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Interesting question.This is what Wikipedia had to say.Near-Earth supernovaFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to navigation Jump to searchMain article: History of supernova observationThe Crab Nebula is a pulsar wind nebula associated with the 1054 supernova. It is located about 6,500 light-years from the Earth.[1]A near-Earth supernova is an explosion resulting from the death of a star that occurs close enough to the Earth (roughly less than 10 to 300 parsecs (30 to 1000 light-years) away[2]) to have noticeable effects on Earth's biosphere.Historically, each near-Earth supernova explosion has been associated with a global warming of around 3–4 °C. An estimated 20 supernovae explosions have happened within 300 pc of the Earth over the last 11 million years. Type II supernovae explosions are expected to occur in active star-forming regions, with 12 such OB associations being located within 650 pc of the Earth. At present, there are six near-Earth supernova candidates within 300 pc.[3]Contents1 Effects on Earth2 Risk by supernova type3 Past events4 See also5 Footnotes6 ReferencesEffects on EarthOn average, a supernova explosion occurs within 10 parsecs (33 light-years) of the Earth every 240 million years.[a]Gamma rays are responsible for most of the adverse effects a supernova can have on a living terrestrial planet. In Earth's case, gamma rays induce radiolysis of diatomicN2 and O2 in the upper atmosphere, converting molecular nitrogen and oxygen into nitrogen oxides, depleting the ozone layer enough to expose the surface to harmful solar and cosmic radiation (mainly ultra-violet). Phytoplankton and reef communities would be particularly affected, which could severely deplete the base of the marine food chain.[4][5]Odenwald[6]discusses the possible effects of a Betelgeuse supernova on the Earth and on human space travel, especially the effects of the stream of charged particles that would reach the Earth circa 100,000 years later than the initial light and other electromagnetic radiation produced by the explosion.Risk by supernova typeCandidates within 300 pc[3]Star DesignationDistance(pc)Mass(M☉)IK Pegasi461.65/1.15Spica8010.25/7.0Alpha Lupi14110.1Antares16912.4/10Betelgeuse1977.7–20Rigel26418Speculation as to the effects of a nearby supernova on Earth often focuses on large stars as Type II supernova candidates. Several prominent stars within a few hundred light years of the Sun are candidates for becoming supernovae in as little as a millennium. Although they would be spectacular to look at, were these "predictable" supernovae to occur, they are thought to have little potential to affect Earth.It is estimated that a Type II supernova closer than eight parsecs (26 light-years) would destroy more than half of the Earth's ozone layer.[7]Such estimates are based on atmospheric modeling and the measured radiation flux from SN 1987A, a Type II supernova in the Large Magellanic Cloud. Estimates of the rate of supernova occurrence within 10 parsecs of the Earth vary from 0.05–0.5 per Ga[5]to 10 per Ga.[8]Several studies assume that supernovae are concentrated in the spiral arms of the galaxy, and that supernova explosions near the Sun usually occur during the ~10 million years that the Sun takes to pass through one of these regions.[7]Examples of relatively near supernovae are the Vela Supernova Remnant (~800 ly, ~12,000 years ago) and Geminga (~550 ly, ~300,000 years ago).Type Ia supernovae are thought to be potentially the most dangerous if they occur close enough to the Earth. Because Type Ia supernovae arise from dim, common white dwarf stars, it is likely that a supernova that could affect the Earth will occur unpredictably and take place in a star system that is not well studied. The closest known candidate is IK Pegasi.[9]It is currently estimated, however, that by the time it could become a threat, its velocity in relation to the Solar System would have carried IK Pegasi to a safe distance.[7]Past eventsEvidence from daughter products of short-lived radioactive isotopes shows that a nearby supernova helped determine the composition of the Solar System 4.5 billion years ago, and may even have triggered the formation of this system.[10]Supernova production of heavy elements over astronomic periods of time ultimately made the chemistry of life on Earth possible.Past supernovae might be detectable on Earth in the form of metal isotope signatures in rock strata. Subsequently, iron-60 enrichment has been reported in deep-sea rock of the Pacific Ocean by researchers from the Technical University of Munich.[11][12][13]Twenty-three atoms of this iron isotope were found in the top 2 cm of crust (this layer corresponds to times from 13.4 to 0 million years ago).[13]It is estimated that the supernova must have occurred in the last 5 million years or else it would have had to happen very close to the solar system to account for so much iron-60 still being here. A supernova occurring so close would have probably caused a mass extinction, which did not happen in that time frame.[14]The quantity of iron seems to indicate that the supernova was less than 30 parsecs away. On the other hand, the authors estimate the frequency of supernovae at a distance less than D (for reasonably small D) as around (D/10 pc)3per Ga, which gives a probability of only around 5% for a supernova within 30 pc in the last 5 million years. They point out that the probability may be higher because the Solar System is entering the Orion Arm of the Milky Way.Gamma ray bursts from "dangerously close" supernova explosions occur two or more times per billion years, and this has been proposed as the cause of the end Ordovician extinction, which resulted in the death of nearly 60% of the oceanic life on Earth.[15]In 1998 a supernova remnant, RX J0852.0-4622, was found in front (apparently) of the larger Vela Supernova Remnant.[16]Gamma rays from the decay of titanium-44 (half-life about 60 years) were independently discovered emanating from it,[17]showing that it must have exploded fairly recently (perhaps around 1200 CE), but there is no historical record of it. The flux of gamma rays and x-rays indicates that the supernova was relatively close to us (perhaps 200 parsecs or 660 ly). If so, this is an unexpected event because supernovae less than 200 parsecs away are estimated to occur less than once per 100,000 years.[13]See alsoList of supernova candidatesFootnotesSince a radius of 100 light years contains approximately 27.8 times as much volume as one of 33 light years, a supernova should occur within a radius of 100 light years from Earth approximately once every 8.6 million years. A supernova would occur within a radius of 200 light years approximately once every million years, within 500 light years every 69,000 years, and within 1,000 light years roughly every 8,625 years.[original research?]ReferencesKaplan, D. L.; Chatterjee, S.; Gaensler, B. M.; Anderson, J. (2008). "A Precise Proper Motion for the Crab Pulsar, and the Difficulty of Testing Spin-Kick Alignment for Young Neutron Stars". The Astrophysical Journal. 677 (2): 1201–1215. arXiv:0801.1142. Bibcode:2008ApJ...677.1201K. doi:10.1086/529026.Joshua Sokol (Jan 14, 2016). "What If History's Brightest Supernova Exploded In Earth's Backyard?". The Atlantic.Firestone, R. B. (July 2014). "Observation of 23 Supernovae That Exploded <300 pc from Earth during the past 300 kyr". The Astrophysical Journal. 789 (1): 11. Bibcode:2014ApJ...789...29F. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/789/1/29. 29.Ellis, J.; Schramm, D. N. (1993). "Could a nearby supernova explosion have caused a mass extinction?". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 92 (1): 235–8. arXiv:hep-ph/9303206. Bibcode:1993hep.ph....3206E. doi:10.1073/pnas.92.1.235. PMC 42852. PMID 11607506.Whitten, R. C.; Borucki, W. J.; Wolfe, J. H.; Cuzzi, J. (1976). "Effect of nearby supernova explosions on atmospheric ozone". Nature. 263 (5576): 398–400. Bibcode:1976Natur.263..398W. doi:10.1038/263398a0."The Betelgeuse Supernova". 2015-02-02.Gehrels, N.; et al. (2003). "Ozone Depletion from Nearby Supernovae". The Astrophysical Journal. 585 (2): 1169–1176. arXiv:astro-ph/0211361. Bibcode:2003ApJ...585.1169G. doi:10.1086/346127.Clark, D. H.; McCrea, W. H.; Stephenson, F. R. (1977). "Frequency of nearby supernovae and climactic and biological catastrophes". Nature. 265 (5592): 318–319. Bibcode:1977Natur.265..318C. doi:10.1038/265318a0.Garlick, M. (March 2007). "The Supernova Menace". Sky & Telescope. 113 (3): 3.26. Bibcode:2007S&T...113c..26G.Taylor, G. J. (2003-05-21). "Triggering the Formation of the Solar System". Planetary Science Research. Retrieved 2006-10-20.Staff (Fall 2005). "Researchers Detect 'Near Miss' Supernova Explosion". University of Illinois College of Liberal Arts and Sciences. p. 17. Archived from the original on 2006-09-01. Retrieved 2007-02-01.Knie, K.; et al. (2004). "60Fe Anomaly in a Deep-Sea Manganese Crust and Implications for a Nearby Supernova Source". Physical Review Letters. 93 (17): 171103–171106. Bibcode:2004PhRvL..93q1103K. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.93.171103. PMID 15525065.Fields, B. D.; Ellis, J. (1999). "On Deep-Ocean Fe-60 as a Fossil of a Near-Earth Supernova". New Astronomy. 4 (6): 419–430. arXiv:astro-ph/9811457. Bibcode:1999NewA....4..419F. doi:10.1016/S1384-1076(99)00034-2.Fields & Ellis, p. 10Melott, A.; et al. (2004). "Did a gamma-ray burst initiate the late Ordovician mass extinction?". International Journal of Astrobiology. 3 (2): 55–61. arXiv:astro-ph/0309415. Bibcode:2004IJAsB...3...55M. doi:10.1017/S1473550404001910.Aschenbach, B. (1998). "Discovery of a young nearby supernova remnant". Nature. 396 (6707): 141–142. Bibcode:1998Natur.396..141A. doi:10.1038/24103.Iyudin, A. F.; et al. (1998). "Emission from 44Ti associated with a previously unknown Galactic supernova". Nature. 396 (6707): 142–144. Bibcode:1998Natur.396..142I. doi:10.1038/24106.vteSupernovaeClassesType IaType Ib and IcType II (IIP, IIL, IIn, and IIb)Physics ofCalcium-rich supernovaeCarbon detonationPair-instability supernovaPhillips relationshipP-nucleiP-processR-processSupernova nucleosynthesisSupernova neutrinosRelatedSupernova impostor Pulsational pair-instability supernovaFoeGamma-ray burstFailed supernovaHypernovaKilonovaNovaSymbiotic novaLuminous red novaNear-Earth supernovaPulsar kickQuark-novaProgenitorsHypergiant YellowLuminous blue variableSupergiant Blue Red YellowWhite dwarf Related linksWolf–Rayet starRemnantsSupernova remnant Pulsar wind nebulaNeutron star Pulsar Magnetar Related linksStellar black hole Related linksCompact star Quark star Exotic starZombie starLocal BubbleSuperbubble Orion–EridanusDiscoveryGuest starHistory of supernova observationTimeline of white dwarfs, neutron stars, and supernovaeListsCandidatesNotableMassive starsMost distantRemnantsIn fictionNotableBarnard's LoopCassiopeia ACrab Crab NebulaiPTF14hlsTycho'sKepler'sSN 1987ASN 185SN 1006SN 2003fgRemnant G1.9+0.3SN 2007biSN 2011feSN 2014JSN RefsdalVela RemnantResearchASAS-SNCalán/Tololo SurveyHigh-Z Supernova Search TeamKatzman Automatic Imaging TelescopeMonte Agliale Supernovae and Asteroid SurveyNearby Supernova FactorySloan Supernova SurveySupernova/Acceleration ProbeSupernova Cosmology ProjectSupernova Early Warning SystemSupernova Legacy SurveyTexas Supernova SearchBook:SupernovaeCategory:SupernovaeCommons:SupernovaeCategories:Natural hazardsEarthSupernovaeSpace hazardsDoomsday scenariosNavigation menuNot logged inTalkContributionsCreate accountLog inArticleTalkReadEditView historySearchMain pageContentsFeatured contentCurrent eventsRandom articleDonate to WikipediaWikipedia storeInteractionHelpAbout WikipediaCommunity portalRecent changesContact pageToolsWhat links hereRelated changesUpload fileSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationWikidata itemCite this pagePrint/exportCreate a bookDownload as PDFPrintable versionLanguagesالعربية한국어日本語RomânăРусскийTürkçeУкраїнська中文Edit linksThis page was last edited on 11 April 2019, at 04:24 (UTC).Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. 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This, of course, is an illogical question as it assumes a specious condition.Most conservatives (and leftists) believe that the climate changes and has done so since the earth’s atmosphere was initially formed.But if you are specifically asking why conservatives are skeptical of the conclusions being presented as the science of catastrophic anthropogenic CO2 global warming, then the answer would require hundreds of pages.I have written such a document, exceeding 300 pages, compiled from many years of study of the unproven theory of CAGW. I have incorporated many portions of it into numerous answers for Quora, which you can find by visiting my profile page.It is virtually inconceivable that anyone who actually makes a thorough study of this debate, with an open mind, would not develop at least a modicum of skepticism. There is a prodigious amount of information which contradicts a number of CAGW claims, not to mention large numbers of frankly mendacious claims.There is no question that several powerful ulterior agendas drive significant portions of the hypothesis, particularly money, political power, and ideology. Simply reading many of the Climategate emails and numerous quotes from various UN officials clearly illustrates this.Here are just a few of the thousands of references which should make one think carefully before blindly accepting the “science” of CAGW:https://realclimatescience.com/fifty-years-of-failed-apocalyptic-forecasts/What I Learned about Climate Change: The Science is not Settledhttps://www.technocracy.news/dr-mototaka-nakamura-the-sorry-state-of-climate-science/22 REASONS TO BE SKEPTICAL OF MAN-MADE GLOBAL WARMINGhttp://www.scmsa.eu/archives/SCM_RC_2015_08_24_EN.pdfTHE GLOBAL WARMING SCAM by Vincent Gray pdf. My annotations added.The global warming scam is the result of the widespread belief in a new religion, based on the deification of a nebulous entity, “The Environment”.John Murphy's answer to The greenhouse effect has never been demonstrated. Is it Fake Science?https://billstclair.com/bunk/Role_of_GHE-EaE.pdfWhy can't radiation from a cold body make a hot body hotter?John Walker's answer to Does overt pseudoscience support AGW?Spurious Correlations in Climate Sciencehttp://scienceandpublicpolicy.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/noaa_2010_report.pdf61% Of NOAA USHCN Adjusted Temperature Data Is Now Fakehttp://www.sealevel.info/1981_Hansen_etal_1.pdfhttps://wattsupwiththat.com/2011/01/20/surface-temperature-uncertainty-quantified/NOAA US Data Tampering Update | The Deplorable Climate Science BlogGreenhouse Gases in the Atmosphere Cool the Earth! | PSI Intlscienceandpublicpolicy.org/images/stories/papers/originals/noaa_2010_report.pdfhttp://di2.nu/foia/foia2011/mail/2729.txtOverwhelming Evidence Of CollusionFake Data – The Basis Of Climate Science | The Deplorable Climate Science Bloghttps://thsresearch.files.wordpress.com › chap3-published-in-elsevierDoubling The Hockey Stick FraudHide-the-Decline Plushttps://notrickszone.com/2013/10/17/climatology-sees-one-of-the-greatest-scientific-reversals-of-all-time-the-rise-and-fall-of-the-hockey-stick-charts/Dave Burton's answer to Why were those involved in the "climategate" fiasco completely absolved of any wrongdoing?https://www.dailywire.com/news/most-comprehensive-assault-global-warming-ever-mike-van-biezenBIG NEWS – Verified by NOAA – poor weather station siting leads to artificial long term warmingUrban Bias in Area-averaged Surface Air Temperature TrendsClimate change: this is the worst scientific scandal of our generationExtending The History Of NASA Global Temperature FraudOn the Validity of NOAA, NASA and Hadley CRU Global Average Surface Temperature Data & The Validity of EPA's CO 2 Endangerment Finding Abridged Research ReportMassive Data Tampering Uncovered At NASA - Warmth, Cooling Disappears Due To Incompatibility With ModelsFraud In The National Climate Assessment (Part 1)Fraud In The National Climate Assessment (Part 2)Corruption Of The US Temperature Record100% Of US Warming Is Due To NOAA Data TamperingCO2: The Greatest Scientific Scandal of Our Time (Zbigniew Jaworowski) Poland - Environmentalists For Nuclear USAWhy models can't predict climate accuratelyFlawed Climate ModelsThe Dark Story Behind Global Warming aka Climate Changeitsnotco2Radiated Energy and the Second Law of ThermodynamicsIan Wylie's answer to What is so fundamentally wrong about climate change?Carbon follows Temp last 10,000 Years.JPGWeather Balloon Soundings Falsify the “Greenhouse Effect” HypothesisThe Rise and Fall of the Carbon Dioxide Theory of Climate Change (2019)French scientist explains why the greenhouse effect is primarily due to atmospheric mass/gravity/pressureWhy the ideal gas law, gravity, & atmospheric mass explain the entire 33C greenhouse effect3 Chemists Conclude CO2 Greenhouse Effect Is ‘Unreal’, Violates Laws Of Physics, ThermodynamicsJohn Murphy's answer to The greenhouse effect has never been demonstrated. Is it Fake Science?Most Of The Rise In CO2 Likely Comes From Natural Sourceshttp://co2coalition.org/wp-conte...Junk Science? Number 99: The Global Warming and climate change hoax - Part 1https://tambonthongchai.com/2018/12/19/co2responsiveness/https://casf.me/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/emissions-vs-global-co2-concentrations.pdf?fbclid=IwAR0AYCrJ8YboguEguisCBytVzOye0woRrecgNjNs7FL69vPRWrYW3tWzcvUhttp://www.plateclimatology.com/discovery-of-massive-volcanic-co2-emissions-puts-damper-on-global-warming-theoryGlobal greening is happening faster than climate change, and it’s a good thingAbout the IPCCMaurice Strong, Climate CrookThe U.N.'s Global Warming War On Capitalism: An Important History LessonJames Matkin's answer to Are there any prominent and well-respected scientists who do not believe in climate change?A Major Deception on Global WarmingGlobal warming: second thoughts of an environmentalisthttps://www.heartland.org/_template-assets/documents/CCR/CCR-IIb/Summary-for-Policymakers.pdfWhat consensus? Less than half of climate scientists agree with the IPCC “95%” certaintyhttps://friendsofscience.org/assets/documents/97_Consensus_Myth.pdfAll "97% Consensus" Studies Refuted by Peer-Reviewhttp://object.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/pubs/pdf/climatead_chicagotrib_rev.pdfMore Than 1000 International Scientists Dissent Over Man-Made Global Warming Claims - Global ResearchWelcome to the International Climate Science Coalition Web Site CLIMATE SCIENTISTS' REGISTER ENDORSERS500 Prominent Scientists Warn U.N.: 'There Is No Climate Emergency'90 leading Italian Scientists sign Petition: “Anthropogenic Origin of Global Warming is an unproven Hypothesis” … Catastrophic Predictions “Not realistic”NO 'Consensus' on "Man-Made" Global WarmingSkeptic Papers 2019 (1)How “Climate Science” has Taken over the ScienceAndrew Montford: Nullius in Verba: The Royal Society and Climate ChangePhysicists Stick to Warming Claim Post-ClimateGateExclusive: Nobel Prize-Winning Physicist Who Endorsed Obama Dissents! Resigns from American Physical Society Over Group’s Promotion of Man-Made Global WarmingThe CIA documents the global cooling research of the 1970’shttps://notrickszone.com/285-papers-70s-cooling-1/#sthash.UuNWNJBf.dpbsThe 1970's Global Cooling Compilation – looks much like todayThe 1970s Global Cooling Consensus was not a MythThe ever receding climate goalpost: IPCC and Al Gore “12 years to save the planet” (again)100 million to die by 2030 if world fails to act on climate'So many bears:' Draft plan says Nunavut polar bear numbers unsafeLatest global polar bear abundance ‘best guess’ estimate is 39,000 (26,000-58,000)http://www.climatechange2013.org/images/uploads/WGIAR5_WGI-12Doc2b_FinalDraft_Chapter02.pdfIgnore The Scare-Mongers: Number & Intensity Of US Hurricanes Have Remained Constant Since 1900 - The Global Warming Policy Forum (GWPF)No Trend In Extreme Weather In The USJo Pickering's answer to Why is the Murdoch press pushing false narratives about the cause of the tragic unprecedented bushfires raging in Australia? Why is it attacking climate change?Northern South China Sea SST changes over the last two millennia and possible linkage with solar irradianceExpert: Scientists exaggerated coral bleaching storyGreat Barrier Reef Is In Much Better Shape Than Climate Alarmists Claim, Australian Environment Minister Confirms - The Global Warming Policy Forum (GWPF)http://www.goldendolphin.com/WSarticles/CO2%20Vents%20in%20PNG.pdfAstonishing finding: coral reef thriving amid 'ocean acidification'Scripps paper: Ocean acidification fears overhypedFOI’s Reveal How NOAA Spin Lies About Ocean AcidificationOcean Acidification by Fossil Fuel EmissionsSea Level Rise; A Major Non-Existent Threat Exploited by Alarmists and PoliticiansSEA LEVEL: Rise and Fall- Part 2 – Tide GaugesPermanent Service for Mean Sea Level (PSMSL)Curry Report: Sea-level rise within natural variation of past several thousand yearsThe clever ruse of rising sea levelsKevin Loughrey's answer to Given global warming and the resulting rise in sea levels, can anything really be done to save Venice?World Leading Authority: Sea Level “Absolutely Stable”… Poor Quality Data From “Office Perps”…IPCC “False”Princeton Physicist on Climategate: ‘I view it as science fraud, pure and simple’ — Internal pressure mounts on science org. to rescind climate statementA Year After Climategate, The Corruption Of Science PersistsClimategate 2.0 emails – They're real and they're spectacular!Climategate 2.0: New E-Mails Rock The Global Warming DebateClimate of FearDeSmogBlog - Left ExposedHow Academic ‘Blacklists’ Impede Serious Work On Climate ScienceEditorial bias and the prediction of climate disaster: the crisis of science communicationExtreme Wildfire Fraud In The National Climate AssessmentBushfire scientist David Packham warns of huge blaze threat, urges increase in fuel reduction burnsThe Role of the Media in Aiding and Abetting the Deceptions Seen in ClimategateGermany's Green Transition has Hit a Brick WallThe Reason Renewables Can't Power Modern Civilization Is Because They Were Never Meant ToThe "New Energy Economy": An Exercise in Magical Thinking | Manhattan InstituteThe Green AgendaJohn Walker's answer to Does the production of bioethanol affect atmospheric carbon dioxide emissions? How does this affect global warming?Spot the Vested Interest: The $1.5 Trillion Climate Change IndustryPARIS Accord Based on FraudObama, Maurice Strong, Al Gore key players cashing in on Chicago Climate Exchange | Peak ProsperityObama’s involvement in Chicago Climate Exchange—the rest of the storyR.I.P.: Al Gore’s Chicago Climate Exchange Has Died | National ReviewThe Chicago Climate Club Gets CappedThe Great Collapse of the Chicago Climate Exchange - 21st Century Wirehttps://www.quora.com/What-would-the-hidden-agenda-of-the-climate-change-movement-be/answer/John-Walker-922John Walker's answer to Why does Michael Knowles believe that the climate change agenda is not led by scientists?How Al Gore amassed a $200-million fortune after presidential defeathttps://www.globalresearch.ca/climate-money-trail/5690209John Walker's answer to Could someone please provide a printable copy of the "global warming agenda” by “the globalists” who are said to push it?http://www.alt-market.com/index.php/articles/3998-the-globalists-are-openly-admitting-to-their-population-control-agenda-and-thats-a-bad-signClimate Change Solved By 'Letting The Human Race Become Extinct'C3: Global Warming Quotes & Climate Change Quotes: Human-Caused Global Warming Advocates/SupportersJohn Walker's answer to Can you give me some articles on climate change skepticism?Skeptics Handbook free download of The Skeptics’ Handbook and other bookletsThe Politically Incorrect Guide to Climate Change’ By Marc MoranoWhat You Never Hear About Global Warming -- Sott.netWindell Driskell's answer to Who thinks climate change is a hoax?Richard Evans's answer to What are the best arguments against human caused global warming?Dave Burton's answer to Is the latest UN report on climate change, by 91 authors and citing over 6,000 scientific references, finally going to convince the sceptics?Discovery of Massive Volcanic CO2 Emissions Rebuts human caused Global Warming Theory...geological heat flow is possibly the root cause of changes to our oceans.Cloud formation may be linked to cosmic raysRole of sulphuric acid, ammonia and galactic cosmic rays in atmospheric aerosol nucleationThe missing link between exploding stars, clouds, and climate on Earth: Breakthrough in understanding of how cosmic rays from supernovae can influence Earth's cloud cover and thereby climateThe cosmoclimatology theoryhttps://www.thegwpf.org/content/uploads/2019/03/SvensmarkSolar2019-1.pdfGlobal Cooling 101 - Solar Cycles - Paleoclimatology - Maunder Minimum - Science - CommunityNew study tries to link climate models and climate data together in a ‘Semi Empirical Climate Model’Northern South China Sea SST changes over the last two millennia and possible linkage with solar irradianceCharles Tips's answer to How do scientists account for natural climate change cycles when they try and calculate mankind's contribution to climate change?The Cold Sun: Why The Climate Catastrophe Won't Happen - The Global Warming Policy Forum (GWPF)Download this free book, The Neglected Sun at: https://archive.org/stream/FritzVahrenholtTheNeglectedSun/Fritz+Vahrenholt+-+The+Neglected+Sun_djvu.txtDalton – The Next Grand MinimumNASA Predi cts Next Solar Cycle will be Lowest in 200 Years (Dalton Minimum Levels) + the Implications - ElectroverseEvidence-Based Climate Science: Data Opposing CO2 Emissions as the Primary Source of Global Warming: Don Easterbrook: 9780128045886: Amazon.com: Books

SOURCE: FamilyFirst New Zealand ~How abortion impacts mothers, families and our society – Study“….examines research that is typically ignored about abortion’s effect on the family. The impact of abortion on marriage, sexuality, mental health and finally, family life in greater society are all considered…reflects on the research through the story of Lee, one pro-choice woman for whom abortion had an unexpected effect as told in the book Giving Sorrow Wordseffects of abortion on the family and society are secondary effects. Yet there are indeed consequences that remain substantially underpublicized—to our great detriment. These include an increased likelihood of divorce or separation, marrying late or not at all, increased acceptance of rape and increased risks of poor mental health, among others. A meta-analysis published in the prestigious British Journal of Psychiatry showed an overall 81% greater risk of mental health problems for women who had an abortion compared with those who did not.It is not helpful to overstate negative ramifications of abortion. However, by far the bigger concern Canadians face today is the problem of pretending there are none.This paper aims to challenge the notion that abortion is an individual event, as presented in political mantras like “my body, my choice.” Abortion is hard on the woman, yes. However, an abortion is the result of relationship, regardless of how poor or short-lived. Therefore, examining the effects of abortion on family, relationships and our communities is important.Download PDF: Interconnected: How abortion impacts mothers, families and our societyhttp://www.imfcanada.org/interconnectedSOURCE: National Center for Biotechnology Information, The social effects of legal abortion articleFull text is available as a scanned copy of the original print version. Get a printable copy (PDF file) of the complete article (1.1M), or click on a page image below to browse page by page. Links to PubMed are also available for Selected References.SOURCE: Abortion RisksSocial Effects and Implications of AbortionOutcome - Refused Abortions"Therapeutic Abortion on Psychiatric Grounds," SJ Drower and ES Nash, South Africa Medical Journal 54:604-608, 1978.A South African study of women who were seeking abortion on psychiatric grounds followed up women who were refused abortion as well as women who were granted abortion for 12-18 months. Those who had abortions were more likely to be under psychiatric treatment, admitted to increased use of alcohol, tobacco, or tranquilizers, had experienced adverse personality changes, and had greater social isolation compared to women who had been refused abortion and had a variety of other pregnancy outcomes."Abortion Denied - Outcome of Mothers and Babies," (editorial), Carlos Del Campo, Canadian Medical Association Journal 130(4): 361-362 ,1984.Summarizes various studies including those related to the outcome of refused abortions and concludes that abortion is not the answer to social ills."Women Refused Second Trimester Abortion: Correlates with Pregnancy Outcome," N. Binkin, C. Mhango, W. Cates, B. Slovis, M. Freeman, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feb. 1,1983, pp. 279-284.United States study reported that 80 percent of the women had their babies."One Hundred and Twenty Children Born Alter Application or Therapeutic Abortion Refused," H. Forssman and I. Thuwe, Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 42:48-59(1966).This study attempted to ascertain the mental health, social adjustment and educational level of 120 children up to age 21. The study concluded that unwanted children did not have the advantage of a secure family life, had more psychiatric care, more often displayed anti-social behavior and did less well in school than controls. However, there were other confounding variables. For example, 26.7 percent of the unwanted children were born out of wedlock, compared with 7.5 percent of the control children."Children Born Following Refused Abortion," Wanda Franz, Association for Interdisciplinary Research Newsletter 2(4):1-6, Fall 1989Data does not support the conclusion that 'unwanted' children should be aborted."The Swedish Children Born to Women Denied Abortion Study: A Radical Criticism," P. Cameron and Tichenor, Psychological Reports 39:391-394(1976).(Concludes that re-examination of the data advanced in the light of differences in social class and proneness toward psychiatric consultation indicates that children issuing from a denied abortion turn out much as children in general."Follow-Up Study of Children Born to Women Denied Abortion," Z. Matejcek, Abortion: Medical Progress and Social Implications, Pitman, (London: Ciba Foundation Symposium 115, 1985) 136-148.Comments of the author:In child psychology and psychiatry the opinion is generally accepted that an unwanted pregnancy can have a very negative influence on the development of the child. However, the published work on this subject is extremely sparse. (Concluded from 1970 study): Although the differences between unwanted and control children were not dramatic, they were consistent and tended to support the major hypothesis that the development of children born to women denied abortion would be more problem prone.Unwanted pregnancy represents, in the life history of the child, something of an "aggravating circumstance," i.e., a certain risk that may or may not materialize in a particular situation in life. (Concluded from 1977 study):Differences in school achievement in ratings of the child's personality and parental attitudes were more pronounced. (Some questionable aspects of the study-later 38 percent of the mothers denied they ever wanted to get rid of the child; many now said they were very grateful abortion was denied; others said they hated the commission; parents were paid to participate; school problems could be alcohol-related, which was not considered; 20 percent divorce rate of unwanted group is a possible confounding factor.Pregnancy Resolution Decisions: What If Abortions Were Banned?," J. Murphy, B. Symington, S. Jacobson, Journal of Reproductive Medicine 28 (II): 789-797 (1983)Availability of another person to help with an unplanned child was most closely associated with the decision to carry the baby to term or abort it.Deterioration of Economic and Social Conditions Following AbortionOne reason advanced for legalized abortion is that it is necessary for the economic and social advancement of women. However, several studies have found that abortion, and particularly repeat abortion, is related to a poorer economic and worsened social condition of women. Overall, 60% of U.S. women who have an abortion will have a repeat abortion by age 30."Contraceptive Practice and Repeat Induced Abortion: An Epidemiological Investigation," MJ Shephard and MB Bracken, Journal of Biosocial Science 11:289, 1979.A U. S. study of low income women found that women with repeat abortions were more likely to be divorced, and be on welfare compared to women with first abortions."Association of Induced Abortion with Subsequent Pregnancy Loss," AA Levin et al, JAMA 243(24): 2495, June 27, 1980.Women entering Boston Hospital for Women with a history of one or two prior abortions, were more likely to be a welfare recipient (26%-27%) compared to women with no prior abortion. (16.9%)"Repeat Abortion in Denmark,"Osler et al, Danish Medical Bulletin 39(1): 89, 1992.Danish women repeating abortion were more likely to be unemployed, less likely to have a partner, and were more likely to live alone compared to women with first abortions."The First Abortion-And the Last? A Study of the Personality Factors Underlying Repeated Failure of Contraception," P Niemela et al, Int'l J Gynaecol Obstet 19:193, 1981Finnish women seeking a second abortion had less net household income, poorer housing, weaker relationships with their partner, and were poorer at building up the socioeconomic aspect of their lives than women with first abortions."Repeat Abortion: A Comparative Study," M Tornbom et al, J Psychosomatic Obstet Gynecol 17:208, 1996.Swedish women applying for a repeat abortion were more likely to have had contact with the social service system, were less satisfied with their partner relationship, and had a more unstable relationship compared to women with a first abortion or women carrying to term."The influence of social class on parity and psychological reactions in women coming in for induced abortion," B Hamark et al, Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 74(4): 302-306, 1995Among women living in Gotenberg, Sweden and seeking a first trimester abortion, previous abortion experience was more likely among women living in lower socioeconomic districts in the city."Psychosocial Correlates and Antecedents of Abortion: An Exploratory Study," F. Costa et al, Population and Environment 9:3, 1987A long term study of primarily Anglo women found that women with an abortion history were more likely to exhibit multiple problem behavior, have lower occupational prestige, be similar in educational attainment, and have only slightly higher personal income compared to women with no abortion history.Abortion and Race or Poverty"Rising Incidence of Breast Cancer Among Young Women in Washington State," E. White, J.R. Daling, T.L. Norsted and J. Chu, Journal of the National Cancer Institute 79(2):239- 243, August 1987Although on the basis of small numbers, the risk for breast cancer among black women aged 25-44 years doubled from 1974-77 to 1982-84 in the state of Washington compared with a 22% increase for white women of the same age. It was noted that black women have a higher rate of induced abortion than white women which may be a contributing factor to the increased incidence."Breast Cancer Risk Factors in African-American Women: The Howard University Tumor Registry Experience," A.E. Laing, F.M. Demenais, R. Williams, V.W. Chen, G.E. Bonney, J. National Medical Association 85(12): 931-939, Dec. 1993.In a Howard University case control study of African-American women seen at their hospital from 1978-1987, the multiple logistic estimates of the odds ratio for breast cancer among women under 40 years of age, between 41-49 years and over 50 years was 1.5, 2.8, and 4.7 respectively among women with a history of induced abortions compared to women with no history of induced abortions.SOURCE: Life (New Zealand) Impact of Abortion on SocietyAbortion was supposed to empower women, free them from the rigours of childbearing and the drudgery of housework, and enable them to achieve an equal place with men in the workforce.Several decades later many women are wondering when this freedom, empowerment and equality is going to have a positive impact on their lives.Women appear to be the losers when it comes to abortion.In the 1960s the birth control pill was promoted as a way in which women could be equal with men, having all the pleasure of sex whenever they wanted, without the fear of consequences. One unexpected early side-effect of 'The Pill' was that some women died. Researchers found that lowering the dose of oestrogen and progesterone reduced the risk of deep-vein blood clots that gave rise to pulmonary-embolisms. Read more about birth control and abortion here.A woman's problemThe lower-dose pill, however, meant that there were a number of 'break-through' ovulations each year, and despite the Pill working to alter the lining of the womb some of the embryos attached and thrived. Men who wanted sex without any obligations put pressure on women to have an abortion - it was, after all, safe and legal.For many girls and women, this was the final death of romance for them - Prince Charming had turned out to be a toad who only wanted to use them, or rather, their bodies. Women who chose not to have an abortion often found themselves abandoned by the man and faced the hard life of a single parent.Single parenthood has been said to be the single most indicator of poverty for a woman. New Zealand has the developed world's second highest percentage of single parent families. Lack of support, especially of adequate day care, has been one of the toughest barriers a single working mother has had to face, although there are signs that this is changing. Read more here.Having to come to terms an increasing lack of romance and with reduced prospects of marriage with men who preferred sex without strings, women retaliated. Women, finally buying the 'equality' message began to indulge in uncommitted relationships while putting their energies into building a career and enjoying the 'party life.'The economic cost of abortionBefore abortion law reform, abortion advocates argued that legalising abortion would have a positive effect on society. After several decades most of these predictions have proven false.Rather than giving women more freedom, abortion has led to expoiltation by men who no longer want the responsibility of providing for their children.Some men feel they have been disenfranchised and powerless as they have no legal rights when it comes to abortion.Abortion has not decreased the crime rate as advocates claimed would happen, the opposite is true.Abortion of unwanted babies has not led to fewer victims of child abuse as claimed, numbers are in fact on the increase.Opponents said legalising abortion would be the slippery slope to the acceptance of infanticide and euthanasia, this has happened.Abortion and menAbortion has also had a negative effect on men.Except in China, a man, married or otherwise, has no legal right to force a woman either to have an abortion or to bear his child. This has led to many men complaining that not only has this left them disenfranchised (deprived of a legal right), it has caused many to experience a feeling of powerlessness, especially when the father has offered to raise the child himself. Read more about men and abortion here.The traditional role of men has been to provide and protect. Abortion has fractured that role for many men, leaving them confused as to what their role now is. With the advent of in vitro fertilisation and many single women choosing motherhood but not marriage, many men see themselves as no more than 'sperm donors.' Some men are quite happy to accept this role but others are resentful.Men who pressure the mother of their child to submit to an abortion often later feel as though they have violated an important and fundamental part of a man's nature - i.e. to defend and protect his child. This can become apparent later in life as maturity causes him to look back at his actions.Another effect of this breaking down the barriers is that, having already violated his nature by asking or allowing a woman to have an act of violence kill his child, he feels less restraint at inflicting violence on her or others. Rates of domestic violence and child abuse have risen since the legalisation or decriminalisation of abortion.Abortion and childrenOne of the main arguments abortion advocates used was that unwanted children were victims of child abuse, and were more likely to grow up to be criminals. In America the National Abortion Rights Action League, now NARAL Pro-Choice America, stated:"A policy that makes contraception and abortion freely available will greatly reduce the number of unwanted children, and thereby curb the tragic rise of child abuse in our country ... Legal abortion will decrease the number of unwanted children, battered children, child abuse cases, and possibly subsequent delinquency, drug addiction, and a host of social ills believed to be associated with neglectful parenthood."1Larry Lader, a co-founder of NARAL and an early abortion activist, said, "The impact of the abortion revolution may be too vast to assess immediately. It should usher in an era when every child will be wanted, loved, and properly cared for; when the incidence of infanticides and battered children should be sharply reduced."2Opponent have pointed out that history has shown the opposite to have occured. Children, they say, are now viewed as property, a product and a 'right', not a unique human being or a 'blessing.'. They believe that the widespread practice of infanticide of born children in hospitals, and parental abuse, are an inevitable flow-on from what they call the wholesale abuse of unborn children.Dr. Philip G. Ney, head of the Department of Psychiatry at Royal Jubilee Hospital in Canada, has outlined some psychological mechanisms showing how abortion leads directly to child abuse.Abortion decreases an individual's instinctual restraint against the occasional rage felt toward those dependent on his or her care.Permissive abortion diminishes the taboo against aggressing [against] the defenseless.Abortion increases the hostility between the generations.Abortion has devalued children, thus diminishing the value of caring for children.Abortion increases guilt and self-hatred, which the parent takes out on the child.Abortion increases hostile frustration, intensifying the battle of the sexes, for which children are scapegoated.Abortion cuts the developing mother-infant bond, thereby diminishing her future mothering capability. 3The US National Center of Child Abuse and Neglect, has reported that child abuse increased more than 1,000 percent since the legalisation of abortion in 1973.In New Zealand in 2004, figures from Child Youth and Family showed that the Department received ten thousand calls more than the year before, and were concerned that there was a rise in the number of suspected critical cases.Impact of Abortion on SocietySOURCE: New Zealand, Child abuse link to abortionIn the first 10 years after abortion was legalised in America however, child abuse increased by over 500 percent.As in America, reported child abuse cases in New Zealand have been steadily increasing every year. Public awareness campaigns have helped increase reports to child-welfare agencies. Overall, the number of cases is climbing.Several academic studies indicate a link between abortion and subsequent child abuse.By ensuring that unwanted pregnancies ended in abortion, legal abortion was supposed to reduce certain social ills that resulted from neglectful parenthood, such as child abuse.Child abuse rates have risen steadily over recent years and several studies indicate a possible link with abortion.It has been found that unwanted children are not more often abused than wanted children.A mother who aborted may feel depression, anxiety and guilt during a subsequent pregnancy, interrupting in utero maternal/baby bonding.There may be lack of partner support as the father is not sure if the woman will continue with the pregnancy.80% of relationships break up after abortion and the woman may have difficulty bonding in subsequent relationships.A great many unwanted children become greatly 'wanted' after birth.Child Abuse Link to Abortion