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When the Ottomans conquered a new area, they did not deem necessary to change the name of the cities. The most obvious example is Constantinople. The city’s name was changed only in 1930s. Still, those cities were Turkified not through a name but through implementing their own system especially where they settled Turkish populations.The Ottomans put religion at the center of social life. So when a new city was conquered or a new settlement was established, the first thing to do was either to turn an existing religious building (a church maybe) into a mosque or to build a new one. For Istanbul, this was Hagia Sophia.Every city needs facilities where social and economic activities kept going. So the next thing for a new Ottoman city would be to establish city centers. Facilities such as public baths, schools, hospitals, soup kitchens (imarets), libraries, and so on were built.However, in order for these social facilities to work, sustainable income was required. This meant either the central authority would have to set money aside in their budget or they would build covered markets called Bedesten and would transfer their ownership to charity foundations to be able to meet the needs of social areas with their revenues. Bedesten was the central building of the commercial part of a town and consisted several stores. These stores were rented to artisans and craftsmen.Bedesten in Thessaloniki, Greece:Bedesten in Serres, Greece is now used as an archeological museum.Bedesten in Yambol, Bulgaria:Bedesten in Bosnia and Herzogovina:As for Istanbul, this bedesten was the Grand Bazaar. The construction of the Grand Bazaar started in 1450s. During the first stage, 1114 stores were donated to the Hagia Sofia Foundation by Mehmet II himself and the Ottomans also encouraged wealthy to do the same to keep social facilities working. These foundations gave free public services, supervised repair and maintenance of facilities, provided the salaries of the workers such as imams, teachers, doctors, surgeons, pharmacists, gatekeepers, cooks, and so on. Additionally, they sometimes even provided scholarships.This system had obvious advantages:It was sustainable.It liberated the State from the burden of providing these services.The most valuable annuity of the city still went to public services.It did not allow unfair build up of wealth by people who may cause trouble later using monetary power and influence.It supported a stronger central authority.People who had the same profession used to have their shops on the same street, which would usually go by the name of that craft. Each artisan group or profession would form their guild (lonja). They would also pay their taxes as a guild not as individuals. Guilds in every city, which worked as NGOs, would handle matters such as electing their chiefs, opening new stores, raising apprentices, installing standardizations for their crafts, and so on. City centers were places where people from different etnicities and religions came together. The rules of the trade and taxes were the same for every citizen of the empire regardless of their background.As for settlements, Ottoman residential areas were divided into neighborhoods, which were distinguished from each other by religion, etnicity or even language of their residents. The Ottomans kept records in detail (tahrir defterleri) of how many neighbourhoods —per ethnic or religious group such as Muslim, Greek, Armenian, Jewish, Serbian, Croatian —were established in each town since most taxes were collected not individually but as neighbourhood.Most neighbourhoods were founded around a small religious facility (i.e.,mosque, church, synagogue) and their imam or priest considered to be the chief of their neighbourhood. Residents had the right to choose or depose their tax collector or imam —they only had to register their decision with one of the Ottoman courts. They also had the right to expel someone whom they didn’t see fit in their community by again applying to the Ottoman courts.The transportation system in Ottoman cities showed two characteristics. Main roads, which connected important places, were wide and well-organized. They were used by everybody and allowed transit pass of caravans, traders, the army, or pilgrims. Side roads, which connected neighborhoods to the main roads, were narrow and only used by residents, and did not allow transit pass. They often had dead-ends. Since the residents of neighbourhood easily spotted any outsider, it contributed to the sense of security for people.So, in short, this is what the Ottomans did after conquering new areas or founding new settlements: implementing urban institutions.These social, economical and physical approach of urbanism in the Ottoman Empire was simple, efficient, easy to control, sustainable and pragmatic. It made it possible to bring people of different ethnicities and religions together in a city while allowing each group to preserve their own culture.

Because government want to built planned city.Gandhinagar got an identity of its own when the state of Mumbai was divided into two separate states of Gujarat and Maharashtra.In the beginning, Ahmedabad - a commercial hub of Gujarat was chosen as the state capital and it was proposed that a new capital should be constructed along the line of other new state capitals, particularly Chandigarh. Therefore two well-known Indian architects, H.K. Mewada and Prakash M. Apte (who worked as beginner for the Chandigarh city) designed the new state capital.Named after Gandhi because Gujarat was the birthplace of Mahatma Gandhi.Thirty sectors, into which the city has been divided, stretch around the central Government complex. Each sector has its own shopping and community center, primary school, health center, government and private housing.There is a provision for of parks, extensive planting and a recreational area along the river giving the city a green garden-city atmosphere.Gandhinagar's streets are numbered, and have cross streets named for letters of the Gujarati alphabet (e.g., "k", "kh", "g", "gh", "ch", "chh", "j"). All streets cross every kilometre, and at every crossing traffic circles decrease the speed of traffic.

The NDA led by Narendra Modi came to power in 2014 with a promise to change the polity in India. BJP has emerged as the major political party and has been given two consecutive majority mandates by the people of India. BJP has taken many decisions that were untouched and considered to be too controversial to be handled. Many past policies that were left on paper were implemented by the BJP.Though I endorse BJP currently and feel ideologically closest to the party, I don't consider myself a staunch supporter and won’t mind voting for any other party that convinces me about their will to work for India.I’ll try to be as neutral as possible and I apologize for any unintentional bias.The initiatives by the BJP government that I feel would make a better future for the Indian youth are:Swachh Bharat Mission and Toilets.Image: PM Modi launched Swachh Bharat Abhiyaan on Oct 2, 2014.Wielding a broom, Modi took to the streets on Gandhi Jayanti to launch the Swacch Bharath (Clean India) mission in 2014. Cleanliness and waste management have been major issues plaguing both cities and villages across the country. Swacch Bharath made each citizen responsible for cleaning streets and neighborhoods. The initiative was welcomed by the public and small neighborhoods created history by cleaning their surroundings. Leaders and people's representatives of the areas led the mission at the local level.Along with Swacch Bharath, India launched the 'open defecation free' mission and intensified the construction of toilets in each household. The government publicized the importance of sanitation and raised funds for the construction of toilets. For this purpose, the government introduced Swachh Bharath Cess, which added to the service tax income.The result being, So far, 27 states and 5.5 lakh villages have been declared open defecation free (ODF).Source: Swachh Bharat proved highly cost-beneficial with benefits related to healthHow Swachh Bharat toilets save costsMake in India, FDI, Startup India & Mudra Yojna.Brand India got a boost under Modi's rule. He launched the lucrative 'Make in India' project to attract global investment in India. The government also liberalized Foreign Direct Investment in 25 sectors. The result being:-The forex reserves have reached the peak and still growing at a fast pace. The international community has seriously considered India to be a top contender for future business operations.Source: Forex reserves at a fresh peak, rise by $7.77 billionAlso, This resulted in a rise in India's rankings in the 'ease of doing business' of the World Bank, the World Economic Forum's 'Global Competitiveness Index' and the 'Logistics Performance Index'. The move also helped India's other projects - Bharatmala, Sagarmala, Dedicated Freight Corridors, Industrial corridors, UDAN-RCS, Bharat Broadband Network, and Digital India.Source: Ease of Doing Business India Rank: India jumps 14 places to 63rd in ease of doing business rankings.Global giants, though skeptical, set up manufacturing units in India. Samsung spearheaded the move with the establishment of its largest production unit in Gujarat.The government encouraged young entrepreneurs to propose new ideas with government help. The government initiated a flagship program 'Startup India', which aimed to grow startups in the country. The government eased norms to start businesses, set up incubation centers, and made tax exemptions available to those trying to establish startups. Around 40,000 startups were recognized under the project. The aim was to turn job seekers into job creators. The Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana is another initiative of the Modi government. Under Mudra Yojana, small-scale enterprises get 100 percent of funds to start businesses with relaxed terms. The establishment of small and micro enterprises has created jobs in both rural and urban India.Source: Startup India: Govt recognized startups jump 57% under PM Modi’s pet scheme; tally nears 40,000Jan Dhan Yojana and Ujjwal Yojana.In an attempt to bring the majority of the country into the formal economy, the Modi government provided zero-balance bank accounts.Was it successful?Yes!Source: Over 80% of Indians now have bank accounts.Facilities like the direct transfer of subsidies and pensions to rightful beneficiaries were made available. This project also made people economically self-sufficient and helped root out middlemen who preyed on citizens. A total of 132 million new accounts were opened.Under the Pradhan Mantri Ujjwal Yojna, more than five crore BPL households got cooking fuel connections for a nominal amount of Rs 1,600. The connections were issued in the names of the women in the households, which aimed to empower women by transferring the subsidy amount to their bank accounts. At the same time, the government also urged affluent people to give up the subsidies so as to strengthen BPL households.Affordable HealthcareA slew of measures and schemes have been launched in the healthcare sector to provide the economically backward section of society with the benefit of modern healthcare.The National Health Protection Scheme, also known as Ayushman Bharat, aims to provide a Rs 5-lakh medical insurance cover to 50-crore low-income citizens. Annually, Rs 10,000 crore is the budget estimate of the scheme being touted as the biggest universal medical care program in the world. The government also took steps to reduce the prices of thousands of essential drugs. Also, the number of Jan Aushadhi outlets and generic medicines sold in the outlets have shot up under the Modi government.Source: Ayushman Bharat: Beneficiaries save Rs 30,000 crores in two years of PMJAYImplementation of GST.Although there was a lot of confusion in the beginning, the government streamlined the slabs and methods of paying the Goods and Service Tax. The government established the GST Council to conduct a periodical review of the effectiveness of the tax regime and to take measures for its meaningful implementation.The bill for a single tax all over the country was stuck in Parliament for years but could not be passed due to several hurdles. After continuous consultations with all stakeholders, the Modi government passed the GST bill and brought it into effect.There were now common prices for commodities all over the country, irrespective of changes in the manufacturing and selling regions.Source: 2 years of GST: Hits, misses, and future.Expansion of electricity and roads.Rural electrification gained momentum under the Modi government with a large number of villages getting connected to the electricity grid. Likewise, the speed of road construction has also increased. Now, 40 km of new roads are constructed each day, which is more than double the number under the previous government (17 km). Several isolated areas in the country have now become accessible.Source: Rural road building picked up speed under NDADigital IndiaWith the number of internet users in India growing by leaps and bounds, the Modi government encouraged growth by launching the Digital India program. The introduction of low-cost internet services has made the internet easily accessible to nearly 500 million users. The Modi government pushed the digital initiative by launching various applications and websites to serve citizens. United Payment Interface and card scheme RuPay have spurred the growth of online transactions in the country.Source: Internet users in India: For the first time, India has more rural net users than urban | India Business News - Times of IndiaThese are a few initiatives by the BJP government that I believe are necessary and would play a major role in shaping the future of India. I hope you liked my answer and I apologize for any unintentional error and edits, opinions are welcome.Jay Hind!Thanks for reading.