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The problem of code duplication has been talked about for decades. Functions exist at least in part to reduce code duplication. In Kent Beck’s Rules of Simple Design gives some good guidance. Paraphrasing Kent:Code passes its tests - The code must work. It helps no one if it does not workCode expresses intentCode contains no duplicationFewest classes and methods — Code does not have extra structure for anticipated featuresThese rules are applied in order. Notice that code duplication is prioritized below expresses intent. As I have come to understand the DRY (don’t repeat yourself) principle, we are not trying to eliminate all ‘code’ duplication.Andy Hunt and Dave Thomas came up with a handy acronym called DRY — Don’t repeat yourself. Here is what they say about the DRY principle:“Every piece of knowledge must have a single, unambiguous, and authoritative representation within a system.” They go on to say “In other words, you should represent any idea, any scrap of knowledge, in a system in just one place.”Code duplication could be viewed in a non-thinking way. But, like most things in software development, its best to think.These two test cases are not really long, but they do have a lot of duplication. How should we reduce it?TEST(LightScheduler, no_lights_controlled_at_the_wrong_minute) { LightScheduler_AddTurnOn(3, EVERYDAY, 1200);  FakeTimeService_SetDay(SUNDAY);  FakeTimeService_SetMinute(1199);  LightScheduler_Wakeup();  LONGS_EQUAL(NO_LIGHT_ID, LightControllerSpy_GetLastId());  LONGS_EQUAL(NO_LIGHT_STATE, LightControllerSpy_GetLastState()); } TEST(LightScheduler, light_turns_on_at_the_scheduled_minute) {  LightScheduler_AddTurnOn(3, EVERYDAY, 1200);  FakeTimeService_SetDay(SUNDAY);  FakeTimeService_SetMinute(1200);  LightScheduler_Wakeup();  LONGS_EQUAL(3, LightControllerSpy_GetLastId());  LONGS_EQUAL(LIGHT_ON, LightControllerSpy_GetLastState()); } So the programmer on the hunt to eliminate code duplication may refactor these tests blindly, like this.TEST(LightScheduler, no_lights_controlled_at_the_wrong_minute) {  ScheduleLightOnThenSetTimeAndCheckLightState(3, EVERYDAY, 1200,   SUNDAY, 1199,   NO_LIGHT_ID,NO_LIGHT_STATE); }  TEST(LightScheduler, light_turns_on_at_the_scheduled_minute) {  ScheduleLightOnThenSetTimeAndCheckLightState(3, EVERYDAY, 1200,   SUNDAY, 1199,   3,LIGHT_ON); } Kent’s rule about duplication gets us in a little trouble if followed blindly. DRY is not the only principle to guild code improvement. Fittingly, code also needs to be DAMP. Code should be made of Descriptive And Meaningful Phrases.You are not writing the code for the compiler or to somehow conserve keystrokes. You write code for the next programmer that will look at it. That programmer will probably be you. In getting code to speak to you, ideas need to be extracted into well named functions on well named and organized classes and modules. DAMP needs to be in balance with DRY (I guess that is only as it should be.)Here is a little bit better bit of duplication removal that gathers ideas, but is not quite DAMP.TEST(LightScheduler, no_lights_controlled_at_the_wrong_minute) {  LightScheduler_AddTurnOn(3, EVERYDAY, 1200);  SetTimeAndWakeup(SUNDAY, 1199);  CHECK_LIGHT(3, NO_LIGHT_ID, NO_LIGHT_STATE; }  TEST(LightScheduler, light_turns_on_at_the_scheduled_minute) {  LightScheduler_AddTurnOn(3, EVERYDAY, 1200);  SetTimeAndWakeup(SUNDAY, 1200);  CHECK_LIGHT(3, LIGHT_ON); } The names of the extracted functions say what the functions are doing. DAMP guides us beyond remove code duplication. Function extractions should improve the expressiveness of the code. Extracting a function is an opportunity to improve the abstraction of the system. In this example, the revised names can help the code tell a story about the application rather than listing the steps of the extracted code.TEST(LightScheduler, no_lights_controlled_at_the_wrong_minute) {  LightScheduler_AddTurnOn(3, EVERYDAY, 1200);  WhenItBecomes(SUNDAY, 1199);  LIGHTS_ARE_UNCHANGED; }  TEST(LightScheduler, light_turns_on_at_the_scheduled_minute) {  LightScheduler_AddTurnOn(3, EVERYDAY, 1200);  WhenItBecomes(SUNDAY, 1200);  THEN_LIGHT_IS_ON(3); } Getting back to the question, “When is code duplication okay?", like the answer to virtually every question about software development, it depends.We need to use judgement to balance the DRYness and DAMPness of our code.

I am an android as well as ios developer with atleast following requirements:Eclipse, Xcode, Photoshop (maybe), multi-tab browsing, video playback, itunes.I have ordered a MBA 1.7Ghz with 8GB RAM....i am sure that Haswell+SSD combination will beat the MBP 13" basic model. Did lots of research before ordering. This will cost you [$1350 + tax(ordered from California)] - [some gift voucher+student discount]If your budget is lower than this, than you can go for 1.3GHz i5 but you will definitely need a 8GB RAM. Processing will be handled well. And you will get a better battery backup with i5 processor. This will cost u $1199 + tax (if applicable)Hope this helps :)

The Windows operating system is not free. You might see it pre-installed on your computer, and it might appear to be “free” to you, but that’s because the computer manufacturer pays a royalty to Microsoft, and they fold the cost into the package deal for you. And while the upgrade to Windows 10 was free for a period of time, it’s not free anymore. The Windows Server operating system is even more expensive, with different licensing options based on the number of networked computers or the number of users.Microsoft is not just about the Windows operating system. They create and sell end-user applications and development tools that run on Windows and on other operating systems. The Office suite is one example. They also sell Office as a subscription. On the server, they sell SQL Server, a database management system and associated tools. For developers, they sell the high-end versions of Visual Studio and related development tools, as well as subscriptions to MSDN (Microsoft Developer Network). For example, MSDN is $1199 for the first year, and $799 per year to renew.They sell Dynamics, a line of enterprise resource planning and customer relationship management software applications.They sell cloud computing services, branded under Azure.They sell consulting services to large business clients.They sell the Xbox gaming console and associated devices and games, as well as the Xbox Live service.They sell the Surface line of products, ranging from small tablets (for a few hundred dollar) to whiteboard-sized devices (e.g., Surface Hub ranging from $9K to $22K).They create and sell various hardware devices, including keyboards, mice, webcams, etc. For a few years, they sold the Kinect motion sensing devices for Xbox and PC platforms. They have created and sold a variety of devices over the years.They sell pay-per-click advertising on the Bing and Yahoo search engines through Bing Ads.This is just a partial list. And the product and service mix is always changing.A good source of information on Microsoft revenues is their quarterly and annual financial reports, which break down where the revenues come from.And here’s a February 2019 article about where Microsoft makes its money.