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Normally civilian airliners avoid war zones where mid and long range radar guided air defense missiles are deployed.Since it is illegal for state operators to purposefully destroy civilian airliners outside a war zone, the main perceived danger for airliners are guerrillas/terrorists armed with short range shoulder fired MANPADS in airports’ vicinity when the aircraft is clearly visible and within range. Both 9K32 Strela-2 and Stinger FIM-92 feature ranges of up to 15000 feet.MANPADS use infrared guidance.Since the early 2000s, Israeli airline El Al has been the only commercial airline to fit its planes with systems to defend against Infrared seeking missiles. However the Flight Guard system involved flare decoys (like on military aircraft) which became an issue in civilian airports because of accidental fire liabilities.In 2014, El Al began to fit some of its planes that fly on more sensitive routes with an updated Missile Approach warning System (MAWS) that employs an infrared missile-tracking camera, an “infrared (IR), ultra-violet (UV), or radar missile-approach warning sensor to detect a missile launch in the very early stages of an attack” and a laser system to act as a counter-measure.In November 2014, under the Israeli government's SkyShield program, Elbit’s Commercial Multi-Spectral Infrared Countermeasures (C-MUSIC) system was adopted by El Al.Elbit Systems’ Multi-Spectral Infrared Countermeasure (MUSIC) system in its self contained, bolt-on pod . Credit: Assaf ShiloC-MUSIC is self-contained in a pod, with the missile warning, signal processing, laser emitter, beam conductor, beam director, and cooling. The compact pod measures 2.7m in length, and is designed to snap on to the carrying aircraft belly. The pod operates as a stand-alone unit, with Infrared Passive Approach Warning System (PAWS) sensors developed by Elbit Systems’ Elisra subsidiary monitoring the surrounding area in search of potential threats. When missile warning is issued, PAWS tracks the threats and directs the DIRCM (Directional Infra-Red Counter Measures), employing a unique Fiber Laser emitter conducting the laser beam through a mirror turret, to illuminate and disrupt the threat’s guidance, altering its flight course off the protected aircraft.Unfortunately there have been several occasions where civilian airliners were destroyed in the air and its passengers murdered by long range radar guided missiles:- Iran Air Flight 655 was a scheduled passenger flight from Tehran to Dubai via Bandar Abbas that was shot down on 3 July 1988 by an SM-2MR SAM fired from USS Vincennes, a guided-missile cruiser of the United States Navy.-Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 was a scheduled passenger flight from Amsterdam to Kuala Lumpur that was shot down on 17 July 2014 while flying over eastern Ukraine. Dutch prosecutors have charged three Russians and a Ukrainian with the murder of nearly 300 passengers and crew with a Russian-made Buk missile launched from eastern Ukraine, an area under the control of separatists backed by Moscow. Investigators say the missile was launched from a vehicle belonging to Russia's 53rd Anti-Aircraft Missile Brigade. Against all evidence, the Kremlin denied any responsibility.-Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 was a scheduled international passenger flight from Tehran to Kiev. On 8 January 2020, the Boeing 737-800 operating the route was shot down by 2 TOR M-1 SAMs launched by Iran, killing all 167 passengers on board. The Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps said they had shot down the aircraft after mistaking it for a cruise missile.Obviously systems meant to defend against IR seeking SAMs are powerless against radar guided missile systems.Military aircraft use warning receivers, chaff dispensers, jammers and towed decoys associated with high G maneuvers to escape mid and long range radar guided SAMs. Nearing an area protected by Air Defenses they will fly below the the radar horizon on nap of the earth flight profiles using TERPROM. The massive costs of “Stealth” involve avoiding detection by using a variety of technologies that reduce reflection/emission of radar, infrared, visible light and radio frequencies (RF).Obviously none of the above are currently applicable to civilian airliners, except maybe on board US Air Force One.But ….Was Iranian Missile Operator Tricked Into Shooting Down The Ukrainian Airlines Plane Over Tehran? -- Sott.netor is it another conspiracy theory?

Disclaimer: Grab a cup of coffee... It's a long journey from here...1. What is the history of the Indian Railways Reservation System? How did it evolve from manual to computerized to web based system?It took almost 150 years of continuous upgradations for Indian Railways to reach where they are. It all started in 1835 at Chintadripet, near Madras, which later became the Red Hill Railroad.Please read on to get a glance of the history of railways. (This answer mostly concentrated on ticketing system. Go to the link provided at the end of answer for more detailed timeline)TIMELINE OF INDIAN RAILWAYS:On 16th Apr 1853, a train with 14 railway carriages and 400 guests left Bombay's Bori Bunder for Thane, with a 21-gun salute. It was hauled by three locomotives: Sindh, Sultan, and Sahib. The journey took an hour and fifteen minutes. This is the first commercial passenger train in India.In 1982, Indian Railways (IR) set up a central organization (COFOIS) to computerise freight operations.Till 1985, All tickets were issued manually and Stand-alone Computerized ticketing and reservation was introduced in multiple phasesIn 1985 as pilot project at New DelhiIn June 1987 at BombayIn July 1987 at ChennaiIn Oct 1987 at KolkataIn July 1989 at SecunderabadIn 1986 the Ministry of Railways established CRIS, an umbrella organisation for all information technology-related activities on Indian Railways merging COFOIS.In 1989, the train numbers were standardised to four digits Universal numbering.In 1990, First Self-Printing Ticket Machine (SPTM) was introduced, at New Delhi.In 1990, CONCERT (Country-wide Network for Computerized Enhanced Reservation & Ticketing) developed by CRIS is a total networking solution to Indian Railways Passenger Reservation System.In 1993, AC 3-tier coaches & Sleeper class are introduced apart from second class.The CONCERT software has been successfully implemented at all of the five PRS' sitesSecunderabad in Sept. 1994New Delhi in Sept. 1996Calcutta 14th June 1998Mumbai on 11th Jan 1999Chennai on 12th April 1999This complete network became operational on 18th April 1999. The CONCERT was developed using client-server model for distributed computing is a total solution to the networking of the PRSs. All the five sites have been internet-worked over a 64 kbps line using routers, on leased communication line connections from Department of Telecom (DOT).In 1998, Coupon Validating Machines (CVMs) introduced at Mumbai CST.In 1999, Credit cards accepted for booking tickets and reservations in some stations (including Mumbai CST).In February 2000, Indian Railways web site was deployed.In 2001, IVRS ('Interactive Voice Response System') for telephonic enquiries about trains introduced in some stations.On 03 Aug 2002, Indian Railways begins online train reservations and ticketing over the Internet.On 01 Dec 2002, Internet ticket booking extended to more cities.On 12 Aug 2005, IRCTC introduces E-ticketing for IR.On 26 Aug 2005, ticketing by SMS begins from IRCTC.In May 2014, IRCTC introduced Next Gen e-Ticketing system to upgrade it capacity. Please read What is "Next Gen e-Ticketing" that IRCTC has introduced?. This turned me from a complaining customer to a proud customer now.Source: IRFCA.org2. What are the effects of the use of technology in Indian Railways Reservation System?The formation of CRIS in the year 1986, to develop and implement hardware and software to gain benefits of data engineering. One has to accept the volume of work involved in bringing information technology projects over such as large system with large variance.CRIS is involved in nearly 50 different projects since its inception. Some of the major projects, their impact & timelines are discussed belowA. Passenger Reservation System:Reserved travel by Indian Railways is facilitated by the Passenger Reservation System (PRS) introduced in 1985-89.PRS provides reservation services to nearly 2.2 million passengers a day on over 2500 trains running throughout the country.The PRS Application CONCERT is the world’s largest online reservation application.B. Unreserved Ticketing System:UTS started with a launch of a pilot project in 2002 at Northern Railway and today implemented to handle almost 6000 locations and 90% of the total ticket sold every day.This has facilitated not only availability of ticket at all time replacing SPTM but also management of unreserved travel data.C. Freight Operation Information System:The creation of CRIS is a by product of this FOIS. FOIS is a complete management module for freight trains handling the billing and revenue collections.Daily collection of more than 205 Cr (more than 74% of total freight) through e-Payment from average 2000 Railway Receipts.Monitoring and management of more than 10,000 locomotives and 2,50,000+ wagons. Monitoring of more than 3,500 freight trains on daily basis.D. Control Office Application:The train operation over Indian Railways is monitored and checked through a Control office located in each Division.With automation implemented, the controller only feeds the timings of passing a station and charting is done automatically. All performance parameters involving punctuality, average speed, GTKM, NTKM and PKM etc. are worked out immediately.Online Real-time Train running information to public through National Train Enquiry System.E. Integrated Coach Management System:There are about 50000 passenger coaches forming a train with assigned composition.It has 3 subsystems: Punctuality Analysis and Monitoring (PAM), Coaching Operations Information System (COIS), Coach Maintenance Management (CMM).F. Crew Management System:CMS has facilitated complete data management on system from signing on to off and all information on click of the mouse. This involved huge networking of 10-15 crew lobbies in each Zonal Railways.Optimum and effective utilization, scheduling and assignment of crew through monitoring of mandatory requirements.Paperless Lobby – Calls for booking through SMS, Caution Order, Circular, Sign On/OFF.G. Software Aided Train Scheduling And Network Guidance (SATSANG):SATSANG is the software that will make the job of timetable planner very simple. The application has features that will enable creation of conflict free paths for train services and conflict free allocation of resources.Planners at the Zonal level can use this application to refine their solutions and find newer ones with greater ease. This will also help the planner one day to segregate running of coaching and freight trains in the separate time corridor to minimize the effect of speed differential.Impact Analysis on the mobility of freight trains on a section whenever a new coaching train is added never worked out. This software may help in gaining into such intricacies of train mobility.Source: Centre for Railway Information Systems

While there are a lot many different air to air missiles available in the international market, not all are good. The west has a lot of different AAMs to offer and the countries like Russia, China, India and Israel have also developed thier own AAMs.Here are my top 11 :-METEOR BVRAAMThe Meteor is a next-generation beyond-visual-range air-to-air missile (BVRAAM) developed by MBDA for the common requirements of France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Sweden and the UK. The ability to counter the current and future combat threats makes it one of the best AAMs in the world.The UK Ministry of Defence placed a contract, on behalf of six nations, for the Meteor missiles in December 2002. Development firing trials of the missile were successfully concluded by 2012. The missile will be integrated on modern combat aircraft such as Eurofighter Typhoon, Saab Gripen Dassault Rafale and F-35 Joint Strike Fighter.The Meteor BVRAAM features a state-of-the-art active radar seeker, a two-way data link communication and a solid-fuelled Ramjet motor to engage a wide range of targets with pinpoint accuracy. It also carries a blast fragmentation warhead with proximity and impact fuses for optimum lethality. The missile has high countermeasure resistance and offers the biggest ‘no escape zone.’IRIS-T (Infrared Imaging System – Tail/Thrust Vector Controlled)The IRIS-T (Infrared Imaging System – Tail/Thrust Vector Controlled) is a new generation short-range AAM produced by Diehl BGT Defence. The missile can engage aerial targets within a range of 25km.The missile was developed by Germany-based Diehl in partnership with companies from Greece, Italy, Canada, Norway and Spain to replace the AIM-9L Sidewinder AAM. The first series production version of the IRIS-T was delivered to the German Air Force in December 2005.The IRIS-T can destroy a wide variety of targets with its high-explosive fragmented warhead fitted with a proximity fuse. It is fitted as a standard weapon for Eurofighter Typhoon, F-16, EF-18, Tornado and Gripen fighter aircraft. It is equipped with imaging infrared (IIR) seeker for high accuracy and all-aspect capability in severe electronic countermeasure (ECM) environments. The solid-fuelled motor with thrust vector control ensures the engagement of highly manoeuvrable targets.MICAThe MICA (Missile d’Interception, de Combat et d’Autodéfense) is a short and Beyond Visual Range (BVR) AAM system developed by MBDA for the Rafale and advanced variants of Mirage 2000 combat aircraft.The system includes two variants, namely MICA (EM) RF featuring an active radio frequency seeker and MICA IR featuring a dual waveband imaging infrared seeker to defeat enemy countermeasures. A surface-launched version named VL MICA is also available for use by naval or ground-based air defence systems.The MICA is fitted with a HE warhead focused on splinter fragments and compatible with any advanced fighter aircraft. Its lightweight and compact dimensions allow the integration of up to six missiles on medium to lightweight fighters.PYTHON-5The Python-5 from Rafael Advanced Defence Systems is a fifth-generation AAM designed to engage very short range and near BVR targets. It is the newest member of the Python missile range and one of the most advanced AAMs in the world.The Python-5 has high resistance against countermeasures and can be deployed on a wide range of aircraft such as F-15, F-16, Mirage, Saab Gripen and Su-30MKI. The missile is equipped with a new dual waveband focal plane array (FPA) imaging seeker, inertial navigation system and advanced infrared counter-countermeasures (IRCCM).The Python-5 can be launched from very short to beyond visual ranges in lock-on before launch (LOBL) and lock-on after launch (LOAL) modes with full sphere launch capability. The solid fuel rocket motor and warhead ensure a high probability of success.AIM-120 AMRAAMDeveloped by Raytheon, the AIM-120 advanced medium-range air-to-air missile (AMRAAM) has proved its combat capabilities during missions in Iraq, Bosnia and Kosovo. Multi-shot capability, immunity to countermeasures, and low smoke solid-fuel rocket motor make the AIM-120 one of the world’s best AAMs.The AMRAAM was ordered by 36 nations across the world. It can be attached aboard F-22, Eurofighter Typhoon, F-15, F-16, F/A-18, F-35 JSF, Sea Harrier, Tornado, Harrier II Plus, JAS-39 Gripen and the Norwegian advanced surface-to-air missile system (NASAMS).The missile is guided by an internal active radar seeker complemented by an inertial reference unit and microcomputer. The missile carries a high-explosive fragmentation warhead with proximity and contact fuses.AIM-9X SidewinderThe AIM-9X Sidewinder from Raytheon is the latest member in the Sidewinder family of short-range AAMs. Touted as one of the most advanced short-range AAMs in the world, it can be easily integrated on a wide range of modern combat aircraft.The missile is inducted by the US Navy and Air Force, as well as air forces of eight international customers. It is deployed on F-15, F-16, F/A-18, Sea Harrier and F-4 fighters, A-4, AV-8B and Tornado attack aircraft, and AH-1 helicopters.The AIM-9X Block-I variant is equipped with a focal plane array IR seeker, solid-propellant rocket and an annular blast fragmentation warhead. It offers outstanding resistance against infrared countermeasures. The AIM-9X Block II variant with updated electronics is currently under development.AIM-132 ASRAAMThe advanced short-range air-to-air missile (ASRAAM) is designed by MBDA for within visual range (WVR) combat missions for the Royal Air Force (RAF). The missile is also deployed by the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) on its F/A-18 Hornet strike aircraft.The ASRAAM was inducted into service by the UK RAF in September 2002 and the RAAF in 2004. It can be integrated on Eurofighter Typhoon, Tornado, F/A-18, and F-35 Joint Strike Fighter. It is also compatible with aircraft fitted with AMRAAM or Sidewinder missiles.The ASRAAM is guided by an advanced focal plane array IIR seeker and gathers the target data using the aircraft sensors. The missile integrates a high-lethality blast fragmentation warhead with impact and laser proximity fuses. The low-signature rocket motor fitted to the missile enables high speeds throughout the flight while the guidance system ensures the engagement of targets in highly cluttered and countermeasures environments.A-darterThe A-Darter is a fifth-generation AAM developed by Denel Dynamics, Mectron, Avibras, and Opto Eletrônica. The missile is intended to equip next-generation fighter aircraft and is scheduled to enter service with the South African and Brazilian air forces in 2014.The missile can be integrated on JAS-39 Gripen, Hawk Mk120, F-5E/F Tiger II, F-5A/B and future F-X2 fighters. Its lightweight design is also compatible with conventional Sidewinder hard-points.The missile is equipped with two-colour thermal imaging seeker and multi-mode electronic counter-countermeasures (ECCM) suite for engaging targets in hostile countermeasures environment. It can also be guided towards the target by the host aircraft’s radar and helmet-mounted sight.I-Derby ERI-Derby ER is an advanced active radar air-to-air extended range variant of the Derby family of BVR missiles. Developed by Israeli defence firm Rafael Advanced Defense Systems, it was unveiled in June 2015.The missile is equipped with the innovative solid-state RF seeker, advanced electronic counter-countermeasures (ECCM), and high-explosive fragmentation warhead. Guided by an active radar guidance system, the missile can engage targets at ranges up to 100km.The missile can be integrated on combat aircraft such as F/A-50, F-16, F-5, Mirage-2000, JAS-39 Gripen, and Tejas Light Combat Aircraft (LCA). It can also be fired as an interceptor from the SPYDER short and medium-range air defence systems.R-77 (RVV-AE)The R-77 (RVV-AE) (NATO: AA-12 Adder) is a medium-range air-to-air missile developed by State Machine-Building Design Bureau "Vympel". The R-77’s multi-purpose target engagement capabilities and resistance against countermeasures are among the best in the world.The R-77 (RVV-AE) can be deployed on MiG/Sukhoi fighters and other foreign-made aircraft as well as land-based anti-air weapon systems. It is launched from AKU-170E launch unit aboard the aircraft.The R-77 carries a 22.5kg multi-shaped charge rod type warhead for a maximum distance of 80km. An inertial/radio-corrected navigation system guides the missile during the initial flight phase, while a multi-function doppler-monopulse active radar seeker is employed in the terminal phase.ASTRA BVRAstra is India’s first beyond-visual-range (BVR) air-to-air missile indigenously designed and developed by Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO). It is intended to engage and destroy aerial targets with high manoeuvrability and supersonic speeds. The missile’s advanced air combat capabilities allow it to engage multiple high-performance targets.Astra was planned to equip the Indian Air force’s Su-30MKI and Mirage 2000 multi-role combat fighters, and MiG-29 and MiG-21 Bison fighter jet platforms, as well as the Indian Navy’s Sea Harrier jet fighter. It will also be integrated with the Tejas light combat aircraft (LCA), which is manufactured by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL).The Astra BVR air-to-air missile is powered by a smokeless, single stage, solid fuel propulsion system. It can intercept and destroy enemy targets with a launch speed between Mach 0.4 and Mach 2.A radio proximity fuse (RPF) developed by HAL activates the warhead. This RPF weighs approximately 2.5kg and has a detection range of up to 30m, a detonation range of 15m and a missile target velocity between 100m/s and 1,600m/s.Launch range and launch altitudes of the weapon system are 80km and 20km respectively. The missile can achieve 40 g turns near sea level while engaging a moving target. It has a maximum range of 110 Km. While Mk2 of the missile is under development.