Note: The Governor Signed This Measure On 4 13 2012: Fill & Download for Free

I'm glad someone asked this question, and that someone is intrigued about it being used just about everywhere, from politicians to businessmen to your local vegetable sellers (yes your sabzi waale bhaiyya!) on the streets. Allow me to answer your questions brick-by brick.1. What is Inflation?Imagine you had Rs. 7 in 2003. You could've purchased a 300 ml Pepsi from the store and gone home happy (excluding the Rs. 2 that shopkeepers charge for refrigerating it).Fast forward 10 years and you would have to shell out R. 12 to purchase the same 300ml Pepsi bottle. What happened?You would think Indra Nooyi has fleeced you, but in reality, the value of money has reduced. This is attributable to inflation.Inflation is defined as a sustained increase in the general level of prices for goods and services.Consider the annual inflation rate to be 5%.Now, if Rs. 100 can buy you a pint in 2014, it would cost you Rs. 105 in 2015.Quite literally, the beast of inflation reduces the purchasing power of your money.So you'd think that Inflation is a bad thing, but it isn't so bad after all.Few terms that you would also like to know about:Disinflation: A decrease in the rate of inflation, say, from 3% in 2013 to 2% in 2014. Here, if a good costs you Rs. 100 in 2013, it'd cost you Rs. 103 in 2014 and Rs. 105.06 in 2015.Deflation: Also known as negative inflation. it is a decrease in the general price level of goods and services. If the deflation rate is 2% for 2014, a good costing Rs. 100 in 2014 would cost Rs. 98 in 2015.Deflation must be sounding rather good to your wallet, but it isn't. Ask your Japanese friends about it, or imagine being the Oil Mafia in Russia, when the prices of oil have fallen so dramatically in the recent past.Hyperinflation: An extreme case when a country experiences very high and rapidly accelerating rates of inflation. This rapidly erodes the real value of the nation's currency. People resort to holding relatively stable foreign currencies at such times, since the local currency would be used to make pyramids or be swept off the streets.I am not kidding:Also note that inflation is measured by a variety of indices, like the Consumer Price Index (CPI) and the Wholesale Price Index (WPI).CPI: The Consumer Price Index expresses the current price of a basket of goods and services (say July 2014) in terms of prices during the same period in the previous year (July 2013).Most countries, including India, use the CPI as their measure of inflation, which is measured from the consumer's perspective.WPI: The Wholesale Price Index shows the rise (or fall) of prices of manufactured goods as they leave the factory.Until recently, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) used the WPI as their measure of inflation.Under Raghuram Rajan's governance, the RBI has now adopted the CPI as their measure of inflation, as sugegsted by the Urjit Patel Committee report, in April 2014.(Just so that you and many others here know, Mr. Urjit Patel is the Deputy Governor of the RBI)Which is better?Case in point: The WPI in India used to produce relatively real-time statistic of inflation that the CPI, which is also why the CPI is known as the "lagging indicator" of inflation. However, most (rather all) developed countries use the CPI.There are a million other things that relate to inflation, like unemployment, hoarding, etc., almost like a well-connected web. My objective here is to provide you with a broad overview of inflation.So next time when you vent your surprise at your sabzi waale bhaiyya (vegetable seller) asking, "Aloo itna mehenga kyun hai bhaiyya?", and if he answers, "Kya kare madam, mehengaai maar rahi hai", trust me, he's talking about inflation!2. What are the trends in inflation?Just like any other indicator, there are fluctuations, and therefore, trends in the CPI (or WPI). Generally, an inflation rate of 1-3% is considered to be healthy, although that would depend upon the nature of the economy. the resources it has it's disposal, the political climate engulfing the economy and a gazillion other reasons that need to be accounted for here.(Don't take the rate window to heart. You will get 3 different answers from 2 different people if you ask them about the acceptable rate window)Historically, India was (and is) a developing country. If you see the data from the last 4 months (Aug 14- Nov 14), the inflation rate has been in a record decline. Here are the inflation rates:CPI Aug 2014: 7.73%CPI Sep 2014: 6.46%CPI Oct 2014: 5.52%CPI Nov 2014: 4.38%The CPI for Nov 2014 is the record lowest inflation rate recorded in the period 2012-2015. You could say we are going through a period of disiflation.If you see the data for the period dated 2012-2015, there have been many extreme fluctuations in the inflation rate.At the beginning of 2012, the inflation index measured 7.55% (Jan 2012), and shot up to in 11.16% in Nov 2013, before diving to 4.38% in Nov 2014.For an in-depth month-wise inflation index, you could visit 300.000 INDICATORS FROM 196 COUNTRIES and see for yourself the various inflation rate data of other countries. What do you see when you compare the inflation rates of developed and under-developed countries to those of India's? Do you see a trend?3. What is the impact of inflation on the Indian economy and the Indian individual?This is a fascinating question, one that has a plethora of answers, some of them completely antagonistic to one another, depending upon the person's domain.There is a reason why India's central bank, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is autonomous, aloof from the outreached hands of the Central Government.There is a two-pronged approach towards controlling the economy, namely, the Fiscal Policy and the Monetary Policy.Fiscal Policy: Fiscal policy is the means by which a government adjusts its spending levels and tax rates to monitor and influence a nation's economy. The tax and expenditure programs levied and undertaken by the government are the drivers of the fiscal policy.Monetary Policy: The Monetary Policy is governed by the nation's central bank (in this instance, the RBI) to control the money supply in the economy to maintain price stability and attain high economic growth. The central bank achieves this by controlling the interest rates.Now, you have surely picked up the word inflation because of it being increasingly thrown around these days, in policy debates or hogging the headlines in those pink-colored newspapers."Does the monetary policy alone wag the tail of inflation?"If the RBI decides to opt for low interest rates, then the money supply would grow fast, and people will have more money to spend. Consequently, there will be a greater demand for goods and services for consumption, thereby exerting an upward push on the total demand (called Aggregate Demand), resulting in inflation, as producers will charge more for a commodity beacuse of it's sheer demand.Conversely, if the RBI opts for high interest rates, then the money supply will shrink, and people would consume (thereby demand) less. Consequesntly, there will be a downward pull on the total demand, on virtue of which producers would charge less for the same commodity in order to clear their inventories, resulting in deflation.(thise were big sentences, take breaths in between!)The reason why the central government and the finance ministry are pushing for lower interest rates is because they wish for the economy to grow quickly, or rather, to get the air of respect from the populace with the added bonus of bragging rights in the Parliament. In fairness, a low interest rate in the times of disinflation and stable currency would be the go-to solution for spurring economic growth.However, the RBI, under Raghuram Rajan, believes that the Government needs to invest heavily in economic assests as well, under the umbrella of an expansionary fiscal policy. Fiscal policy could also mean hiking of income taxes, but we surely don't want that to happen! There are prevailing anaemic disorders in Indian policies that prevent this.The argument is to lower the interest rates, so that EMIs be lowered; the operating costs of companies will reduce resulting in increased investment, and encourage the people to consume more. Simple right?There are multiple reasons stating why the interest rates are not being lowered:1. The Base Effect: The disinflation that is currently prevalent is down to the base effect, which might show signs of reversal in the future, but not currently. For starters, the base effect reflects the inflation in the corresponding period of the previous year. If the inlfation increased handsomely (from 100 to 150) in Nov 13, a similar such increase (150 to 200) in Nov 14 would show a low inflation rate in Nov 14, as the base on which the percentage is calculated has increased from 100 to 150, showing a mere 33.33% increase in Nov 14 as compared to an 50% increase in Nov 13.Eg: Recall that onion prices were Rs. 80 during this time in 2013, as opposed to howering around Rs. 40 now. (100% fall)The Indian economy, has it's roots in agriculture, and much is made of the predictions and forecasts of the Ministry of Agriculture and the Monsoons. The MoA have predicted a lower output for some monsoon crops, called Khariff crops, like oilseeds, pulses and cereals. This will increase the inflation by itself.2. The US Federal Reserve (the central bank of the United States) is expected to raise rates next year. If the RBI cuts its interest rates, there would be a reduced Interest Rate Differential with the US. For e.g., if the US Dollar has a 5% interest rate, and the Indian Rupee has a 2% interest rate, the Interest Rate Differential of the two countries would be 3%. Quite naturally, one would be paid this 3% and capital outflows will increase.4. Oil and the falling INR: The Oil prices have plumetted to record lows, approximately 40% from $115 to $70.15 in recent months. Juxtaposingly, the Indian Rupee has depreciated by close to 6% from 58.34 to 63.03 in the same period. This has negated the good effects the low oil prices have cast on the oil imports of India. Furthermore, since the Fed is in most likelihood, going to increase the interest rates, the US Dollar will appreciate more against the Indian Rupee. Consequently, imports such as oil, gadgets and your swanky iPhone would be costlier, resulting in inflation.5. Inadequate demand: If interest rates are kept low, they would attract higher investment, or so is believed, as loans would come cheaper. But firms are bulking up on their investments as they are sceptical of the consumer demand, which is low, and warding off any plans of further investment.6. Raghuram Rajan is the Rahul Dravid of India's economy: Calm under pressure, calculated, classy, gritty and he knows what he's doing, for he was amongst the select few (0.000001% of world population) who predicted the 2008 Financial Crisis correctly.An alternative take to this would be to eventually lower the interest rates in the face of easing inflation, therby spurring manufacturing activity and contributing towards faster economic growth.What would be it's impact on you, the vegetable buyer: You'll be happier if disinflation continues, and if your sole motto in life is to eat yor Aloo Patty.What would be it's impact on you, if you're Anand Mahindra: You'll be happier if interest rates are cut, and inflation rises from it's slumber to aid economic growth.Disclaimer 1: My opinions are fairly centrist.Disclaimer 2: For simplicity sake, I have assumed that 70 people out of 7 billion on earth predicted the crisis. My grandmom and I belong to the other 99.999999% of world population.

There’s a danger in correlating race and political affiliation and making predictions based on that alone. There’s a great deal more to voters, particularly in a complex state like Wisconsin.Wisconsin is an interesting case study in the interplay between socioeconomics, geographical identity, and political science. I highly suggest Dr. Katherine Cramer’s findings in The Politics of Resentment as an outstanding review of what has happened in Wisconsin in the past decade or so.[1]Wisconsin is still quite purple. The state has been split nearly 50–50 in major elections for more than half a century. But there are some interesting shifts happening right now.Wisconsin has a shrinking rural population and growing urban and suburban population.[2][3][4]Population Growth 2010–2017[5], with lighter blue indicating population gain and darker blue indicating population loss.Overall, the state has grown about .4% since the 2010 census data, which, while the largest increase in recent state history, seems increasingly due to people just not leaving less than people moving in. In many rural counties, death rates have exceeded birth rates as much as 2:1, and have experienced estimated net losses of 2–4%.That is pushing the state to become a much different sort of purple than it was even thirty years ago, where there were competitive counties and districts all over the state.[6] Today, the state is increasingly polarized between the urban and rural areas of the state, but the population is increasingly concentrated in urban areas, particularly Dane County, where Madison is located, and Eau Claire County, where Eau Claire and Chippewa Falls is located. Milwaukee has also seen modest growth, as has the Milwaukee suburbs.[7] The state saw a massive population outflow in 2007–2010, and has slowly recovered since, especially among young professionals in their 30’s who left the state for college and graduate studies and are now returning.[8]Progressivism of the late 1800’s and early 1900’s started in rural America, particularly the rural Midwest and sparsely populated West. It was the highly industrialized states on the East Coast that wielded much of the conservative pushback against it. That has now flipped straight backwards.Rural areas of Wisconsin have been historically Republican, but also historically a rather progressive Republican wing of the party.[9] Ripon, Wisconsin, was the birthplace of the Republican Party, founded by abolitionist former Whigs after that party collapsed following the takeover by the Cotton wing in the late 1840’s.[10] The Conscience wing of the Whigs formed the core of the new Republican Party.[11]By today’s measures, this was a highly liberal/progressive movement. By the 1870’s and 1880’s, the Republicans had also gained a heavily pro-business contingent from the East Coast, which became increasingly conservative and had a laissez faire attitude towards government regulation in the marketplace.[12]But it was Western and Midwestern Republicans that consistently pushed for more progressive policies. The progressive wing of Republican Party was generally quite pro-agriculture, and found a lot of support from the Grange, for example, which was a progressive movement of farmers who were in part angered by unfair railroad practices.[13]A contemporary and sometimes more progressive adversary of the more moderate Teddy Roosevelt was Wisconsin Governor “Fighting” Bob LaFollette, who was instrumental in instituting progressive reforms in Wisconsin such as the 17th Amendment (direct election of Senators,) the recall election, and the expansion of the University of Wisconsin System with the “Wisconsin Idea.”[14] [15]Wisconsin also generally rejected the New Deal progressivism of the Democrats.Republican progressives in Wisconsin tended to be more focused on the rural areas, using government to bust monopolies and trusts and anti-competitive business practices, conserve natural resources, and focus on state-led reforms such as the ballot initiative, the recall, and the referendum that gave more power directly to the people to override their government when legislators or executives would not enact reform policies.[16]In contrast, Democratic progressives were focused on the industrialized and unionized urban areas of the state, and focused on policy initiatives involving a greater role in government providing jobs, more directly regulating the relationship between labor and capital, and pushing power to legislatures and executives and away from the people. Democratic progressives tended to focus on expanding the role of especially the Federal government in national policy, which Republicans generally opposed.[17] Democratic progressives, led by William Jennings Bryan, tended more towards populism than the more measured reform-minded Republican progressives.Teddy Roosevelt himself also led a split in the Republican Party and took much of the progressive Republicans with him in a fight that ultimately cost the Republicans the 1912 election, for a short-lived third Progressive “Bull Moose” Party. This Progressive Party continued until the failed 1924 presidential run of Bob LaFollette who only carried the state of Wisconsin. The party essentially vanished outside of Wisconsin after that, with some short-lived revival attempts in the 1940’s that were denounced as being too communistic.[18]After the Roosevelt split, the Republican Party’s pro-business contingent regained control of the party and focused on undoing much of the regulatory reform framework put in place from 1902–1920, directly leading to the collapse of the stock market and economy and causing the Great Depression.[19]Eventually, changing economics eventually pushed the remaining rural progressives out of the Republican Party as farms became increasingly smaller and more industrialized, and urban areas began to see a rise in population.Also understand that it was only relatively recently in modern political history that the two major parties have become so ideologically pure. For a long time, there were liberal Republicans and conservative Republicans and liberal Democrats and conservative Democrats. Eisenhower, as a relative centrist, could easily have been in either party, and there was actually a question as to whether he’d run as a Republican or Democrat at the time.Finally, the final brick in the wall was the Democratic Party adoption of civil rights as a central plank of the platform. Lyndon Johnson famously remarked that upon signing the Civil Rights Act that he’d handed the South to the Republican Party for at least a generation, and he proved to be right. Nixon’s “Southern Strategy” courted disaffected conservative southern “Dixiecrats” who wanted to continue segregation and Jim Crow. Despite attempts by conservatives such as William F. Buckley, Jr. to prevent this, the Republican Party would continue to incorporate nativists, racists, and other fringe extremists through the last quarter of the 20th century and into the 21st.And that brings us to today.Today, the rural areas of Wisconsin have been shrinking dramatically, and the urban areas of the state have grown significantly.[20] And, increasingly, the urban areas of the state and their immediate suburbs have been becoming more Democratic-leaning, while rural areas have been skewing more and more Republican.Go next door to Minnesota, and you’ll see the same shifts, but wedded to the Democratic Party instead; there, it’s the DFL, Democratic Farmer-Labor. Same generally progressive attitude, different party loyalty, but increasingly the rural areas are shifting away from progressives there as well, following national party trends.At the heart of it is a political resentment.In the early 20th century, the Midwest and West were suffering heavily from monopolistic businesses and trusts that made it difficult to operate. Standard Oil owned the railroads and made entry into the market for new participants impossible. Special interests put protectionist tariffs on literally thousands of products, and this overwhelmingly favored the East Coast merchants who held the political power. Progressive reformers were coming from the West and Midwest specifically because of the push back against those special interests.By the end of the 20th century and into the present day, that resentment has now shifted. Where early progressivism benefited the West and Midwest, new regulations started instead interfering with those same people. The biggest gripe I hear from the farmers and manufacturers is how the government comes in and tells them what to do. They’re especially bitter about wetlands protection and pollution controls.The “nanny state” was just fine a century ago to them when it broke up the trusts and reduced predatory lending from the banks. That favored them. Now, the “nanny state” works against them. So, they resent it.In essence, you can see the exact same pattern in the rise of conservatism in these formerly progressive areas as the rise of progressivism itself: rural America pushing back against what they see as unfair government and economic conditions.Rural Republicans in Wisconsin jumped heavily on the Trump train over his rhetoric about immigration, in no small part because undocumented immigrants are heavily employed in the shrinking dairy industry there, and those voters resent and blame immigrants for unfairly out-competing them for jobs.[21] [22] [23] [24] (Ironically, dairy farmers say that they’ve had to pay well over minimum wage just to keep immigrant workers on their farms because citizens just plain won’t do that work.)The rural folks in Wisconsin now tend to see government as an entity that sucks in their tax dollars and spends them on the city areas and not back on them. Now, whether that’s the reality or not, that is the perception, and that’s largely what matters. As a result, they’ll tend to skew towards voting for candidates that promise tax relief and to reduce the scope of government regulation in their lives; right now, that’s conservative Republicans.And in part, that’s why even though more liberal candidates are often winning statewide races in higher-turnout elections that get urban voters motivated, the state legislature tends to skew towards conservatives.* (*Setting aside deliberate and egregious partisan gerrymandering, it’s still more likely than I think people realize that conservative rural Republicans would likely still have a hold on the legislature, because districts are still geographically represented, not on pure population alone.)It’s not because the people of Wisconsin are particularly ideological. You won’t find a lot of discussions about political science and theories of government. You’ll mostly just find bitterness about the damned assholes from Madison who don’t know what they’re talking about comin’ in and telling us how to plant our crops and fish our ponds.President Obama managed to speak to that in 2008.In 2008, you had an economy in free fall and a lot of mistrust about how Republicans had handled it.By 2012, the economy was starting to rebound, but Wisconsin did not see a lot of that recovery. There was a great deal of resentment about the ACA and how it was going to raise the cost of health care, a greater burden on an already fragile out-state region. And so, you see the shift.By 2016, the economy still wasn’t improving much for Wisconsin in the out-state region. Trump promised to fix that, and promised a great deal of de-regulation. Results?Notice that some of the red counties have gotten a little more heavily shaded, but overall, it’s still reasonably pretty light. And it was fairly lightly blue before that in 2008.Go back a ways, to 2004.20001996The state isn’t exactly bouncing back and forth like a ping-pong ball between two large extremes, per se. It’s always reasonably close. The 2016 presidential election was decided by less than 20,000 votes. Just one or two counties could have swung the whole election.The 2018 midterms were a great example of that. Statewide races for governor, attorney general, and a Senate seat all went to more liberal candidates, but by a razor-thin margin. Senator Tammy Baldwin, a very progressive/liberal Senator, won relatively handily against Leah Vukmir, a state senator who was one of the architects of the law that stripped public sector unions of collective bargaining rights and instrumental to passing right-to-work legislation that weakened private unions.A state supreme court race was decided just this past week by about 6,000 votes out of 1.2 million ballots cast. [25]And this race itself extremely well illustrates the urban-rural, and particularly north-south divides in Wisconsin.[26]Hagedorn, like other Republicans in the past few years, did better in the state’s rural areas, especially in the more impoverished northern rural areas that are far away from any metro area. But those areas have increasingly shrinking population, leading to diminishing influence in statewide races.And so, it becomes largely a matter of turnout, which tends to favor conservatives in low-turnout elections such early April mid-year elections. It’s likely the same reason that a significant number of local school referendums failed by narrow margins this past week on April 2, 2019, [27] [28] [29] while voters overwhelming approved referendums that were part of the 2018 November mid-term elections.[30] [31]All of this goes to show that the state is still very much a state where both major parties have legitimate chances to win statewide elections.You’ve read a long answer without a lot of pictures. Here’s a cute kitten as a reward.Mostly Standard Addendum and Disclaimer: read this before you comment.I welcome rational, reasoned debate on the merits with reliable, credible sources.But coming on here and calling me names, pissing and moaning about how biased I am, et cetera and so forth, will result in a swift one-way frogmarch out the airlock. Doing the same to others will result in the same treatment.Essentially, act like an adult and don’t be a dick about it.Getting cute with me about my commenting rules and how my answer doesn’t follow my rules and blah, blah, whine, blah is getting old. I’m ornery enough today to not put up with it. Stay on topic or you’ll get to watch the debate from the outside.If you want to argue and you’re not sure how to not be a dick about it, just post a picture of a cute baby animal instead, all right? Your displeasure and disagreement will be duly noted. Pinkie swear.I’m done with warnings. If you have to consider whether or not you’re over the line, the answer is most likely yes. I’ll just delete your comment and probably block you, and frankly, I won’t lose a minute of sleep over it.Debate responsibly.Footnotes[1] Amazon.com: The Politics of Resentment: Rural Consciousness in Wisconsin and the Rise of Scott Walker (Chicago Studies in American Politics) eBook: Katherine J. Cramer: Kindle Store[2] Rural, Northern Wisconsin Projected to Lose Large Numbers of Children in Coming Years - Wisconsin Budget Project[3] Rural Wisconsin Counties Continue To Lose Population[4] Trump Says the U.S. Is ‘Full.’ Much of the Nation Has the Opposite Problem.[5] Wisconsin's Modest, Uneven Population Growth So Far In The 2010s[6] 'Purple State' Status A Factor In Milwaukee’s 2020 Democratic National Convention Bid[7] Wisconsin's Population Boasts Modest Growth[8] Wisconsin's Population Boasts Modest Growth[9] Are Rural Voters the ‘Real’ Voters? Wisconsin Republicans Seem to Think So[10] Origin of the Republican party at Ripon, Wisconsin | Newspaper Article/Clipping | Wisconsin Historical Society[11] Project MUSE -[12] The Bully Pulpit: Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, and the Golden Age of Journalism - Kindle edition by Doris Kearns Goodwin. Politics & Social Sciences Kindle eBooks @ Amazon.com.[13] Wisconsin Used to Be Progressive. What Happened?[14] The Career of Robert M. La Follette[15] La Follette and His Legacy[16] How Republicans went from the party of Lincoln to the party of Trump, in 13 maps[17] How Republicans went from the party of Lincoln to the party of Trump, in 13 maps[18] Henry Wallace's 1948 Presidential Campaign and the Future of Postwar Liberalism[19] https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/gop-platform-through-the-years-shows-partys-shift-from-moderate-to-conservative/2012/08/28/09094512-ed70-11e1-b09d-07d971dee30a_story.html?utm_term=.ed83ec5f77c9[20] Wisconsin population trends show urban areas growing, rural areas shrinking[21] Dairy Industry Threatened By Recent ICE Arrests[22] Immigrants are backbone of Wisconsin's dairy operations[23] Even as Donald Trump rails about immigrants, Wisconsin dairy farmers build bridges to Mexico[24] Under Trump, Wisconsin dairies struggle to keep immigrants[25] Brian Hagedorn's likely Supreme Court win cements conservative dominance in state[26] A big court race reflects the deepening north-south, rural-metro dividing lines in Wisconsin[27] Voters in New Berlin reject $25 million school referendum[28] The future of the Palmyra-Eagle School District is in doubt after $11.5 million referendum fails[29] Voters narrowly reject $130M Neenah referendum; Freedom and Kaukauna proposals also fail[30] Almost All School Referendums Approved In Wisconsin Midterms[31] Wisconsin School referendums break records in 'landslide for public education'

During the war in the late Qin Dynasty, Zhao Tuo, a county lieutenant in the South China Sea, annexed three counties to build Nanyue (Guangdong), and Hainan Island and the South China Sea Islands were under the jurisdiction of Nanyue State.During the Western Han Dynasty, the Chinese began to sail in the South China Sea, and found a group of coral reefs, and set up two counties, Zhuya and Daner. In the eighteenth year of Jianwu in the Eastern Han Dynasty (AD 42), General Fubo visited "Qianli Changsha", or Xisha Islands, during his march to the South. Cultural relics unearthed from Mawangdui Han Tomb in Changsha in 1973, and the South China Sea area first appeared on the topographic map of China in the Han Dynasty.During the Three Kingdoms Period, Wanzhen's Annals of Foreign Objects in Nanzhou and Kang Tai's Annals of Funan recorded the landform characteristics of Nansha Islands. Faxian of the Eastern Jin Dynasty left his travel notes about the South Ocean.In the Sui Dynasty, Pai Changjun and others reached the Red Earth Country through the sea areas of the South China Sea islands. After the Tang Dynasty, more and more Chinese people came to this area to engage in fishing activities, and successive Chinese governments also exercised jurisdiction over the Nansha Islands. In the fifth year of Tang Zhenyuan (789), the South China Sea islands were classified as "Qianli Changsha" and "Wanli Shitang" in the territory of China, and the South China Sea islands were subordinated to the administrative jurisdiction of Guangnan West Road. During the Qingli period (1041 - 1048), Zeng Gongliang wrote the General Summary of Wujing, which attributed Xisha Islands to the coastal areas of Song Dynasty. In the second year of Jingyan in the Southern Song Dynasty (1277), Duanzong, the emperor of the Southern Song Dynasty, was stationed in Xisha Islands in December.The Song Dynasty inherited the administrative establishment of the Tang Dynasty. Xisha, Zhongsha and Nansha Islands belong to the jurisdiction of Qiongzhou Prefecture.The territory of the Yuan Dynasty includes the Nansha Islands. The History of the Yuan Dynasty records that the navy of the Yuan Dynasty patrolled the Nansha Islands. Guo Shoujing "measured 15 degrees of Arctic origin in the South China Sea" on the islands of the South China Sea, and also measured the length of day in the South China Sea.In the Ming Dynasty, Zheng He and others led hundreds of thousands of horses and divided them into dozens of giant ships, trans-Vietnamese sea routes, as far as West Asia and East Africa. The Ming government established its sovereignty and jurisdiction over the South China Sea islands and their sea areas through naval patrols. During Chenghua and Hongzhi years (about 1488), Xisha and Nansha Islands of the South China Sea Islands were the jurisdiction of Wanzhou.In the Qing Dynasty, the Chinese government marked the Nansha Islands on an authoritative map and began to clearly divide the Nansha Islands into four major archipelagos, exercising administrative jurisdiction over the Nansha Islands. The sea area of Xisha Islands is patrolled by the navy of Guangdong Province.In the summer of 1901, Japanese businessman Nishizaki drifted to Dongsha Island, the largest island in the Dongsha Islands, and found that there were abundant phosphate mineral resources in Dongsha Island. The following year, Xizeji fled into Dongsha Island to steal phosphate fertilizer and return to Taiwan for sale, which attracted the attention of the Qing government. The Qing government sent officials to visit Dongsha Island and erected a monument as a symbol of sovereignty.In 1909, Li Jun, the governor of Guangdong Marine Division, and his party visited the Xisha Islands. They raised the Chinese flag on Yongxing Island and fired 21 salutes. Xuantong promulgated the constitution of Dongsha Island in the second year.In 1911, the Guangdong Provincial Government declared that Xisha Islands should be placed under the jurisdiction of Yaxian County, Hainan Island.In 1920, the Chinese government assigned the Xisha Islands to the jurisdiction of Qiongzhou.In 1928, the Guangdong Political Branch transferred Xisha Islands to Sun Yat-sen University.In 1930, the French gunboat Merrihughes went to Nanwei Island in the Nansha Islands for "measurements" and secretly planted the French flag.In April 1933, under the leadership of Scheffer, director of the Saigon Institute of Oceanography, the French gunboat Armerod and the surveying ship Astrolab travelled through the Nansha Islands and made detailed "expeditions" to show "occupation". In July, France illegally occupied nine islands in the Nansha Islands. In December 21st, Klau Tai Merl, the governor of the city of Annan, signed a decree that incorporated the island of Spratly Islands into the province of Pakistan.In 1935, the Government of the Republic of China established the "Land and Water Map Review Committee" to publish a Chinese-English table of 96 names of the Nansha Islands. In April, the Commission published the South China Sea Islands Map, which defines the southernmost territorial line of the South China Sea to 4 degrees north latitude, and marks Zeng Mu's dark sand within the territorial line. This map, compiled by Baimeichu in 1936, is also called "The New Map of China's Construction" after the Southern Exhibition of the South China Sea. In the map, there are Dongsha Islands, Xisha Islands, Nansha Islands and Tuansha Islands in the South China Sea territory. The surrounding areas are marked with national boundaries to show that the islands of the South China Sea belong to the same territory of China and are the rudiment of the U-shaped discontinuous line in the South China Sea. In May, Guangdong Province began to manage the wholesaler's office in Dongsha Island.In 1939, Japan changed the occupation of Xisha and Nansha Islands into "New South Islands" under the Japanese occupation of Kaohsiung City, Kaohsiung Prefecture, Taiwan. Japan has built coastal defense positions, oil depots and seaplane berths on islands, especially the runway on Dongsha Island. After the war, the Chinese government formally restored its sovereignty over the South China Sea Islands in accordance with the principles laid down in the Cairo Declaration and the Potsdam Declaration.In October 1946, the Chinese Navy established a "Forward Fleet" in Shanghai to take over sovereignty over the Xisha Islands and Nansha Islands. Receiving personnel were divided into four vessels, namely, Taiping, Yongxing and Zhongye, which went to Nansha and Zhongjian and Zhongye which went to Xisha. In this receiving operation, the Government of the Republic of China set up the Nansha Islands Administration Office in Taiping Island, which is under the jurisdiction of the Guangdong Provincial Government. On 5 October, the French warship Chevrude invaded Nanwei and Taiping Islands in the Nansha Islands and erected stone tablets on the island. France immediately protested against the Chinese government's decision to recover the Xisha and Nansha Islands and sent the warship Tokyo to the Xisha Islands. When the vessel sailed to Yongxing Island and found that there were Chinese troops stationed on the island, it changed to Coral Island and set up an administrative center on the island.In 1947, the Department of Local Affairs of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of China produced the Map of the Location of the South China Sea Islands. In the South China Sea, the map has been successfully marked with Dongsha Islands, Xisha Islands, Zhongsha Islands and Nansha Islands, with U-shaped discontinuous lines around them, and the southernmost end of the line is marked at about 4 degrees north latitude.In February 1948, the map was included in the Administrative Region Map of the Republic of China compiled by Fu Jiaojin, Director-General of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, Wang Xiguang and others. It was published by the Commercial Press, which formally marked the U-shaped discontinuous line on the map of the South China Sea.On August 15, 1951, Zhou Enlai, Prime Minister and Foreign Minister of the State Council of China, stated in the Statement on the Draft Peace Treaty between the United States and Britain and Japan and the San Francisco Conference that "the Xisha Islands and Nanwei Islands are Chinese territory, just like the whole Nansha Islands and the Zhongsha Islands and the Dongsha Islands." On September 8, the United States and Japan signed the Treaty of Peace with Japan in San Francisco.The map of China published by New China basically follows the map of the administrative region of the Republic of China published in 1948, but the specific plotting has changed slightly.In 1954, the map of administrative divisions of the People's Republic of China abolished two discontinuous lines between Hainan Island and the coast of Vietnam, and added one discontinuous line between Taiwan and Ryukyu Islands, forming nine discontinuous lines in the South China Sea and one in the East China Sea.In 1956, the Kuomintang Taiwan authorities sent warships to Nansha Islands to re-erect sovereign monuments such as Nanzi Reef, Beizi Reef, Zhongye Island and Nankei Island.In July 1957, China recruited meteorological staff from various provinces and established Xisha Islands Meteorological Station, which was later renamed Xisha Marine Hydrometeorological Service Station.On March 24, 1959, the Hainan Administrative Region Office of Guangdong Province of China established offices of Xisha Islands, Nansha Islands and Zhongsha Islands in Yongxing Island, Xisha Islands.On October 22, 1981, the State Council approved the establishment of the Zhongsha Islands Office in Nansha Islands, Xisha Islands, Guangdong Province (equivalent to the county level), as the dispatched agency of the Guangdong Provincial People's Government, under the direct leadership of the Hainan Administrative Region.On April 24, 1983, the State Council of the People's Republic of China authorized the China Geographical Names Committee to publish "Some Standard Geographical Names of the South China Sea Islands", totalling 287. In addition to the names of islands, sandbars, reefs, hidden sand, beaches and stones, the name "waterway" (fishermen call it "gate") was officially named for the first time.On May 31, 1984, the Second Session of the Sixth National People's Congress considered the bill of the State Council and decided to establish a Hainan Administrative Region under the jurisdiction of the Xisha Islands, Nansha Islands and Zhongsha Islands, under the leadership of the People's Government of Guangdong Province.On April 13, 1988, the First Session of the Seventh National People's Congress adopted a decision on the establishment of Hainan Province. The South China Sea Islands are part of the jurisdiction of Hainan Province. The Chinese Navy is stationed on six islands and reefs in the Nansha Islands.At the beginning of 1990, the Taiwan authorities decided that Taiping Island in Nansha should be separated from the "Ministry of Defense" and officially assigned to the jurisdiction of Kaohsiung City.In 1996, New China promulgated the Territorial Sea Baseline Statement, announcing part of the continental territorial sea baseline and the territorial sea baseline of Xisha Islands, in which the territorial sea baseline of Xisha Islands is composed of 28 base points.On June 21, 2012, the State Council of China approved the establishment of Sansha City in Hainan Province to administer the islands and reefs of Xisha Islands, Zhongsha Islands and Nansha Islands and their sea areas.This is our reason for declaring the disputed waters in the South China Sea. What are your reasons? Do you want your boss to tear up the Cairo Declaration, the Potsdam Proclamation， the Treaty of Peace with Japan unilaterally?