Who Keeps The Commercial Driver Medical Examination Report Once Its Completed: Fill & Download for Free

Small Business Ideas with Low Investment and High Profits Students, Men and WomenTop 10 Most Successful Small Business Ideas:1. Tuition/ Coaching Classes:What was your favourite subject in school? Did you sail through Mathematics like a wizard or did you have a special chemistry with Chemistry? If yes, a room, some chairs, a board, marker and duster is all you would need to start teaching a subject. If you know a foreign language like French, Spanish or German, you could easily impart lessons in such languages and start a small business without any great investment. There is always a demand for foreign language classes from students and professionals hence you need not worry about the pipeline drying up as an entrepreneur. The idea is not only about low investment and high returns, it also has a certain sense of cash inflow and demand predictability. For such businesses, you can start with a very small business loan too and there is no dearth of avenues from where you can get a basic loan to start this type of business.2. Event/ Wedding Planner:Weddings never go out of fashion. Whether the economy is booming or going through a recession, there is always a market for weddings. To add to it, weddings range from the “big fat Indian weddings” to very private gatherings. To put things in perspective, the Indian wedding market was estimated to be around $50 billion (around ₹33,000 crore) in the year 2017 and it is growing at a rate of 20 percent per year. This presents a huge opportunity for wedding planners who can ensure wedding themes, planners, decorators, caterers in place and immaculately plan and organize the entire wedding ceremony. It requires initial capital investment for staff, logistics and arrangements for which a plethora of small business loan options are available at your disposal. While the initial investment is low, the returns that can be made once the business scales, is significant.3. Cooking Classes:If the popularity of shows such as Master Chef is any indication, cooking classes may be a great business in India. It requires very low investment but can earn good profits. All you need is to set up a kitchen and equipment, the allied infrastructure, the raw materials and cooking ingredients. Anyone who believes in the potential of this business would need to make a very low initial investment. They can avail small business loans from a wide range of financial service firms. Once the cooking class is set up, the proprietor can run several batches at the same facility. The Capex investment is thus limited, and a small working capital investment would suffice to run the enterprise seamlessly.4. Driving School/ Cab Service:If one has good driving skills and can buy a vehicle such as a car, driving lessons can be imparted to people. With the same vehicle, the person can teach 10-15 customers in a month and earn a decent amount with minimum investment. It might not be very difficult to avail a small business loan and buy a car. A part of the earnings from the driving school can be used towards repayments to service the loan. Depending on the savings, the fleet of cars can be expanded, more driving instructors can be hired, and the business can flourish. A person may also avail a small business loan to buy a new car. If he has the required driving skills, he can enroll into a ride hailing service such as an Ola or Uber. Once he does that, he can offer rides through the ride hailing app and make money to pay off his loans and save for further business expansion.5. Food Catering Business:Everyone enjoys good food. A food catering business is never out of demand. All occasions such as birthday parties, weddings, anniversaries, etc. have food on offer and caterers are in demand to ensure that the food served is delicious. For a food catering service, all you need is a kitchen and a few employees to cook, serve, deliver and manage logistics. Did you always want to own a dream restaurant chain? You can start with a food catering business as it is comparatively low investment and high return business. You can avail a loan for the capex investments and slowly build a great business. Considering our country and the celebrations, rituals and events we have throughout the year, a catering service will always be in demand. It is one of the best small investment ideas in India.6. Fitness Centers:More than 65% of India’s population is less than 35 years old. The youth are a health-conscious lot and many of them are members of a fitness center or gym. They love to hit the gym and burn a few excess calories. The remaining 35% also comprises a lot of fitness enthusiasts and health conscious people. Anyone who has trained in an area of fitness can start a fitness center. The space or infrastructure and equipment can be leased or bought. The space can be used for almost 16 hours a day as people like to walk into the fitness center at various times during the day. The idea of opening a fitness center is a business idea with low investment. Even if the person interested in opening this center cannot afford it, he has multiple avenues at his disposal to avail a small business loan. It is a very profitable business idea as subscribers of the fitness center find it difficult to keep coming to the fitness center regularly but most of them pay an annual subscription.7. Computer Training Center:We are in an era wherein there is a lot of demand for computer literacy and proficiency. If one has a basic idea of how to operate a computer and how to work with simple tools such as the Microsoft Office suite of products – Word, Excel, and PowerPoint, the chances of employment of the person is much brighter. Hence, there is a great demand to learn computers, programming and the booming areas in technology such as artificial intelligence, block chain, data analytics, IoT etc. Are you an expert in any such area? If yes, you can start a training center equipped with internet connection, a few computers and learning aids such as whiteboards, projectors etc. The business is driven by knowledge and hence the subsequent investment after the initial capex outgo is low. Multiple batches can be run for college students, working professionals etc. and a handsome profit can be made on a very small initial investment. What’s more, a small business loan for such initiatives is easily available.8. Boutique, Salon, Spa etc.:There is always a demand for personal hygiene, fashion and grooming related services. Once you make an initial investment in the store and raw material, if you can focus on selling and brand partnerships, you are highly likely to turn it into a profitable business idea. A small business loan for the same can be easily availed. If you are interested in becoming your own boss with any such venture, the right time is now!9. Real Estate Agent or Broker:How about becoming a rainmaker for your own business? Sounds interesting. With a little research on the real estate market in the area and an understanding of the prospects for both commercial and residential real estate, one could venture into creating a real estate agency. If you have good communication and people skills, you are likely to attract buyers and sellers alike and broking a deal could help you earn a handsome commission. The investment required to start this is very less and as you build your network and start playing a role in more deals, the commission you earn can make the business venture a highly profitable one.10. Web/ Social Media agency:In the digital age, most companies want to spend their marketing budgets on advertising through digital channels and through paid social media campaigns. If you have a good knowledge of marketing, communications, branding, web presence management and social media, you could start your own venture to help companies establish a strong digital footprint. All you need is an office, a few computers, some skilled professionals and you are good to start. Are funds to start up a problem? You needn’t worry as there are many options to avail a small business loan to start a web/ social media agency.Other Lucrative Business Ideas include:Creative Business Ideas:1. Children Play/Adventure Area:Starting a children play area is one of the very profitable idea for a small business. Investment required for such a business is medium.2. Tea/Coffee Cafe:Working at a Cafe is a new trend. Having a well-furnished cafe with good ambiance and variety of Teas & Coffee is a profitable business. A rented/owned place with small investment is required for starting a Cafe.3. Custom Gift Store:A gift store is one of the best creative ideas. A customer is always looking for a customization in their gift. Giving them what they need is surely going to benefit your business and increase profits.4. Antique Business:Opening a small antiques shop with different kinds of antique items and furniture is surely going to pull the crowd. Antique business can become highly profitable if you find the right customers who are interested in antiques.5. Game Organizer at Event:A game organizer is in high demands at various parties like birthdays, anniversaries, etc. It is a creative business idea where you have to be good at communication and creativity.6. Hot Air Balloon or Boat Ride Services:This is one of the most adventurous business ideas. The investment required here is big and skilled manpower is required to assure customer safety. To start such a business, you need a bigger space.7. DJ Services:Be it any event, party or a wedding; DJ’s are always a priority. The pubs are completely dependent on the DJ’s to pull in the crowd. A person needs good amount of skills and experience to make the crowd groove.8. Chatbot services:One of the upcoming business in the recent years is developing a Chat bot. Many companies are incorporating chat bot service on their website. Building a custom chat bot as per requirement will definitely yield high profits.9. Interior Designer:If you have a degree in Architecture, you can become an Interior Designer. Real Estate in India is booming day by day. It is expected to reach $1 trillion by 2030. In such a developing market, the need for Interior designer is always going to be high. If you’re skilled and have bright ideas to turn a House into a Home, this business can do wonders.10. Dance/Music Classes:Dance and Music are two creative businesses. Both these businesses require special skills and lots of experience. One of the best things is you can start this business at your Home, with a minimal investment.11. Ice Cream Business:One innovative idea for a business is selling ice creams. Create unique flavours according to the seasons to attract your customer. This business requires special skill and patience to try out different combinations of ice cream.12. Hair Business:People might think of Hair business as a weird idea, but the hair industry is one of the most profitable industry. Hair industry contributed to $248 million in 2018. India exports hair to US, Europe, China and Middle East.13. Ethnic Food Service:Now a days people do not eat to satiate their hunger but for pleasure. If you think you have amazing culinary skills that can make people lick their fingers out, then you should start an Ethnic Food Service at home. You just need to have the right knowledge of ingredients and the idea of culture and region the recipe comes from.14. Funeral Services:Though it may sound weird, such services do exist and are making a good business in India. You need to provide services that might include transportation of the dead body and providing advice about the rituals. The services can also include providing all the material required for the cremation ritual.15. Doula Services:With little training in childbirth and care you can start your own Doula Service. The investment in this business is very less compared to any other business. The services include a prenatal visit, labour and delivery, and a post-delivery follow-up.16. Organic Farming:Organic Farming is being followed in India since the ancient times. It aims at cultivating the land by use of organic wastes. With the increasing demand for organic grain in the market, Organic farming has gained a lot of popularity. If you have a land you can invest in this small business.17. Mobile garage service:Most of the time cars break down in the area where there is no garage service. If you have a vehicle you can convert it into a mobile garage with a small investment.Home Based Business Ideas:1. Home Chocolate Business:No matter what, chocolates will never go out of demand. May it be any occasion or event chocolates are a must. With little investment in the raw material you can start a home-based business of making chocolates. Home made chocolates have a huge demand in the market.2. Recruitment Services:Recruitment service is one of the most lucrative business in today’s time. All you got to do is shortlisting, selecting and appointing suitable candidates for jobs at the comfort of your house and earn great commission out of it from the company.3.Tailoring:Fashion and lifestyle today are one of the most money-making businesses. If you are a housewife or want to earn some extra income, then you can start tailoring service at home. All you need to have is a sewing machine and some fashion sense.4. Tiffin Services:Providing food has become a major business in the industrial areas. For some working professionals who are unable to cook at home or who stay away from home in other cities, Tiffin Services becomes a convenient option. You can use your kitchen to cook fresh food and start this profitable business.5. Hobby Class:If you want to enjoy doing a business start a hobby class. Today, parents want their kids to learn as many things as they can and not waste time hopping around in the sun. you can start hobby class for dance, music, craft based on the skill you possess. The best time to earn in this business is during the summer vacations.6. Yoga Class:Wellness industry is growing in India. In this fast-paced life, people want to give some time to themselves and attain peace. You can start yoga classes at home and train individuals to live a healthy life with just little investment.7. Insurance Agent:If you possess good communication skills and have great convincing power be an insurance agent. With little investment, you can start this business. There cannot be any other easy way to earn good commission than selling insurance policies.8. MLM – Network Marketing:Multi-level marketing or Network Marketing is a business where you need to sell product and services of associated company to earn profits. The income also includes a percentage of income from the sales group which is recruited by you. This is completely a referral business and you can operate from home.9. Marriage Bureau:One on the most productive business for housewives and retired individuals is Marriage Bureau. You just have to meet and greet people and with little investment you can run this business from home.10. Medical Sample Collection:If you have marginal knowledge about the blood group and various medical procedures, you can start this business. It only requires you to collect body fluid samples and provide it to a pathology clinic near you. This is a less competitive business and can be started in a small place.Part Time Business Ideas:1. Errand Services:If you think you have excellent management and planning skills, you can run this business efficiently. All you have to do is look out for errand task such as banking, grocery shopping, paying utility bills, delivering things etc. and earn through the services you provide.2. Party planner:If you enjoy planning and organizing, how about being a party planner. This is the most exciting job as it involves creativity. This business is in very much demand in the metro cities due to their party culture.3. Accounting and Record Keeping:If numbers excite you then you can start an Accounting and Record Keeping business. A finance person with experience in accounting job can earn through this business by rendering their expert services. You need special training for this business but can start on your own with very little investment.4. Day Care Services:These days many parents rely on daycare centres to care for their children while they work. While some parents may just consider a professional daycare centre to be the safest option for babysitting, but others consider a homely environment for their children the best. So, if you like children and don’t mind spending a few hours of your day caring for them then you can start a Day Care Service centre.5. Sofa Cleaning Services:People are getting busier each day. They do not find time to clean their furniture at home and office. If you enjoy cleaning, then you can team up with some semi-skilled or unskilled manpower and start Sofa Cleaning service with the help of right equipment.6. Visa Consultant:Consultants are always in demand. If you have knowledge about various rules and regulations of visa and can guide about the documents required in the process you can establish a Visa Consultancy firm.7. Personal Chef:If you love cooking and hold expertise in cooking various cuisines, you can be a Personal Chef and generate income from your services. This business requires you to investment in mainly the cooking apparatus as well as the ingredients.8. Sports Coach:If you share love for sports and hold a degree in sports coaching, you can train children or individuals who want to make a career in sports. You will need to personally train the individual so he can achieve his goal.Low-Cost Business Ideas:1. Mobile Food Shop:Mobile Food Shop is the top small business idea as people all over the world love to eat tasty and healthy food. This is a business which you can start with minimum investment and gain maximum profits as no one can ever refuse tasty food provided in a hygienic manner.2. Fast Food Parlour:Fast food is the first choice for people who are hungry and do not have access to home cooked food. If you provide tasty and hygienic food at an economical rate you will gain quick profit.3. Diet Food Shop:These days people are too much conscious about what they eat. You can find fast food joints everywhere in the rural and urban areas, but we hardly have shops that provide healthy diet food. Therefore, starting a diet food shop is an excellent idea for a small business.4. Health Drink:Due to social media, people are well aware about what is good for their health. They have started opting for health drinks over carbonated drinks. Juices like neem, beetroot and carrot are too much in demand. Thus, starting a Health Drink stall is a good business idea.5. Ice Dish & Soda Shop:Ice Dish & Soda Shop is one of the lowest investment business with maximum profit. All you need is to invest in the equipment required to make the drink, like ice snow maker and soda maker.6. Courier Shop:If you are quite efficient in delivers a message, package or letter from one place or person in the required time, this business is for you. You will require semi-skilled workers to manage the business.7. Laundry Shop:Every individual love wearing fresh clothes that smells good. If you are efficient in providing good laundry service this business is for you. You can employ a few unskilled workers to help you manage the task.8. Candle Making:Candle Making is an art but you can make this art into a profitable business if you provide bulk orders by using available machinery through marginal investments.9. Soap Making:Organic and herbal soaps are in demand in the market. If you have the skills to make soaps using various ingredients, then you can make this hobby a business.10. Idol Making:If you are creative and have the skills to make idols, then you can start a business of making idols. We are an idol worshipping country and during festivals like Ganesh Chaturthi, Durga Puja etc idols are in great demand.11. Bag Making:After ban on plastic, this area of business is flourishing as there is a huge demand for paper bags from malls and shopping units. You can use your creativity to make bags from jute, cotton etc to sell them online or offline.12. Pickle-Papad Making:Pickle-Papad Making is one of the best home-based business idea that women engage in since earlier times. You start this business part time or full time as per your convenience.13. Fruit Jam Making:Home made fruit jams are fondly relished by people as they are free from preservatives. You can make this into a profitable business with less investment provided by various organisations.14. Career Counselling:If you understand the work trends and the careers that are in demand you can opt to be a Career Counselling. You can start this business from home. Nowadays parents and teachers look out for good Career Counsellors so they can guide children in pursuing a career for their future.15. Religious Items:India is a country of multiple religion and languages, there are various customs and traditions that people follow. The requirements of religious items for engaging in various customs are different. The religious items such as Diya, Dhup, Murti, Shankha are always in demand. Therefore, this business is favourable in areas where there is a religious organisation nearby.16. Pest Control:Pest control business is slowly becoming one of the top business in the metro cities. Everyone wants to live a healthy life free from diseases caused by insects and mosquitos. Thus, Pest Control business is a good option in the metro cities.17. Paan Centre:Anyone can open a Paan centre as it does not require any skill. It is a low-cost business idea and involves preparation and sale of paan and other related items. You can also sell small items like biscuits and chocolates along with paan.18. Landscaping Service:Through landscaping business, you can provide clients with lawn services to keep their yards groomed and can also plant flowers, trees and shrubs. To start this business, you need to have the knowledge to plant flowerbeds and gardens to raise the value of a property. As the property rates are going high this business will give you maximum turnover.19. Aquarium Shop:Aquarium is a low-cost business where you need to take care of the fish tank and provide Professional Aquarium Leasing and Maintenance for Office or Home. Aquarium is considered good for Vaastu therefore this is a good business in less investment.20. House Repair Service:Every now and then houses need maintenance and repair thus House repair Service is a lucrative business idea. If you have knowledge about construction along with a few skilled workers, you can start this business.21. Palm Reader or Astrology:Palm reading is a practice of predicting the future of a person by examining his/her hands. It is a convenient business and a person having the skills of a palm reader can earn a moderate sum through this business.22. Fumigation Services:Through Fumigation Services, gaseous pesticides are sprayed or filled in the infected area to get rid of pests. The fumigants or pesticides poison the pests in and around the area. One needs to have clear idea of the chemicals used in the process to run this business.23. Spy & Security Services:No one can be trusted at present day. Due to which the need for Spy & Security Services arrived. Many people use such services for their homes and offices24. Car Pooling Services:Car-pooling is a type of car rental designed to be convenient for people who want to use cars for relatively short periods of times. Car sharing services offer casual drivers the option to rent a car by the hour or day. Due to awareness about pollution and traffic control this business is booming day by day.25. Software Training:If you are an expert in computer language such as C, C++,JAVA, HTML etc. you can start a business of software training from a small rental area or from your house.Online Business Ideas:1. Blogging:A weblog which is also called as a blog is maintained by a blogger to give out information about a subject. Blogging has gained momentum now a days as it helps generate traffic and there is demand for bloggers in the market. Therefore, this can turn as an amazing online business in today’s time.2. Vlogging:Video blogging, or vlogging is an affordable avenue to use to help your small business grow. Video blogging is an innovative way to increase your brand awareness. You can upload your blogs on YouTube and make money out of it easily. All you need is confidence in front of the camera and some editing skills to start with.3. YouTube Channel:By 2021, it’s estimated that 82 percent of all internet traffic will be for video. Starting a YouTube channel gives you a powerful medium to produce and distribute video content, which is only going to become more important day by day. Youtubers help individuals and businesses build influence, income, and impact with YouTube and online video.4. Freelance writer:Freelance writing is any sort of writing assignment that you do for pay, outside of a staff position. You can meet client and write content for Web pages, Blog posts, Magazine articles, Newspaper articles etc many companies nowadays hire freelance writers for their business.5. SEO Expert:An SEO company offers search engine optimization services to businesses to help them improve their visibility online. Search engine optimization is the process of making changes to your website design and content to make your site more attractive to the search engines. If you are somebody who have an expertise in this area, then you are good to start a SEO Business.6. Hosting Paid Webinars:A webinar is an online event that is hosted by an organization/company and broadcast to a selected group of individuals through their computers via the Internet. A webinar allows a speaker from the hosting organization/company to share PowerPoint presentations, videos, web pages or other multimedia content with audiences that can be located anywhere. If you are someone with a good domain knowledge, then this is an exceptional business idea for you.7. App Development:Application development involves creating a computer program which performs different tasks that a business requires. Application helps businesses automate tedious process like calculating monthly expenses to scheduling sales reports, to increase efficiency. Many companies require this service so if you have the software skills you can make App development a profitable business.8. Affiliate Marketing:Affiliate marketing is the most profitable way to make money online. It is the oldest forms of digital marketing wherein you refer someone to any online product and when that person buys the product based on your recommendation, you receive a commission. You can start this business with very little investment.9. Products Sell on Facebook:Facebook has more than 2.3 billion monthly active users as of December 2018. Other than being a popular social networking website Facebook provides facility to make your own store or group online. If you have a product or service with some marketing knowledge you can sell it online on Facebook and make money out of it.10. Domain Flipping:Domain Flipping is the business of buying a domain at a lower cost and selling it at a profitable amount. It is a simple business which can lend you a lot of revenue without much effort.11. Sell Photos Online:There are many different websites to sell stock photography to be used further for making graphic designs or other resources. You can create portfolios of your images and earn money. There are many different websites to sell stock photography which can help you expand your business.12. Stock Market Trading:Stocks are a type of security that gives the investor a share of ownership in a company. Brokers buy and sell stocks through an exchange, charging a commission to do so. A broker is simply a person who is licensed to trade stocks through the exchange. A broker can be on the trading floor or can make trades by phone or electronically. This can be a profitable online business if you have good communication skills.13. Data Entry:Data entry is one of the easiest business idea where one can earn by adding data using the desired software hosted on a computer and its data entry operators who perform these tasks. The benefit of this business is that you can start this business with no previous experience.Profitable Business Ideas:1. Restaurant:You can start an eatery that serves food and drinks to customers in exchange for money. Meals are generally served and eaten on the premises, but many restaurants also offer take-out and food delivery services which is the need of the hour. This business requires a lot of planning and hard work. With a few skilled workers you can start this business at a medium investment from any organisation.2. Readymade Namkeen Breakfast Shop:Namkeens are easy Breakfast that can be had on the go. You can start a Readymade Namkeen Breakfast Shop across the street as people prefer readymade Namkeen and breakfast instead of cooking at home and it is an easy snack.3. Mobile Sales and Repair:Mobile phone business is growing exponentially. Your customers who buy phones from you ever need mobile repairing services, there are high chances that they will come to you to get their handsets repaired. Your mobile repairing business can be a highly profitable business venture if its run in a professional way. The best thing is that you can start this business with a very small investment and with little experience into the same.4. Package Drinking Water:Demand of packaged drinking water is growing exponentially in small towns and cities in India. This is an evergreen business and there is place for everyone who want to step into this opportunity. Investment required in this business depends on the size of the business and the clients you hold.5. Jewellery Production & sale:If fashion is an area where you thrive, and you have a talent for creating unique jewellery then you can start this business. You can build a name in the local market and ask for referrals from previous customers to excel in this business.6. Dairy:Milk and milk products are always in demand. All you need is a small shop and cold storage facility to run this business. You can serve milk, sweet and related products and establish a dairy business.7. Commercial and Industrial Machinery Equipment Rental:Offering commercial and industrial machinery and equipment on rent to various industries like construction, mining, transportation, and forestry machinery could be a profitable business idea. These firms generally do not own a store-front facility. As this heavy machinery are usually very costly, companies prefer renting them instead of buying. This business requires moderate investment, but the returns are high compared to other businesses.8. Travel Agency:A travel agency is a public service related to travel and tourism. You need to have a good communication skill to start this business. You can also operate from home and do not need to rent a place for starting this business. You can provide Air, Road and Railway travel tickets to start with. This business is in huge demand at metro cities.9. IT Hardware shop:Hardware shops provide hardware items building material, plumbing material, etc. to huge electrical materials. To start this business, you need to have the knowledge of the products. On average a good performing hardware makes a net profit of 10% on its daily sales.Big Investment Business Ideas:1. Textile Unit:The textile industry is currently contributing 2% to India’s GDP and 15% to the export earnings of the country. Opening a textile unit firm means to supply different types of fabrics for the fashion and apparel industry. The shop should be in an area where there is demand and the factory should be in an area that is well connected.2. Rice Mill:Rice Mill involves the post production of rice. the equipment and machinery will help remove the husk from the rice to make it edible. India is still the largest exporter of Rice in the world therefore this is a profitable business.3. Beer and Wine Making:In the last few years the wine industry was at a high-growth, $30 billion industry for both domestic and international wines. Therefore, starting your own beer and wine company is the diverse opportunity for business startups.4. Manufacturing Fabrication Plant:Metal fabrication is the creation of metal structures by cutting, bending, welding and assembling processes. It is a value-added process involving the creation of machines, parts, and structures from various raw materials. You need skill manpower and lot of machinery for this business.5. Crane and Lifting Service:Crane and Lifting Service deliver the right lifting equipment and service to match the customer needs. You need specialized maintenance services and spare parts for all types and makes of industrial cranes and hoists to start this business.6. Transportation services:To start a transportation business, you will need to decide which type of business you intend to create. The type of company you think of establishing should be determined based, among other things, on the need and competition in the area you decide to work in. You can start a taxi service, bike rental, or bus service as per your investment into the business.7. Car Parking Services:If you have a huge vacant area outdoor which you can use for business purpose you can start a Car Parking Services business. It is a recent concept as the number of cars on road are increasing.8. Petrol Pump & Gas Station:Gas stations offers various fuels to motorists including petrol, diesel and LPG and CNG gas. Petrol Pump is considered to be a very beneficial business. If you open petrol pumps at a decent place, you can make a lot of money.9. Marriage Halls:There are marriages and events happening every now and then in India. Which gives rise to the demand for Marriage Halls. If you own a property which can be converted into a big hall that can accommodate 800-1000 people, you can start this business and rent it to people looking for ceremonies, weddings, parties, etc.10. Luxurious Car Services:The sale of Luxurious Car has reduced because despite of the desire to buy such cars not many can afford it. The demand for Luxurious Car Services has increased in the market. In this business you need to purchase luxurious cars and lease them. People rent luxury cars for special occasions or making airport transport easier.11. Imported Furniture Store:According to data from The Retail Owners Institute, the gross profit margin for retail furniture stores has risen slightly from 43.8 percent in 2014 to 45 percent in 2018. For this business you can import furniture from China, UAE or other countries. You need a huge capital to start this business.12. Electronic Store:We are now living in the age of electronics. Electronics are tied into so many different aspects of our life. So, starting an electronic store is a profitable business but you need to have information about the products. The amount required to invest in this business may vary according to the products you provide.13. Art and Collection Shop:Professional artists can start their own art business. Starting an Art and Collection Shop requires a little business planning, a whole lot of marketing, and most importantly, the ability to create work that resonates with people.14. Video Conference and Board Room Services:With businesses operating more globally and at a faster pace than ever, there is increasing need to bring together remote participants using a variety of video services for conferences, training, or regular information-sharing sessions without the requirement for extensive travel. You can make business by providing digital solutions that enhance convenience, improve productivity, and save companies crucial time and money.15. Night Club:If you are a night person and love music and dance, you can make others groove by starting a night club. The investment is big as licence and good quality sound equipment are required to start this kind of the business.16. Poultry and Fisheries:Poultry and Fisheries has now become a popular rural enterprise in different states of the country. Apart from eggs and chicken, poultry also yields manure, which has high fertilizer value. This becomes an added profit for the business.17. Building Construction:A construction company is a capital-intensive business. You may need to rent or buy heavy equipment or purchase material in bulk. A solid business plan can outline your assets and make the case for your new construction company to access funding from investment sources. This is a business with high investments that can provide higher outcome.18. Solar Farm:Solar farms are replacing croplands that don’t generate enough income from traditional farming. Solar farms use solar panels to generate huge amount of renewable electricity that can be used by individual for commercial and residential purpose. Building a solar farm is a capital-intensive business but the Returns on Investment (ROI) are worth it in the long run.19. UPS Business:UPS business involves buying and selling of UPS. You can collaborate with major UPS Company like APC and sell their products to make business.20. Auto Modification Services:Custom car shops appeal to automotive enthusiasts who are in love with engineering and designing. This business is needed because of the large demand for vehicle customization. You need to have a creative mind to start this business.21. Chemical Unit:The chemical industry landscape has opened new doors of opportunities for chemical buyers and sellers. This business has a huge export potential and requires huge investment.Gold Ornament Shop: Starting your own Gold Ornament shop business is a great way to tap into the jewellery industry. A small jewellery store can be started for as little as $20,000. The cost may vary depending on your location.22. Printing Press:Our society is so much influenced by the printing press. Nowadays, running a printing press is a successful business. We can print books, newspapers, invitation cards, magazines, posters, flyers, pamphlets, envelopes, business cards, and stationery items. Operating a printing business requires a few specialized pieces of equipment, and can be operated as a home-based, storefront or online business.23. Peer 2 Peer Lending Business:P2P lending is a business where one lends money to individuals or small and moderate businesses through online services. To start a Peer 2 Peer Lending business, you need to open an investor account for starting this business. Though profitable, this business involves great risk.24. Internet Service provider:An Internet service provider (ISP) is a company that provides customers with Internet access. There is a huge demand for internet thus starting this business makes sense.25. Computer Class:If you have the knowledge of computer and can teach others the same, then you can start a Computer Class. All you need is a few computers and a space where you can set up your business.26. Hotel Business:Hotel business requires huge investment and manpower. To start this business, you need to buy or rent an establishment that provides lodging and, often times, meals and other services for travellers and other paying guests.27. Oxygen gas bottle:To start this business, you need to Invest in quality equipment, healthy supply of cylinders of liquid oxygen, compressed oxygen, and flow meters. You need to remember to maintain a safe, hygienic environment for your equipment at all times. You can own cash to cover start-up and operating expenses.28. Car Battery:If you are seriously thinking of launching a car battery business, get advice from someone who is already in the business. Every vehicle needs battery may it be a two-wheeler or a four-wheeler. Therefore, Car Battery business is a very good business idea29. Cement Business:India has a huge potential for infrastructural growth. When the future involves the development of 99 smart cities, you can expect a positive growth in the cement business. Opening a cement business can get you on the path to a secure financial future but it’s important to plan out the business in detail before you start.30. Spice or Masala Powder:Spices from India are going places, with exports on course to top $3 billion in the last few years. Spice Powder Making Business ensures a good return with low investment.31. Money Lender:Lenders are businesses or financial institutions that lend money, with the expectation that it will be paid back. The lender is paid interest on the loan as a cost of the loan. The higher the risk of not being paid back, the higher the interest rate. This business involves money therefore, you need to carefully lend money to people who can return the borrowed money with proper documentation.32. Nursery school:The demand for good nursery school is growing in the city. Now is the perfect time to consider opening a nursing school. To start this business, you need trained staff and huge space to start this business.33. Modelling Agency:If you are interested in representing fashion models, to work for the fashion industry then you should start a Modelling Agency. These agencies earn their income via commission, usually from the deal they make with the model and/or the head agency. The top agencies work with big-budget advertising agencies and fashion designers.34. Pathology Lab:Indian diagnostic market is growing at nearly 15-20% and is estimated to be currently worth 40,000 Cr. Setting up a pathological lab can be an extremely lucrative business idea.Retail Business Ideas:1. Grocery Store:Grocery stores sell food and other household items. Often called supermarkets, grocery stores are go-to sources for a home’s food needs. grocery shopping is an integral part of human life, and any such business that appeals to life sustenance is sure to become profitable if it is handled properly.2. Organic Food Store:Organic food store is another niche in the grocery business idea. To succeed in the organic food business, it is essential to have a proper plan on how to get authentic organic produce on a regular basis. Location is another very important thing to consider as you have to set up in an area where the people are health conscious and can afford the high price of organic produce.3. Hardware Store:A hardware store typically sells hand and power tools, building materials, plumbing supplies, cleaning products and much more. A hardware store has a lot of components to the business that require detail-oriented planning. You need to research and find a developing area to start this business for its success.4. Auto Spare Part Store:Auto Spare Part Store is a cash-intensive business. With substantial capital investment and strategic planning, you can initiate this type of store. Starting an Auto Parts store is a fulfilling way to make money.5. Stationary & Book Store:Stationery items are always in demand whether be it a school or corporate. The best place for running stationery and bookstore is always nearby school or corporate the chances of getting more business and good profit is very high. In this business investment is not much required and no special skills needed.6. Cosmetic Store:As people are now a days becoming more beauty conscious so the demand for the beauty products have increased than before. Ladies are always in search for cosmetic store. This business too needs very small investment.7. Leather & Perfume Shop:This is another form of small business in which you need to keep products like bags, belts, wallets and perfumes. These kinds of business are always an evergreen business with good product and small investment.8. Xerox Shop:Xerox Shop is a good business for making profits. A Xerox Shop is available in every locality. This itself proves the success of running Xerox Shop along with other products like bookbinding, lamination and small stationary items. The investment required too is low. The best location to start up this business set up would be schools, colleges, office etc.9. Beauty Salon:Beauty salon are now among the emerging business in the India. Beauty care segment is most likely carried out by ladies. This business demands some special skills related to skin care. The person carrying out this business should have undergone special training and courses related to skin care and have good knowledge of beauty products. Investment required for this small business start-up is very low or else you can even opt for a franchise for a good renown brand.10. Medical Diagnostic Center:Medical care is essential in today’s world. Day by day there are new disease effecting health of people, so timely health and medical check-up has become very important. With proper medical check-up and advance analysis, we can be safe from many prone diseases. The investment required for running this business is substantial.11. Photo Studio:Photo studio is a business which can be started up with very less investment. Business success depends upon the skills and ideas that you have in the photography line.12. Safety & Security Products Retail Business:In today world safety and security is all what one needs. So, the safety and security products in the market is always in good demand in the retails business. For starting this business, you need to have products like helmet, safety lockers, CCTV cameras etc.13. Herbal & Ayurveda Products Retail Business:Herbal and Ayurveda exist in India from a very long time. Ayurveda is a proven medicine for healing and curing diseases with no side effects. The herbal and Ayurveda medicine manufactures are now booming in the health segment. Especially after the entry of Patanjali into the industry. This is the right time to start up with herbal and Ayurveda products retails business with moderate investment and get better profits.14. Scrap Store:You can also earn profit from scrap store. In this business what you need to do is collect scrap like newspaper, plastic, and other discarded material.15. Gift Card Shop:You will find at least one gift shop in all locality. Today’s world is much excited for giving and accepting gifts. Gift shop also possess good amount of revenue. Gift shop business consist of business or personal giftings. Gift shop business require proper location and good collection of gift cards. Gift cards are used widely at every occasion.16. Optician Shop:You may have even noticed there would be at least one optician shop in all areas. Eyeglasses are mostly used by majority of people. Due to the constant climatic changes there are often eyesight issues caused to people of all age group. To start up with eyeglasses business you need to have sunglasses, contact lenses and different trendy frames for specks. Rate of the products depends on quality of the products and business location.17. Seasonal Business:Seasonal Business ideas are another form of business in India. This business start-up can be done with small investment. Your business depends on the seasonal and festive needs of the consumers like crackers, raincoat, woollen clothes etc.18. Utensil Shop:Utensil shopping business is a never-ending retail business idea. Requirements for starting this business is you need a suitable shop and inventory of steel items. A success of this business depends upon location of shop and quality of utensils.19. Foam Mattress:Thinking of starting own foam mattress business? Starting of manufacturing foam business is among small investments. You either can become trader or a manufacturer.20. Business Idea of Ice:Business of ice can be started up with a very low investment. Ice is a commodity frequently used by us in day to day for cooling.21. Tattoo Shop:Today generation is crazy for tattoo and ready for paying any amount for good designer and trendy tattoo collection with them. Tattoo business is among the upcoming business for earning good profit. Only thing you need to know is skills required for tattoo making or have skilled people for the same.Manufacturing Business Ideas:1. Honey making:Honey Manufacturing business is another form of small Business. Honey processing can be performed in two different process manual or automatic. Starting your honey manufacturing business is easy and convenient for people planning for small scale business.2. Manufacturing toys:Toy Manufacturing business is a top booming industry in the Indian business segment. Starting up a new Toy Manufacturing business is very profitable. Before setting up the business unit we need to have proper research on the prototype and raw material required for toy manufacturing. There are machineries available in the market by which you can produce ample number of toys and earn more profits. Toy Manufacturing business can be started up with a very low investment and then further expanded.3. Manufacturing of Plastic bottles:If you are looking for starting up your own business venture, currently there is a booming rise in the plastic products manufacturing business. Day by day the demand and supply for the plastic bottles are increasing. Before starting up with the manufacturing of plastic bottles you need to have proper knowledge and expertise in injection moulding and manufacturing. You also need to complete some legal formalities like getting up your legal documents ready, factory license number, GST number etc.4. Fertilizer Manufacturing:India is the third largest manufacturer of nitrogenous fertilizers in the globe. Fertilizer manufacturing business can be started with very low investment or high investment. If you are new to this business start with a small investment with compost fertilizer from waste items, and soon you understand the business expand your business.5. Water Filter and bottling Plant:Water filter and bottling plant is a commercial enterprise and one of the prime requirements now a days. The role of mineral water bottle plant is important for this industry and to the society. For setting up a business of water filter and bottling plant you need to have ample space and skilled manpower. The investment required for this business is very high.6. Furniture making:Furniture are an essential part of our daily life. Furniture business is also to be considered as a booming industry. Furniture always have its never-ending demand from schools, colleges, offices and homes. If you have ample of space with you and skilled workers to start furniture making.7. Production of Leather related items:Production of leather related items are always in huge demand in the market. Leather products such as bags, footwear and garments etc are some leather related items which have huge demand and are used in day to day living. If you get proper manpower you start up your business of production of leather related items.8. Electrical Fitting Production:Electricity has become a essential for our day to day living. We cannot even imagine a day without electricity. In today’s life there is a high demand for electrical fitting production in the market. But even though the investment required in this business is not so high as compared to others, with small investment to we can start up an electrical fitting production.9. Embroiderer:We will now next cover the details related to Embroiderer business. To start-up with this business you need to have a creative designing idea for embroidery. Creative designer Embroiderer can be done with low-end machine or by sophisticated tools. This is a lucrative business and can earn good margin.10. Carpet Making:The Carpet making business is among the creative business and is among the large business opportunity. Starting up a carpet making company with good creative mindset, would lead to a high profitable business. Before starting this business, you need to know the appropriate skill before starting the business.11. Ceramic Tile Maker:Ceramic Tile business is another profitable business as Tiles are required in every household. The investment required is high in this business.12. Kitchen Utensil maker:There is huge requirement of Kitchen Utensils in every house. Starting a Kitchen utensil business is a great idea in terms of the profit that it will give.Renting Business Ideas:1. ATM Space Rental:A commercial space always yields good profits. Renting your space to Bank ATM will yield fix monthly profits.2. Car/Bus Rental:Car rental business has grown since Ola & Uber came into existence. Buses are in huge demand for family functions, weddings, etc. Start a Car/Bus rental business with a business loan from Unsecured Business Loan, MSME Loan - Working Capital Finance3. Construction Equipment Rental:Real Estate Industry in India is booming day by day. Due to high cost, developers prefer getting construction equipment on rent. Starting this business will result in high profits every time.4. Fancy Dress Renting Business:Starting a Fancy-dress business is a low investment business idea as you need to buy dresses that fits kids as there is a huge requirement from school kids for school events. Start your fancy-dress renting business and earn handsomely.5. Decorator:Starting a Decorator business is always a great idea as every event requires decoration material, chairs, stage material, etc. Though the initial investment in this business is high, it will yield profit at every event as the same stuff will be used.There are many more such ideas wherein the investment required is low, but the profits can be significantly high. Such lucrative ideas mostly depend on your people and networking skills, knowledge in niche areas and latent demand for the same in the market. If you are bitten by the entrepreneurial bug, take the plunge today.

I concur with some of the other answers that the case had far too many problems for any one prosecutor’s competence to be the dealbreaker.Consider this little-told story from Johnny Cochran’s memoirs: The night before trial was to begin Garcetti called him up and asked, not for the first time, if he’d consider a plea. Cochran already had a very good idea how weak the state’s case was, and wasn’t seriously considering taking one to O.J. unless he said he wanted one, which he didn’t think O.J. was likely to. But, for shits and giggles, he decided to ask the DA what he was offering: “Two counts of involuntary manslaughter”, the least serious intentional homicide charge in California’s penal code.He politely rejected the offer and was even more confident … if, for all the talking up the case Garcetti and the DA’s office had been doing in the media, talking the media obediently parroted, that was the best offer he could make when he had the best negotiating position he was going to have, even Garcetti had to know the case had serious problems and this was his way of attempting to get rid of it as quickly as possible.(Why? Part of the problem was that the LAPD and DA had become so used to cutting corners and cheating to win cases that even when they knew the spotlight would be shining right on them, even when they knew they’d be up against a defendant who would have resources equivalent to those of the state (but for all the bleating about how OJ “bought” his way out, the state still spent more money ($11 million) than he did ($7 million) and had more lawyers appear for them at the trial than he did), they still couldn’t help themselves).Even Marcia Clark knew this. Before the trial, she reportedly told her friend at the time, fellow ADA Lucianne Coleman, who had doubts about the case even then and expressed them to Clark, that yes, the case was “a loser, but it’s going to make me.”However, from what I’ve read she nevertheless managed to find some ways of her own to screw things up beyond what the LAPD and her bosses already had. She’s not blameless, however she and her apologists have tried to spin things since.Joe Bosco was one of the four book authors who had been granted a permanent seat at the trial. And while one of the others, Jeffrey Toobin, wrote the better-selling but poorly-sourced The Run of His Life, a book that is at odds with most of the other ones (perhaps because, as Bosco writes, Toobin was rarely present as he had a young son back in Brooklyn and spent a lot of his time back there), Bosco’s A Problem of Evidence: How the Prosecution Freed O.J. Simpson became the best book about the trial that no one read (probably because it didn’t come out for a year, by which point everyone was mightily sick of reading or hearing about it). It is hard to find these days but very worth your time to try if you’re really interested in the real truth(s) about the case. A lot of what I have to say about the case comes from A Problem of Evidence.Peter West’s answer gets at something I only saw Bosco report. Yes, Clark and Darden were part of the Special Trials team in the LA County DA’s office. That is not entirely, however, a function of them being the best possible prosecutors in the office. It was a function of them being the best prosecutors available …. who would never make viable candidates to challenge the incumbent DA in the primary. The last thing any LA County DA wants is some underling becoming nationally prominent from a highly publicized trial, enough so that someone in the local Democratic party or its base who has a grudge against the DA for whatever reason can gently start hinting to that prosecutor that they might make a better DA than their boss. Garcetti wasn’t the first one (and not the last either, I’ll bet) to farm all his real stars out to satellite offices in Foothills, Santa Monica or Ramparts or wherever to keep them away from the cameras (and, likewise, to make sure any big name trial they might work went downtown, where his office was just upstairs).Marcia Clark was perfectly safe for Garcetti … having previously worked as a stripper, she could become many things, and indeed has, but LA County DA was never, and is never, going to be one of them.But she wasn’t the crack prosecutor she was sold as. Much was made of the conviction she won in the Rebecca Schaeffer case (where the defendant was, interestingly, represented by Shawn Chapman, who later left the public defender’s office and went to work for Cochran, putting her on opposite sides from Clark in the OJ trial as well). But in that case she’d had a defendant who admitted being on the victim’s front step with a loaded gun, a defendant with clear mental issues who insisted on testifying because he thought he could explain to the jury how it was really all an accident. Her cross was indeed devastating, but he had already done 95% of the job for her, much more than was done in the Simpson-Goldman murders.That said, here’s how she made things worse for the People:Taking the case to trial in the first place: The situation with the one witness before the grand jury who had supposedly tried to sell their story to the media before testifying making the preliminary hearing necessary was actually a face-saver for the prosecution. According to the ADA who was presenting to the grand jury, the chance of getting a no-bill was pretty high, and he warned her of that before the grand jury was to vote. If the grand jury was that dicey about it, what else would you have expected at trial?Of course, this decision was probably out of her hands to begin with. It must be remembered today that in the 15 or so years prior to the OJ trial, the LA County DA’s office had lost, or been badly embarrassed in, every high-profile case it prosecuted: McMartin preschool, Twilight Zone, Rodney King, and right before OJ the first Menendez brothers trial. They were damned if they weren’t going to get their makeup (and when they didn’t get it on OJ, they took it off poor Winona Ryder).Making the past domestic violence so central to the case: Certainly that 911 tape did a lot of damage to O.J.’s image before the trial even began. But as effective as it was on the public, a lot of prosecutors elsewhere in the country were sort of scratching their heads. There didn’t seem to be the pattern of escalating behavior that usually works to convince a jury this led to murder, and indeed juries had acquitted in cases with worse 911 calls.She also was insistent, perhaps for good political reasons, that the jury had to be mostly female and black. Certainly that might have attenuated any unrest in the case of a guilty verdict. But it also put the case in the hands of a jury very unlikely to find the victim sympathetic.You don’t need to be black to believe that black women would find Nicole Brown Simpson the epitome of the Becky stereotype: A blonde white woman who’d barely worked a day in her life comes into a successful, famous black man’s life and steals him away from the black woman who’d borne him two children and raised them while he was getting famous. Cochran and Carl Douglas were black, and they knew this in a more than theoretical way.But even they were surprised, when they went to Phoenix to test aspects of their case with their jury consultant, by just how strong the antipathy to Nicole was among black women. Some of them practically came right out and said she deserved this.And … the prosecution got the same results, more or less, with their own jury consultant, Jo-Ellan Dimitrius (at the time Michael Crichton’s wife; one of the best-kept open secrets of the trial, according to Bosco, was the affair between her and Garcetti that neither of them tried too hard to hide). Yet still Marcia Clark insisted to her superiors that black women could get past this. Which she might yet have helped them to do but for …The very beginning of her opening statement, in which she more or less apologizes to the jury for having to put O.J. Simpson on trial. Never do that. It would be a very self-destructive move in any criminal case. But, in one already well shot through with racial tensions, it came across as very patronizing, as if the jurors were all three-year-olds having to hear the murder case against Barney the Dinosaur.Ron Shipp: In just what universe is it probative to put on a witness whose major claim against the defendant is that he heard O.J. say he dreamed of having killed Nicole? A soap opera, maybe. Carl Douglas’s cross, in which he confronted Shipp about having been severely drunk at the time he claims to have been alone with OJ, exacerbated the racial divide—white commentators thought he was being too harsh, while black ones thought he was right on target (In fact, it was learned after the trial that Shipp had been the prosecution witness the jury trusted least, as they believed he intended to profit from his testimony. The fact that he never did does not, contra Vincent Bugliosi, invalidate that impression). Alan Dershowitz said that would have been his lead assignation of error had he had to appeal a guilty verdict, that it was grotesquely unfair to allow that testimony yet exclude most of the Fuhrman tapes (long story behind that one too, by the way, that never got much coverage).The way she buffaloed the timeline witnesses: Pat McKenna, one of the defense investigators, says all the five witnesses the defense put on to establish the timeline (i.e., that the murders happened later than the prosecution claimed, which makes it much harder for O.J. to have done them) had originally gone to the prosecution, out of good old civic duty—but then were disgusted and alienated when they were leaned on hard to change their testimony so it supported the “plaintive wail” timeline. And when the defense got their names in discovery, these people were delighted to talk, even though some of them still believed OJ was guilty. But they weren’t going to lie to convict him.In her post-trial memoir, Without a Doubt (about which more below), Clark really trashes these people hard, sneering at Denise Pilnak as “Miss Clockophile” and, after acknowledging that she may indeed have come down too hard on Ellen Aaronson and Danny Goodman (known to trial junkies as “the couple on the first date”), coming down hard on them again anyway, suggesting that Aaronson was so falling-down drunk as not to be believable on anything.If that was what she was like in a book written after the fact, just what was she like in a room with these people?Making a big deal of the thumps Kato heard : They are IMO the biggest red herring in the case, something brought into it by Mark Fuhrman to explain the other glove, which like the first one at Bundy he was conveniently alone when he found, being in the vicinity. In her closing statement, Clark made those thumps more clearly be from the a/c than Kato had. As most people who’ve ever had window air-conditioner units know, those things go “thump” all the time for no reason whatsoever. The defense got a call from some guy who’d repaired it or done routine maintenance on it a couple of weeks earlier; he told them that one had been particularly notorious for its thump noises.(To be fair, at some event a couple of years after the trial Clark admitted that she wasn’t really sure, and maybe never was, that the thumps meant anything with regard to the murder (With regard to Fuhrman planting the glove, of course, they mean a lot))EDIT: As noted in comments below, Kato said the thumps were on his wall, not the A/C unit.Having Dr. Golden’s boss testify at length about the results of an autopsy he didn’t personally perform: There are all sorts of reasons given for why Dr. Golden didn’t testify at the trial; one that I believe is that the DA’s office felt he was too honest and gave the defense stronger support for the multiple-killer theory in his testimony at the preliminary hearing. But for whatever reason, the OJ trial became notable for being one of the few murder trials in American history where the medical examiner who had actually performed the autopsy was available to testify yet did not.General immaturity and lack of professionalism: According to Bosco, whenever the cameras weren’t on, Clark got all flirty, often but not always with Cochran, in full view of everyone in the courtroom—Ito, the jury, the other lawyers and the public. He said once to Gerry Spence during a break that “she flirts with the air”; Spence told him he liked that line so much he was going to use it on TV that night. I don’t know if he did; Clark and her apologists have tried to portray most of the criticism she got as sexist.Be that as it may, there was in Bosco’s opinion merit to this one. One of the times she was most flirty was … well, many times, during the week when the prosecution had Dr. Lak (the coroner, whose people the police had kept from the scene for the first 10 hours after the murder) on the stand. Accompanying him were easels with blowups of graphic crime scene photos, turned so the public and cameras could not see them. Only after that week did Ito relent and allow the media, one at a time, to walk past them and see what the jury had been forced to look at all week. In Lawrence Wright’s An American Tragedy, it is recounted that some of the reporters looked physically ill. AP reporter Linda Deutch recalls wondering how the jury would feel about whoever made them look at these scenes all week.And Bosco recounts that everytime the cameras weren’t on, there was Marcia Clark standing there all smiles and giggles with Cochran or whoever. In full view of the same jury, right next to all these horrible pictures. Only to get back to being all serious when the red light went on.She also had a habit of responding overly harshly to some little things they defense did. Alan Dershowitz, whose main role on the trial team was to prepare for an appeal if OJ had gotten convicted, nevertheless had to make occasional trips out to LA to appear, for (ahem) appearances’ sake. In one of those, he stepped up to argue some really minor point, in his usual sober and scholarly way. Clark responded on the people’s behalf with extreme stridency, raising her voice, as if some horrific wrong had just been perpetrated in the courtroom. i.e. “This is SICK! This is DEPRAVED!” As he took his seat at the defense table, mystified, Robert Shapiro turned to him and whispered “welcome to the Marcia club” or something like that.Before the trial, Coleman, Clark’s friend and fellow ADA (the two had often double dated) up until after the trial came to her and warned her about Fuhrman. Coleman had known Fuhrman in her capacity as a filing DA, and when the story broke about his past racism she said, offhandedly, to another detective, can you believe this crap about Mark? Instead of joining her in laughing it off, the other detective said, I wouldn’t put it past him.Coleman (and eventually the defense) learned about how after this detective had married a Jewish woman (wow … really unusual in LA!), his locker had been defaced with swastikas. Fuhrman’s fingerprints were all over it. Fuhrman was confronted by his commander, Peggy York, also Mrs. Lance Ito, about this, and apparently because of that and his behavior in that meeting earned himself two weeks of additional unpaid vacation that year (upheld on internal appeal but overturned in arbitration). A lot of people in the know can’t read York’s affidavit about not really remembering Fuhrman when she supervised him without thinking she perjured herself.So Coleman warned her friend and colleague about possible problems with this witness. Marcia’s response? Not “thank you” but “Why is everyone trying to insert themselves into my case?”Shortly after the trial, former LA County DA Ira Reiner (who has an albatross around his own neck on this in the form of the aforementioned McMartin trial) publicly criticized his former office generally and her specifically. Asked about it on TV, she responded “Ira Reiner has never tried a felony case” in this sniffy, singsong tone that one would expect from a child.You could say that she was under a great deal of stress at the time and excuse all this. You could … until you take the time to read her book, Without a Doubt. If you do, it is hard not to come to the carefully considered, objective conclusion that Marcia Clark is a complete bitch.You’d like to think a publisher who’d handed her a fat advance would at least want to better recoup it by assigning Clark the sort of editor who would send some manu- (or type-)script pages (or, more likely, transcribed rants) back after getting them with large passages circled and the note “I want you to sit back and really think about how saying this will make you look … Are you really comfortable with this?” or something along those lines (ahem) in the margins. And maybe they did, in which case I wouldn’t be surprised if Clark threw a tantrum and the editor was either reassigned or told just to stick to worrying about her author’s grammar and clarity. Or maybe whoever was in the first meetings with her knew better than to subject any talented book editor they wanted to work for them again to that maelstrom (Or femaelstrom? For someone who complains mightily, and probably not without justification, about the sexism in the LADA/LAPD, she comes across too much as a stereotypically hysterical, hormonal and overly emotional female).However she got it, Clark got that protection from someone who might have wanted to protect her image from herself. Without a Doubt is filled with invective against so many people besides the defense’s timeline witnesses who could have helped the prosecution, people the lead prosecutor in a high-profile criminal case should have known better than to alienate, even retroactively, like … the jury (“the Twelve Stone Faces” … and that more than once!), other key prosecution witnesses (she lectures not only Fung, but detectives Lange and Vannatter, on how she would have done their jobs better) and the judge (she thinks, and she may have been right, that Ito had a very low estimate of her skills as a prosecutor). Add to that the verbatim transcripts of tapes she made talking to herself in (apparently) the car on certain mornings on her way to work.Long before you finish Without a Doubt, or hell, before you even think to take it to the cashier and buy (as we did back then), you find yourself primarily hoping that you won’t have to go to this girl’s 13th birthday party. There are (or were, back in the day) at least a few reviews on Amazon where people basically said “I felt sorry for her until I read this book”.Not having a prosecution team meeting until the eve of surrebuttal. Yup, it took that long, until literally right before the last part of the trial where parties could present witnesses and introduce evidence, for someone to have the bright idea to sit all 20 or so prosecutors (not all from LA, either) down and see where everyone was and what ideas they had to share. Supposedly this was done in the hope that somehow they might get a mistrial (after Clark’s ploy to force it by bringing in York if Ito admitted the Fuhrman tapes, a move even some of the other prosecutors thought was crossing a line, failed) and what they would do differently in a second trial. The result of that was leaks saying that the prosecution was now beginning to think O.J. was “behind the murders”. Changing your case theory at this point in a trial is like changing your offensive game plan completely at the two-minute warning.Playing the video of Thanos Keraitis during surrebuttal: The prosecution had to deal with the missing blood from the testing that could not otherwise have been accounted for, not even by Collin Yamauchi’s little, uh, accident (No one bothered to ask just why the reference sample with the suspect’s blood was even allowed to be in the same room as two major pieces of forensic evidence against him). And at the time of the end of the trial, Keraitis, the police phlebotomist, was sick in the hospital and not well enough to come in and testify.So … what did the prosecution do? They shot a video of Keraitis being examined about this in his hospital bed in which he basically says, whoops, I was probably mistaken about the amount of blood I’d drawn from Simpson. Sorry about that …And then they showed this to the jury.And he of course could not conveniently be cross-examined. A few commentators pointed to this audacious dog-ate-my-homework gambit as a reason the jury’s sanity would have to be questioned if they hadn’t voted to acquit.Lying to the jury in her closing argument. Or not knowing her own case, which is just as bad. Clark, who decided to take the whole closing argument herself while the defense apportioned it among three lawyers, told the jury that Allan Park, the limo driver, had testified that he had not seen any lights on at Rockingham when he arrived that night, and that he saw a dark figure moving around.Well, guess what: The jurors had kept notes, and apparently some of them couldn’t find in their notes from his testimony a few months earlier where he’d said that. So, in a move that some commentators still pretend is headscratching, they asked to have Park’s testimony read back.I can imagine what went on in the jury room afterwards. “If she’s lying to us, can we believe any of them?” and then the not-guilty verdict that quickly drew the wrath of the media that had pinned its hopes on at least a week or two of deliberations, with ample opportunities for high-value commercial breaks during high-rated evening commentary shows, as a climax to several months of trial (but which more sensible, seasoned prosecutors said was the “get me out of here” verdict they had seen coming).Having said all that, I should at least temper this with a couple of things that Marcia Clark and the prosecution have often been faulted for that they should not be:Not bringing the Bronco chase up: According to Bosco, there was a tacit agreement between the two sides not to bring it up (Bob Blasier, who joined the defense team later, after this understanding had been reached, once began a line of questioning that seemed likely to lead there, but someone quickly found a way to force a sidebar that was really just everyone on both sides explaining this gentleman’s agreement to him). Both sides had something to lose from having it in evidence, the state more so than OJ.Had the Bronco chase been brought up, the jury would have been allowed to consider it as an attempted flight and thus, under California law, evidence of consciousness of guilt. So, yeah, the defense didn’t want that.But if the prosecution had insisted, the defense had plenty of evidence that the disguises and money found in the Bronco were exactly what they, Cowlings and O.J. said they were: the disguises were for when they visited places like Disneyland or Knotts Berry Farm with their families and didn’t want to be bothered by fans; the defense actually had pictures of them at those places wearing the disguises. The money had indeed been withdrawn from the bank so Cowlings could use it for the Simpson children’s immediate needs should O.J. have followed through with killing himself or been killed by the police (good estate planning advice, actually: Make sure your children or whoever have some way of accessing some amount of cash from your estate can used to pay funeral expenses and whatever else might be incurred in the immediate aftermath of your demise, because it takes a while for the legal paperwork putting the executor(s) in charge to go through and a lot of funeral homes don’t like to wait that long to get paid). And again they had a letter O.J. had written proving this.So, again, this would have hurt both sides.Not playing the tape of O.J.’s interview with Lange and Vanatter. Clark herself thought at the time, and has said again since, that the two detectives were incredibly easy on O.J., not asking followup questions that seem obvious, because they were too awed by being in the presence of this football legend. So yes, she had some reasons for not introducing it. But there were stronger ones.A lot of people have only read the transcript, but if they had introduced that at the trial the defense would have had every right to insist on introducing the actual tape as well. And the consensus among both sides was that it didn’t hurt O.J. as much as everyone thought it would, not when you listened to it. When you do, O.J. sounds deeply tired and fogged in, as you might expect of someone who’s just had to fly to Chicago and back overnight, and finding out his ex-wife and mother of his two younger children, with whom he had been trying to reconcile, has been killed in between the two flights. Defense investigator Pat McKenna says it really sounds like the two detectives are, in fact, trying to take advantage of this and manipulate him.But McKenna also identified to Bosco, in this context, what I think is the real reason the prosecution, probably at a level above Clark, didn’t want this tape or transcript to be part of what the jury was considering.It’s this seemingly innocuous exchange between O.J. and Vannatter about the security arrangements at Nicole’s condo on South Bundy:Vannatter: Was she very security conscious? Did she keep that house locked up?Simpson: Very.Vannatter: The intercom didn't work apparently, right?Simpson: I thought it worked.Vannatter: Oh, OK. Does the electronic buzzer work?Simpson: The electronic buzzer works to let people in.This exchange, played in court, could have acquitted O.J. without the glove and without Fuhrman.What’s behind is that, as designed, the gate was one of those that has an intercom where whoever’s at it can talk to whoever might open it and identify themselves, after which the person on the other end of the intercom can press a button that unlocks the gate and buzzes them in. Nothing fancy, we’ve all been through this kind of portal, and you yourself might have one.But … Nicole’s version of this security gate had been damaged in the Northridge earthquake the previous fall, and she hadn’t had fixed or replaced yet. Knocked off kilter, the intercom worked … but the lock didn’t. So whoever was inside had to come down and open it in person.This is why Nicole was in the front yard with Ron Goldman at the time of their deaths. Had the gate been working properly, she might have let him in and greeted him at the house door rather than the front gate, and we might not be having these conversations today.And … it’s clear from the above that O.J. doesn’t know this, that he hasn’t been in through the front gate since before the earthquake, since he thinks the buzzer still works as intended.Vannatter isn’t just asking, either. He’s playing a seasoned detective’s game to catch a suspect lying—as McKenna puts it, trying to “Mutt and Jeff” O.J. He gives Simpson a leading question based on a premise he, the detective, knows is false. Then, when that doesn’t result in an answer that makes it clear the suspect is lying, he switches to a closed question where he also knows the answer, and Simpson’s answer suggests he’s genuinely unaware the gate buzzer was broken. In other words, that he doesn’t have the level of familiarity with Nicole’s security arrangements that he would have had to.Yes, it’s possible that O.J. figured out exactly what was going on and adjusted. But you have to either be pretty on your game or a veteran of the non-police side of police interviews to be able to see what’s going on. I don’t think O.J. was the former, and he definitely isn’t the latter.(I also don’t think the prosecution wanted that later bit about the cars on the highway surrounding OJ late at night some time earlier in evidence, either. Nor the defense. There were doors in this trial that were unlocked that neither side wanted to open if they could avoid doing so …)Not taking Jill Shively seriously: If there are some of Marcia Clark’s fumbles that can only be squarely laid at her feet, like lying in her closing argument (something Nancy Grace also used to do in her prosecutorial days, more frequently), this was a wise move that, based on her book, she should get sole credit for.Shively, you might remember, was the woman who claimed she was driving in Lower Brentwood on the night of the murders and nearly got into a three-way accident with O.J. in the Bronco, and a third driver in a Nissan, at sometime after the prosecution claimed he committed them. If true, her account would have seriously jossed O.J.’s alibi, which largely has him at Rockingham the entire time, alone, between when he and Kato come home and when Park comes to pick him up. For that reason, Vannatter, who interviewed her, states in the book he wrote with Lange that he believes that she was telling the truth.Officially, the prosecution dropped her because of reports she was selling her story to the tabloid TV shows. That, like the grand jury, was a face-saver, more for Shively’s sake than the prosecution’s.Clark is very frank about this in Without a Doubt. Not long after Shively’s claims hit the news, she got a fax from actor Brian Patrick Clarke, mostly the pages of a small-claims judgement he had obtained against Shively for fraud after she (EDIT: corrected per comments) had secured a $6,000 loan from against the $250,000 she said she would soon be paid for a screenplay she’d written, as well as a part for him in it when it was produced; in fact not only was it not her screenplay but it was already in preproduction (My Life, starring Michael Keaton and Nicole Kidman, if it matters).Clarke had already tipped off the defense, and that was that for Jill Shively as a witness at the O.J. trial. (The defense had even more that specifically impugned her credibility as to whether she had actually even been out that night: people called them saying that no one who knew her had ever seen her jogging, especially since she was apparently morbidly obese (by LA standards, anyway) at the time.)

Future of Embedded systems and career optionsWith growth and advancements in the field of electronics, wireless communications, networking, cognitive and effective computing and robotics, devices around you communicate in more ways than you ever imagined. Those times are not very distant when every object around us will have a small processor/sensor embedded within itself, invisible to us but still communicating with all other devices around, making our lives more connected and accessible than ever before.FUTURE OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS AND CAREER OPTIONSEmbedded systems have come a long way since their inception. Today, some toilets and toasters can tweet about what they’re upto. From smart clothing to smart banking, embedded systems have accentuated technology’s growth by manifoldWith growth and advancements in the field of electronics, wireless communications, networking, cognitive and affective computing and robotics, devices around you communicate in more ways than you ever imagined. Those times are not very distant when every object around us will have a small processor/sensor embedded within itself, invisible to us but still communicating with all other devices around, making our lives more connected and accessible than ever before.The future of embedded systems lies in the advancement of technologies that enable faster communications, heavy data storage capacities and highly interwoven connections among the devices. Before diving into the enormous number of applications of embedded systems, let’s discuss the seven buzzwords that will define the future of embedded systems.Ubiquitous computingUbiquitous Computing is a branch of computing that focuses on interconnected and communicating devices carefully integrated into the objects we interact with in our daily lives. These objects can be anything right from your clothes to your toasters and coffee mugs. Smartphones and tablets are currently the obvious targets for applications aiming at ubiquitous computing, but in the future, don’t be surprised if your game console talks to your smartphone’s calendar about how “busy” you are today. The term Ubiquitous Computing (Ubicomp), also known as Pervasive Computing, was coined around 1988 by Mark Weiser when he was heading the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC).Sentient Computing is another form of ubiquitous computing which involves using various kinds of sensors to sense the environment and react accordingly. All over the world, research institutions and universities are working on Ubicomp’s possibilities, bringing us more and more applications of everyday devices communicating with each other. With advancement in cloud computing, applications of ubiquitous computing got a real boost. Apple’s iCloud is a very basic implementation of ubiquitous computing which integrates all your Apple devices seamlessly and maintains unified data among all those devices.Intelligent devicesIntelligent devices are devices that have the ability to think, or simply put are “things that think”. These devices use a combination of technology, algorithms and embedded hardware to replicate what was once thought to be an activity exclusive to living beings with brains. Today, there are machines that can do your thinking for you. MIT Media Lab is working on this “Things that think” idea and aims at creating environments that enable this way of thinking. Whether it’s a simple device such as iLumi (an intelligent light bulb that can be operated via an Android app to create different lighting environments) or a device as complex as PETMAN (an anthropomorphic robot that can detect any chemical leaks in its costume – useful for testing chemical protection clothing), intelligent devices will soon be everywhere. This ultra-high level of intelligence in machines poses concerns of security and privacy.Internet of ThingsThe Internet of Things is a technology revolution that began just a few years ago. It’s gradually sneaking into our lives and will soon be a reality. Introduced by Kevin Ashton from Procter & Gamble in 1989, Internet of Things or IoT is a concept that involves connecting the internet to physical devices such as home appliances and manufacturing machines. With cloud computing and increasing access to fastspeed internet everywhere around the world, the Internet of Things will soon be more than just a concept. IOT is no more a discussion with platforms such as Cosm that allow data and devices to be connected in all new ways and OSes such as Contiki that are dedicated to developing apps that realise the concept.Your smartphone communicates with your chair about your sitting posture, with satellite receivers to know the right temperature and your cooking gas to know whether the dish you left to simmer on it is burning; in case of a fire hazard, it will communicate with the respective fire control agency in your zone. Businesses have realised the importance of IoT and there are consultancy firms already that specialise in helping you apply IoT at your organisation.Cyber physical systemsCyber physical systems form an important part of Internet of Things. These systems are backed by powerful computation and fast communication and aim at integrating the physical and cyber world into one. Cyber physical systems can be used for precision-based tasks such as in the implementation of robotic arms, exploration-based tasks in areas inaccessible to humans, creating and deploying energy efficient systems as well as for easing daily life activities.These systems have also found application in exploring outer space. Mars exploration rover, Curiousity employs an intelligent cyber physical system to automatically navigate the surface of Mars and changes its location according to lighting and weather conditions. Cyber physical systems are challenging to implement as they involve a combination of advanced hardware and software needs. These systems come across issues relating to privacy, security and flexibility due to their high level of complexity.Context-aware devicesContext awareness, in terms of computing, was introduced by Bill Schilit in 1994. Anind Dey from Carnegie Mellon University defines context as any information related to the situation of an object at an instant of time. Context awareness is an added layer of intelligence to ubiquitous computing and aims at making devices more aware of their surrounding environments.Context-aware devices provide ways by which businesses can understand their customers better by facilitating an observable context, knowledge about the world around and social values. Sensing is a crucial phenomenon associated with context awareness. Sensing can be external where visual tracking and location systems are used to collect context or internal wherein sensors are embedded within the user devices and generate context-rich information. Consider a scenario where a doctor has a device that senses its proximity to a particular patient and shows the patient records automatically, saving time for search and retrieval of such information. Or a device that automatically alerts you when it’s about to rain and covers your clothes drying in the sun by a shade using humidity sensors. Or a device that detects your mood and changes the lighting of your room accordingly. Great minds are somewhere working in a lab to make all this possible for you.Automatic contextual reconfigurationAutomatic Contextual Reconfiguration involves sensing the context and reacting in terms of either triggering a task or tweaking the settings of an existing system. Context-aware devices aim at imbibing a strong automatic contextual reconfiguration system. This phenomenon has a wide range of applications. Imagine how amazing it would be if your smartphone could sense when you’re entering a meeting room/ICU and automatically put your phone on silent mode.Context reconfiguration is also very handy in security systems such as an application that disables cameras on all devices in a No Photography Zone. Another usage of context reconfiguration is in manufacturing industries to regulate the operation of machines. One such application is in the paper and pulp industry, where the lime kilns need continuous manual monitoring and adjustment of temperature for higher productivity. With embedded temperature sensors that automatically regulate temperature inside the kiln, it’s possible to increase productivity and improve quality of the product by reducing manual intervention to check temperature.Organic computingOrganic Computing adds an extra layer to context awareness and aims at developing intelligent systems that have self-X properties and systems that react to both, changes in itself (endogenous) and changes in the outside world (exogenous). Self-X properties of such systems include self-optimisation, self-protection, self-healing, self-support, self-configuration etc. Such devices behave independent of manual intervention as they can and use machine learning algorithms to strengthen their properties. Examples include fault tolerant robots and vehicles that are sent to difficult terrains and outer space.These devices are engineered to react to new situations and reconfigure themselves accordingly. Boston Dynamics created a four-legged robot called Big Dog, which can take decisions while navigating terrains. Also, there’s a robot called Chembot which has shape shifting features which allow it inflate and deflate according to terrains it is navigating. Organic computing is alleged with ethical and security concerns stating that fact that such levels of self-X properties can lead to destructive intelligence.ApplicationsWith advancements in technology trends discussed in the previous sections, future of embedded systems will come with a lot of cool stuff in it’s bag. We discuss the applications of future embedded systems in different verticals below:Smart agricultureAgriculture is one of the primary fields that requires assistance of something awesome like Embedded systems. There are a lot of complexities involved in the process – a farmer has to understand the climatic conditions, sometimes predict the conditions and change the farming practices accordingly. The farming practices also change according the soil conditions of that specific plot and hence some computational assistance can help a lot.With this in mind, scientists have come up with what they call as Precision Farming/Precision Agriculture which basically optimises the whole farm management by maximising the output while keeping the input minimum. Precision Farming is presently being implemented in Kerala by Kerala Agricultural University (KAU) and International Centre for Free and Open Source Software (ICFOSS), where they are trying to setup a technology-assisted system named “Smart Agriculture” which would provide real-time data about the soil with the help of sensors to a cloud-based platform.This cloud platform would also take information from satellites and suggest farming practices accordingly after proper data interpretation. The system also aims at giving the farmers – market information, post-harvest advices and value addition options. This system in the far future also aims at removing the labour issues by setting up robotic farm equipments like sensor-based sprinklers that would do the farming practices that a labour generally does.Distributed Robotic GardenIn many major countries also, Precision farming has gained a lot of traction. In Holland, presently Driverless tractors are being developed using Real Time Kinematic and GPS. It is proven to be quite effective and cost efficient for large farmlands Researchers at MIT have setup a Distributed Robot Garden, which is a garden consisting of Tomato plants that are nurtured by Robots.The robots here water the plants, provide nutrients regularly studying the plants condition and harvest the tomatoes optimally. Each plant is equipped with sensors that update the robots about the plant’s status; the whole garden has sensors that give the map and respective positions of the plants to the robots and these robots move around and act according to the plant’s condition. Robots right now are able to predict the state of the fruit, as in, when it would ripe and be ready for harvest and when the plant would require the next round of nutrients. Presently, the garden is open for students to conduct research and make this system better and make it commercially usable by Farmers.Embedded systems can be also used to manage cattle in a better way. For ages now, managing cattle has been done with the help of fences that bind the cattle in a fixed area. However, this is very restrictive and these are physical fences and generally require a lot of money to be put up. Dr. Anderson (U.S. Dept. of Agriculture) came up with an idea of having virtual fences, instead of actually setting up real ones. This can be possible by using the Directional Virtual Fencing System, which works by equipping the cattle with a pair of GPS enabled headphones that gives the exact location of the cow to a central location.The system also gives information about the landscape pattern, as to where the grass is green and where not. So, the person monitoring the cow can give leverage to the distance the cow travels making the boundary more flexible and virtual. But, if the cow is going completely out of range, it’ss direction can be corrected – first by emitting a gentle noise, and then followed with a louder noise if the cow doesn’t listen, and finally a mild shock to reign in really naughty livestock.In future, this system would also maintain records of the health status of the cattle and also a record of the reactions of each cow to the stimulus given through the system.Intelligent transport systemsImagine transport systems that are smart enough to understand the situation they are in and act accordingly. Reminds you of some sci-fi movie from the 90s? Well, it’s not sci-fi anymore. Organisations such as Google, Audi and Toyota are into R&D of intelligent transport systems that can increase the safety and comfort of drivers and are in the plans of releasing them for commercial purposes in near future.New technologies are also used in Aeroplanes these days, which send data about how each component in the aircraft is doing to a central computer for better tracking and management.BigDog RobotAutonomous vehicles are designed to drive on their own by understanding their surrounding and act accordingly. Implemented with technologies like GPS, advanced Computer Vision, lidar; these vehicles can identify the correct paths and lanes in a city and navigate without colliding obstacles and follow proper traffic rules. BMW has been doing R&D since 2005 and is all set to release an autonomous vehicle in 2013- 2014. Google has already released some videos of the driverless car system that they have been working on since 2005 and has got some positive reviews.Autonomous vehicleThese autonomous vehicles are also equipped with Anti-Lock Braking System which are triggered when the vehicle is in a potentially dangerous situation. Inter- Vehicular Networks are being established which maintains communication between the vehicles. This reduces the risk of potential accidents, as generally accidents happen due to humans not being aware of road context like on “Blind Turns” and on “Steep roads”. So, the objective is to ultimately make a Context aware Information System (CAIS) which maintains information about the context of roads and paths. These systems will definitely help in the reduction of accident rates as the systems are aimed to have an increased reliability and lower reaction time when compared to humans.Institutions in India are also using Embedded systems to solve traffic related issues. Due to the increase in population and congestion and the increase in awareness about vehicular pollution, people now prefer public transport systems over driving their own vehicles especially in Metro cities.IIT Hyderabad is presently researching over a Smart Public Transport Notification System (SPTNS) which helps commuters in choosing buses and routes and notifies them with information such as the expected journey time and traffic jams on routes. Freerange Cooperative Ltd, a New Zealand-based cooperative is presently developing “InfroStructure:A transport Research Project” that basically is trying to explore how digital media technologies can change the way people use public transport systems. This system provides commuters with real-time information about the estimated travel time in the form of mobile games. For this system to work, the whole building has to be seamlessly integrated with new age digital technologies; hence, the floors and walls would consist of sensors and other kind of chips. This system also boasts of a “Shame Detection SubSystem” that helps the transport administration to find out who is travelling without a ticket. Anyone who is in the building without a ticket would be recognised with the help of Radio Frequency Identification Detectors on the floor and a red light will be flagged below the person!Future Intelligent Transport System ModelMIT is also developing a system named “CarTel” where cars and taxis act as ubiquitous mobile sensors, communicate with each other and avoid traffic hassles. Presently, maintaining traffic and road data is generally done by helicopters or updates from news; CarTel in a way would revolutionise this. It is presently implemented in some cars in Boston that help drivers avoid junctions with traffic and also alert them if there are any potential problems in the engine. CarTel also can maintain a database of where all the car traveled in a day which can be quite useful for taxi provider organisations.The Internet of Things can also improve the car-sharing systems that are provided by organisations such as ZipShare. But, presently these carsharing services are majorly organised around where the car owner lives and not where the car is majorly parked. Majority of the car owners park their cars in their office parking lots or may be in airports and if someone needs a ride from around that spot, the present car-sharing services won’t be able to identify that. But, with real-time motion sensors embedded in the car, it would be easier to track cars and also connect them to potential renters.Smart healthcare systemsHaving smart healthcare systems might be one of the most important applications of future embedded systems. It can revolutionise the way medication is done right now - Doctors can provide remote medication to people living in rural areas which is estimated to reduce more than 15 per cent of medical expenditure in the country and needless to mention the number of lives that would be saved.Recently, telemedicine has gained a lot of importance and is practically being implemented in countries like France, Spain. But, till now Telemedicine is done in a ‘store and forward’ process where the reports of the patient are sent to doctors who are far away and they advise medication based on the reports.Visi ArchitectureBut with the development of Remote Patient Monitoring, telemedicine will take a step forward. With advanced mobile technology, a doctor can monitor the status of a patient, get real-time reports on his/her medical status like Heart Rate, Blood Pressure. Even internal-body examinations can be done with the help of pill-shaped micro cameras that can travel inside the digestive system and can send images which helps in better diagnosis. One such system is ViSi Mobile that provides a complete solution to remote patient monitoring and is developed by Sotera Wireless.The next step to remote patient controlling is “remote patient coaching”. Aoyama Morikawa Lab of University of Tokyo is presently developing a wearable computing outfit called “e caching”, which provides coaching to the patients using them. The outfit first runs different tests on the body externally and takes reading and accordingly generates real-time coaching messages.Embedded systems are also used to create artificial human organs. Even though the thought of putting something artificial inside your body might seem a little scary, artificial organs have a lot of applications. Apart from the fact that they can be replaced if anybody-organ is malfunctioned, these artificial organs can be used to test drugs and medicine, which is presently done on animal organs.A lot of organisations are into research and development of artificial organs; a San-Diego based company already has a working “mini-liver” which almost functions like the real one.Smart architectureWith highly context aware and connected systems, Smart Homes have become a reality. These homes have electronic circuits and sensors embedded into their walls and floors and everywhere else and they allow you to operate your entire house from just a one point contact such as a smartphone/tablet app. These days many companies are working on assistive homes that can help elderly and disabled people lead a quality life without the help of institutional care. These homes are equipped with a set of wireless systems connected with central context aware systems for monitoring daily schedules of the elderly people and using machine learning algorithms to learn and recognise behavioral patterns.This enables such systems to detect abnormal activities and react to emergencies relating to medical conditions. Offices are also using the Embedded systems technologies. These days many organisations have Smart Offices that have floors with load sensing systems. These load sensing systems can detect any unusual load and notify the authorities.The concept of context aware devices is also used to design Green or Zero Net Energy Buildings (ZNEB). These buildings use intelligent energy management systems using a set of sensors and actuators such as heat sensors, light intensity sensors and magnetic door sensors. These systems automatically lower down your energy usages by detecting the context information such as whether a device is being used or not, whether you are in the room or not etc. One such model is being designed by General Electric.Personal assistantsFuture embedded systems will see a wide range of applications in the area of personal assistance devices. Google already is working on GLASS, a glass shaped head mounted display that is just a hands-free ubiquitous computer that lets you interact itself using voice commands such as “Glass, Where am I?” and “Glass, Take a picture”. Such devices act as smart and intelligent personal assistants. EMIEW 2 is an office assistant robot developed by Hitachi. It acts as your workmate and follows you voice instructions such as “follow me”. Whenever it sees an object, it takes its picture and compares it with an online database of images.Swiss scientists at the Artificial Lab of the University of Zurich are working on the most advanced humanoid personal assistant or service robot Roboy. Roboy is funded by a Kickstarter campaign and is a hugely anticipated robot.Accessibility applicationsFuturistic embedded systems facilitate numerous accessibility applications for navigating terrains that are rough and difficult to access. Scientists are working on swarm and insect size bots that can navigate vast areas and collect information quickly. At MIT media lab, researchers are working on a flying robot that is trained to track undersea objects such as whales and other marine organisms. Such robots can also be used to clean up toxic waste in chemical industries where it is harmful for human labor.Boston Dynamics created a robot called RHex, a six-legged robot with high mobility and ability to climb rock fields, sand, stairs, water, grass, and other difficult terrains etc. It has IR cameras that enable the operator to control it from far distances.Smart retailToday smart phones allow consumers to be connected to the brand and communicate with it in variety of ways. Today it has become imperative for consumer brands to understand the importance of Internet of Things concept and context awareness and apply them in business. With social media applications such as twitter and facebook, consumers stay connected to Brands all the time. Huggies launched an app called TweetPee that helps parents keep track of stock of diapers for their child and order online when needed. Using location meta -data, many brands are working on dynamic pricing of their products.With context aware systems, Brands can create competitive advantages that no other system can give them. The are certain billboards in Japan which instantly alter their displayed messages based on the profile of the consumer set looking at the billboard. This is made possible through image and video processing. Companies such as Tesco in South Korea are working on systems that will define the future of retail shopping.They created virtual stores with products integrated with QR (Quick Response) codes in subways where the busy Korean consumers could just use their smart phones to scan the product QR code and the product will be delivered to their doorstep.Security and defenseSince long, one major application and research area for embedded systems has been security and defense, and even in future some of the most promising developments will be seen in this area. On simple application, “Capture Resistant Environment” is being developed at UbiComp lab in University of Washington.This prevents unauthorised photography/videography by using projectors and cameras that make any such photo/video blurred. This enhances the security of areas which don’t allow photography. Complex embedded systems are used to develop high-end reliable devices for the use of military and defense department. US Marine Corps use a robotic system called Gladiator that can perform functions ranging from surveillance to assault and minimises the risk of marines in threat situations. Today governments are shifting from drones to small sized bots that can easily navigate. Recently, UK Ministry announced Black Hornet, world’s first “nano-sized” surveillance system which is a toy sized helicopter that can fly unmanned over an area for about 30 minutes on battery charge. US army is also working on the idea of combining a number of robot snakes to form a tentacle system that has the ability to operate like a human hand and can be used for life-threatening tasks such as Bomb Disposal.Careers in embedded systemsAfter 10-20 years, Embedded systems are going to be everywhere – On every floor, every wall, your coffee mug, public transports, cars, homes, offices, aeroplanes. Looking at the numerous possible applications it has and the awesome projects that are already in pipeline, it is safe to say that Embedded Systems will be one of the most sought after fields of study and hence would require a lot of talented minds.And it is also important to note that as an Embedded systems Engineer, one would be dealing with some of the most advanced and complicated technologies while working on systems that would revolutionise the way we look and feel this world. So, choosing this field as a career option now would be a smart option to people who always were interested in Electronics and Electrical Engineering.Study and pre-requisitesEmbedded systems is more like an amalgamation of almost all cool tech of today - Software Programming, Digital Electronics, Mobile Computing, Wearable Computing, Augmented Reality and hence would require a base knowledge of all the above mentioned fields, especially Digital Electronics.Top Universities around the globe including MIT, Carnegie Mellon, Stanford, Cornell, University of Tokyo, University of Cambridge provide both Undergraduate and Postgraduate courses on Embedded systems. In India, major technological institutions like IITs, NITs, and IIITs provide Post- Graduate courses on Embedded systems with a pre-requisite knowledge/ degree in Digital Electronics/ Electrical Engineering. These Institutions provide top-notch facilities, research laboratories and have a lot of on-going projects which can give a deep insight into the study of this field.A lot of Institutions also provide short-term Certification courses in Embedded systems such as Sastra University, University of pune, CDAC, IGNOU and a lot of training Institutions like Vector, Miracle Technologies and Thinklabs. But, these obviously lack the research facilities and environment as they are short term courses/certifications.SpecialisationsEven though Embedded Systems itself is a specialisation in Electronics/ Electrical Engineering, you can also work on your specific area of interest. Some of the options include Robotics, Automobiles, Mobile Technology, Wearable Computing, Augmented Reality. Although, there are no specialisation courses (like Embedded Systems in Robotics) in the above mentioned fields, one can do research/self-projects in these fields and quote it as their Area of interest and apply in the respective organisations.Career pathsUnlike the IT industry, the entry barriers in this field is quite high, due to the high level of expertise and experience required. Many of the current Embedded systems Engineers in India confess that the first major practical learning they had was in their first job. So, it is important that you end up in an organisation that has a work environment where you have the Opportunity to work on cutting edge technology. For this, you need to have an open mind to learn and be very passionate about technology and innovation. It is also needless to say that one has to be equipped with the right knowledge of both hardware and software, which is not that easy taking into account the variety of technology platforms in use. Some good research/self-projects while graduation might help students secure a better job opportunity.Embedded systems are used in almost every Industry today. Organisations varying from automobile manufacturing to mobile manufacturing need Embedded systems Engineers and Designers and it are hence fairly easy to switch between various companies and even industries.MIT Robot LabA fresh college graduate has options of generally ending up as an Embedded Systems Engineer with an average salary of Rs. 4,00,000 - Rs. 8,00,000 and has a similar growth curve as the Engineers in IT Industry – Engineers to Senior Engineers to Designers to Project Leads.Companies that majorly recruit Embedded systems Engineers are Samsung, LG, HCL, IBM, National Instruments, and Texas Instruments.These companies also facilitate cutting edge research labs. Many technology consulting firms like Persistent technologies also recruit Embedded systems Engineers at entry and senior levels.So if you are planning to pursue Embedded systems as your career, get geared up to be part of a team that is working on a cool pocket robot or a complex mars rover. The field has endless opportunities in terms of growth and research and as the parallel technologies such as wireless communication and Artificial Intelligence keep growing, Embedded Systems will witness a complete overhaul in coming years.For more information: Click Here