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Coding bootcamps are known to help individuals double or even triple their salaries. Programs can teach anything from web development to UI/UX design, and the best-rated programs showcase strong job outcomes for graduates. A recent blog post from our friends at Climb Credit explains why Most Bootcamps Have Great ROI, though it’s true that many are a noteworthy investment. In an effort to improve bootcamp accessibility, several nonprofit organizations and other programs now offer their version of a free coding bootcamp to help introduce students to software development, without an upfront cost.In addition to free courses, students can also take advantage of several programs and financing structures to help them get started for free. Bootcamps like Flatiron School and Fullstack Academy offer free prep courses, which prepare applicants for their full-time programs. Schools like Revature employ students after graduation at their own institution. Other options include deferred tuition and ISAs. We have a comprehensive list of these programs, as well as a comprehensive list of free coding bootcamps online.Our guide below highlights each free coding bootcamp that is offered in-person or online. Each program listed is designed to help you gain fundamental skills before you invest in a more intensive program.Free Code CampDescription: Free Code Camp helps people build job-worthy portfolios of real apps used by real people while helping nonprofits. FCC offers free verified certifications in Front End Development and Full Stack Development, and the 1,600-hour full stack JavaScript curriculum is completely self-paced, browser-based, and free. FCC aims to serve people who are traditionally underserved in the coding community: 80% of FCC's students are 25 or older, and a fifth are women.CodecademyDescription: Codecademy is a great place for beginners to start coding. This interactive online platform offers real-time results to individuals who are just beginning to dabble. Their curriculums include HTML & CSS, JavaScript, PHP, Python, Ruby, Angularjs, The Command Line, and others.BridgeDescription: Bridge is a free eleven-week program for women in software development. Students meet in-person twice a week, in small class sizes, to work on real-world projects and learn in-demand skills from expert Rangle developers. Bridge is committed to providing a supportive environment where women can learn, ask questions, and build on their technical skills. At the end of the course, students will leave with greatly increased confidence, a project for their portfolio, and experience with highly-sought-after technologies taught by industry experts.CourseraDescription: Large online course library, where classes are taught by real university professors. All courses are free of charge, but you have the option to pay for a “Coursera Verified Certificate” to prove course completion. These cost between $30 and $100 depending on the course. Coursera also now has specializations, which you do have to pay for.GA DashDescription: General Assembly’s free online learning platform. Entirely project-based. You build a “project” with each walk-through. They are one of the very few options that have a course on how to build a Tumblr theme from scratch.Khan AcademyDescription: Tons of subjects (as their front page says, “You can learn anything”), including many on computer programming. A few courses are offered for younger kids, too.The Odin ProjectDescription: The Odin Project was created to provide a complete path for students to go from zero to employed as web developers while working with other students along the way. Students will start with a short Introduction to Web Development, before moving on to Web Development 101 and more in-depth modules including HTML, CSS, Javascript, Ruby, Rails, Git, databases and more. The tutorials are completely flexible, allowing students to work through each lesson or jump to different lessons/projects. The Odin Project is a completely free coding bootcamp and is best for absolute beginners (and those who have tried other resources without success) who want to work as a web developer, do freelancing work, build a startup, or learn to build a website homepage.UdacityDescription: Offers individual courses, as well as “nanodegrees” that train you for specific careers like front-end web developer or data analyst. Some course materials are free, but nano degrees require a tuition fee.UdemyDescription: Udemy offers both paid and free courses on a variety of subjects such as web development, programming, data science, and others. Courses can be created by anyone, so be sure to read Udemy’s reviews before diving in.Skillcrush’s Free Coding BootcampDescription: Skillcrush’s free coding bootcamp is a perfect place to start for absolute newbies. You’ll learn what it means to work in tech, get digestible definitions of common industry lingo, and get the chance to write your first lines of code.NodeSchoolDescription: NodeSchool is an open source project run by volunteers with two goals: to create high-quality programming curriculum and to host community learning events.42 SchoolDescription: Code 42 is a computer-programming training program, which provides its curriculum completely free-of-charge to its students. The program started in Paris, France in 2013 with the aim of improving France's technology sector by developing more qualified technical candidates within France.Recurse CenterDescription: The Recurse Center (formerly Hacker Center) offers a free, 3-month immersive retreat for people intent on improving their programming skills. Recurse Center fosters a largely unstructured, self-directed, and project-based environment, with an emphasis on self-motivation. Participants attend 12-week batches in New York, where they write open-source software and grow together as programmers in a friendly, intellectual, and energizing environment.SimplonDescription: Simplon is a startup factory that empowers entrepreneur-programmers. Every 5 months, Simplon trains 24 underprivileged smart people on web development, and help them to build web startups for social good.Insight Data ScienceDescription: Insight is an intensive seven-week post-doctoral training Fellowship bridging the gap between academia and data science in Silicon Valley, New York, Boston, Seattle, and Remote. In the past five years, Insight has grown to over 1000 alumni working at over 800 top data teams across the US, including Facebook, Apple, Google, LinkedIn, New York Times, Biogen, Amazon, Airbnb, Yelp, Bloomberg, McKinsey, 23andMe, Wayfair, and many high-growth startups. Insight programs are 100% tuition-free.The Data IncubatorDescription: The Data Incubator is an intensive eight-week bootcamp that prepares the best science and engineering PhDs to work as data scientists and quants. It identifies Fellows who already have the 90% difficult-to-learn skills and equips them with the last 10%: the tools and technology stack that make them self-sufficient, productive contributors. The program is free for Fellows. Employers only pay a tuition fee if they successfully hire.Ada Developers AcademyDescription: Ada Developers Academy is a 27-week program in downtown Seattle offering a tuition-free full-time program to teach full-stack web development to women and people of non-binary gender.RevatureDescription: Revature partners with top universities across the U.S. to provide no-cost courses in programming and software development. RevaturePro is available to current college students and graduates. Through in-person or Hybrid (online and on-campus) coding immersion programs, Revature creates a pathway for individuals with diverse backgrounds to build the knowledge, skills, and abilities to reach their potential as technology professionals.Founders & CodersDescription: Founders & Coders C.I.C. runs the only free full-time coding course in the UK. It takes students with little or no knowledge of programming and turns them into full-stack web developers. After completing the course, students are encouraged to join their freelance community and to contribute to a growing array of community activities, including the course itself.Hack Reactor Basic PrepDescription: Founded in 2012, Hack Reactor is a 12-week immersive coding school providing software engineering education, career placement services, and a lifelong network of professional peers. Hack Reactor has campuses in San Francisco, Austin, Los Angeles, and New York City, as well as an online, remote immersive (full-time and part-time_. Their cost-free prep program prepares individuals to participate in their full-time, immersive program.Flatiron School Introductory CoursesDescription: Flatiron School is an outcomes-focused coding bootcamp that offers Full Stack Web Development and iOS Development programs at its NYC, Washington, D.C., London, and online campuses. Flatiron School has led the bootcamp industry on outcomes, backing its 98% job placements rate and $75k starting salary with annual independently-verified jobs reports. Flatiron School also offers several free coding bootcamp introductory courses, including Bootcamp Prep, and Certificate courses on their online campus.Fullstack Academy Prep ProgramDescription: Fullstack Academy is an immersive software engineering coding bootcamp located in New York City and Chicago. Students of the full-time flagship course learn full stack JavaScript over the course of a 13-week, on-campus program. Students can participate in a free coding bootcamp preparation program to gain basic skills to prepare for the full-time, immersive course.Rithm SchoolDescription: Rithm’s full-stack web development program is a four-month accelerated learning experience. Rithm School takes independent and thoughtful students and turns them into confident and creative full-stack developers. Rithm School values an intimate learning community and therefore class sizes are 8-16 students. Their curriculum is centered around JavaScript and Python, and also features two weeks of time to contribute meaningfully to open source projects.Lamda SchoolDescription: Lambda School invests in a small number of ambitious individuals by training them for the world's most in-demand careers. In exchange, Lambda School graduates pay back a small percentage of their salary after they are hired. This unique application and interview process is designed to identify those with great aptitude for a technical career, regardless of their background.RMOTRDescription: RMOTR school is one of the leading online Python Web Development and Data Science bootcamps. RMOTR offers 4-months online programs where students interact with teachers, mentors, and classmates remotely. Trainings include a clear and curated path to always know "what to do next", scheduled live sessions and mentor support every week to keep you accountable, a set of real-life projects to build your own portfolio, and much more.

94 Money-Making Skills You Can Learn in Less Than a Year1. Touch-Typing and 10-KeyLearning touch-typing or 10-key can improve accuracy when drafting documents and speed up productivity, both of which are skills that many employers consider major assets. Typing is necessary for data entry, administrative and writing jobs. The cost of improving typing skills ranges from the practice you can do on your own for free to courses that cost a couple of hundred dollars. Online learning marketplace Udemy, for example, offers several typing courses ranging from $10.99 to $199 to help you increase your typing speed in just a few days.In addition to data entry jobs, cashier jobs and similar roles typically require 10-key skills. If you want to work in retail or land a role requiring numerical data entry, you can learn 10-key number-pad typing skills using free online tools, such as through Typing.com or by taking an online course through a site like Lynda.com. Lynda: Online Courses, Classes, Training, Tutorials subscriptions start at $29.99 a month for access to thousands of courses.South_agency / Getty Images2. Computer ProgrammingYou don’t need a four-year computer science degree to learn basic computer programming and get entry-level jobs in information technology or roles related to website or software development and database management. Complete the Penn Foster Career School online Computer Programming Languages Certificate program in four months and learn programming skills as well as JavaScript, Microsoft Visual Basic and Access. The program costs between $499 and $589.Django / Stock Images, Royalty-Free Pictures, Illustrations & Videos - iStock3. Public SpeakingTaking a public speaking course and learning how to communicate effectively can enrich your career, especially if you’re seeking leadership or motivational speaking roles. Public speaking classes are taught online, at community colleges and at adult continuing education centers. Online training company The Leader’s Institute, for example, offers a five-part online public speaking course for $595.Juanmonino / Getty Images4. Microsoft Office Suite CertificationObtaining a Microsoft Office Suite certification indicates proficiency in Word, Excel, PowerPoint and Outlook. This is perfect if you’re seeking jobs that involve preparing documents and spreadsheets, such as administrative jobs and research jobs. Complete free online tutorials at your own pace, or sign up for a course at an adult continuing education center. For example, Chesapeake Public Schools in Chesapeake, Virginia, has four-week Microsoft Word and Excel classes starting at $71 for residents and $137 for nonresidents.vgajic / Getty Images5. Google Analytics CertificationGoogle Analytics Academy for Beginners is a smart option if you’re on the hunt for entry-level positions in digital marketing or advertising, or if you’re in the industry and need to improve your data gathering and analysis skills. It can be particularly helpful if you’re switching from a nondigital role, like print marketing, to a digital role, like website marketing. The online training is free through Google Analytics Academy. Courses — which can be completed in about four to six hours — help prepare you for the Analytics Individual Qualification certification test, which is also free to take.Dragon Images / http://Shutterstock.com6. Google Ads CertificationGetting certified in Google Ads is another valuable tool for digital professionals, especially if you’re interested in search engine marketing and related web marketing or advertising roles. Register through Google’s Academy for Ads and complete any of the hundreds of free training videos, ranging from five minutes to more than an hour long, at your own pace. Classes include Google Ads certification, search marketing, dynamic search and Ads display certification.LPETTET / Stock Images, Royalty-Free Pictures, Illustrations & Videos - iStock8. Driving for Ride-Sharing, Taxi or Delivery ServicesBecoming a noncommercial driver doesn’t usually involve specific training, with many companies only requiring a valid state driver’s license and a good driving record. Opportunities include driving for a company like Uber or Lyft or becoming a delivery person or a private-hire driver.If you want to be a taxi driver, some companies require completion of a one-day training course. The cost at the NYC Cab Drivers Training Centerin Manhattan is $175, but local courses may vary in price for you.Related: 24 Job Skills You’ll Need To Grow Your Career This Yearshotbydave / Getty Images9. Driving With a Commercial Driver's LicenseDriving a commercial vehicle requires training and a commercial driving license, but many commercial transport companies allow new employees to start their driving hours as they complete their training. Companies such as short- and long-distance delivery service providers, retailers and gasoline-shipping businesses employ commercial drivers. The training involves classroom instruction and hands-on experience. Training on standard trucks should take about one to two months to complete, and costs between $3,000 and $7,000, according to truck driving industry resource Apply for Truck Driving Jobs and Schools.shironosov / Getty Images/iStockphoto10. A Second LanguageLearning a second language can not only help you establish relationships with clients who don’t speak English, but also can make you a viable candidate for jobs that require international travel — from sales and business development to training and leading others on tours. You can also use this skill for call center jobs, telephone or online sales jobs and customer service jobs with employers who need bilingual employees. Check out foreign language or American Sign Language classes at a community college or online. The University of Wisconsin-Madison, for example, offers an online, six-month Business Spanish Certificate Program starting at $750.There are still more which I could not mentionDo check their websitehttps://www.gobankingrates.com/money/entrepreneur/money-making-skills-can-learn-less-year/

My knowledge is first hand in the US, UK and France only.I. Organization of Medical EducationThe major difference starts with degree level: American medical degrees are Graduate or 2nd degree programs; European medical degrees are Undergraduate or 1st degree programs.Europeans can enter medical school earlier than N. Americans and graduate younger by an average of 3 or 4 years. This is a function of the academic curriculum and configuration of “streaming” that takes place earlier in Europe where the intellectual demands are more focused and competitive from a younger age.European earlier “streaming” in secondary school - early specialization and 2 year pre-University programs. From age 13 in many European nations, students choose a general stream (science, mathematics, humanities). The end of compulsory secondary education occurs after 4 or 5 years. At that point, those academically inclined (perhaps 25%-35%) pursue “Upper Level” education, usually administered in the same physical school; the other 65–75% would either start work, head to a vocational school or other training or apprentice program. These “pre University” grades/forms last at least 2 years in only 3 subjects. The academic curriculum approaches University level; the brightest finish by age 18 but many repeat until their grades are sufficient to age 19 or 20. There used to be intervening compulsory military service for some European males, or, internships/apprenticeship prior to University application - but that keeps changing.The result is that entry to medical school, on the surface, can be without a formal first university degree. I entered medical school at age 18, skipping Y1 of 5 years of medical school since I had studied biology and physics. In effect, I graduated at age 23 but with the UK medical degree of MBChB for “Bachelor of Medicine/Surgery” or MBBS in other Commonwealth systems. Yet, in terms of medical school training, it was equivalent to that of American students who first had to do a 4 year Bachelor’s program. In other words, medical graduates can be as young as 23 in Europe but often at least 26 in the US. After that, the specialization clinical programs are a function of available “posts” in public systems like in the UK; that means that very experienced European specialists may be at a rank below what their skill merits if the posts above are not vacated.However, specialist training in the US is often faster. At the end of the day, the average age of a fully accredited “specialist” would be similar on both sides of the Atlantic but with vastly different financial and work/life situations. The earlier entry into medical school in Europe is balanced with a longer trajectory to becoming a fully-fledged “specialist”. European Post graduate specialization is usually much longer than in N. America, sometimes double the time needed.European medical schools and health care systems are subsidized, with the implication that there may be a limited number of “posts” or slots for senior positions, so a UK doctor may take 8 years to move from House Physician/Surgeon to Consultant Surgeon, whereasan American doctor may do so in 4 to 6 years to be an “Attending Physician/Surgeon” or Board Certified Specialist.II. Financial Aspects and Configuration of Medical ProvisionFinancial Circumstances Dominates US Medical EducationPublic EU medical schools may be virtually “free” (a few thousand euros per year) to as much as GBP 20–40k in Britain for non-EU (soon non-UK) students.While the American doctor is paid perhaps 3–5 times more than a British doctor (gross), he/she starts out with perhaps $500k or more of debt (Bachelor 4 years, plus MD 4 years); in the private sector, he/she would also have much higher administration costs, malpractice insurance and also have 4 weeks fewer vacation than most European doctors.Administrative complexity and lack of coherent, consistent payor systems dominate US health care provision.Lack of Streamlined Payor systems inflate medical costs with the jumble of hundreds of private insurance payor systems in the US. In terms of an IT metaphor, EU health system can be as tied-down as Apple’s closed “universe” whereas there is more of an umbrella of overlapping US systems akin to Linux, Unix and other operating systems coexisting.Depending upon the EU nation, there may be a single or streamlined payor system; so, a solo practice would still be feasible if not highly lucrative.A US PCP (family doctor) would find it almost impossible to be in a solo practice as the hundreds of reference and claims processing variants from medical insurance would easily overwhelm a sole practitioner; so most PCPs are in group practices or employees of “Health Provider” companies. Apart from Medicare (a public health insurance policy at a Federal level), a typical medical clinic has more administrative staff than healthcare staff to deal with the hundreds of every changing variants of individual policies from dozens of insurance firms.Some US doctors have been so frustrated by the non-medical interference and tardiness of having every medical procedure and prescription influenced by private medical insurers that they refuse all insurance - save for Medicare (out of altruism). They either charge a cash fee or form cooperative groups that propose their own “plans”.III. The Pathway to becoming a fully independent specialist.The Admissions criteria vary from “grades only”, a mix of grades and CV and stratified systems (one part grades only, one part a mix and one part other criterion).France is unique in that anyone with an advanced high school diploma can enter 1st year, but, by design, only 10% of top grading get into the Y2 (numerus clausus by competition).Germany has stratified admissions, 20% based exclusive on grades, 60% on a mix of grades & CV and 20% influence by seniority.US schools vary by State and sector (public or State versus private). However, in the most selective programs (Harvard, Stanford, Yale, Dartmouth, Penn etc.), fewer than 5% of applicants gain entry, so academic scores may be all that differentiate candidates who all have a decent candidacy.In the UK, it used to be mainly purely on academic scores from the “Advanced Level General Certificate of Education” exams administered by London or Cambridge Universities (GCE “A”-Levels) in only three subjects for 2 years following obligatory education (GCE “O”-Levels).For over a decade, the number of medical training slots in the UK has been below a replacement rate, with vacancies filled by a combination of EU doctors and immigrants from Commonwealth nations (the Indian subcontinent, S. Africa mainly). In 2019, 1 in 8 healthcare professionals in the UK were foreign born and trained.With the closing off, unless GB negotiates otherwise, of access to the medical manpower from the EU, Britain would either have to expand a) medical schools or b) access to medical immigration; probably a mixture of the two. Maybe the expected influx of some 1 million Hong Kong people would include doctors to replace EU trained doctors who choose to leave the UK after 2020Curricula in the US tend to be 4 years, followed by clinical training in hospital (“residency”) or in the field (for PCPs). In the EU, the curricula tends to be 5 years, sometimes reduced to 4. The net result is that the age of first medical degree can be as young as 23 in the EU compared to 26 in the US; however, the actual ages tend to be older in the EU than 23 since many students either undergo voluntary preparatory education of 1–2 years, or have to make several attempts, or, male students have 1 year of compulsory military service.Assessment and Attrition during Medical Training. Assessments are a mix of group work, examinations, interviews and clinical evaluation. In general, once one gains admission into medical school, the students advance in a cohort with the vast majority graduating; only in France is there a tweak in that only 10% of those who enter 1st year get into 2nd year (the rest being also a cohort). As such, while grades were key to admission, they are not after admission. In my case, out of some 150 medical students, only two failed to graduate; one committed suicide in his last year and another suffered from endogenous depression.Academic or grades tend to be tougher in the EU simply as there are proportionately far more applicants than school training slots. In general, only the top 10% of academic or entry examination performers get accepted; even fewer for the top schools. There is the French exception, on paper, since there is no minimum grade requirement for 1st year medical school, BUT continuation to Y2 is subject to numerus clausus in that only the top 10% get into Y2; in effect, the French simply funnel students in but make the academic cut after 1 year - It’s extremely stressful. If you happen to be in a year with particularly bright performers, your passing “grade” would be higher than in a year with a less bright cohort!Traditional Grade 85/100 (left) versus Numerus Clausus to select only top 15%.IV. American Considerations in Attending EU Medical SchoolsEnglish language programs are also sometimes offered in Pre-Clinical education (theoretical) in several non-Anglophone nations (CZ, BG, HU, IT, LT) countries, but fluency of local language is expected at the time of clinical training.Outside of GB, IRL and Malta, instruction in English is a “niche” private sector offering - not a mainstream one. Although everyone learns to read, and perhaps write, English, that still means that verbal communication with patients and other personnel would NOT be in English outside of places where there is greater English literacy than in the US or UK! (NL, principally). Unlike the US, Europeans go to a private medical school when one’s grades are insufficient to get into the tougher public or State schools i.e. Those who pay tend be the less academically-performing candidates - almost the opposite to the US phenomenon where the private for-fee medical schools occupy the top ranks of medical research, clinical specialization, and reputation.Hungary offers an English-language medical program (although, it would be difficult to do clinical training in Hungary in English).Italy has a private school offering theoretical (pre-clinical) training in English; however, clinical training would be very difficult if one is not fluent in Italian.This is the case, outside Europe, with UAG (Guadalajara, Mexico) where preclinical instruction is given in English but clinical training would be with Hispanophone patients and staff.Private and public (at State level) medical schools in the US coexist; the key difference is that private schools tend to be more expensive. In the EU, most medical schools are public (national) but a few private universities exist, catering to foreign students in English, sometimes with clinical training arranged with hospitals in another language/country.In the US, the top tier tends to be dominated by private schools, although some State schools are also in the top 10–20.In Europe, there are no private schools, that usually are for foreign students, that are long-established or centers of excellence.Tuition and CostsUS tuition is generally much more costly than in the EU, especially with less financial aid available, and higher living costs.Financial aid, scholarships and loans are more available to American residents than to international students.US schools charge the same tuition regardless of the nationality of the studentState universities offer lower fees for in-State residents, the range of tuition is from $10–40k per year.Private schools, the range is from $35k-93k, with a median of $58kIn the US, some of the most prestigious private schools have large endowments that often mean that anyone who is admitted can have tuition subsidized by the school relative to their ability to pay.The cost of living must also be factored into account as it can vary from $15k-45k per year depending upon location and lifestyle.EU tuition varies from country to country but overall costs are usually much lower than in the US.Public schools are highly subsidized with some in Germany charging under €1k per annum. However, the average seems to be around €9000 per annum for nationals or EU citizens; depending upon the school:International students are charged much higher tuition; with the most expensive in the UK rising to around £35–45k per annum. This is also similar to the few private schools catering to international students. However, due to the insufficiency of numbers medical training posts, that means that the NHS has relied upon foreign MDs, principally from the EU (until January 2021’s Brexit), and from Commonwealth nations like S.Africa, or the Indic nations.Overall costs can be lower than in the US since urban transport is usually denser and subsidized: However, locations like Paris, London, Dublin, Geneva, Zurich and Scandinavia tend to have much higher accommodation costs - similar to Boston, NYC or SFO.V. Beyond Medical School - Differences in Medical Demographics, Admissions Criteria.Economic FrameworkIn Europe, most medical schools are state-funded, public institutions that are highly-subsidized. Medical graduates’ debt would largely be for living costs incurred.In the US, the most prestigious schools are private and have sky-high tuition ($35–93k per year in private schools; $10–40k in State or public schools). In addition, unless one is in a dense urban setting or content to live on campus, additional living costs may include a car (at least $7k per annum in the US).The American graduate may often end up with student debt accumulated for the 8 or 9 years of Bachelor and medical degrees. A Federal loan program is often available but it can mean $300k-$1 million of nearly a decade of no income apart from any part time job. This motivates American graduates to gravitate to the most lucrative specialties, rather than to the most needed ones, and, also, to the most remunerative regions and employers. The expansion of Obamacare to an additional 21 million Americans has placed enormous strains on the inadequate population of Primary Care Physicians (= GPs or FPs) who act as gatekeepers to specialist care.Instead of exploiting the education and experience of immigrant doctors into the US, the AMA and most State Medical Boards have pursued a professional protectionist accreditation system. Especially non-Anglophones would basically have to spend a year or more studying English and medical school coursework that they had not studied for a decade; THEN, Board accreditation would mean a chase for the “leftover” residency slots, often in “rural” and less popular regions.When you have a 40 year old ophthalmologist immigrant in the US, the prospect of two years to pass medical exams and then face the challenge of finding a suitable residency - most of which would be in Family Medicine or Internal Medicine, it means that experienced specialists and surgeons are effectively kept out of competing with US-trained doctors.However, in a bizarre turn of events, the severe shortage of PCPs has led to the creation of ersatz PCPs in the form of “Physician Assistants” (2 year program - no obligatory clinical training; supposedly always under an MD - but often abused) and “Nurse Practitioners” (nurses who pursue a 4 year Masters program) who have more independence than PAs in that they can work independently as PCPs and prescribe all except neuroleptics. So, the person in white coat at the clinic may have 2 to 4 years less medical training than the most junior of freshly minted immigrant doctor!Would you prefer to see a foreign oncologist with 15 years experience, or a “Physician’s Assistant” fresh out of 2 years’ education, or even an “Advanced Nurse Practioner” who has 4 years of training? If language is a problem, take an interpreter. Especially now, with the pandemic, it is such a waste to have perhaps thousands of experienced foreign MDs stuck doing some other work, and instead have pseudo family “doctors” with far less education and clinical exposure. Maybe the FMG should be better educated in spoken English than being obliged to basically re-do final year medical school, and then hospital training.Foreign Medical Education for Americans. Even Americans who attend foreign medical schools are disadvantaged if they try to subsequently integrate into the US medical training systems. Even if they handily pass the USMLE etc., some 50% of them are never “matched” with a residency of their choice and location, and they pursue some other profession. Their only advantage over foreign-born FMGs is that they don’t need a visa to work and stay.Medical Schools in large Anglophone nations. The UK, Ireland, Australia, NZ, India and South Africa. While tuition and language are most attractive, can you believe that academic competition is much higher than for the average US medical school? If you can’t get into Harvard or Columbia or Penn, it is highly unlikely that you would have the academic profile to get into UCL, Cambridge, Edinburgh, Sydney, New Delhi or Cape Town medical schools. Those schools are public and often there are insufficient number of training posts (particularly in Britain that may see 12% of its medical workforce leave after Brexit to return to the EU). On the other hand, although you would be in the same category as all other FMGs when it comes to residency, the pedigree of the UCL, Cambridge, Oxford, Imperial College London, Edinburgh, Melbourne, Sydney, Tropical SoM London may well give you a calling card in the US - particularly if you first arrange a “medical elective” in the city and hospital group of your choice between 3rd-4th or 4th/5th years. I did my medical elective in UCSF Moffitt Hospital and, had I wished to get residency, it was easy to sit and pass the ECFMG and USMLE when I was still in Medical School in the UK; there was also no language barrier with patients (especially as I could converse in Spanish for Hispanophone patients).Anglophone Island Schools- Limited Clinical Program. Americans who choose an “off shore” medical education are viewed as “less academically performing” since they were not accepted into US schools. In some ways, the handicap is not “intelligence” but lack of challenging medical cases. The medical school in the tiny Caribbean islands (Grenada, Sint Marteen, Saba) just don’t have much tertiary medical infrastructure or patients.Non-Anglophone Big city Schools with English Programs - Make sure US Pathway to Residencies after Y4. Any international public school would have competition as intense as top private universities in the US. However, the great advantage would be low cost if you can choose say between Harvard and Karolinska Institute or Heidelberg. Only private medical schools with a reserved quota for international students would be readily accessible. Americans may also attend a medical program in a larger, urban setting with decent tertiary medical infrastructure in English, but they cannot really get adequate clinical training unless they fluently speak the language of locals past 4th year (when clinical training begins). These are not top ranked schools but you don’t have to be “genius level” to make a good GP, PCP. one should have great diligence and a good heart for the well-being of others.The best-known programs include that at the UAG (Guadalajara, Mexico), the 2nd largest Mexican city.In W. Europe, there are two Italian medical schools with formal teaching in English, the excellent (but very competitive and limited to GP training) La Sapienza University (Rome) better known for Art, Archaeology and History; I understand that the University of Navarra (Spain) also has a medical program mostly in English.A slew of Eastern European schools also offer medical pre-clinical training in English. Budapest’s Semmelweis is an old school that offers an English program. However, check if they have any streamlined pathway to USMLE and US residency arrangements if your intention is to work in the US.In Asia, Khalifa Univeristy in Abu Dhabi is private school founded recently but not particularly affordable. In addition, a few dozen Chinese medical schools have opened their doors to non-Chinese students including the oldest Western Medicine school in China, Sun-Yat-Sen in Guangzhou province. Tuition in the PRC would be much more reasonable (some $6k-$10k per year). Again, make sure that you either have a ready pathway to US Residencies or are already fluent in local language and content in remaining.Supply and Demand of MDs. Shortage of GPs in the US, of specialists in the EU.In the US, there is a high desire to specialize, partly as medical graduates have accumulated some 8 years of tuition and living cost debt, that can easily reach $500k. Extreme shortage of PCP/GPs in USA, ever since Obamacare added nearly 20 million more Americans as “Patients”In the EU, there are proportionately fewer slots for specialist training, and even fewer in the public health systems as head specialist, leading to long periods in a junior position. As a result, there are shortages of specialists, notably in ophthalmology and some types of surgery.MD Protectionism - Immigrationin the US. Instead of facilitating the process of foreign medical immigration to the US to meet the enormous shortage of GP/FP/PCPs that medical regulators have taken the short-sighted corner-cutting policy of allowing “Nurse Practitioners” (nurses with a Masters of 4 years) who can act as GPs, including prescribing, and “Physician Assistants” (with only 2 years training but who must work under the supervision of an MD) attempting to fill those roles. It’s misguided. It’s counter-productive since the FMG would be able to fill the extreme shortage of “gatekeeper” PCPs in the US, whereas American MDs are more likely to be in specialist programs.in the EU, there is mutual acceptance of EU degrees but each country may have specific requirement for Board registration; in reality, EU-trained doctors can work anywhere in the EU. After Brexit, Britain’s medical staff shortages will jump, as EU doctors would no longer be free to work in the UK, and vice versa masked its chronic under-funding of medical education since about 12–18% of NHS doctors are foreign-trained, most of whom are EU citizens. However, it may also have caused shortages in parts of Europe with a brain drain from East to West. While northern Europeans tend to speak excellent English, Europeans from other countries may have to either choose non-clinical careers or go to the effort of gaining fluency in English.Discriminatory Admissions Criteria at some Private US schools EU schools place most emphasis on academic grades with a few exceptions. They have strict EU non-discriminatory admissions criteria. However, the lack of national guidelines on admission criteria, especially in private schools has a highly variable influence on non-academic factors.“Affirmative Action” Formalized Pro-Black Discrimination Social engineering “reverse” discrimination of Blacks to encourage “minorities” (=Blacks in US parlance; the term usually does not refer to numerical minorities like Asians, gays, deaf etc.) also plays a variable role in the US where there are even “traditionally Black” universities (Itself a most inegalitarian/racist concept); I had a French friend who did his post-doc at Howard, completely unaware of its predominantly “Black” reputation - He and a Pole were the only two White faces in their section (but both had a great experience, once the others realized they were foreign!)Influence, Money and Fame. US private medical schools are NOT egalitarian and can be unabashedly “discriminatory” in a positive or negative sense. A wealthy donor parent or a prominent personality explain why some Bushes and Trumps gain access to school where they are surrounded by far more academically accomplished students. The fact that DT was able to attend (although he was mostly absent) Penn for an economics Undergrad (i.e. probably NOT Wharton, NOT an MBA, although the faculty may have overlapped), has tarnished Penn’s reputation somewhat.Unofficial “Anti-Asian Discrimination” Some schools have an unspoken bias against Asians (ironically, a numerical “minority” in the US) against a backdrop of a much higher proportion of students of Asian origin than in the general State population.On closer examination, it may be that recent immigrant “Asians” perform better than average as they are often offspring from the most skilled immigrants . This has come about as a result of recent changes in immigration policies from accepting almost anyone from Europe from the late 19th to mid 20th Century (no money, no education, not English speaking) to screen for wealthier, more educated profile of immigrants. So, barring family-sponsored, undocumented and refugee immigrants, latter 20th Century immigrants to the US had to be of higher socio-economic profile that the average American.Since the majority of the world’s population is “Asian”, most qualified immigrants are Asian (Indian, West, Central, Southeast and East Asian) immigrants simply as a result of statistics, 27% of humans are of Indian subcontinental origin and 22% are of East Asian origin, if one adds South-east and Central Asians, the total approaches 60% of humanity.This is supported by examining the immigrant background of prominent “minority” Americans.Leading “Black” politicians are offspring of one or more Black immigrant parents who arrived educated: Barak Obama (Kenyan father was PhD), Senator Kamala Harris (Jamaican father was Economics Professor at Stanford, Indian mother was PhD cancer researcher!), Dr. Wayne Frederick, President of Howard University (a real-life Doogie Howser MD, immigrated from Trinidad to enter a joint BS/MD program at age 16 at Howard, completing it by age 22 as MD!).Past Governor Nikki Haley (née Nimrata Randhawa) was born to Indian (Punjabi) immigrants, her father being a PhD Professor in South Carolina. I just wish she would stop with the whitening skin treatments and electronic lighteners.Then, a highly disproportionate number of prominent Hispanics are offspring of Cuban immigrants (Senator Marco Rubio, Senator Robert Menendez, Senator Ted Cruz, Andy Garcia, Gloria Esteban, Eva Mendes, Cameron Diaz); yet, Cuba is a nation of just over 10 million! Cuban Americans are around 500k versus a total of some 55 million Hispanic Americans, mostly of Meso-american origin and based mostly in the southwestern USA. However, unlike most refugee immigrants, it was the better educated, better-to-do Cubans who dominated the immigrant wave from Cuba to the USA as of 1960.