Symposium Final Report: Fill & Download for Free

Municipal and state records show that such red tides have washed up on area beaches for at least the last 15 years. Just last year, workers and volunteers painstakingly raked away 8 tons of the crustaceans on Balboa Island and at China Cove, said the City of Newport, in Orange County near Los Angeles.Scientists at a National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration symposium in San Diego reported last year that climate change in general and El Niño in particular were suspected of causing such mass swarms.The pooling of warmer water in the North Pacific can "cause warm-water species of ocean fish and invertebrates to be found farther north" than their usual homes, which are usually off the coast of Mexico, according to the symposium's final report.

Actually the Hebrew Scriptures themselves gives us a hint concerning this, in the book of Genesis (42:23). It recounts the story of Joseph that had been appointed by Pharaoh to govern Egypt. The Hebrews came into the land to buy food (for there was famine in Canaan). It tells:“They [Joseph’s brothers] did not know that Joseph understood them, for there was an interpreter between them.”Showing that Ancient Egyptians and Hebrews could not communicate directly.In more modern times:French Professor Serge Sauneron (Egyptologist) stated: “Egyptian remained a stable language for a period of at least 4500 years. Egypt was situated at the point of convergence of outside influence and it was so expected that borrowings had been made from foreign languages; but the Semitic roots numbered only a few hundred as compared with a total of several thousand words. The Egyptian language could not be isolated from African context and its origin could not be fully explained in terms of Semitic;” [Final Report of the Symposium on ‘The Peopling of Ancient Egypt and the Deciphering of the Meroitic Script’ – Cairo, 1974]Also the thesis ‘Hirbo, 2011 - COMPLEX GENETIC HISTORY OF EAST AFRICAN HUMAN POPULATIONS' considers:"In the case of the Afroasiatic language family, five of the six branches of the Afroasiatic languages are found in Africa, with only Semitic found in Southwest Asia, suggesting that the root of this language family is in Africa."Afroasiatic can be divided into 2 primary branches:-’Erythraic’: Cushitic languages (spoken from the Red Sea hills of Sudan to central Tanzania), Chadic languages (Niger, Nigeria, Chad and northern Cameroon), Berber, Ancient Egyptian and Semitic languages.-’Omotic’: entirely restricted to Southwestern Ethiopia.

First, you have to know that the entire government did not allow it to happen. In fact, it is likely that relatively few people knew about it. Even within the study itself, many of the health researchers and clinical help did not know the true nature of the study - this included several black nurses doctors and people from the Tuskegee University.Those that did, most likely, had one or both of the following attitudes:(1) The researchers involved with the Tuskegee experiment initially reasoned that they were not harming the black men involved in the study because they were unlikely to get treatment for their syphilis and further education would not diminish their inherent sex drive.STDs were a big cause of deaths in those days and this study started as a means to understand and improve the treatment of syphilis. That reasoning warped when penicillin was found to be an effective treatment. It was then decided to continue the research as a “progressive study” to record the full extent of the disease. This decision might have been influenced by a sense of competition with a small study done in Norway (Oslo) on the same disease that was applauded by the medical community. Even as late as the early 1970’s and late 1960’s, the study was justified on the basis of providing improved treatment for Vietnam veterans which returned with high percentages of STDs.and/or(2) It should be noted that the study was started with good intentions to help rural, low income black men. When it was decided to continue for a long term study - that decision was not illegal or against any federal regulation or medical treatment laws. It was seen as unethical only after it was stopped, 40 years later. At the time this study was started and for many years after, black men were seen as somehow of lesser value than white men and therefore they felt that no one would care and the “greater good” would prevail. It is highly unlikely that this study would have been started or conducted on all white men. White America was a very racist nation in those days. The KKK was very active. Segregation was dominant in the entire US. This partly explains why no one was motivated to speak out or stop this study - black or white - even when critical voices began to be heard in the 1960’s. This racist attitude continued up until the days of the Civil Rights marches and MLK when speaking out against such activities became more acceptable. The study was stopped in 1972 when its existence was leaked to the press and it was reported to the public.It should be noted that awareness of this study and its unethical nature caused and immediate outrage and a corrective response from the public and the government. Laws were passed. In 1974 Congress passed the National Research Act and created a commission to study and write regulations governing studies involving human participants. Within the US Department of Health and Human Services, the Office for Human Research Protections (OHRP) was established to oversee clinical trials. As a result, studies now require informed consent, communication of diagnosis, and accurate reporting of test results. Institutional review boards (IRBs), including laypeople, are established in scientific research groups and hospitals to review study protocols and protect patient interests, to ensure that participants are fully informed.In 1994, a multi-disciplinary symposium was held on the Tuskegee study: Doing Bad in the Name of Good?: The Tuskegee Syphilis Study and Its Legacy at the University of Virginia. Following that, interested parties formed the Tuskegee Syphilis Study Legacy Committee to develop ideas that had arisen at the symposium. It issued its final report in May 1996.