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Yes, I did.This happened a long time ago, it was so dramatic I remember it like it was last week. Names have been edited out.The UFO report I am making took place in Philadelphia PA on June 25, 1965.At the time I was eleven years old. I am a retired Air Force Intelligence Officer (Major), and Veteran of The Gulf War.I was sitting looking out a window when I saw a large bright object descending at a fast rate of speed. It was coming down at a 45% angle at perhaps fifty miles per hour. I thought it was a rocket, because of its shape, a cylinder with rounded ends. I ran and hid behind the couch away from the window. I expected an explosion but heard nothing, so I looked out. I saw the UFO hovering a block down the street over roof tops.The UFO had descended at 22nd Street, descending at the intersection of 22nd and Mount Vernon Street, moving North then stopping at 22nd and Wallace Street. I was viewing the object from my Grandmother and Grandfather's 3rd floor apartment window at 643 North 22nd Street, Philadelphia Pa on June 25th 1965.The UFO followed the outline of all the homes and buildings-opposite my side of the street, including a church. It flew just feet above the roof tops. I gave some consideration to leaving the apartment, as I was a bit anxious. I was especially nervous when I was aware the vessel if continuing its current path would end up in front of me. My grandmother always locked the door from the outside,(below is comment from a viewer.) “ [long dissertation and all I can think of- Your grandmother locked you in?! Creepy!] yes I know it sounds bad today, yet looking back, if she had seen the vessel, she likely would have thrown me in a closet or we both would have ran out the door and down the steps. I would not have had those ten minutes to see this beautiful craft, and remember it so vividly. So I’ve grateful I was alone.)so basically I had no where to go. I felt conflicted because I also wanted to watch what the vessel was doing and wondered what it was.I watched as the vessel would pause, descend, and rise, hovering about ten feet above all the roof tops. It was as if it was viewing inside the homes. It moved slowly traveling at walking pace. While doing these maneuvers it stayed horizontal the whole time. There was nobody on the street at the time. Automobiles may have came down the street during this event, I don't recall, just that I wasn't really looking at cars. This thing had my full attention, and I can remember it to this day very clearly.The UFO was the length of a city bus, with rounded ends, but wider in circumference. It was a large cylinder, it had no markings of any kind, no wings, no visible engines, no windows. The entire surface was made up of a plasma field, like a close up image of the Sun. These gases or ions spun and disappeared under the surface, diving and rising like a gas. The brightness was intense. It was composed of several colors, white, yellow and orange. It reminded me of someone mixing giant cans of paint. It was very beautiful but hard on the eyes because of its brilliance.At this point in my life I think what I saw then was a fusion powered ship. I'm also glad it did not damage my eyesight. They sky was clear, it was a hot summer's day.At one point I turned around looking behind me into the apartment and noticed the patterns of light also produced shadows on my Grandmothers walls. The patterns it produced on the walls were dark with light edges. The patterns matched the moving patterns of the vessel's surface. These patterns also were projected onto me, but did not burn or harm me. These weren't real shadows since nothing was blocking the light. The ship emitted intense light that formed moving swirling patterns on anything nearby. The surface looked like the surface of The Sun. The vessel was basically enclosed in a star. This was a true "Starship"!In addition to the swirling patterns of light I noticed it was layered in a raised dimple pattern that covered it's entire surface. The dimples vibrated but stayed in place like those on a basketball, while plumes of gas rose and fell like filaments of a magnet. These plumes did not raise very far, just a few inches, unlike The Sun where these giant explosions travel thousands of miles. This was truly amazing to see! At times I used my hands to shield my eyes. It was the brightest light I've ever seen and today I'm sixty years old, as of November 2014. I was alone viewing the object. My Grandfather was at work and my Grandmother went downstairs to another apartment for a short time.It approached my location stopping directly in front of me. I was in the third floor apartment. I did not feel any heat. At this point it was about 80 feet away, close enough to throw a ball to it! I was able to observe this object for perhaps five minutes in total, which seemed then to be a long time. As I said it paused several times over apartments, then would move and stop again several times. It flew over the bell tower of The Olivet Covenant Presbyterian church (current name) at 22nd and Wallace Streets, just across from my location.Just before the UFO changed direction (descending, or rising, stopping or starting to move forward) it emitted a loud sound. The sound always preceded its change in movement by about two seconds each time. So I knew when it was going to move again. The sound reminded me of a loud hiss from an old steam train. I'm not saying there was steam just that the sound was similar to that or when a large truck makes releasing air brakes. It was strange hearing an anachronistic sound and seeing an advanced flying vehicle!Once the UFO got to the last building at the intersection of 22nd and Fairmount Streets it angled at 45 degrees, with its front end pointing up, it rose about fifty feet.It flew over the corner watch tower of the Eastern State Penitentiary.I ran to another window on the side facing Wallace Street, so was able to watch it again. (The Eastern State Penitentiary is a spooky relic is now open to the public for tours) The vessel increased speed at about 35 miles per hour flying North. It continued flying North at a level constant speed until I lost view of it. This craft was definitely controlled by some form of intelligence. It was not a blimp, I had seen these vessels before for the Philadelphia Army Navy games traditionally held in Philadelphia in those years. I have also seen blimps moored at North East Philadelphia Airport.When my Grandmother came in I told her what I had witnessed. We were both very religious, she had difficulty believing my story and asked me to swear by placing my hand on The Bible, which I did. She was convinced and saddened that she had missed this wonderful sight by just minutes.That evening or perhaps the next night we watched a TV program that highlighted the vessel I had seen and their close encounter with it. The program was "The Xxxxxxx Show", or one of his "Specials". Xxxxxxxx was a respected pilot, and was a Xxxxx in the Air Force Reserve. Xxxxxx and Xxxxxx another experienced pilot were flying in a small aircraft from New York to the Washington DC area. Their flight path took them over or near Philadelphia on the same day of my encounter. Live on national TV Author Godfrey described that a brilliantly lit vessel followed and maneuvered around his aircraft. He said it matched his course and speed. He admitted he was scared of the vessel's close maneuvers until it finally veered off. Xxxxxx was a well know TV producer and TV host. His TV program was viewed by millions of Americans. My grandparents and I knew he was describing the same vessel I had seen. An account of Xxxxxx story can be read onhttp://Ufodocarchiv.org. In 1993 I happened across a book, "The UFO Encyclopedia" by Xxxxxx. On page 129 I read the account by Xxxxxx validating my sighting.Later accounts of Xxxxxx story have been muddied. Some report the incident online as 1964, 1965 and 1966, some report it was during the evening, or say he was reporting an event he witnessed years earlier. The actual date he saw the vessel was June 25 1965, then he reported it in the evening. He was not in both places at the same time. As I viewed his broadcast myself, I was stunned at his anger and asking for an explanation as to what had happened. He was mad because this event had just happened, and was not years prior as some recent reports are now saying. I hope someone can track down a recording of that broadcast.I can recall to this day my Grandparents discussing me and what to do about the sighting. My Grandmother wanted to call Xxxxxx who had just reported the sighting on national TV. My Grandfather opposed it saying I would be tagged as the Flying Saucer Boy or some other bad thing that would only cause me harm. I remember my Grandmother wanting to talk to someone at The Franklin Institute Planetarium in Philadelphia. She wanted to know if others had reported seeing the vessel. I stayed several weeks with my Grandparents, finally they told me not to mention it to anyoneI have always wondered if this vessel would ever return? I wonder if the pilot was a form of artificial intelligence, or a living being? I wonder how far it came, and how long of a journey it made? I would love to see a video of Xxxxxx TV program broadcast on June 25, 1965. I don't know how to do this, or where to obtain a copy.Years later as an Intelligence Officer I often gave my Air Force squadron current intelligence briefings. I was an Intelligence Officer in the xxxx Military Airlift Squadron at Xxxxxx Base in New Jersey, I served in this position for approximately ten years, including during The Xxxxxx War. During one briefing an Aircrew explained to me they encountered a Ball Lightening Encounter, also called Saint Elmo's Fire. A sphere of charged particles entered the airframe of their aircraft while cruising at 40,000 feet. The aircraft was a C-141 Starlifter. The sphere about three feet in diameter entered the cockpit then floated inside the aircraft to the cargo bay where it hovered for a time then vanished.The entire crew witnessed the sphere and actually enjoyed the event. They and I believed this was a form of ball lightening. They asked if I knew of any UFO sightings. I then told them my story. This upset my Squadron Xxxxxx Officer who verbally reprimanded me, I was ordered to never speak about UFO's again. I eventually retired early from the military as a Major.

For the first century of its existence, Islam was absolutely soaked in blood. The killing only slowed down as the Islamic empire finally ran into boundaries in the 8th century, after about a century of expansionist, imperialist, unprovoked Islamic aggression.Even after the initial expansion slowed, the killings did not end. Slaughter (jihad) and oppression (sharia) are part of the core doctrines of Islam. Killing for Islam is not a modern idea, and it will never end until some sort of reformation takes place within the religion. Medieval Christianity was equally violent, but Christianity has since reformed.For many years now, Islam has been the most violent religion in the world.These figures are a rough estimate of the death of non-Muslims by the political act of jihad.AfricaThomas Sowell [Thomas Sowell, Race and Culture, BasicBooks, 1994, p. 188] estimates that 11 million slaves were shipped across the Atlantic and 14 million were sent to the Islamic nations of North Africa and the Middle East. For every slave captured many others died. Estimates of this collateral damage vary. The renowned missionary David Livingstone estimated that for every slave who reached a plantation, five others were killed in the initial raid or died of illness and privation on the forced march.[Woman’s Presbyterian Board of Missions, David Livingstone, p. 62, 1888] Those who were left behind were the very young, the weak, the sick and the old. These soon died since the main providers had been killed or enslaved. So, for 25 million slaves delivered to the market, we have an estimated death of about 120 million people. Islam ran the wholesale slave trade in Africa.120 million AfricansChristiansThe number of Christians martyred by Islam is 9 million [David B. Barrett, Todd M. Johnson, World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200, William Carey Library, 2001, p. 230, table 4-10] . A rough estimate by Raphael Moore in History of Asia Minor is that another 50 million died in wars by jihad. So counting the million African Christians killed in the 20th century we have:60 million ChristiansHindusKoenard Elst in Negationism in India gives an estimate of 80 million Hindus killed in the total jihad against India. [Koenard Elst, Negationism in India, Voice of India, New Delhi, 2002, pg. 34.] The country of India today is only half the size of ancient India, due to jihad. The mountains near India are called the Hindu Kush, meaning the “funeral pyre of the Hindus.”80 million HindusBuddhistsBuddhists do not keep up with the history of war. Keep in mind that in jihad only Christians and Jews were allowed to survive as dhimmis (servants to Islam) everyone else had to convert or die. Jihad killed the Buddhists in Turkey, Afghanistan, along the Silk Route, and in India. The total is roughly 10 million. [David B. Barrett, Todd M. Johnson, World Christian Trends AD 30-AD 2200, William Carey Library, 2001, p. 230, table 4-1.] 10 million BuddhistsJewsOddly enough there were not enough Jews killed in jihad to significantly affect the totals of the Great Annihilation. The jihad in Arabia was 100 percent effective, but the numbers were in the thousands, not millions. After that, the Jews submitted and became the dhimmis (servants and second class citizens) of Islam and did not have geographic political power.This gives a rough estimate of 270 million killed by jihad.Tears of Jihad - Political IslamBill Warner interview, Feb 2007 (and copy)"First, let's see how ignorant we are about the history of political Islam. How many Christians can tell you how Turkey or Egypt became Islamic? What happened to the Seven Churches of Asia mentioned in Paul's letters? Find a Jew who can tell you the Jewish history of dhimmitude (second class citizens who serve Islam). What European knows that white women were the highest priced slaves in Mecca? Everyone knows how many Jews Hitler killed, but find an unbeliever who can tell you how many died in jihad over the last 1400 years.""Jihad destroyed a Christian Middle East and a Christian North Africa. Soon it was the fate of the Persian Zoroastrian and the Hindu to be the victims of jihad. The history of political Islam is the destruction of Christianity in the Middle East, Egypt, Turkey and North Africa. Half of Christianity was lost. Before Islam, North Africa was the southern part of Europe (part of the Roman Empire). Around 60 million Christians were slaughtered during the jihadic conquest. Half of the glorious Hindu civilization was annihilated and 80 million Hindus killed. The first Western Buddhists were the Greeks descended from Alexander the Great's army in what is now Afghanistan. Jihad destroyed all of Buddhism along the silk route. About 10 million Buddhists died. The conquest of Buddhism is the practical result of pacifism. Zoroastrianism was eliminated from Persia. The Jews became permanent dhimmis throughout Islam. In Africa over 120 million Christians and animists have died over the last 1400 years of jihad. Approximately 270 million nonbelievers died over the last 1400 years for the glory of political Islam. These are the Tears of Jihad which are not taught in any school."The Fall of Constantinople (1453), the end of the Byzantine Empire, was the jihad's great victory over Christendom.The Byzantine Empire, 300 to 1453.From here.The real imperialism in the world today.The jihad's plans to crush half of the Old World under its heel.The Jews and the Christians and the Hindus (and in this version the Shia) will be exterminated.And then, when the world is violently cleansed of all dissent, a glorious utopian heaven will dawn.Image circulating on jihadi social networks as at 2013.A photo of a pro-ISIS rally in the Aleppo area released by an unofficial pro-ISIS media network called "State of the Caliphate." The placard reads: "Islam: Political Justice. Islam: Economic Justice. Islam: Societal Justice. State of the Caliphate: God's Shari'a on Earth."An image that can be found circulating on pro-ISIS social media pages from Syria, depicting the entire Earth under the banner of ISIS.An image circulated among some pro-ISIS activists (e.g. in Idlib). The provinces of the more immediate "State of the Caliphate" are as follows: the Iberian Peninsula is Andalusia, northwest and west Africa the Maghreb, central and east Africa the Land of Abyssinia, Egypt the "Arḍ al-Kenana," the Levant ash-Sham, and the Arabian Peninsula excluding Yemen (which retains its name) is the Hejaz. Iraq likewise retains its name, but the existence of a Kurdistan province to the north alongside Anatolia is included. Iran (with the exception of Ahwaz in the southwest) and Central Asia become Khorasan, while southeastern Europe as far as Vienna is the province of Europe. Southern Russia forms the Caucasus.

Short answer: There were as many Loyalists in arms as there were Redcoat regulars. In addition, the number of Loyalist troops in America equaled the largest number of Patriot troops ever commanded by George Washington (25,000 at NY in 1776).Men of property generally resisted the radicals everywhere. Indeed for the great majority of Anglo-Americans, loyalty to the king, Parliament, and the traditions of British colonial government was the “normal condition” of political life. Neutrality rather than loyalism was their characteristic refuge. In Connecticut, the only colony for which anything like an exact estimate of the resistance to the revolution has been made, hard-core Loyalists (those willing to actively take up arms for the crown) made up 6 percent of the population. By 1776 what remained of loyalism in New England had been driven underground, but a significant portion of the moderates were also unwilling to fight for independence and tried to remain aloof from the conflict.It is clear that the Crown did not always make the best use of Loyalist units during the war, dispersing them too widely as sentinels in outposts, as guards over supply depots, and as behind-the-line auxiliaries. History suggests that they may have been more effective if used aggressively.“Rouse, America!” a Patriot newspaper editor warned against such persons, “Your danger is great – great from a quarter where you least expect it. [The Loyalists] … will yet be the ruin of you! ‘Tis high time they were separated from among you. They are now just engaged in undermining your liberties.”[i][i] Richard D. Brown, Major Problems in the Era of the American Revolution, 1760-1791. (New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2000) 230.Discussion:At its peak, the British Army had about 22,000 “Redcoats” at its disposal in North America — twice the normal compliment of regulars. An additional 25,000 Loyalists participated in the conflict as well. Nearly 30,000 German auxiliaries, or Hessians, served alongside the British, and an untold number of Native Americans (less than 3000) might be added to this number. There were, of course, Loyalists who remained civilian non-combatants, but the material contained herein is geared predominately towards the military. See Todd Braisted’s comprehensive analysis: Loyalist RegimentsLoyalist before the outbreak of a shooting war generally sat back and hoped the whole crisis would pass. However, once the war began, they were very organized in their response — at least on the military level. Many American Tories never became overt Loyalists, and others came late to loyalism. Although most of the late Loyalists came from Pennsylvania, moderates in all the colonies outside New England were also having second thoughts concerning the revolution and were working toward reconciliation. The successful seizure by the Patriots of Boston in March 1776 virtually extinguished British Loyalism in New England, but New York (the “city” environs) was a hotbed of loyalism and a bastion of loyalist battalions right to the end of the war in 1783.Dissent proved easiest to undermine where it was least prevalent. A public carting or a coat of tar and feathers was usually sufficient. Geographical position seems to have been a factor in producing opposition to the rebellion. Although Massachusetts and Virginia were the most uniformly English of the colonies, it was they that supported the greatest proportion of rebels and were the first to effectively suppress loyalism. Other colonies were more diverse in the national origins of their residents, and in such places large pockets of loyalism might be found. New York, cosmopolitan by 18th century standards, was probably the most evenly divided colony in terms of rebellion and loyalism. There may have been as many as 100,000 loyalists in New York colony and an additional 20,000 in the region centered on Delaware."Tory Refugees on the Way to Canada" by Howard Pyle. The work appeared in Harper's Monthly in December 1901.There is evidence that in New England, at least, the revolution was a vastly popular movement springing from the rocky soil of Massachusetts with ideas of independency taking root among the populace from the first. The number of Americans who adhered to the British side after fighting commenced is still debated. It has been estimated that about 450,000 Americans remained loyal to Britain during the Revolution. This would be about sixteen percent of the total population of 3 million, or about 20 percent of white Americans.Early Loyalists regiments often served in “brick red” uniforms.When the American Revolutionary War broke out in 1775, about fifty Loyalist regiments were raised, including the Butler's Rangers, the King's Royal Regiment, and the Maryland and Pennsylvania Loyalists, and others. Loyalist were noted for their dark green coats, or earlier in the war for their “brick red” uniforms (Madder Red). Both were meant to distinguish American Loyalist units from regular British redcoats dyed in Venetian Red or Scarlet. Venetian red was adopted as the primary uniform color of the New Model Army during the 17th century to ease mutual identification on the battlefield. The dark forest green coats “seasoned” throughout the year becoming more yellow-green as the Autumn approached.Timothy Ruggles, a Loyalist known for his service in the militia in the French wars of the 1750s, sought to promote a Loyalist Association as a counter to the Continental Association of the radicals, but he had very little success in attracting allies to his position and had to flee to the British army in Boston to avoid the furor of the radical mobs. Colonel Thomas Gilbert of Massachusetts had already raised the first Loyalist military unit. This was a force of three hundred men, armed by the British. Gilbert stored muskets, powder and bullets in his home. Gilbert and his three sons fought for the British in Massachusetts, were driven from their homes, and in May 1783 they were exiled to Nova Scotia along with their slaves. Ruggles and Gilbert had fought together in the F&I war. In March 1776 Ruggles left Boston for Nova Scotia with the British troops and accompanied Lord Howe to Staten Island where he formed a loyalist battalion. The Continental Congress confiscated his estates, and in 1779 he received as a reimbursement a grant of 10,000 acres of land from the crown in Wilmot, Nova Scotia, where he engaged in agriculture until his death.Having refused a commission from the Patriots, Robert Rogers (famed for his F&I War operations) raised a Loyalist unit in New York (mostly from Loyalists living in Westchester and Long Island), and from western Connecticut. The new unit was named the Queen’s Rangers in honor of Queen Consort Charlotte, the wife of King George III. It first assembled on Staten Island in August 1776 organized into eleven companies of about thirty men each, and an additional five troops of cavalry. It ultimately grew to 937 officers and men. Rogers did not prove successful in this command, and he left the unit in January 1777. John Graves Simcoe was ultimately given command and the unit became known informally as "Simcoe's Rangers". The Queen's Rangers was one of the most successful British regiments in the war. The regiment was taken into the Crown establishment as the 1st American Regiment in 1779, and was later (1782) taken into the British establishment. In 1783, the Queen's Rangers left New York for Nova Scotia, where it was disbanded.Tryon’s Raid on DanburyOne historian has called William Tryon “the evil genius of the royal cause in America” because of his many successes in prosecuting the Loyalist raids on patriot strongholds. Once the governor of North Carolina, Tryon was assigned the task of governing New York just in time to face the beginnings of the insurrection. He stood out as the most principled political architect of Loyalist resistance to the revolution as well as one of its most aggressive military leaders, especially in New York and Connecticut. Tryon operated with a force composed of more than 2,000 loyalist militiamen encamped on Long Island near Flushing, Queens. He also organized a stronghold on the north shore near Glen Cove and from here launched amphibious raids across the Long Island Sound into Connecticut.Battle of Ridgefield — When Patriot General David Brewster was killed 700 American militia under Benedict Arnold and Benjamin Silliman met the British and staved them off further attack. The Battle of Ridgefield was the only inland battle fought in Connecticut during the Revolutionary War.In April 1777 the loyalists in brick red or dark green uniforms, commanded by William Tryon, crossed Long Island Sound and landed unopposed at Compo Beach near Westport, Connecticut. They marched inland to raid the towns of Bethel, Ridgefield, and Danbury. The 1777 raid was followed in July 1779 by a larger affair employing more than eighteen warships and 2000 Loyalist soldiers. This time Tryon targeted the towns of East Haven, New Haven, West Haven, Fairfield, and Norwalk. The landing at Calf Pasture Beach in Norwalk was the largest amphibious operation mounted by Loyalist forces during the entire revolutionary war. Described in British records as a nest of privateers, Norwalk, with its protective archipelago of small sandy islands and shallow waters, had served as an American vice-admiralty court for small prizes taken on the Sound, a fact that has almost escaped historians because all the court records were burned during the 1779 raid along with 88 homes, dozens of barns and workshops, four mills, and a church. Losses were later estimated to amount to over 26 thousand British pounds. Norwalk was so heavily damaged that George Washington described it as having been “destroyed” in his report to the Continental Congress after the battle.Several dozen Connecticut patriots under Captain Stephen Betts, who put a few small cannon on the heights in the center of the town, drove off the Loyalists in the so-called Battle of the Rocks.Among the Loyalist troops that attacked Norwalk was a unit commanded by Edmund Fanning. In the 1760s and 1770s, Fanning first came to fame as the focus of hatred of the North Carolina Regulators, and led, with Tryon an anti-Regulator militia in a brutal repression of the colonials (several colonials were hanged and one executed by pistol after their surrender). Fanning followed Tryon to New York as his personal secretary, and he raised a regiment of Loyalists named the King's American Regiment on Staten Island. He was wounded twice during the war and was credited with saving Yale (then a college) from destruction by British forces during a destructive raid against New Haven led by Tryon. Fanning was granted an honorary law degree in 1803 as thanks for this action.Col. James De Lancey, known in some circles as the Outlaw of the Bronx, was one of the extremists from New York on the Tory side. Related also to the revolutionary patriot John Jay, James De Lancey was connected by blood and marriage to the elite on both sides of the political divide. First associated with his uncle, General Oliver De Lancey, in raising volunteers from among the Loyalists of Long Island for De Lancey’s Brigade, in 1777 James De Lancey was appointed captain of an elite Troop of Light Horse known as the Westchester Chasseurs. The troop was issued arms and equipment and harassed enemy depots and outposts. Driven from Westchester county by the Patriot party, De Lancey and his like-minded loyalists now known as De Lancey's Refugee Corps occupied the Morrisania area of the Bronx. These men formed one of the most effective loyalist militia units to serve during the rebellion, and De Lancey was made a lieutenant colonel in the British army hierarchy. De Lancey was “attainted” and his estate confiscated in 1779 by the Patriot Committee of Safety. Taken prisoner late that same year, he was soon released on parole.Sir John Johnson, son of William Johnson, inherited his father's baronetcy and lands in 1774. Sir John moved to Canada during the American Revolutionary War with his family and allies because he was at risk of arrest by rebel authorities. He led the King's Royal Regiment of New York and was promoted to brigadier general in 1782. That year Sir John Johnson was also appointed as Superintendent General and Inspector General of Indian affairs of First Nations in Canada, including the control of the four Iroquois nations that had relocated there. Johnson gathered several hundred armed loyalist supporters at Johnstown. He sent a letter to Governor William Tryon saying that he and his Loyalist neighbors had conferred about raising a battalion for the British cause. He also said he could raise 500 Indian warriors who, when used with his regular troops, could retake all of the frontier forts captured by the rebels.Guy Johnson, nephew of Sir William Johnson and cousin to Sir John, had migrated to the Province of New York as a young man and worked with his uncle. He served as agent to the Iroquois, with whom the British had a strong trading diplomatic relationship, and directed joint Loyalist militia and native military actions in the Mohawk Valley. When the New York Committee of Safety committed the colony to armed resistance to the King following the Battles of Lexington and Concord in 1775, Johnson remained loyal to the Crown and worked to control the Tryon County courts, assisted by fellow loyalists Sir John Johnson and Colonel Daniel Claus (a son-in-law of Sir William). These three also commanded three regiments of the Tryon County militia, but the American Patriots in the Mohawk Valley soon drove the three Loyalists out of power. General Guy Carleton, Governor-in-Chief of Quebec, told Guy Johnson that he had no authority over any Indians in Canada and that the Iroquois were not to fight outside the Province of Quebec. Nonetheless, from his command post at Fort Niagara, he led forces against the colonials in the Mohawk Valley frontier, and his subordinates carried out the actions in what the Americans called massacres at Wyoming and Cherry valleys. This was also known as the "Burning of the Valleys". Ultimately he was forced to go to London to defend his reports and actions to the government and he remained there.Walter Butler (Butler’s Rangers / King’s Rangers) ravaged the New York frontier until his death in 1781. Made a Captain in the ranger unit created by his father, John Butler (a wealthy Indian agent who worked for Sir William Johnson), Walter Butler often combined his loyalist frontiersmen with the Native allies under the Iroquois leader Joseph Brant. Butler is most often noted for leading the so-called Cherry Valley Massacre (1778). He has been blamed for the deaths of the many women and children who were killed on that occasion. He fought in the Battle of Johnstown and was killed on October 30, 1781, while retreating back to Canada in a skirmish with rebel troops. Writer Stephen Vincent Benét listed Walter Butler as one of the villainous jurymen, brought back from the dead, in the 1936 short story (and stage play) The Devil and Daniel Webster.In parts of Maryland Loyalists clearly outnumbered radicals, and the Chesapeake peninsula had the highest density of active loyalists in the colonies. White Loyalists in the South were in constant fear of slave insurrections and Indian attacks, and those from the backcountry of Georgia and North and South Carolina were highly disaffected from the revolution due to the isolation of their holdings from the support of other whites. Those who were active in the Loyalist Party and willing to take up arms to fight for Britain, however, were limited to just a few marauding bands.New Jersey residents, led by their “tenacious champion” Gov. William Franklin (son of Benjamin Franklin), generally resisted the revolution, preferring neutrality to insurrection in greater proportion than the total populations of any other colony except New York and Georgia. The distribution of Loyal sentiment and Patriot fervor was particularly scattered in New Jersey with whole Loyalist town being opposed to others of equal Patriot devotion. This led to a great number of small, local encounters as well as a great number of indiscriminate executions among “warring” families that were settling old private scores rather than political questions. William Franklin proved himself an unbending proponent of negotiation and conciliation stiffly holding his ground even after being arrested and confined by the New Jersey Provincial Congress.General Cortlandt Skinner was one of the three current and past speakers of the New Jersey colonial assembly who actively opposed American independence. As a prominent New Jersey Loyalist, Skinner accepted a commission as a brigadier under the British Crown and was authorized to raise a Provincial corps, known as the New Jersey Volunteers or "Skinner's Greens". Three battalions were authorized, to consist of 2,500 soldiers. Throughout the war, the New Jersey Volunteers mercilessly harassed their Patriot opponents in New York from the defensive outposts of Long Island and Staten Island. By the end of war in 1783, Skinner was one of the three highest ranking Loyalist officers in the British Army. His wife and family embarked for England in the summer of 1783, and he followed shortly. His claim to compensation for his losses was made, and he also received the half-pay of a Brigadier-General during his life.There had been during the revolution, moreover, strong support for Tory policies in Delaware in largely Anglican Sussex County and in overwhelmingly pacifist Kent County. New Castle County with its commercial ties with Baltimore and Philadelphia and its largely Presbyterian and Scotch-Irish population, had been, on the other hand, a stronghold of Patriot power and had carried the war almost by itself. Holding an overwhelming majority in New Castle County (but being an overall minority in the rest of the colony) the Patriot Party worked hard to support the Sons of Liberty throughout Delaware as they suppressed Loyalism to the Crown by force. The Patriot Party in Delaware proved well organized, unified in their purpose, and unnervingly ruthless in the prosecution of their cause. They were capable of forcing the election of many like-minded men to positions of authority throughout the colony and of disarming and prosecuting Loyalists.Highland Scots who had immigrated to America overwhelmingly favored the king over the Revolutionary cause. In the South, most of the Highland Scots organized quickly in the royal cause. North Carolina governor Josiah Martin had hoped to recruit heavily among the Scots, but too many had turned against the government during the War of Regulation (1765-1771). Some historians consider this conflict a catalyst to the Revolution. The battle of Moore Creek Bridge (1776) had significant effects within the Scots community of North Carolina, where Loyalists refused to turn out when calls to arms were made later in the war, and many were routed out of their homes by the pillaging activities of their Patriot neighbors. In a brief early-morning engagement, a barrage of musket fire met a charge across the bridge by sword-wielding Loyalist Scotsmen. One Loyalist leader was killed, another captured, and the whole force was scattered. In the following days, many Loyalists were arrested, putting a damper on further recruiting efforts. North Carolina was not militarily threatened again until 1780, and memories of the battle and its aftermath negated Crown efforts to recruit Scotsmen.In 1780, as part of the Crown’s Southern strategy to end the Revolution, more than 1000 loyalists assembled near the Blue Ridge Mountains (in what is now Tennessee), under the able leadership of British Major Patrick Ferguson. This loyalist force was well armed with standard British muskets and bayonets, and its leader was a serious professional officer. He warned mountain residents that if the insurrection continued, he personally would “lay waste their country with fire and sword.” Ferguson had issued a challenge to the rebel militias to lay down their arms or suffer the consequences, however he was killed at the Battle of King’s Mountain and his loyalist force devastated. This defeat combined with the defeat of a Crown detachment at Cowpens virtually ended the resistance of loyalist in the South.Banaster Tarleton's dragoons were called 'Tarleton's Raiders'. His green uniform was the standard uniform of the British Legion, a provincial unit organized in New York, in 1778. On 13 December 1776, Tarleton (then a mere Cornet attache’) had surrounded a house in Basking Ridge, and forced Patriot Gen. Charles Lee to surrender. As a prisoner of war, General Lee, was taken to New York, and later was used in an exchange of prisoners. The capture led to immediate advancement for Tarleton. After becoming commander of the British Legion (1780), a force of American Loyalist cavalry and light infantry, also called Tarleton's Raiders, he went to South Carolina. Tarleton's Legion was harried by Patriot leader Francis Marion, 'The Swamp Fox', an American militia commander who practiced a form of guerrilla warfare against the British. Throughout the campaigns, Tarleton was unable to capture him or thwart his operations. In 1781 Tarleton's forces were virtually destroyed by American Brigadier General Daniel Morgan at the Battle of Cowpens. Tarleton and only 200 men escaped the battlefield. After his return to Great Britain, Tarleton wrote a history of his experience in the war in North America, entitled Campaigns of 1780 and 1781 in the Southern Provinces of North America (London, 1781). Herein he portrayed his own actions in the Carolinas favorably and questioned many of the decisions made by Lord Cornwallis that led to the ultimate British defeat at Yorktown.After he had turned traitor, the British gave Benedict Arnold a brigadier general's commission in their provincial forces with an annual income of several hundred pounds. He and his wife settled in New York, where the Loyalist elites at first snubbed them. In December 1780, he led a force of 1,600 troops into Virginia, where he captured Richmond by surprise and then went on a rampage through Virginia, destroying supply houses, foundries, and mills. His command consisted of detachments from Simcoe’s Queen’s Rangers and the Loyalist American Legion.Through the spring and early summer of 1781, three thousand French troops under Rochambeau marched from Newport, Rhode Island, across Connecticut to join with Washington’s forces on the Hudson River. Benedict Arnold, born and raised only 10 miles away, was anxious to command a raid on New London in order to demonstrate his newfound loyalty to the Crown. By September it was clear, however, that Virginia was the target. At precisely this time, General Clinton agreed to a small diversionary attack — a punitive raid on New London, CT. At Fort Griswold on the Groton heights, approximately 160 Patriot militiamen and civilians gathered to fight the 800 Crown and Hessian soldiers including several Loyalist and Loyalist refugee battalions. Refusing to surrender when that option was offered, they fought furiously, killing 2 English officers and 43 others and wounding 193 more. After about 40 minutes, the British made it into the fort. Colonel Ledyard, realizing all was lost, commanded his men to put down their arms. At that point there were an estimated 6 American dead and 20 wounded. But after giving up his sword, Ledyard was immediately run through. When the slaughter ended, 83 Americans were dead and 36 wounded. After looting the town, Arnold ordered his British soldiers to set fire to every building, causing the equivalent of more than $500,000 in damages. During his command of British troops, Arnold did not gain a great deal of respect from other officers. His actions in Virginia and Connecticut were criticized, and allegations circulated in New York that he was primarily interested in money.Associated Loyalists: Lt. Colonel Joshua UphamLoyal Refugees: Lt. William CastlesAmerican Legion: Captain Nathan FrinkLoyal American Regiment: Lt. Colonel Beverly Robinson Jr.3rd Battalion, New Jersey Volunteers: Lt. Colonel Abraham van BuskirkWhen the British evacuated New York after the Treaty of Paris (1783) 100,000 Loyalists left with them. It is clear that the Loyalists had made a large but futile contribution to the war.See:Amazon.com: To Starve, Die, & Be Damned: The Delaware Blues of the American Revolution, 1776-1783 (Traditional American History Series Book 11) eBook: James M. Volo: Kindle StoreandAmazon.com: Stand Alarmed, Militia in America 1607-1783 (Traditional American History Series 2nd Edition) eBook: James M. Volo: Kindle Store