well, it starts with finding a worthy candidate and the person we expect to move in this weekend has a security clearance and a great job with the local naval base, so we feel like we’re finally on the right track.

Depending on how it would be done, it may or may not be constitutional, and both Anthony Zarrella and David Muccigrosso are about two-thirds correct.As Anthony points out, a federal law simply requiring state law enforcement to wear body cameras would be a violation of the “separate sovereigns” approach to federalism that the Constitution takes. This is pretty well-settled law of the Tenth Amendment.Federal police powers are MIILD: military, interstate issues, Indians, federal lands, and the District of Columbia. Outside of that, the individual States retain authority over their police forces. The Feds are not allowed to tell them what to do or how to do it. This is, in fact, why “sanctuary” jurisdictions are not only perfectly legal, they’re fully exercising their rights under the Constitution, but I digress.But, Congress does have authority over federal authorities. If Congress passed a law that said all federal law enforcement had to wear and use body cameras while on duty, that would be perfectly constitutional. The FBI, ATF, ICE, DEA, Secret Service, Federal Marshals, Park Rangers, hell, they could make postal inspectors wear body cameras if they wanted to. These are all federal law enforcement agencies.As David points out, Congress does have some degree of authority under the Tax and Spend Clause to put strings on federal funds given to the individual States. This is also pretty settled law.But, Congress also can’t be coercive about it. That was one of the big things to come out of the NFIB v. Sibelius case in 2012 that upheld the core pieces of the Affordable Care Act, but did strike down some other pieces of it, including the requirement that all states had to expand Medicaid, or lose their Medicaid funding entirely. That was too coercive, the Court ruled. They reasoned that it was an enormous part of state budgets and states would have to either drop massive parts of their Medicaid programs or find a way to make up the difference, or be bullied about by the Federal government without their consent. The Court reasoned that Medicaid was like a contract between the States and Congress, and you can’t just unilaterally change a contract without the agreement of the other side. So, states could opt in to the Medicaid expansion, but could not be forced to do it or lose all their existing funding.Thus, whether or not it would be legal to condition federal funds on the adoption of a policy requiring law enforcement to wear body cameras at all time depends on how coercive it is. Adding new conditions to existing federal programs may be problematic if they’re large enough to seem coercive to the states. Creating new grants that have those conditions is probably fine.However, let’s set aside the legality of the issue for the moment and think about the policy itself.Both Anthony and David have good discussions of the key question: when must the cameras be on? Always? When interacting with a member of the public? Will there be exceptions? How will any exceptions be prevented from abuse?The State of Minnesota has, I believe, a fairly good law regarding data practices that is useful here, but that law is not without some serious complexity.Minnesota’s law is called the Minnesota General Data Practices Act, Minnesota Statutes Chapter 13. It would be hellishly long for me to quote the whole thing here, but the general principle of it is first that virtually everything is recorded.Everything.If a judicial law clerk working for a judge were to write down a note on a post-it, this is technically a government document and has to be preserved for a certain period of time. Violation of the law can lead to criminal charges.The second general principle of the MGDPA is that not everything is public. There are varying degrees of what can be released and to whom.Some data is wholly private - the only person who can see that is the state employee and certain immediate supervisors or HR. Personnel files, things with the employee’s social security or other confidential information, that kind of stuff is heavily restricted in accessibility.Some data is non-public, but accessible within an agency, district, branch, etc. The state’s judicial database, MNCIS, is widely open to members of the judicial branch, slightly more limited to partner agencies such as law enforcement (a judicial branch employee can see certain parts of a file that law enforcement and county attorneys or state attorneys can’t), and much more limited to the public.Some data is non-public by default, meaning you can’t just go look it up on a state website or walk into a government building and open a file cabinet, but accessible with a Freedom of Information Act request. That post-it that the judicial law clerk wrote a note on may become public upon request unless it falls into a set of categories where it would not be publicly accessible. Notes a judicial law clerk takes during a trial can possibly be obtained through a FOIA request.Some data is public by default, meaning you can just go look it up or ask for it and it will be given to you without a FOIA request. Lots of various county records, plats and property ownership, that kind of stuff, are public record and are available for anyone to look at for any reason.Improper withholding under the law, or improper release under the law, can provide a basis for civil or even criminal charges for the state employee involved. There’s extensive training on this for all state employees, and there’s an entire state office of staff attorneys who just handle this issue to advise any state employee who has a question. There’s an administrative office that puts out both adjudicative decisions on this and advisory opinions.While legally complex, the legislature is constantly clarifying things as new technologies and data comes up.So, basically everything is preserved, and from there, the question is what is accessible to the public.Applied to the question of cameras, this is probably the best policy. Almost everything is recorded, but not everything is available to the public.The officer taking a shit doesn’t need to be recorded. I’m fine with that. Take a break, clock out for five minutes, do your business, clock back in.And undercover officers should not be mandated to wear a camera if it will compromise their safety.But all else should be recorded and preserved for a specified period of time, including the officer who takes a phone call from his wife. Does the department have a right to know what he said? Probably not, but also maybe. If that officer breaches a confidentiality policy about something he’s working on, yeah, there should be a record of that. Does the public need to know about it? Probably not, unless it leads to disciplinary action. All of that can be dealt with by access restrictions.Anthony points out that recording a confidential informant, for example, might put the CI’s safety in danger. And that’s a valid concern.But Anthony’s concerns about recording a confidential informant can be relieved by restricting access, rather than by restricting the recording itself. The identity of a CI is already preserved under the MGDPA, for example, but is nonpublic data, and even restricted from defense attorneys without certain motions.David’s point of about privacy rights is not really a factor here. When you accept employment with the state, certain rights, including privacy, go straight out the window. This is especially true when you work in a position that has heavy interaction with the public or substantial public impact. This is why politicians make their tax returns public. A state employee’s emails are public, which is why they’re heavily discouraged from using them for personal use.A state employee’s actions done within the scope of their employment is generally public information, and with good reason. History has shown that government without transparency virtually always grows abusive, and governments that are engaged in shady or politically sketchy practices have almost always attempted to restrict public knowledge of it knowing that it would be damaging to them. When those abuses have become public, it has led to outrage, and rightfully so.As a law enforcement officer, as any public employee or office holder state or federal, that person works for the public, and they forget that at all our peril.As a result, by being a public employee, that person sacrifices some degree of privacy for that position. If someone doesn’t like that and wants that privacy, they can go work for the private sector.The main problem that I see is storage. Video, even when heavily compressed and low resolution, is still data-intensive. Even if every officer generated less than 100 megabytes of video a day, for a medium to large city, that can be literally tens of gigabytes, even terabytes of data per day to store.This isn’t a technical problem so much as it is that storage could become costly quite quickly. For a small city or town, or even a rural sheriff’s department, it could be difficult if not adequately funded. As it stands, some law enforcement agencies have difficulty with video storage options for existing squad video that activates when the officer turns on the lights and siren.That said, storage is becoming cheaper all the time. When I started college, a 128 megabyte flash drive cost me $50. Today, I can buy a 128 gigabyte flash drive - literally orders of magnitude larger - for the same price. Terabyte solid-state drives are becoming consumer-affordable. Given that, the cost of bulk data storage for a government to add video and preserve it for, say, one year, is probably no longer wholly prohibitive.Given that, with appropriately limited and narrow exceptions for particular circumstances, I don’t see a particular legal issue with a requirement for body-worn cameras to be used at all times depending on how the law is structured.Rather, the main issue is largely the practical costs of the cost of storage and retrieval, and this is less of a technical challenge and more one of adequate funding to do it.The public always loves a good idea… until they see the price tag.

SEBI Grade APreparation Strategy | Syllabus | Books for SEBI Grade A Phase I 2018September 21, 2018The notification of SEBI Officer Grade A is out and has surprised aspirants with the changed pattern. In Phase I, 40 questions each of general awareness, English language, quantitative aptitude, reasoning and awareness about securities market will be asked. You need to answer all of these questions in a total time of 120 minutes. Moreover, to qualify for the Phase II exam, you need to get more than 40% of marks in each of the sections. Let’s have a look at the exam pattern for Phase I.StreamSectionMarksDurationGeneral, Legal, Information Technology and EngineeringGeneral Awareness40Composite time of 120 minutesEnglish Language40Quantitative Aptitude40Reasoning40Awareness about Securities Market4057 days are left for the Preliminary exam which leaves you with just the right time to prepare for different sections. Let’s have a look at the preparation strategy of each of the sections:General AwarenessThe general awareness section has 40 questions of 1 mark each. The good thing about this section is that the questions really don’t take much of your time. If you are prepared well, you would be knowing a majority of answers but unlike reasoning and quantitative aptitude, there isn’t any solving involved. Either you know the answer or you don’t know it. You can finish this section fast and utilize the time saved on other sections. Scoring well in this section can actually make a difference in your total score. Take mock tests to practice more on questions which you might have missed in your preparation. This section can be classified into three subsections:Static GKQuestions asked on this section generally relate to important dams, mountains, stadiums, national parks, dances, currencies, capitals, headquarters of important institutions, stock exchanges, thermal power plants, nuclear power plants etc. Keep yourself updated on CMs, Governors and latest events related to different states. You may like to use Lucent GK book as a reference.Current AffairsReading newspaper is of prime importance when it comes to preparation of current affairs. Subscribe to a good newspaper and make note of important facts and news. Check out the current affairs compilation posted on our blog. You can also help yourself by going through Bazooka, our monthly bulletin. Weekly quizzes are available on our Android app as well which you can practice on the go.Static BankingBe updated on questions on the history of banking, banking terms, SEBI functions, Indian and international economy, UNO, IMF, World Bank, ADB, BRICS etc. Also, go through the RBI FAQs.English LanguageStarting to read the editorial section of a good English newspaper is the minimum you can do. While reading an article, understand the content before you proceed. Make note of new words and their usage. Increasing your reading speed will help you sail past the RC section easily. Solve a lot of RC sets beforehand. Start with solving RCs without any time-limit initially and see where are you getting stuck. Once you get a hang of it, solve the RC sets with time-limits. When approaching the questions of RC, prioritize those ones which are likely to be answered quickly (for eg. synonym/antonym related questions) rather than inference based questions.In cloze test and sentence rearrangement, try to get the theme of the sentence before looking at the options. For spotting the error questions, the error should be evident to you by reading the sentence slowly 1-2 times. Whatever is the nature of the question, enough practice beforehand via mock tests will definitely help you. Also, solve our quizzes to assess your preparation level.Quantitative AptitudeBelow are the topics which need to be covered for Quantitative Aptitude:Average, Mixture & AlligationsCompound/Simple InterestData InterpretationMensurationNumber SeriesPermutation and CombinationPercentageProbabilityProfit and LossRatio ProportionStocks and SharesTime and WorkTime, Distance and SpeedBe thorough with all the concepts mentioned above and practice a lot of questions and learn how and when to use which shortcut. Knowing shortcut is important but what is more important is to know when and how to use it. Competitive exams nowadays try to check more than one concept in a single question. You can find such new types of questions in mock tests. Once you are through with the concepts, solve a lot of mock tests to assess your preparation in this section. Try these quizzes as well and see where do you stand.ReasoningThe topics with which you should be ready are below:Blood RelationsData SufficiencyDirection TestInequalitiesInput-OutputPuzzlesSeries Completion/Missing SeriesStatement, Inference & AssumptionSyllogismGo through each and every topic and try to understand the logic behind it. Practice a lot of questions on each topic and check out the usage of shortcuts. Puzzles are very unpredictable and can consume a lot of time. Solve mock tests to get a hang of different types of puzzles and to see how you are performing in this section. Did you know that we have free quizzes on reasoning. Try them now!Awareness about Securities MarketThis is one of its own kind of section. Below is the syllabus as given in the official notification.Securities marketsIndian Financial system – introduction – structure – finance commission – financial administration – receipts of the Government – Expenditures of the Government.Capital markets – primary market – instruments – legal issues and regulations – secondary market – stock exchanges – brokers – trading in stock exchanges – forward trading – stock index – depositories – regulationsBond Market- Money market, G.sec Market, Corporate bond market, Bond valuation, Duration, sensitivity, riskForeign Exchange market – exchange control – fixation of exchange rate – exchange control in India – FEMA – foreign exchange transactions of commercial banks in India – currency convertibility – currency forwards, futures and options – trading in foreign exchange market – relationship between money market and foreign exchange market..Commodity market, commodity trading and exchangesInternational capital markets – instruments – Guidelines – foreign investment in India and its regulations.Securities Law:Relationship between Company Law and securities lawBasic concepts related to securities law, like capital, public offer and securitiesHistorical Background of securities lawSEBI as a Market regulator, Powers and Functions of SEBI, Quasi legislative powers, executive powers and quasi-judicial powersRegulating the intermediaries and Stock exchanges, Meaning and Type of securities, Securities Contract, Corporatization, Demutualization and regulation of stock exchange, Listing Agreement, Dematerialisation and RematerialisationRights and duties of Depository (NSDL AND CSDL) , Depository Participant, Issuer and beneficiaryUnpublished Price Sensitive Information(UPSI) , Insider as connected person, Insider as the person having access to UPSI, Trading on the basis of UPSIMergers Amalgamation and takeovers, Types and legal processes during takeover, Substantial Acquisitions, Exemptions by law, Exemption BY SEBIPublic offer and disclosure requirementsUnfair Trade Practices in the securities market, Securities Market offences, Prohibition of Insider TradingSEBI ICDR RegulationsPublic Offer requirementsRole of SEBI as a RegulatorSecurities Appellate TribunalRole of Courts in enforcing securities regulationsTo prepare for this section, make sure you’re through with the SEBI FAQs. Current affairs regarding securities and SEBI are a must read. Also, consider the below books:Indian Financial System by Bharti PathakCapital Market by Macmillan publicationNCFM ModulesWe hope this article would have helped you in your preparation. Stay tuned for more.Read more about other articles of SEBI Officer Grade A.Take a Free Mock Test by clicking here.For a continuous assessment and better preparation buy SEBI Officer Grade A Test Series.Free Mock Tests for the upcoming examsESIC SSO Mock TestSEBI Officer Grade A Mock TestIBPS PO Mock TestIBPS Clerk Mock TestIndian Bank PO Mock TestBuy PracticeMock Plus at Rs. 499