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Hello there,the Swordfish design strategy - Biplane, Metal frame, Doped fabric covering - was the WWI paradigm carried to its logical conclusion.And its survivability was not intentional so much as a happy accident. Shoot at anything enough and you will definitely bring it down somehow.There were, however, a number of types which continued to use this structural form, either as ‘swan song’ biplanes, and as applied to the monoplane, on all sides taking part in the hostilities.Here are some good examples :[1] The Hawker Hurricane, whose early marks made use of a wooden wing structure and skins (with metal spar), metal front fuselage covering, and a metal and fabric covered aft fuselage, as well as fabric covered control surfaces and tail surfaces.[2] Gloster Gladiator - Like the Swordfish, one of the transitional types, though here a biplane fighter. Outmoded by 1940, the 3 Gladiators of Malta made their own legend in terms of defending that island until the Royal Navy could arrive. ‘Faith’, ‘Hope’ and ‘Charity’ became the most publicised and famous biplanes in the world, until Taranto and the sinking of the Bismark made the Swordfish even more famous.[3] Fiat CR32 & CR.42 Falco - Differing only on engine fitted, the CR.32 and 42 were swan-song biplane fighters, again of metal-and-fabric construction,a nd bested by the Gladiator above.[4] Fiat BR.20 Cicogna - Bombload was pathetic, and yet construction was again metal, wood, and fabric. Shot down in droves…everywhere from Spain to China ![5] Siai-Marchetti SM 79 Sparviero - Why does everyone miss this one ?! The SM79 (known in the Force Aerea Italiana as ‘Il Gobbo’ - the Hunchback) was one of the great medium bombers of the war, and a very good torpedo bomber platform. Again, it features the metal-wood-fabric construction paradigm.[6] Avro Anson - similar to the Hurricane in mixing metal structure where it counted, with wooden sheeting, and fabric cover on aft fuselage and flying surfaces. And it was, in the early days of the war, a front-line type.[7] Vickers Wellesley - its front line role effectively ended by the start of the Battle of France, during the ‘Phoney War’/’Sitzkrieg’ period 1939–1940. As you can see, it featured Sir Barnes Wallis’ geodetic structure, which was incredibly strong while being incredibly light. Where most metal structured types gained in strength with the skinning and tightening of the structure by the application of fabric shrunk through doping, the Wellesley never needed the extra - it was quite strong enough from the get-go.[8] Vickers Wellington - a ‘Bigger Twin Wellesley’ in essence, and between 1939 and 1942 a significant front-line bomber. Identical in structure to the earlier Wellesley, it too is geodesically metal framed and fabric covered.[9] Vickers Warwick - a 2nd line bomber by the time it entered service, the Warwick was the final evolution of the Wellington. Despite being made in far smaller numbers than the Wellington, the Warwick had far better proportions, and far higher performance. Its arguable the last fabric-covered bomber to enter service into any air-force.[10] DeHavilland DH.82 Tiger Moth - the immortal ‘Tiggie’ was, in 1940, to be used as a front line COIN bomber should the Huns decide to have a British seaside holiday following their French excursion earlier in the year. The Tiger Moth is of course a metal framed, fabric covered trainer.[11] Messerschmidt Me-323 Gigant - Metal, wood and fabric are de-rigeur here, as there would have been no other way to build it ! That and it was inherently expendable to an extent…[12] Waco CG-4 - A troop transport of metal and fabric construction. Featured heavily on The Longest Day (D-Day in 1944). Soldiers were very brave to invade Festung Europa in something which was admittedly easily shot through…[13] DFS-230 - One of the first-deployed troop-transport gliders (here seen being towed by a Ju-87 Stuka), and of metal, wood and fabric construction. Armed too…[14] Morane-Saulnier M.S.450 - one of the last French fighters made before the German Holiday of 1940, the MS450 is also a transitional form, in the manner of the Hurricane - and is the latter’s inferior in every way that counts. Shorter and stumpier too..[15] Marcel Bloch MB.200 - Between the wars, no-one made them ugly, quite like the French. Its astonishing to know that this metal-and-fabric airborne barnacle, the MB-200, was made by the same company and designed by the same man who , after the war, would make scintillatingly good looking supersonic jet fighters when he changed his surname to Dassault. Mercifully shot down in droves by the Germans on the French Holiday, and beloved by the Luftwaffe for being an easy kill…To all those who think that I have missed the De Havilland Mosquito - NOT SO !The Mosquito’s structure is completely different compared to metal & fabric - I’ll demonstrate :Contrast the metal structure of the Swordfish, which does not have stressed-skin construction, with this :A cutaway of the Mosquito. This structure can be likened - correctly ! - with that of stressed metal construction. The Mosquito and later Hornet are the pinnacles of DeHavilland’s stressed wood construction technique, pioneered with the DH 88 Comet, and refined in the DH 91 Albatross airliners, the Mosquito’s direct ancestors.The Mosquito and Hornet were fabric covered, it is true, but this was a protective and low drag layer, not a structural re-inforcement.These are all the front line types featuring the same construction method as the Swordfish, and only the ‘lucky last’ fighters were biplanes. All were passe by 1941, though the Hurricane was front line until about 1943–1944, depending on were you were in the world.Practically all other types featuring this kind of construction were obsolete before the war began, or else were training types where getting shot up was not the name of the game.By 1940, metal structure began to predominate in both fighters and bombers - even the lacklustre Fairey Battle and Blackburn Skua were all-metal bombers, as was the passe Bristol Blenheim and Armstrong-Whitworth Whitley, and Albemarle medium bombers.And, of course, the aircraft of greatest performance, and greatest consequence, were of all metal construction from beginning to end. Some types (e.g. bombers and transports) of all metal construction did continue to feature fabric covered control surfaces, though on fighters this was not viable after 1941, where both the Spitfire and Bf-109 demonstrated that high speed airflow did distort fabric and inhibit performance to an unacceptable degree, and saw the widespread introduction of metal surface construction for these components.Hope this helps a bit - the construction form was actually quite widespread during hostilities among some frontline types.

πέπλος,ὁ, in late Poets also with heterocl. pl. πέπλα, AP9.616, http://Epigr.Gr.418 (Cyrene) :— A any woven cloth used for a covering, sheet, carpet, curtain, veil, to cover a chariot, funeral-urn, seat, Il.5.194, 24.796, Od.7.96 ; laid over the face of the dead, http://E.Tr.627, cf. Hec. 432, Ion 1421. II upper garment or mantle in one piece, worn by women, π. ἑανός, ποικίλος Il.5.734, cf. Batr.182, Od.18.292, X.Cyr.5.1.6.Ancient Greek Dictionary Online Translation LEXILOGOSThe word is also being used in modern Greek, as a “cover” from a cloth or other weather elements , as from fog, or clouds.

It depends whether you mean to insure their own risks as a business such as fire, employers’ liability/workers’ comp and directors’ and officers’ liability, or whether they ‘lay off’ some of the risks that they underwrite.For the latter, the most usual method is reinsurance, as others have said, but it is not the only method. The extent and way that insurers use reinsurance depends on the maturity of the country’s insurance industry. Where it is well developed, then insurers are likely to have strong balance sheets and will look for reinsurance to cover catastrophe level losses. Where the insurers are in a more developing phase, they are likely to share their risks more widely to take advantage of the greater financial strength and expertise of the reinsurers.There are other ways that insurers get protection. One is through securitising some risks into the capital markets, broadly known as insurance linked securities (ILS). The best known of these instruments give the insurer a pre-determined payment in event of a natural catastrophe peril (hurricanes and earthquakes are the most common) and are unsurprisingly known as ‘cat bonds’. The US is the best developed market for ILS.For some risks, terrorism in particular, there is a government reinsurance or guarantee that will cap losses if they could be at such a level that they could cause lasting damage to the insurance companies.