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A Health Savings Account (“HSA”) is a tax-sheltered savings account for people in qualified High Deductible Health Plans (“HDHP”).It works like this:HDHP/HSA combination. A participant in an HDHP, either through an employer’s open enrollment period or by purchasing a health insurance plan from a health care exchange, is allowed (and often encouraged) to open a savings account for qualified medical expenses. Because high deductible health plans, as the name suggests, have high deductible limits (mandated by the IRS), the law allows individuals to save pre-tax dollars on an ongoing basis for these often unpredictable and generally higher out of pocket health care expenses.Fund Portability. Further, and unlike the more common and familiar Flexible Spending Account (“FSA”), funds deposited into a Health Savings Account never expire. So, and similar to an IRA or employer-sponsored retirement plan, such as a 401(k) and 403(b), an HSA can also pull double duty as an tax efficient account that not only stores money for the upcoming year’s health care expenses, but also health care expenses far off into the future, such as retirementRecord Keeping. In addition, the IRS does not require account holders to submit their expenses to the bank or trustee for approval and withdrawal (as FSA’s require). Participants don’t even have to take the withdrawal as the expense is incurred, a feature of HSAs many do not realize.Withdrawal Flexibility and “Shoe-boxing” receipts. As an example, a medical bill received in 2017 can be withdrawn from the HSA account years into the future, say 2027. You might want to do this if you have invested your HSA into one of the increasingly common brokerage features and you would prefer those funds to grow with the market. Whether you withdraw the money immediately or keep it invested, the IRS simply requires you to document your receipts, though not submit them with your tax return.Non-medical expense related withdrawals. The IRS even allows HSA account holders to use the funds for non-medical expenses penalty-free, provided the tax payer is 65 years or older, paying only ordinary income tax on the withdrawals. THE CATCH - Those not yet 65 incur a 20% early withdrawal penalty. For comparison, the traditional IRA early withdrawal penalty is 10% and expires earlier, at age 59 1/2.Taxes and Fees. When you use the HSA as a savings fund for qualified medical expenses, there are no income, payroll or capital gains taxes associated with the deposits, earnings or withdrawals (“triple tax savings” in parlance of HSA industry). This makes an HSA a very attractive short and long term savings account.However, and for comparison to other more familiar savings accounts, it is worth mentioning a few alternatives here. Recall that with savings to traditional IRAs, 401(k)s and 403(b)s, taxpayers are responsible for ordinary income tax as the money is withdrawn. This means that even if you withdraw funds for medical expenses, say in retirement, you will still be taxed at ordinary income rates.Further, and unlike HSA deposits, these traditional retirement savings accounts do not offer taxpayers (and their employers) a payroll tax benefit the way an HSA does. Deposits to your HSA through your employer’s payroll system are not assessed the 7.65% tax (15.3% in total, split between you and your employer). By comparison, funds deposited into these other accounts are done so after payroll tax has been assessed on the income, meaning these other accounts are effectively less tax efficient.This would be of little consequence if the taxpayer used the HSA the way FSAs are, withdrawing the funds each year. Studies suggest the vast majority of HSA account holders do this, around 85–90%. However, many HSA accounts have investment options similar to those found in an IRA and employer retirement plan, meaning account holders can use a similar approach to financial planning as they already do saving for long term goals. In this situation the HSA’s tax efficiency really begins to matter.HSA Provider Flexibility. Unlike your 401(k) or 403(b) retirement plan sponsored by your current employer, an HSA works like an IRA in that the account holder has control over who holds the funds. Taxpayers can do a trustee-to-trustee transfer should they find an HSA provider they like better, perhaps one offering a better fund lineup, lower fees, ease of use, etc. Employees do not need authorization from their HR department or even to notify them the funds will be moved. It is important to note, however, only funds deposited through payroll into the account provider selected by your employer provide payroll tax advantages. As such fund transfers are likely only worth the effort once you have built up a meaningful amount, say $3,000 or more. As more and more savers build larger balances in these accounts, fund portability will become more important and perhaps even encourage HSA providers to compete for individual account holder business, the way IRA providers do (Fidelity, Vanguard, Ameriprise, etc.)In summary, an HSA works hand in hand with an HDHP to tax efficiently save for medical expenses, both now and in the future, as well as provides another account to flexible invest funds in flexibility, should they desire. HSAs require a bit more knowledge, as the question underscores, but well worth the effort when looking at the bigger picture of financial and retirement planning.Other resources. The details covering the brief description above, as well as other important items, are found in IRS Publication 969, Health Savings Accounts and Other Tax-Favored Health Plans. A description and examples of qualified medical expenses can be found in IRS Publication 502, Medical and Dental Expenses. With a little bit of patience you might even find both are surprisingly easy reads (shocking, I know).Need Help? There’s an App for that! We launched an app, HSA Coach, available for free in the AppStore and GooglePlay, to help educate users on Health Savings Accounts, as well as enable them to keep track of their account balances, health expense receipts, and other long term financial planning details.In an age of increasingly popular High Deductible Health Plans, HSAs are becoming a more important tool to your financial planning. We not only want to help you stay in compliance IRS regulations, but also use these accounts to their utmost by helping you make the best financial decisions for you and your family.Finally, about me – I’m a CERTIFIED FINANCIAL PLANNER with a strong interest in nutrition and health care (website here). Beyond making better financial decisions, I hope to encourage others to also make better lifestyle decisions so they can live their lives to the fullest.

Jan 8, 2021,12:33pm EST|140,465 viewsThe 7 Best Investments To Make In 2021Jeff RoseContributorPersonal FinanceI'll show you a new way to accelerate your wealth building.Here we are again, at the start of a new year. And I have a suggestion for those New Year’s resolutions you’ve probably already made: Don’t make any!Instead, focus on making New Year’s commitments. First and foremost, a commitment to start some new investments, and change direction on some others.GETTY2020 was a volatile year in both the economy and the financial markets. 2021 could prove to be more of the same. While you might not make any radical investment changes in the new year, the flipping of the calendar is a good time to make adjustments in your current portfolio, and even to take on some new challenges that may not seem like investments in the traditional sense. But trust me, they are.Here is my list of the seven best investments to make in 2021:1. Build Your Cash ReservesStocks are still the way to go in 2021. But don’t expect the market to give a repeat performance of 2020. Sure, the S&P 500 index was up more than 14% by Christmas. And that comes on the heels of a 29% gain in 2019. But both numbers are well above the historical average annual return of about 10% per year.PROMOTEDJapan BRANDVOICE | Paid ProgramHow Japan Is Using The World’s Most Powerful Supercomputer To Accelerate Personalized MedicineUNICEF USA BRANDVOICE | Paid ProgramU-Report: Using UNICEF's Social Messaging Platform To Improve LivesCivic Nation BRANDVOICE | Paid ProgramEvery Child Deserves To Be Seen, Safe, And SuccessfulThat doesn’t necessarily mean the market will take a dive in 2021. But it may be time for an adjustment in expectations.Since there is no true way to counterbalance losses in stocks with other assets, cash is the default choice.Not only does it maintain its value even when the financial markets are in turmoil, but also provides the capital to buy up stocks at what may prove to be bargain prices. You may want to do that after a downturn in the general market, or to take advantage of investing in specific market sectors.MORE FOR YOUIntel Stock: A Smart Buy?The 10 Best Passive Income Investments For 2021 – Make Money While You Sleep!Top 10 Investment Themes For 2021It’s true that it’s hard to earn a decent return on interest-bearing investments, like certificates of deposit or U.S. Treasury securities. But there are some banks that are paying interest rates at the higher end of the scale. No, you won’t grow your money. But cash serves a much more important purpose in this kind of investment environment: it provides liquidity.With stocks ending 2020 in record territory, the best investment strategy may prove to be building up cash reserves. It won’t provide big returns, but will leave you better prepared for whatever will be coming next.2. Stocks – Still the Way to Go in 2021No one can say for certain which way the stock market will head in 2021, but investing in stocks has always been about playing the averages. And the averages strongly favor maintaining a large position in stocks.That said, you may want to become more selective. The major indices, like the S&P 500 and the NASDAQ 100 have largely powered forward on the strength of tech stocks. If that sector begins to head south, it can drag the major indices down with it.This is another reason to build your cash reserves. If you’re heavily invested in the S&P 500, a large cash position will give you an opportunity to invest in emerging sectors if the general market declines.Moving beyond Tech Stocks and the S&P 500I’m certainly not calling that shift in 2021. But at the same time, tech stocks have a convincing track record of steady, spectacular gains over several years, reliably followed by equally impressive declines. 2021 may prove to be a year when investors will be scrambling for other sectors to favor.Fortunately, there are plenty of options.“Defense stocks under-performed in 2020 but have a 30+ year track record of new highs within 30 months,” advises Scott Sacknoff, President of SPADE Indexes. “A rebound in commercial aerospace and solid defense spending in 2021 is expected. I Expect ETFs like the Invesco Defense ETF (NYSE: PPA) to outperform the market.”Given the potential for both economic growth and rising inflation in the coming year, certain commodity sectors may become investment-worthy.“Certain commodities such as industrial metals and agricultural products appear to have a good reward-risk tradeoff in 2021,” notes Forbes Senior Contributor, Rob Isbitts. “That implies inflation pressure, as the global economy kicks back into gear and input prices rise. I also see 2021 as a crucial year for pre-retirees, after 2020's ‘warning shot’. Those approaching retirement need to take account for how much they have accumulated and make it an absolute priority NOT to give a lot of that back to this inanimate object called ‘the stock market’."Still another stock sector to consider is biotech, which represents the cutting edge of the healthcare industry. With the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines still in the “too early to tell” stage, biotech may continue to be a strong sector in 2021 no matter what the general market is doing.A simple way to play the sector is through the SPDR S&P Biotech ETF (XBI)XBI +2.2%. The fund was up an incredible 40% through November 30, and about 30% for 2019.3. Real EstateGiven the steady rise in residential real estate prices, as well as turbulence in the commercial real estate market, the sector does look like a mixed bag going into 2021. But that’s exactly why it may deserve a close look in the coming year.I’m a big fan of real estate investment trusts (REITs), though the sector as a whole did poorly in 2020. Based on the FTSE Nareit U.S. Real Estate Index REITs have shed 7.25% through December 24. But that comes on the heels of a 28% gain in 2019.Which way will real estate go in 2021? It’s anyone’s guess.REITs looked like a solid bet after both big gains in 2019 and a strong start with the economy in 2020. But no one saw the coronavirus coming at that time, and it proved to be a game-changer.Commercial real estate has been negatively impacted by a massive move toward remote basing of employees. Office buildings and many big-city downtown areas have seen sharp spikes in vacancy rates, while retail space has been hurt by the closure of tens of thousands of stores.But the misfortunes of one year often create new investment opportunities in the next.“The real estate market on both the commercial and residential side will more than likely fall off a proverbial cliff as forbearance programs come to an end and stimulus funding runs out in early to mid-2021,” warns Marc Snyderman, COO and co-founder of the Apolline Group, LLC. “For those with cash on hand and unleveraged balance sheets, there will be significant opportunities to buy up distressed and foreclosed properties.”Still another reason to consider investing in real estate is as a counter-play to the stock market. Real estate often turns in a strong performance during stock market declines, as investors look for alternative equity investments. Since real estate returns have been comparable to the stock market over the past several decades, real estate serves as a natural alternative to stocks in the equity space.4. Pay down or Pay Off DebtWhether the economy turns up or tumbles down in 2021, the experience of 2020, should serve as a cautionary tale. Millions of workers lost their jobs, tens of thousands of people lost their businesses, and the stock market staged an impressive recovery after it’s late winter mini-crash.The point is, life is unpredictable. At the beginning of 2020, the stock market was at record highs, housing prices were rising, and unemployment was at record lows. The general assumption at the beginning of the year was smooth sailing ahead.If 2021 plays out to be as unpredictable as 2020 has been – and there’s even a possibility it will be more so – paying down or paying off debt will be one of the very best investments you can make. You can ill-afford to carry credit cards with 20% interest rates or even a low-interest home equity line of credit if your job or business reaches jeopardy status in 2021.In addition, paying off a credit card with a 20% interest rate will be like locking in a 20% investment return for several years.The paying off or paying down debt isn’t all about preparing for the worst either. It’s equally a matter of preparing for the best.If you want to make any of the investments in this article, increase your retirement savings, or launch a side business, the less money you owe the easier each of those ventures will be.Much like building up cash reserves, getting out of debt is a way of increasing your preparedness. That will work to your advantage whether you’re preparing for an oncoming storm or jumping into a new venture that will improve your future.5. Launch or Accelerate Your Retirement Savings PlanTechnically speaking, a retirement plan isn’t an investment – at least not in-and-of itself. It would be better to say that it’s a platform to do your investing in.You should take full advantage of that. Not only are contributions generally tax-deductible, but the investment income you earn in your account is tax-deferred. That can mean the difference between getting a 7% return on your investments – after tax – and 10%, tax-deferred.The compounding difference between the two over 20 or 30 years is staggering.For example, let’s say you can invest in stocks and REITs and earn an average annual return of 10%. If your combined federal and state income tax rate is 30%, the net return on your investments in a taxable account will be 7%.If you invest $10,000 in a taxable account for 20 years, with an average annual after-tax rate of return of 7%, the account will grow to about $38,700.But if the same $10,000 is invested in a tax-sheltered retirement plan, you’ll get the benefit of the full 10% average annual rate of return on your investments. After 20 years, your initial investment will grow to about $67,300. That means you’ll be nearly $30,000 richer just for housing your investments in the right account.That’s what investing through a tax-sheltered retirement plan can do for your investments. And we haven’t even calculated the benefit of employer matching contributions on 401(k) and 403(b) plans.Given that advantage, you should have all the motivation you need to either start a retirement plan or increase your contributions to the one you have in the coming year.If you’re participating in an employer-sponsored retirement plan, you can contribute up to 100% of your earned income, up to $19,500 per year, or $26,000 if you’re 50 or older.Make a commitment to get as close to the maximum contribution as you can in 2021. And if you haven’t started a retirement plan so far, make it happen in the coming year.6. Make 2021 the Year You Begin Investing in YourselfThis is one of my favorite “investments”, even though most people probably don’t think of it that way. But investing in yourself is often the best long-term move you can make. It offers an opportunity to increase your earning power, which will have a major, positive impact on any other investment activity you participate in.That may be more important to do in 2021 than it has been in decades. 2020 proved to be a difficult year for people in at least a dozen different occupations. Investing in yourself may be a way to add an important skill that will enable you to either keep the job you have or transition into another field.“In my mind, the best investment is in yourself,” advises Tom Diem, CFP and ChFC at Diem Wealth Management. “2020 has been a struggle for many just to keep employed. Overcoming unemployment doesn’t have to involve entering into an extensive educational program. It’s better to think a little differently. Sure, the food and beverage, tourism, fitness, and health and beauty sectors have taken a hard hit this year. But despite lockdowns, the home improvement industry has shown gains in 2020. According to Macrotrends, Lowe’s Corporation has a year-to-date increase in sales of over 1% and a third quarter sales increase of over 28%. It may be a matter of shifting out of the occupations that are in decline and into those that are on the rise.”Investing in yourself doesn’t necessarily have to be limited to improving your career prospects. You can also invest in other areas of your life, like improving your health, or learning how to be a better investor. Either will have the potential to improve your long-term financial situation, as well as the quality of your life.“Most people go from month to month, year to year, only seeing "what happens" or "how things go" or "how the market performs" - but never invest the time, effort and financial resources to improve themselves,” suggests Frank Lopes, author of The 7-Minute Setup: How to Achieve your Business and Personal Goals Faster and Easier. “Some examples of this could be investing in a personal trainer to get themselves into shape. Or the investment of a nutritionist to set up meal plans, shopping lists, and menus to follow so someone can invest in their nutrition and better health. You can also hire a personal coach to set up a process for achieving other financial, spiritual, time management, relationship, and other short- and long-term goals.”7. Invest in a Side BusinessMuch like investing in yourself, a side business isn’t typically thought of as an investment. But it is very much an investment, even though time and effort may be your actual investment, rather than money. And in a very real way, investing in a side business is the ultimate form of investing in yourself.I’m personally a big fan of side hustles. That’s mostly because my current income portfolio includes a number of side hustles that have become regular contributors to my bottom line. Because of my experience, I’m keenly aware there are literally dozens of ways an ordinary person can make money for a side hustle.It’s not as complicated as you may think, either. Most side businesses start with either a hobby or by converting what you do on your primary job to a second income source.Examples include:1. If you’re a teacher, you can provide specialized tutoring on the side.2. If you’re bilingual, you can teach English as a second language.3. As an accountant by day, you can build a side business providing income tax preparation to individuals, or bookkeeping services to small businesses.4. If you have a strong social media presence, you may be able to parlay that into becoming a social media manager for multiple small businesses.5. If there’s a topic you’re particularly strong in – like investing, auto mechanics, or traveling on a budget – you can create an e-book and sell it on the web.These are just five examples of the types of side businesses you can start from right where you are now.“I have a lifestyle business in which I travel the world and generate revenue in several ways,” reports Tina Dahmen, online course coach at Entrepreneur - Start, run and grow your business. and owner of her own online course creation blog, TinaDahmen.com. “One of the ways is online courses. What I found with online courses, and selling them in particular, is that blogging helps to build authority in the space and it's a necessity to be seen as an expert if you sell online courses. Online courses are a digital asset which anyone can create.”I can’t say enough about the benefits of a side business. The most obvious is the ability to earn additional money that can be used to either pay off debt, or increase savings and investments. But a longer-term possibility – and one that happens more than you might think – is that your side business may one day turn into your primary occupation. If it’s work you truly enjoy, it’ll be a double win.If you take the plunge into a side business, you’ll have plenty of company. According to the IRS, there are at least 41 million self-employed people in the US, most of whom run their businesses as side hustles. You can be one of them.

Allegation of corruption and criminal conspiracy.On 20 January 1998 Central Bureau of Investigation filed cases against New Delhi Television #NDTV managing director #PrannoyRoy, former director general of Doordarshan R. Basu and five other top officials of Doordarshan under Section 120-B of the Indian Penal Code (IPC) for criminal conspiracy and under the Prevention of Corruption Act. According to the #CBI charge-sheet, Doordarshan suffered a loss of over Rs 35.2 million due to the "undue favours" shown to NDTV as its programme The World This Week (TWTW) was put in 'A' category instead of 'special A' category.#Radiatapes controversy.In November 2010, OPEN magazine carried a story which reported transcripts of some of the telephone conversations of #NiraRadia with senior journalists, politicians, and corporate houses, many of whom have denied the allegations. The Central Bureau of Investigation has announced that they have 5,851 recordings of phone conversations by Radia, some of which outline Radia's attempts to broker deals in relation to the 2G spectrum sale. The tapes appear to demonstrate how Radia attempted to use some media persons including #NDTV's #BarkhaDutt to influence the decision to appoint A. Raja as telecom minister. She always denied her role in this episode with stating her role as simply error of judgment. #BarkhaDutt is being investigated by the #CBI.Allegation of tax fraud.#NDTV, through its foreign subsidiaries, is alleged to have violated Indian tax and corporate laws. NDTV has denied these allegations.The Sunday Guardian ran a story which exposed the NDTV's financial misdemeanours and malpractices in connivance with ICICI Bank. "NDTV-ICICI loan chicanery saved Roys" provides details of how NDTV's major stake holders raised funds by misdeclaration of the value of shares in NDTV. NDTV has denied the allegations and the NDTV CEO replied to the Sunday Guardian along with the threat of "criminal defamation".On 19 November 2015 the #ED served ₹2,030 crore (US$300 million) notice to #NDTV for alleged violations under the #FEMA act, however the company said it has been advised that the allegations are not "legally tenable".#CommonwealthGames Contract.On 5 August 2011 Comptroller and Auditor General of India's report on XIX Commonwealth Games was tabled in Parliament of India. In section 14.4.2 of the report, CAG alleged that while awarding contracts worth Rs 37.8 million for production & broadcasting of commercials for promoting CWG-2010 to NDTV & CNN-IBN, the Commonwealth Games Organizing Committee followed an arbitrary approach. Proposals were considered in an ad hoc manner, as and when a proposal was received; no form of competitive tendering was adopted. The #CAG further said in its report that, "We had no assurance about the competitiveness of the rates quoted by these channels and the need and usefulness of these proposals. From March 2010 to June 2010, the entire pre games publicity and sponsorship publicity was done only on #NDTV & CNN-IBN.Suit against #TAMIndia.This section contains information of unclear or questionable importance or relevance to the article's subject matter.News broadcaster company sued television audience measurement company, #TAMIndia and its global parent firms for over a billion dollars in the Supreme Court of New York, alleging TAM of manipulating ratings in return for bribes to its officials.YOU HAVE TO BE A VERY IMPORTANT PERSON to celebrate a business milestone at the Rashtrapati Bhavan. But considering that Radhika and #PrannoyRoy launched their 24-hour news channel, more than 15 years ago, at the prime minister’s official residence, it seemed apt that, in 2013, the programme to mark the twenty-fifth year of its parent company, New Delhi Television Private Limited, was held at the president’s.The Roys organised a glittering event on a December evening that year, attended by some of India’s most famous and powerful people, many of whom the network was felicitating as the country’s “greatest global living legends.” In attendance were titans of industry (Mukesh Ambani, Ratan Tata, Indra Nooyi, NR Narayana Murthy), sporting legends (Sachin Tendulkar, Kapil Dev, Leander Paes) and film stars (Amitabh Bachchan, Rajinikanth, Waheeda Rahman, Shah Rukh Khan). Once this galaxy of guests was seated, #PrannoyRoy, dressed in a sleek black bandhgala, stepped up to a lectern.“Couple of days ago, I asked Radhika, the founder of #NDTV, what’s kept NDTV going for 25 years,” Prannoy began in his relaxed drawl, a slight smile flickering across his face. Though he is probably the channel’s most recognisable personality, he regularly makes it a point to remind people that the company was founded by his wife, and that he joined her after. “She just said one word: trust,” Prannoy continued. “Your trust. And I am here tonight on behalf of everybody at #NDTV to thank every single one of you for your trust in us.”Two years later, on the evening of 8 November this year, Prannoy called on the audience’s trust again, seated behind his anchor’s desk at NDTV’s studio in south Delhi. This time, he was distinctly less at ease. “Let me start with an explanation and an apology,” he said.His channel had made two mistakes. First, its exit poll had forecast a victory for the Bharatiya Janata Party-led coalition in the Bihar legislative elections, which went on to be won by the Rashtriya Janata Dal-Janata Dal (United)-Congress combine. “There are statistical errors that shouldn’t make them be taken too seriously,” Prannoy said, jabbing the air awkwardly as he spoke, his words tripping over each other. “You get it right, you get it wrong sometimes. That’s the life of a pollster.” This was true. Though exit polls are ostensibly more accurate than pre-election surveys, they can, nevertheless, be skewed for a number of reasons, including sampling errors and dishonest responses from voters.The second error was far more grave. At around half past nine that morning, as the counting of votes had just begun, Prannoy declared that the BJP-led coalition had already won, with a majority tally of more than 140 seats. He then proceeded to moderate a discussion with his panellists, analysing the reasons for this supposedly decisive victory. An hour later, it became clear that he was utterly wrong. The misstep was particularly embarrassing given that Prannoy’s first forays into journalism, in the 1980s, had been as an election analyst; Dorab Sopariwala, a colleague from those days, was one of his guests on the show. Prannoy and his panellists had the unenviable task of reversing all the explanations they had conjured up.On air that evening, Prannoy attempted to explain why things had gone so wrong. “On every counting day, all news channels get data from one agency,” he said. “Again, a very globally respected agency. This morning, the first data that came in to all the news channels was completely wrong.”Although this sounded reasonable, it was, in fact, misleading. The agency in question, Nielsen, subsequently disputed Prannoy’s claim. Numbers may have initially shown a lead for the BJP, but, as an elections expert, Prannoy had to know well that a trend can shift, especially early in the counting process. Other channels, such as CNN-IBN, and even the usually overzealous Times Now, had been more cautious before declaring a winner. Prannoy later won plaudits on social media for his apology, but he had not even acknowledged his blunder.“For NDTV, and for me,” Prannoy said, rounding off his remarks, “our aim is to try to bring you the most objective and accurate news as quickly as possible. So thank you for trusting us, and staying with us.”Prannoy wasn’t exaggerating NDTV’s reputation as a reliable broadcaster. Launched in the 1980s, it was India’s first independent news network, entering the field at a time when the government-run Doordarshan had a monopoly over television content. Beginning with one show on that channel, #NDTV expanded the range of Indian television news, introducing international standards in reportage and presentation. In the process, it gained an early lead in viewership ratings, and dominated the advertising market. NDTV passed on its success to shareholders after the company went public in 2004. As the company grew over the years, from producing one show to launching multiple channels, the Roys groomed a set of reporters and anchors who are today among the country’s most acclaimed and best known television journalists.But even as it adhered by and large to its core editorial principles—rigorous reportage, measured presentation, the absence of overt bias—threats to NDTV’s editorial dominance soon emerged from within its own ranks. Rival channels, some of them led by former staffers, began to overtake the network in the race for ratings, and hoovered up precious advertising revenue.While the network fought a losing battle to retain primacy, it plunged into acute financial distress. In 2008, as the media industry reeled from the global recession, NDTV found itself haemorrhaging money. Towards the end of the decade, the network fired hundreds of staffers in an effort to cut costs.In January this year, a stockbroker named Sanjay Dutt filed a writ petition in the Delhi High Court against the enforcement directorate, or the ED, and the directorate general of income tax investigation. Both are law enforcement agencies: the former is responsible for investigating and prosecuting crimes related to foreign funds and money laundering, and the latter deals with violations of tax laws.Dutt, the director of a financial-services firm named #QuantumSecurities, owned around 125,000 shares in #NDTV, representing a 0.2 percent stake. In 2013, he had filed complaints with these agencies, and other government bodies, alleging that NDTV and its promoters had violated a number of laws. In this year’s writ petition—a request for intervention from a court—he alleged that both agencies failed to act on his complaints.Along with the government bodies, Radhika and Prannoy Roy are also named as respondents in Dutt’s petition. So is Radhika Roy #PrannoyRoy Holdings Private Limited, or #RRPR, an entity that the Roys set up in 2005, and in which they placed shares of the company beginning in mid 2008. This company proved to be central to a convoluted maze of transactions that the Roys carried out from 2008 onward.The affidavits that the two agencies filed in response to Dutt’s petition make for remarkable reading. Both told the court that investigations into NDTV and its promoters have been underway since 2011, in response to a complaint by the BJP parliamentarian Yashwant Sinha. The documents reveal that the Roys are being probed for contraventions of tax laws and laws involving foreign money.#NDTV has not been charged for any of the violations identified in the documents. Nevertheless, these investigations raise the question of whether, despite its reputation as a reliable company, NDTV’s financial core may be rotting.WHEN PRANNOY ROY WAS A YOUNG BOY, his grandfather bestowed on him the nickname “Tempest.” It seems a curious choice of moniker in hindsight, given Prannoy’s famously unflappable anchoring style.That self-assured manner was well in evidence when Prannoy appeared on Indian television screens in 1988 to introduce viewers to a new show, produced by the company he and #RadhikaRoy had set up that same year. “We hope in this show to bring you an analysis of the main world news events of the week,” Prannoy began. “A glimpse of the personalities involved, and, of course, the best of sports.” He wore a grey suit and a shiny tie, and sat in front of a wall of television screens. This was the future of Indian television news.The news magazine programme, called The World This Week, had been commissioned by the director general of Doordarshan, Bhaskar Ghose. The journalist Nalin Mehta wrote in his 2008 book India on Television that Ghose had been handpicked by the then prime minister Rajiv Gandhi “to turn things around for an Indian television glasnost”—by infusing the public broadcaster with fresh talent and ideas. Ghose signed up the Roys, paying them Rs 2 lakh per episode.The Roys, both from Kolkata, met as school students in Dehradun in the 1960s—she at Welham Girls, he at the Doon School. They moved to London to study further, married, and then settled in Delhi to make their careers. Radhika worked on the desk for the Indian Express and India Today. Prannoy, meanwhile, obtained a doctorate in economics, taught at the Delhi School of Economics, and then turned to election analysis, along with his fellow economist Ashok Lahiri, and the market researchers KMS Ahluwalia and Dorab Sopariwala.After taking up Ghose’s offer, the Roys plunged into the media business, albeit with a limited sense of what the future held. The government was still wary of allowing private players in domestic news broadcasting, so only allowed The World This Week to cover international events. “They were terribly clear that you couldn’t do anything in India, or anything close to it,” Mehta quoted Prannoy as saying.Despite this restriction, the show was a “phenomenal success,” Mehta wrote. Until then, he pointed out, viewers had only seen Doordarshan bulletins, which “consisted solely of stiff news readers reading out the news in highly bureaucratised English or Hindi. When pictures were used it was only for a few seconds, and often even these were still pictures.” The Roys “exposed Indian audiences for the first time to international news television practices,” with Prannoy “introducing each story in an easy conversational style, followed by a pre-packaged story using the best pictures with a voice-over to match the visuals.”In December 1989, the year after the company was founded, Prannoy presented an election results show, a precursor to the kind of wall-to-wall coverage that is the norm today. In it, he tracked the defeat of the Congress under Rajiv Gandhi by the National Front coalition, led by the Janata Dal’s VP Singh. Until then, results had been limited to official announcements through the news. This was different—it conveyed the very mood of the nation to viewers.That year also marked a shift in the Roys’ agreement with #Doordarshan. Instead of the channel paying #NDTV for each show it produced, the company became a producer in its own right, paying Doordarshan a fee and selling advertising directly. This boosted the Roys’ profile: from being hired talent, they became media entrepreneurs.But it also led to the Roys’ first run-in with the law. In 1997, a parliamentary committee examined Doordarshan’s finances and found “irregularities” in its dealings with #NDTV—specifically, with regard to the access the company was given to the channel’s technology, and the advertising rates it had been allowed to charge. In 1998, the Central Bureau of Investigation, #CBI filed a first information report against Prannoy and officials of #Doordarshan, including #RathikantBasu, who was the channel’s director general from 1993 to 1996. In 2013, however, the #CBI filed a closure report in a court, which accepted it and quashed all charges in the case.#NDTV produced The World This Week until 1995, when another opportunity presented itself. The government had launched a new channel, which was to carry a mix of programming including feature films and documentaries. NDTV was signed on to produce a daily news bulletin called News Tonight. The Roys broadcast their first show live, but Prannoy recounted in a speech earlier this year that “someone in the PM’s office heard the word ‘live’ and reacted to it like a four-letter word.” Orders flew between government offices, he said, to “stop this private news from being live.” Subsequently, NDTV began recording the show ten minutes ahead of the scheduled broadcast.When India’s media market opened up in the 1990s, NDTV found a foreign investor, signing up with Rupert Murdoch’s #Starnetwork to produce programmes for the channel #StarPlus. Two years later, NDTV and Star signed a five-year deal to launch and run the 24-hour news channel #StarNews. It was inaugurated in February 1998, just ahead of a general election, by Inder Kumar Gujral, then the prime minister of India. An India Today report from that year noted that “a beaming Gujral threw open the doors of 7 Race Course Road,” his official residence, for the event.Indian regulations, even today, dictate that a foreign company can only be a minority partner in a news channel in India. This gave NDTV, then the country’s most prominent private news entity, a powerful bargaining chip with Star, which was then headed in India by Rathikant Basu. In a 2002 piece, the journalist Sucheta Dalal described the Roys’ arrangement with the network as a “sweetheart deal,” in which NDTV was paid “a whopping $20 million a year,” and retained “total control over editorial content and copyright over programming even though Star pays a big chunk of the cost.”This was #NDTV’s heyday. Star’s money gave the Roys an advantage over other channels, such as Aaj Tak and Zee. It allowed them to buy better equipment, produce slicker graphics, and, most importantly, hire the best talent. The Roys’ team by now included many of the journalists who would go on to form the core of #NDTV—among them were Sonia Verma (now Sonia Singh), Vikram Chandra, #BarkhaDutt, #RajdeepSardesai, #SreenivasanJain, #VishnuSom, and #MayaMirchandani. Former NDTV staffers told me the Roys described their company as a “family.” They did not have a human resources department, and made all the hires themselves.Vikram Chandra is the son of Yogesh Chandra, a former director general of civil aviation, himself the son-in-law of Govind Narain, a former home and defence secretary and governor of Karnataka. One of the NDTV’s top business heads, KVL Narayana Rao, is the son of KV Krishna Rao, a former army general who also served as governor of Jammu and Kashmir and other states. Rajdeep Sardesai is the son of the cricketer Dilip Sardesai, and the son-in-law of Doordarshan’s Bhaskar Ghose. Barkha Dutt’s mother, Prabha Dutt, was a senior journalist. #ArnabGoswami is the son of Manoranjan Goswami, an army officer and BJP member; Manoranjan’s brother Dinesh was a union law minister in the VP Singh government. Sreenivasan Jain is the son of the economist Devaki Jain, and LC Jain, a well-known activist, who served as a member of the Planning Commission and as India’s high commissioner to South Africa. Another early hire, Nidhi Razdan, is the daughter of MK Razdan, who has been the editor-in-chief of the Press Trust of India. Vishnu Som is the son of Himachal Som, a former senior diplomat. Chetan Bhattacharjee, a managing editor, is the grandson of Nirmal Mukarjee, a former cabinet secretary and a governor of Punjab.Sandeep Bhushan, who worked with NDTV for almost a decade, told me it seemed more than a mere coincidence that the channel should hire so many “babalog”—people with bureaucratic connections. Bhushan said that he applied to work with the channel around the year 2000, and gave a “damn good interview,” in spite of which he was rejected. “The next time, I went with clout,” he said. Armed with a reference from a bureaucrat, he reapplied for the same post soon after. He was hired.The channel played a part in shaping the politics of the day. A senior journalist who was a crucial part of the Roys’ newsroom for nearly 15 years told me that after launching a 24-hour channel, NDTV would often get complaints from politicians who were not invited to its panels. Everyone wanted to be seen on the channel, he said, and there would be fights among party leaders over who would appear on #NDTV’s shows.In an essay for the book Television in India, Mehta wrote that since the medium required a face for every story, some leaders began to be seen as “credible representatives of their parties or governments, irrespective of their actual place within the hierarchy.” Appearing on television “often helps political careers,” he wrote. “It helps to be seen by cadres and to be seen by senior party leaders.”The senior #NDTV journalist recalled an anecdote from the late 1990s that showed how upcoming politicians could use television to make their presence felt. It was a practice, he said, that guests who appeared on the 9 pm English show “Star Week,” hosted by Barkha Dutt and Rajdeep Sardesai, usually stayed back in the studio to appear on the Hindi show “Ravivar,” hosted by Pankaj Pachauri and Rupali Tewari. Ahead of Atal Bihari Vajpayee’s historic bus ride to Lahore, in February 1999, Jaitley visited the studio to speak on behalf of the party.“Then Narendra Modi came for the first time,” the senior journalist told me. #Modi appeared undaunted by the task he had been assigned, of presenting a party view that diverged from that of its popular prime minister. The host said, “Atali-ji ne yeh bola hai, Atal-ji ne woh bola hai” (Atal-ji said this, Atal-ji said that), the journalist recounted. Modi replied, “‘Atal-ji toh bolte rehte hain’”—Atal-ji keeps saying things. Modi “lambasted” Vajpayee for the upcoming trip, the journalist recalled. “He was very good,” the journalist said, adding that he thought after the show, “this person will go far.”Despite the political jockeying for spots on its shows, #NDTV occasionally bore the brunt of the establishment’s ire, too. Its coverage of the 2002 Gujarat pogrom prompted one such instance. Mehta wrote in his book that after the violence broke out, channels largely refrained from identifying the community to which most victims belonged—a practice inherited from print journalism. #NDTV, then under Star News, took the decision to state that the victims were Muslims. #BarkhaDutt, who covered the violence, later made a powerful defence of this decision, saying that naming the “community under siege” was not just important to the story, “it was in fact the story, revealing as it did a prejudiced administrative and political system that was happy to stand by and watch.”In response to the channel’s coverage, the BJP government in #Gujarat, under Narendra Modi, blacked it out in the state. Mehta contrasted NDTV’s bold stance to that of Zee, which on 1 March 2002 aired an interview with Jaitley, then the union law minister, in which “the anchor … assured the minister of his network’s support.” In his account of the interview in the magazine Seminar, Rajdeep Sardesai left the network unnamed, but wrote that “one channel openly ‘celebrated’ on air the state government’s decision to censor or blackout channels, with the anchor virtually justifying the line that the media was responsible for inflaming passions.”BY 2002, ITS DEAL WITH STAR was coming to an end, NDTV fell out with the channel over negotiations for a new contract. The Roys broke away to launch their own 24-hour news channels over the next two years: NDTV 24×7 in English, and NDTV India in Hindi. (Its Hindi journalists were also stars, among them Vinod Dua, Pankaj Pachauri, Dibang, Rupali Tewari, Naghma Sahar and Ravish Kumar.) The senior journalist told me that these moves were funded, in large part, by the money NDTV had earned over the years, while investors, such as Morgan Stanley, also put in funds. The broadcast media industry was then a “sunshine sector,” the journalist said, and NDTV was a big brand. Investors were willing to bet on the network’s future.THROUGHOUT NDTV’S EXISTENCE, the Roys have exerted complete control over the network’s editorial vision and its business strategy. But a chain of transactions, beginning in 2007, which is mentioned in the recent Delhi High Court affidavits, suggest that their influence may have waned considerably.That year, Radhika and Prannoy Roy decided to buy back a 7.73-percent stake held by another shareholding entity, GA Global Investments. Promoters may have different reasons for buying back shares, such as if they anticipate that their price will rise, or want to further consolidate their holding in the company. Often, as it was in this case, the deal is struck at a price higher than the market rate— #NDTV’s stock was hovering at around Rs 400 at the time, but the Roys bought shares back at Rs 439.As per Indian stock market regulations, this triggered an “open offer,” which allows other shareholders to sell stake—up to a prescribed limit—to the promoters at the same price. These regulations are meant to ensure that when a large shareholder strengthens her ownership, minority shareholders are given the option to exit if they feel their investment will be affected.Even while the open offer was on, the Roys entered into another deal, in March 2008, which possibly violated capital markets regulations. They signed an agreement with Goldman Sachs to sell the investment bank up to 14.99 percent of the NDTV stake they held. The deal also gave Goldman Sachs special rights in the company, including the right to nominate a director on the board. This deal was not declared to any of the authorities or shareholders, and the transactions, which eventually resulted in #GoldmanSachs gaining 14.6 percent of NDTV’s stock, were presented as open-market sales. Oddly, one director that Goldman Sachs nominated said in a letter—responding to a letter from the stockbroker #SanjayDutt—that he was a “nominee of certain funds managed by #GoldmanSachs which were invested in the Company.” Whose money had come through the bank remains unclear.As they prepared to buy back stock, the Roys found themselves short of money. To plug the shortfall, in July 2008, the Roys borrowed Rs 501 crore from India Bulls Financial Services. The loan marked the beginning of a chain of borrowing that haunts the Roys’ account books to this day.The chief cause for the troubles that ensued was bad timing. As the Roys were carrying out the open offer, the housing loan crisis hit the United States and triggered collapses across global markets. NDTV’s stock took a beating, like those of many other companies, globally and in India. From Rs 400 at the end of July 2008, the share price crashed to less than Rs 100 by the end of October. The Roys watched the value of the shares they had just bought nosedive. It was like the floor had collapsed even as they tried to build a house.To repay the #IndiaBulls loan, the Roys took a loan from ICICI, of Rs 375 crore, at an annual interest rate of 19 percent. To obtain this loan they offered as collateral their entire personal shareholding, as well as that of #RRPR, a total of 61.45 percent of #NDTV’s stock.A December 2010 report in the newspaper Sunday Guardian, co-authored by the journalist #Prayaag Akbar—the son of MJ Akbar, who owned the weekly along with the senior advocate and BJP member Ram Jethmalani—described the workings of this #ICICI loan as “financial chicanery,” and said the company had “indulged in financial misdemeanours and malpractices in connivances with ICICI.” The article claimed that the value of each pledged share was Rs 439, when in fact the price at the time the loan was granted was Rs 99. It alleged that “the worth of the collateral was far less than the amount given” as loan.In January 2011, NDTV sued MJ Akbar and others for defamation in the Delhi #HighCourt, and demanded Rs 25 crore in damages. The Roys claimed that their collateral was more than the value of the #ICICI loan. In December 2011, the court restrained the newspaper from “republishing or recirculating” the article online or in print—it remains unavailable on the paper’s website. The case is currently pending in court. But though #NDTV insisted that the story was defamatory, the transaction had come to the notice of authorities. In April 2013, #SanjayDutt wrote a letter about it to the Reserve Bank of India; the central bank responded the next month saying that the loan “is already receiving our attention.”The ICICI loan was only one link in the larger chain of borrowing that the Roys were trapped in, which had begun with the India Bulls loan. To repay ICICI, on 21 July 2009, the Roys took another loan, of Rs 350 crore, from an entity named Vishvapradhan Commercial Private Limited, or #VCPL. The source of this loan was Mukesh Ambani’s Reliance Industries, which routed the money to VCPL through a subsidiary. Prannoy and Radhika signed the agreement for #RRPR. On behalf of #VCPL, the agreement was signed by KR Raja—an employee of Reliance Industries.The terms of this loan were quite extraordinary. First, the Roys were required to divest a significant chunk of their personal stock in NDTV and transfer it to RRPR, taking its total shareholding from 15 percent to 26 percent of the company. Then, control of RRPR was effectively handed over to VCPL. (Even this transaction, which preceded the loan, raises serious questions of propriety. Radhika and Prannoy sold their shares to RRPR at Rs 4 per share when the market price was more than Rs 130. Had they sold at the market price, they would have made significant “capital gains”—or profit from the sale of an asset. This would, in turn, have attracted taxes. It is possible that selling the shares at a lower price saved the Roys crores in taxes. The Roys have defended their decision in the past, claiming that it was a transfer between promoters, and that they were entitled to sell their stock at any price they chose.)After the Roys’ shares were handed over to RRPR, NDTV received Rs 350 crore from VCPL, which they used to repay the ICICI loan. On 9 March 2010, the Roys together transferred an additional 3.18-percent stake of NDTV, which they held personally, to RRPR, at Rs 4 per share, taking RRPR’s total shareholding in the company to 29.18 percent. VCPL then paid an additional Rs 53.85 crore to RRPR, taking the total amount it loaned to NDTV up to Rs 403.85 crore.The agreement gave #VCPL the right to convert the loan into 99.99 percent of #RRPR’s equity—effectively, complete ownership—not just during the period of the loan but even after—“at any time during the tenure of the Loan or thereafter without requiring any further act or deed on the part of the Lender.” Puzzlingly, this meant that regardless of repayment, VCPL could officially take over RRPR at any time it wanted. For all practical purposes, this was a sale of 29.18 percent of NDTV to VCPL—a greater share than the individual holdings of Radhika and Prannoy Roy.Under the agreement, RRPR was to have three directors, one of whom was to be appointed by VCPL. NDTV could not sell or raise further equity, file for bankruptcy, or do anything that would affect RRPR’s shareholding, without VCPL’s consent. (Additionally, the Roys were also barred from selling or transferring their own shares in the company.) These conditions ensured the Roys no longer had any control over RRPR, which owned nearly one-third of NDTV’s stock; effectively their control over NDTV itself was seriously weakened.From VCPL onwards, the loan trail gets murkier. The company’s documents showed it had no assets, businesses or transactions on its books before the NDTV loan. To lend to RRPR, in the 2010 financial year, VCPL itself borrowed Rs 403.85 crore from Shinano Retail, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Reliance. VCPL forwarded this money to RRPR as an unsecured, interest-free loan. The links between VCPL and Shinano form an Escherian stairwell that lead to Reliance no matter where you begin. VCPL’s directors, Ashwin Khasgiwala and Kalpana Srinivasan, were both employees of Reliance. VCPL shared the same address as the Reliance subsidiary Shinano, which in turn owned part of VCPL. And VCPL’s second owner was also a Reliance subsidiary.In its affidavit to the Delhi High Court, the income tax department was categorical in what it thought of VCPL. Quoting its own earlier report, from June 2011, the affidavit stated that VCPL “has no business activity and is not a genuine concern.” It added that it had forwarded details of its investigations into this “allegedly benami” transaction, to the relevant assessing authorities.In a related matter, also in the Delhi High Court, the income tax department clearly traced the source of the money that VCPL gave RRPR: “M/s #RRPRHoldingsPvtLtd. had taken a loan of Rs 403 crores approx. from M/s #VishvapradhanCommercialPvtLtd., which had taken loan from M/s #ShinanoRetailPvtLtd. and M/s #ShinanoRetailPvtLtd. had taken loans from #Reliancegroupofcompanies.”The fact that Reliance stepped in and helped out a floundering NDTV is borne out by a call recorded at the time, between the senior journalist MK Venu and Reliance’s lobbyist #NiiraRadia. The recording, made by the income tax department, was leaked the next year as part of the tranche that is now collectively called the “Radia tapes.” On 9 July 2009, Radia told Venu that she and Manoj Modi, a close associate of Mukesh Ambani, were visiting Delhi to meet Prannoy. “We need to support Prannoy, you know,” she said. “We feel it needs to be supported.”VCPL’s transactions are key to the question of who owns and controls NDTV. Its loan to RRPR meant that Reliance effectively controlled 29.18 percent of NDTV’s shares, while the Roys’ combined share fell to around 32 percent. This much of the trail has been reported before, though not by mainstream media organisations. The media-focused website Newslaundry, in January 2015, used company filings with the ministry of corporate affairs to track the flow of money, and show that Reliance had acquired a substantial stake in NDTV.But when Newslaundry asked Reliance about this loan, a spokesperson responded: “RIL does not have any direct or indirect interest in NDTV.” This seemed an unlikely assertion given the facts that were known.However, the company appears to have told Newslaundry the truth. Investigations by the income tax department, and information available with the ministry of corporate affairs, show that the trail took a mysterious turn at this point, which severed the link between Reliance and NDTV. During the 2012 financial year, Shinano Retail—to whom RRPR owed money through VCPL—declared in its annual report that VCPL had repaid its loan of Rs 403.85 crore. But the money did not come from NDTV—RRPR’s records for the same year showed that it still owed VCPL Rs 403.85 crore (the company still owes this money). Thus, the money Reliance lent RRPR had been paid back—but not by RRPR.How did this happen? The documents throw some light on the question, but still leave a lot unexplained. They show that during the 2012 financial year, #VCPL received Rs 50 crore from #EminentNetworks, a company owned by Mahendra Nahata, an industrialist, who is also on the board of one Reliance company. The transaction gave Eminent rights over VCPL’s loan to RRPR, worth Rs 403.85 crore.But this does not make intuitive sense. The value of a Rs 403.85 crore loan is, of course, Rs 403.85 crore. It does not stand to reason that VCPL would sell that loan to Eminent for a mere Rs 50 crore. Further, Shinano had declared that it received the entire Rs 403.85 crore from VCPL. But VCPL only had Rs 50 crore on its books that year, paid to it by Eminent. Even if it paid that entire amount to Shinano, that still left more than Rs 350 crore unaccounted for that Shinano claimed it had received from the company.This discrepancy suggests that either Eminent, through VCPL, paid more than the Rs 50 crore it claimed to have paid, or that Shinano received less than the Rs 403.85 crore it claimed to have received. Alternatively, a third party, which is off the books, and still unknown, might have made up the shortfall, and paid Shinano Rs 353.85 crore, helping snip the link between Reliance and NDTV. (The same year, VCPL’s ownership also changed hands, from Reliance companies to entities related to Mahendra Nahata.) If a mystery party is involved, it is perhaps fair to assume that their payment of such a large sum of money would come with rights over the agreement VCPL has with RRPR and the Roys—namely, rights over all of RRPR’s shares, which Mukesh Ambani once held indirectly, and riders on the Roys’ personal stake.NDTV should have declared the VCPL loan transactions to SEBI, as is mandatory for a publicly traded company when its promoter entity changes (RRPR was declared as a promoter entity, and the deal effectively changed its ownership). In response to a complaint from Sanjay Dutt, the regulator claimed in April 2015 that it was “unable to get its hands” on the loan agreement between VCPL and RRPR. This was odd: #SEBI, as the market regulator, should have been able to access the documents of NDTV, a publicly traded company. Further, by this time, the document was already available with another government agency—the income tax department.#NDTV did not inform the ministry of information and broadcasting about these transactions either, although it is mandatory for news companies to declare loans and other agreements to the ministry. What entity currently has indirect control over RRPR is for the moment unknown. It is clear, however, that the Roys’ move to strengthen their hold over NDTV by buying back shares has left them facing the prospect of losing significant control over their company.EVEN AS THE ROYS STRUGGLED with their account books, their newsroom was facing its own set of problems. In April 2004, just a year after the launch of NDTV 24×7, #ArnabGoswami, then the national news editor of the channel, left to launch and head a rival channel, #TimesNow. A year later, NDTV’s managing editor, #RajdeepSardesai, left to set up CNN-IBN with the entrepreneur Raghav Bahl. He took with him the company’s chief financial officer, Sameer Manchanda, who had been with the Roys since 1988.“ Metronation and Imagine were shut down over the next two years. As the pressure on them grew, the Roys resorted to layoffs. Between 2008 and 2009, the network fired approximately 250 people, or 20 percent of its workforce.This marked the beginning of a downslide from which NDTV hasn’t recovered. Its stock price, which reached a high of Rs 511 in January 2008, tumbled to Rs 25 in 2012, and currently hovers between Rs 80 and Rs 100. Its value by market capitalisation—the share price multiplied by the total number of shares—has dropped from around Rs 3,000 crore in early 2008 to less than Rs 600 crore currently. It last recorded a profit, of Rs 21.9 crore, in March 2005. Its annual losses are now in the tens of crores—Rs 84 crore for the financial year 2014 and Rs 46 crore for the financial year 2015.Meanwhile, the network’s editorial credibility also suffered a serious blow. In November 2010, the magazines Open and Outlook published the first set of the #Radiatapes, which prominently featured NDTV’s group editor, #BarkhaDutt.In the leaked conversations, Dutt’s conduct appeared to violate norms of editorial probity. In the most glaring such instance, she agreed to courier information from Radia to the #Congress on behalf of the party’s coalition partner, the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam. In one of the many conversations between the two, from 22 May 2009, Dutt asked Radia, “Tell me, what should I tell them?” Later the same day, Dutt said, “I’ve had a long chat, and they promised me that Azad will speak to him,” referring to #GhulamNabiAzad of the #Congress, and M Karunanidhi of the #DMK. The conversation took place a month before Radia told Venu that she planned to meet Prannoy in Delhi to “support” him; it was two months before the Roys signed the #VCPL loan agreement with the Reliance employee KR Raja. (A number of individuals involved in the Roys’ financial dealings have been under investigation for other business matters. The serious fraud investigation office has probed KR Raja and Radia for Reliance’s transactions with INX News Private Limited. And Mahendra Nahata, who bought RRPR’s loan in the 2012 financial year, was recently investigated by the CBI as part of the cases related to the sale of 2G spectrum.)EACH OF THE INVESTIGATIONS into NDTV’s business dealings is like a cocked gun pointed at the company. These, more than newsroom troubles, and even questions of ownership, seem to be the biggest threats looming over the company and the Roys.Of these investigations, the probes by multiple agencies into NDTV’s web of offshore transactions are perhaps the most critical. The enforcement directorate and income tax department’s affidavits on their investigations into these matters mention that the CBI and the RBI, among other agencies, are also examining these deals.Some of these transactions were first investigated in the mid 2000s, by an income tax officer named SK Srivastava, whom I met in late September at his office in Noida. A tall man with a toothbrush moustache, Srivastava can rattle off long monologues about NDTV—which he seems to hate passionately—and its finances, without consulting a single document.He started with investigations into alleged violations in NDTV’s tax assessments. (In an apparent conflict of interest, one tax officer who was involved in the assessment, Sumana Sen, was married to an NDTV journalist named Abhisar Sharma, who is now with ABP News.)In his letter, sent in December 2013, Jethmalani accused NDTV and Chidambaram of concealing income of around Rs 5,700 crore, laundering money to the tune of Rs 5,500 crore, evading taxes of about Rs 3,500 crore, and embezzling around Rs 1.5 crore of government money. NDTV had floated “altogether 21 bogus subsidiaries” across the world, Jethmalani thundered at Chidambaram, through which “illicit black money was laundered,” and the money in question “belongs to you and your son.”The minister replied to Jethmalani on 19 December, denying all charges and calling them “outrageous allegations.” He wrote that he had, nevertheless, forwarded the letter and the details to the finance-cum-revenue secretary to “cause an inquiry in a time bound manner and to submit the conclusions of the inquiry in a sealed cover directly to the Hon’ble Prime Minister.” Unconvinced, Jethmalani responded ten days later, saying that he didn’t see how a fair inquiry could be conducted by the minister’s subordinate. He signed off saying, “I regret this matter has to end in the courts of the country or perhaps the Court of the Sovereign People of India.”A similar exchange took place between Prannoy and Gurumurthy in January 2014. In the email conversation, Prannoy tried to convince Gurumurthy, with the help of documents, that his accusations were baseless. Like Jethmalani, Gurumurthy responded, ten days later, saying that he remained unconvinced.Many of the findings from the current investigations pertain to the question of raising foreign capital for a media business. (Until 11 November, a television news company was allowed a maximum of 26 percent of its equity through foreign direct investment. Recently, the Modi government raised this limit to 49 percent.) The #ED affidavit stated that #NDTV had set up a number of wholly-owned subsidiaries and joint ventures to raise capital abroad. Some of these, it said, “directly or indirectly through step down subsidiaries made investments in India.” It claimed that, between 2006 and 2011, “NDTV or related companies in India” received Rs 648.81 crore in foreign funds. (At another point, the affidavit cited a foreign direct investment of Rs 1,295 crore in “NDTV related” companies, though it didn’t specify a time frame for this.)Also citing a CBI inquiry dating to 2011, the affidavit outlined one particularly tangled set of transactions to this end. It begins with a transfer of a sum of Rs 387.62 crore from “NDTV (Media) Mauritius Ltd” to “NDTV Studios Ltd,” an Indian subsidiary of NDTV Limited. “A small portion of these funds were used for investment in 6 new subsidiaries in India in 2009,” the affidavit stated, while a major portion went to a convoluted trail of companies, including some that it describes as subsidiaries of NDTV. “NDTV Studios Ltd and its 6 subsidiaries were thereafter merged with NDTV,” stated the affidavit, “thereby creating doubts about the purpose of their setting up as well as the sources of funds for NDTV (Media) Mauritius Ltd and the need to set up various companies in Mauritius.”Given Jethmalani’s explosive allegations against #Chidambaram, the question arises whether the latest affidavits claimed any link between the company and the minister. As it turns out, the name does appear in the #ED affidavit, but in ambiguous phrasing. “It is alleged that around 294 companies with investors/ share holders having surnames like Chidambaram are running from the same premises as NDTV Network PLC”—a London-based subsidiary of NDTV—the affidavit stated. The phrase “it is alleged” leaves unclear whether it is the ED which is alleging this, or whether the agency is referring to another, possibly older, allegation. Further, the documents don’t identify any individuals beyond the phrase “with surnames like Chidambaram,” and don’t identify any precise allegations of violations that link NDTV with the former minister.The ED affidavit devoted considerable space to the funds raised by the London subsidiary NDTV Network PLC, which filed an application with the Foreign Investment Promotion Board on 4 January 2007 for approval for investment into the “non-news sector in India.” After receiving this approval, the company raised funds from foreign sources to the tune of hundreds of millions of dollars. This included a sum of $150 million raised from NBC Universal, one of the largest media companies in the United States. The money gave NBCU an indirect stake of 26 percent in NDTV Network PLC.Before this deal was announced, a string of emails was exchanged between NDTV’s senior-most executives and consultants of the firm #PricewaterhouseCoopers, in which they discussed the drafting of a press release about the matter. “If asked a question what will the money be used for???” wrote a #PwC executive named Vivek Mehra on 21 May 2008. “We need to decide how to answer this question carefully.”The next day, #PrannoyRoy sent out “a first bash” at the press release, in which he wrote that as a result of the NBCU deal, the parent company #NDTV Ltd now had funds of $150 million “to use for any opportunities in the future including acquisitions, expansion in the news space, or in the beyond-news space.” The phrase “expansion in the news space” continued to appear in the next few drafts of the release, exchanged over email. However, the final press release, published on the NDTV website, did not claim that the funds would be used for news.In its affidavit, the #ED said that it had taken statements from Navneet Raghuvanshi, NDTV’s company secretary, on 17 August, and 3, 4, 9, 10, 11 and 12 September last year, as part of its probe. The income tax department summoned NDTV’s vice-chairman, KVL Narayana Rao, around the same time. The ED affidavit ended with the line: “Further investigation in this case is in progress.”On 19 November, the ED stepped up its offensive against #NDTV, and issued a show-cause notice to the company. In it, the agency said it had identified contraventions of the foreign exchange management act, or #FEMA, by the company. It also listed transactions by the company that the RBI has described as spurious. A “note” from the agency about the show-cause notice claimed that the amount involved was Rs 2,030.05 crore. The note ended, echoing the affidavit: “Further investigation under #FEMA is being carried out.”But the sheer number of probes against NDTV, and their depth, is alarming. The figure raised in just the #ED’s show-cause notice, Rs 2,030 crore, is more than three times what #NDTV is worth today. If the allegations in the investigations are proven, the consequences could be devastating for what was once India’s most successful news network.