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America Britain and Russia all made errors during the war; that is to be expected in any war, and does not automatically imply anything else.Britain.Came to France with a BEF Force prepared to fight the 1914 18 war again, and not modernised nearly enough. out dated tanks, old equipment and a all round general lack of readiness contributed to a back ward galloping retreat to the Port of Dunkirk.And thousands of French soldiers being abandoned and left behind to be captured by the Nazis….not one of England’s “finest hours” was it……Britain nearly LOST 50 % of its entire fighting male strength, they all had to be rescued by fishing boats, yachts and every conceivable seaworthy craft then available.Winston Churchill, remembering his past as leader of the failed Allied expedition to Gallipoli in World War One, cooly said “wars are not won by evacuations”. But lessons were learned.The pre War “BRISTOL” Blenheim design was funded by a Private English newspaper magnate. though rapidly out classed by 1942, it was a good aircraft in its day.Lack of pre War enthusiasm for excellent Modern designs such as the prize winning RJ Mitchell Spitfire, and Privately Designed De Havilland Mosquito, and general Political “Dunder heading” by the Air ministry led to these designs initialy not being taken up or only in small numbers if at all. De Havilland had to secretly DEFY the “Air Ministry” and continue to build and perfect the “wooden wonder” in PRIVATE, illegally.Britains wonderful De Havilland mosquito had to be “illegally” developed in secret after Pre wartime “rejection by the Air Ministry” (!!!)It is well worth remembering that the Spitfire, the mosquito and the Bristol Blenheim, aircraft Britain actually HAD on the eve of war, were ALl “private” developed designs.Sometimes you really do wonder just whose side some of these Political personalities really were on !!! (Editors note AND TODAY TOO !)A general mockery Apathy, laughing stock “hes a idiot” approach towards Winston Churchills Dire warnings to England about Nazi Germany also tell a sad tale of lost time, wasted opportunity and feet dragging by “appeasement” Politicians. While it is true Neville Chamberlaine secretly ordered to begin re arming, it was too little too late; he should have done it very much earlier. on the eve of the Nazi german war, Britain took delivery of 30;000 tons of steel bought from France to build weapons of all kinds.Failing to change the Admiralty navy shipping codes was another failure point, Churchill had to directly intervene at the Admiralty to make the “sea lords” do something useful about changing a clearly COMPROMISED secret code. the German U boat menace very nearly starved the island into submission.Russia.Russia entered into a non aggression Treaty, a Pact with Hitler, and carved up a large slice of Poland for itself, with Hitler taking another large slice. the poles were furious.British “promises” to gallantly come to the aid of Poland were a false promise, a “promise de Gascoigne” a worthless useless hollow sham of a promise, and empty promise, and Hitler saw they were unable to do anything to intervene in Poland, and promptly invaded Poland, triggering World War two. But Stalin soon found out Herr Hitler NEVER kept a single promise he ever made to anyone, and he later invaded Russia. Comrade Stalin remained locked inside his office for several long days, in a state of utter shock and disbelief before emerging to start to fight back.Comrade Stalin was a great general and Leader of men, but his being caught completely unready by Herr “Huttler” left Soviet territory defence badly led and poorly co ordinated during those first essential few days he remained locked inside his office. it was with all greatness of respect, a “Mistake”.Previous experience against the FINNS during the “Winter War” had clearly showed Germany that Russia was a “paper Tiger” at that point in time, with badly motivated troops and out of date lumbering old slow tanks; FINNS had used the “SUOMI” a sort of FINNISH design similar to the later Russian PPSH Sub machine gun in highly effective infantry tactics against the Russians who withdrew.The Suomi KP/-31 (Suomi-konepistooli or "Finland-submachine gun", literally: "Finland Machine-pistol") is a SMG or Sub machine gun. (SMG) of Finnish design that was mainly used during World War Two. It is a descendant of the M-22 prototype and the KP/-26 production model, which was revealed to the public in 1925. The Suomi-konepistooli KP/-31 is often abbreviated to Suomi KP.Brilliant FINNISH Army tactics made maximal effect of “squads” which used these machine guns. Russia copied this in the Great patriotic War” against Germany.Below. Soviet PPSH Sub machine gun.he PPSh-41 (pistolet-pulemyot Shpagina; In Cyrillic Russian language writing : Пистолет-пулемёт Шпагина; "Shpagin machine pistol") is a Soviet Russian Sub machine Gun designed by Georgy Shpagin as a cheap, reliable, and simplified alternative to the PPD-40. Common nickname is "papasha" (Russian :папаша), meaning "daddy".The PPSh is a magazine-fed selective fire submachine gun using an open bolt blow back action . Made largely of steel stampings it can be loaded with either a box or drum magazine and fires the 7.62×25mm Tokarev pistol round.The PPSh saw extensive combat use during World War two, and Korea in the post war years. It was one of the major infantry weapons of the Soviet armies during World War II. Around six million PPSh-41s were manufactured. In the form of the Chinese Type 50 (licensed copy), it was still being used by the Viet Cong as late as 1970. According to the 2002 edition of the Encyclopedia of Weapons of World War II the PPSh was still in use with Mercenaries.I owned a Deactivated 1943 Russian PPSH in my own personal collection for several years. Slightly heavy, but I consider it a fine weapon.Hitler had been watching all of this and taking notes….He knew Russia was big, but NOT ready to repel his forces in the early war years. So he planned to strike fast, and “smash Russia in Six weeks”….Hitler’s crackpot but highly audacious and dangerous scheme to conquer the U.S.S.R in Six weeks must therefore be understood better against this background.AmericaT he United States had no enthusiasm for entering the German European War. Arms “for sale” were offered however to help Britain. And then Japan suddenly and violently attacked the American US navy pacific fleet at pearl harbour, sinking a large part of it with great loss of life.Australian and British spies had long given the United States warning of the new emerging Japanese Aerial superiority, of its many rapid, very fast fighter and bomber types of aeroplane being developed in Japan. but old out date thinking was allowed to prevail, no body seriously believed that the danger from the skies from aircraft sinking a surface fleet really existed for “real”.IT DID!!!!!!*(In fact a young Isoroku Yamamotto discussed the possibility of a aerial force attacking and sinking a surface fleet when he was at school in England with a fellow American student !!!) many years before this.)*American failure to listen to allied Intelligence warnings about Japanese aerial superiority cost them the US Fleet in the pacific. It nearly cost them the entire war.This utter humiliation of American prestige led America to declare war on imperial Japan. Japan also attacked and bombed Australia, and American Command, NOT British Colonial Command (General mc Arthur of Far East or Pacific Command) were invited by the Australian Government to make their Military strategic Headquarters there, in Australia; Australia had by now seen and witnessed British Colonial Commanders incompetence, especially following the loss of Burma, and Singapore, and did not want to “be next”.Above. Japanese soldiers marching into WUHAN China in WW2.Germany Japan and Italy and other smaller countries* had formed an “Axis of Evil”, the AXIS powers all had agreed to come to the aid of the others if they got attacked.And because America declared war on the Empire of Japan, Herr Hitler immediately came to the aid of his Japanese AXIS “tri partite tractate” Political partner, and declared “War on America”.America then supplied under “The Fourth Protocol” (lend Lease) to Soviet Russia and to Britain, thousands on thousands of weapons, bullets, thousands of GM Trucks, Liberty ships, Aeroplanes, tanks and finally American Soldiers , Aerial round the clock daytime USAAF bombing of German Industry, and landing craft to invade Europe and Liberate it from the Nazis.But for several long lonely years, Britain was forced to fight entirely on is own, until Axis of Evil partner of Hitler and Mussolini, Imperial Japan attacked the United States. Meanwhile, British commandos regularly attacked and raided German Installations in France and Norway.British Wartime Commando raiders Memorial, near Lochaber region in Scotland. Dedicated to ALL who trained there. By the end of the war 25,000 men had passed through the Commando course at a place called in Gaelic, Achnacarry. This total includes not only the British volunteers, but volunteers from Greece, France, Belgium, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, and the United States Army rangers, , which were modelled on the Commandos.Above. Commandos in WW2.British SOE Agents , many of who were female, got parachuted into enemy occupied France and Yugoslavia, to give help and equipment to the French partisans, and with support from Free Fighting French, “Free Dutch navy” (Dutch navy escapees), and Polish pilots.Above. Polish Spies in action against Germans in Europe during the war time. Poland had a secure spy network.Below. Memorial in Cambridgeshire at AUDLEY END HOUSE of the Wartime Polish Agents who trained there in the SOE. A Polish agent was integral to SOE's Operation Foxley, the plan to assassinate Hitler.British planes flew on raids over Europe and Nazi Germany, bombing Berlin, and English cities got flattened by German bombs in the Blitz.And British forces attacked and fought against the German Afrika Korps in North Afrika.Indian and Commonwealth troops from new Zealand and Australia did greatly help, but American intervention Directly in the Nazi German war did not happen (in W .Europe*) until the Invasion of Normandie in June 1944, (and Pacific “island hopping campaign” against Japan in Asia..)Polite Note. My other articles refer and mention American landings in Italy Tunisia Morocco and North (VICHY French) Afrika separately as they are beyond the scope of this article subject today).Many persons see “America” as being their personal saviour, but the United States came “late” to the war against the Nazis. But it should firmly be remembered, that if Britain had not survived for several years ALONE fighting the Nazis, there would have been NO country FREE to stage the Invasion and liberation of from. No “stepping stone” into France and Germany in 1944.A lot of people talk about America winning the war. It did, but NOT first or worst or hardest in terms of hardship, personal sacrifice or stoic Determination to “stand fast” and hold the position against all comers”. Britain, and ONLY England did that.Wartime English Poster showing Unity of all against the Nazis.And the mistake made by British War Cabinet, that murdered and sacrificed for cynical political purposes, 4;000 Canadian soldiers at DIEPPE in 1942, left Soviet Russia to do the dirty killing work and the “mauling” of the Nazi juggernaut, for several long further years, before the final invasion by the Allies at Normandie in 1944. Failure to open the second attack front in Europe in 1942, as many British civilians and also Stalin’s Russia had hoped, led to a great pro longing of the Jewish Exterminations and massacres of civilians by Nazis in Europe. it also allowed for the Germans to develop their own Anglo Japanese Atomic weapons, and the submarines and planes to use them. Millions more civilian lives were un -doubtedly lost because the British war cabinet resolved to allow the “Second front Dieppe” raid to fail, cynically providing them with a means to shut up and “appease” an angry British public at home, and to DELAY the invasion of France by several years, to their advantage.This delay allowed the dreadful Vengeance weapons to be put in operation, the first intercontinental ballistic missiles, or “Agregat 4” type V2 Rockets.Above. The Nazi and Japanese Axis of Evil Developed Germ Warfare Rockets and Nuclear weapons.Delaying opening the second front against Germany gave Hitler precious gift of time to perfect and then test Fire, Detonate, Evil Weapons of mass Destruction.In Italy, the Nazis flooded a River marsh, and carried out the first documented germ warfare experiment, by contaminating Fleas with Diseases which then rapidly spread to humans, killing even the lives of Italian civilians who were supposed to be on their side at the time !!The putrefactive and Disease bacteria were destined, intended, to be placed inside special V 2 Rockets fired and launched from the Island of ALDERNEY, just sixty miles from English cities and land. Had the Nazis scheme succeeded, we would not be here today…..Japan also developed killer Disease weapons, and Unit 731 in Manchuria (Manchukuo) developed and tested them on Chinese civilians….How “much time” did the cynical British war cabinet think everybody, including the rest of the world all had left? !!In Ardennes area Forest, Germany tested the first Atomic bomb in Winter 1944. railway wagons found in Antwerp , a Belgium port captured from the Nazis, were discovered to be filed with weapons enriched Uranium !!!!Also German Jet fighter propulsion came dangerously close to turning the tide of the war, but for Hitler’s insistence on the ME 262 first being developed and used as a bomber and not as a fighter, ensuring it arrived too little too late.Many express a view that leaving Hitler in charge of Germanys war effort (and not having him assassinated) was the best way to ruin the war for Germany; I do NOT necessarily agree; There are other, more Humanitarian and human considerations, that the delay to the invasion in 1944 led to the suffering and deaths of Millions more people, killed in the Nazi Extermination Death camps and Reprisals against pro longed continued partisan resistance attacks on the Germans.Right until the final weeks of the war, lives were exterminated by the Germans, including ANN FRANK the Jewish girl who kept her diary, handed down to all posterity as a true Holocaust proving story, and a warning from history of what should happen, if politicians should fail or go bad.Politicians always make other peoples lives pay for their “mistakes”. they have the best of both worlds, fine houses and fine dinners and fancy women…but all that “butter” is paid for with your flesh and your childrens life blood…Cynical “murdering” lieing Politicians “need us we do NOT need them”.Ann Frank was for innocent people then, what Greta Thornberg is for people today.“Jesus said Truly I say unto you, unless you become as small children, you cannot enter the Kingdom of the Heavens”. Why is it that ONLY young children can SEE what “us clever (stupid!) adults refuse to see???Poor Leadership by LYING Politicians, was perhaps the very worst enemy “within” in the war years. As it is with facing climate and other Political ills today, including the return of the Neo Nazi Extreme Right again. Nazi hatred, Xenophobia, attacks on “Foreigners” (term used advisedley !) racism Antesemitisme has again returned not only to Europe, but also it has contaminated, thanks to a secret Nazi network, much of England’s Society too.The young people are correct, AND WE MUST LISTEN TO THEM !!!!!!! Before it is too late.Technical Footnote.Warning nerdy technical details and short form Aircraft Development stories. You can skip this section if you want too; I included it as an after thought, kindly prompted by Feed-back Comment of a Constructive and Positive Nature.Development of the featured 3 British Fighter and Bomber RAF Aircraft pre and Early War types. Does NOT Cover all the MANY later Royal Air Force types.Development of the Spitfire. the “Supermarine” company began development of the Type 300 in 1934, as a privately developed non mass production version, the entry into this actual venture following the unsuccessful Type 224 prototype. Chief designer R. J. Mitchell and his team took the Type 224 as their starting point and continued to draw on their experience with the Schneider Trophy seaplanes.Only one prototype was made, receiving the Military Flight number K5054. Following its first flight on 5 March 1936, pilot Mutt Summers made his famous but oft-misunderstood remark, "I don't want anything touched!" Its outstanding looks and performance caused a significant stir wherever it appeared. The aircraft underwent progressive modifications throughout its life, eventually being converted to near-production standard. It crash-landed several times, finally crashing fatally and being written off just as the German Nazi War in Europe was breaking out.Several replicas have been built, including a static one as a memorial to Mitchell. At least one is flyable.Prototype constructionConstruction on K5054 started in December 1934, although the design continued to evolve during the early stages of build, with the prototype gaining an oval rear fuselage, slightly reduced wing span and rear vision cockpit glazing behind the sliding canopy.[8] Like many prototypes of mass-production designs, the first Type 300 had to be largely hand-built and although its general structure followed that of the proposed production design, its details differed in many ways.The Merlin engine was still under development when the airframe was finished. The engine fitted for initial trials was a prototype Merlin C 990 hp (738 kW), with six stub exhaust ports just protruding from each side, driving an Aero-Products "Watts" two-bladed, wooden fixed-Pitched propeller.In November 1934, Mitchell started detailed design work.On 1 December the Air Ministry issued contract AM 361140/34, providing £10,000 for the construction of a single prototype.DE HAVILLAND MOSQUITO DEVELOPMENT.The de Havilland Mosquito was the most versatile aircraft of the Second World war hostilities, serving as a pure bomber, with a bomb load of 4,000lb, a fighter bomber, a Night Fighter and a high flying photo reconnaissance picture taking Aircraft. When it first appeared it was the fastest aircraft yet to enter RAF service. All this in a wooden aircraft, developed despite severe reservations amongst the RAF hierarchy.n 1936 the Air Ministry had issued specification P.13/36, for a twin engine’d medium bomber capable of carrying 1000lb of bombs 1000 miles at 15,000 feet at a cruising speed of 275mph. De Havilland was one of several companies to make a submission. Their aircraft could carry 4,000lb of bombs for 1,500 miles but only at 260 mph. One result of this work was that de Havilland became convinced that all current attempts to design this fast bomber were using too large a fuselage.While their bomber proposals were meeting with failure, de Havilland was working on other projects that would play a part in the success of the Mosquito. The D.H. 88 Comet was a two engine’d racing plane, built from spruce and plywood. It was designed for, and won, the 1934 Mac Robertson Air Race. The DH 91 or “ALBATROSS” was a streamlined four engine’d transport and passenger plane, designed in 1936, and also built from wood.The experience de Havilland gained on these two aircraft convinced them that a small streamlined wooden twin engine’d aircraft could be made fast enough to evade any potential fighter opposition. Wooden construction would also have the advantage of using a non-strategic material – one that could be acquired easily by Britain – and using the skills of the large number of wooden furniture makers to be found in Britain.This was highly beneficial, for war stretched resources in Britain, so it maximized use of pre existing tooling’s and factories, speeded up production, and avoided costly re investments (and associated delays) into new factory facilities to make the wooden component parts. It comparative ease of manufacture using existing infrastructure inside England greatly contributed to the success story of this wonderful Aircraft.De Havilland submitted two similar design proposals to the Air Ministry in September 1939. Project D.H. 98 was selected for further work, and on 12 December 1939 de Havilland were commissioned to produce a prototype. Specification B.1/40 was produced to describe the new aircraft. Things had moved on dramatically from 1936 just THREE years before war broke out with Nazi Germany over Poland; and when the Air ministry had flatly rejected the De Havilland Wooden aircraft proposals.So finaly, the “Wooden Wonder born in 1939, the year the war came, was as much a child of necessity and war as a elegant design well ahead of others of the era in Aviation quality, speed and versatility of service.BRISTOL BLENHEIM.Lord Rothermere the Newspaper millionaire.Genesis of the Design.In early 1934, Millionaire printer Lord Rothermere , owner of the Daily mail newspaper, challenged the British aviation industry to build a high-speed aircraft capable of carrying six passengers and two crew members – he referred to the ambition as seeking "the fastest commercial aeroplane in Europe, if not the world". At the time, German firms were producing a variety of record-breaking high-speed designs, such as the single-engined heinkel HE 70 Transatlantic mail plane, and Rothermere wanted to recapture the title of fastest civilian aircraft, as well as to purchase such an aircraft himself. Rothermere also intended to encourage businesses and key figures to make greater use of civil aviation, and to demonstrate to the British British Air Ministry how their fighter aircraft may not be able to match modern transport aircraft, which may be easily converted to, or used as the basis for, a bomber aircraft.Since July 1933, Mr Frank Branwell , Bristol's chief designer, had been working on a small twin-engine low-wing Monoplane design, initially intended to be powered by the sleeve vavled bristol AQUILA aero engine designated as the Type 135.] Rothermere became aware of Bristol's proposal and, in response to his inquiry, on 3 March 1934, Barnwell issued him with a quote of the specification and performance statistics of the design, including an estimated top speed of 240 mph at an altitude of 6,500 feet. By this point, proposed use of the Aquila engine had been shelved in favour of the supercharger equipped, poppet-valve Bristol Mercury engine. Deeming it suitable for the issued challenge, the design of Type 135 was further adapted to produce the Type 142 in order to meet the requirements outlined by Rothermere In late March 1934, Rothermere placed an order for a single Type 142 aircraft, under which he paid for half of the estimated £18,500 cost up front and the remainder upon the aircraft's first flight in the following year.The first production Type 142M with the Military in flight registration airframe number K7033, which served as the only initial prototype and made its first flight in June 1936.On 12 April 1935, the Type 142, which had been given the name Britain First, conducted its first ever flight from Filton Airfield very near the City of Bristol, , in the English county of Southern Gloucestershire, Flight tests soon proved that the aircraft was in fact faster than any fighter in service with the Royal Air Force at the time, having demonstrated a top speed of 307 mph. Rothermere presented the aircraft to the nation for a formal evaluation at a potential bomber. By June 1935, the Air Ministry had become interested in the project due to its high performance. On 9 July 1935, a design conference was held by Bristol at the ministry's request into the question of converting the Type 142 into a suitable medium bomber.Based upon talks from the conference, the Air Ministry quickly formalised Specified as b 28 : 35 for prototypes of a bomber version; the Type 142M (M for military).Therefore, ALL THREE started out as entirely private funded projects, before finally getting any Green light or grant of order from the Air Ministry.