Patch Assessment: Fill & Download for Free

I was a US citizen living in England a couple years ago, and found myself in this exact position. Well, not exactly this one—-instead of a broken leg, I found myself lying in a pool of blood after a metal sign fell and landed between my eyes.I had no idea at the time whether I’d be billed for Emergency services, and even in the moments of panic and pain the question did actually cross my mind. But I also felt like I was about to lose consciousness, and wasn’t sure how bad the damage really was, so I suppressed my cheapskate genes long enough to call 999 and request help.Ten minutes later a young lad shows up with his medical gear and comes inside to assess the situation. Fortunately for me, the extent of the damage was pretty mild… only a minor concussion… so he was able to patch me up pretty quickly. He asked for my NHS number. I said, “I’m a slimy American, sir, I have no such number.” And with that, the technician smiled, departed my house, and I never received an invoice for services rendered. To this American… that’s pretty unfathomable… but also very much appreciated.

A .22 bullet puncturing the hull would result in an initial force of 3.5 Newtons (0.8 lbs force) and a flow rate of 0.009 kg/sec (0.02 lbs mass/sec) of cabin atmosphere escaping the vehicle.That's actually not that immediately dramatic. After about 45 minutes, the Russian software will annunciate a Rapid Depress Emergency alarm. If for some reason that software didn't work properly, the pressure drop will hit the US software limits about 15 minutes later. Individual crew members may or may not have noticed a popping in their ears and manually annunciated the alarm, earlier.Once that alarm goes live, the following steps will be taken by the crew:1. Execute Common Emergency Response2. Determine Reserve Time3. Evaluate Soyuz integrity4. Establish leaking segment5. Establish/isolate leaking module6. Pinpoint and repair leak (if applicable)The initial response is for the entire crew to gather at a specific place (varies depending on docked visiting vehicles, but the MRM1 module is an example).They then determine the Reserve Time (Tres). Tres is the time left before the station reaches minimum habitable pressure (490 mmHg or 9.5 psia). Below that level the crew must be isolated in the Soyuz.If there is sufficient reserve time, the first priority is to assess the Soyuz vehicles to ensure the leak is not within either Soyuz. Once that is done they close a hatch between the US and Russian segments (ensuring all crew are on the same side of the hatch as the Soyuz). This allows them to determine if the leak is in the US or Russian Segment.From there they can go module by module to determine the leaking module. Modules are often tested by seeing whether or not the hatch self-seals. It won't if there is a leak in a module. They must, at all times, maintain an open path to their escape vehicles.Once the module is determined they can use an ultrasonic leak detector to find the precise location. If the hole is small enough and the Tres high enough, they can then use a patch repair kit to patch the hole.Once the leak (puncture) is found, there are a few different types of patches to choose from, depending on the affected surface. In general, the patch has an o-ring to create an initial seal and then adhesive can be injected to make the seal permanent.There is also kit for external repair for when the interior of the pressure vessel is inaccessible. That kit is called KERMIt

The Cognitive Reflection Test (CRT) is the world’s shortest adult (16+) intelligence test.Questions: 3Duration: 5 minutesType: Intelligence TestAuthors: Shane FrederickPublishing year: 2005Seminal Paper: Cognitive Reflection and Decision MakingTaking the testThe test has 3 questions.ScoringScoring range: 0–3Threshold score: 283% of people missed at least one of the questions.Frederick gave the CRT to students at nine American colleges, and the results track pretty closely with how students from those colleges would rank on more traditional intelligence tests.Students from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology—perhaps the brainiest college in the world—averaged 2.18 correct answers out of three. Students at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, another extraordinarily elite institution, averaged 1.51 right answers out of three. Harvard students scored 1.43; the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1.18; and the University of Toledo 0.57. ~ from David and Goliath by Malcolm Gladwell.ValidityHow reliable, accurate, valid, and up to date is the test?The CRT is an attractive test: it involves only three items and can be administered in a minute or two, yet its predictive validity equals or exceeds other cognitive tests that involve up to 215 items and take up to 31⁄2 hours to complete (or which involve self-reports that cannot be readily verified).Answers(1) 5 cents (not 10)(2) 5 minutes (not 100)(3) 47 days (not 24)Extra explanation(1) A bat and a ball cost $1.10 in total. The bat costs $1.00 more than the ball. How much does the ball cost? _____ centsSay the ball costs X. Then the bat costs $1 more, so it is X + 1. So we have bat + ball = X + (X + 1) = 1.1 because together they cost $1.10. This means 2X + 1 = 1.1, then 2X = 0.1, so X = 0.05. This means the ball costs 5 cents and the bat costs $1.05(2) If it takes 5 machines 5 minutes to make 5 widgets, how long would it take 100 machines to make 100 widgets? _____ minutesIf it takes 5 machines 5 minutes to make 5 widgets, then it takes 1 machine 5 minutes to make 1 widget (each machine is making a widget in 5 minutes). If we have 100 machines working together, then each can make a widget in 5 minutes. So there will be 100 widgets in 5 minutes.(3) In a lake, there is a patch of lily pads. Every day, the patch doubles in size. If it takes 48 days for the patch to cover the entire lake, how long would it take for the patch to cover half of the lake? _____ daysEvery day FORWARD the patch doubles in size. So every day BACKWARDS means the patch halves in size. So on day 47, the lake is half full.DiscussionThe CRT is a quick screen to assess intelligence in adults for assessments as it is highly validated. The things to keep in mind are:1. Has the person seen the test before (the ball/bat question is often shared on social media)2. Men score higher than women3. A person with dyscalculia will be at a disadvantage with this test even if they are bright.4. It measures your ability to understand when something is more complex than it appears—to move past impulsive answers to deeper, analytic judgments.