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American Progress says:EconomyRaised housing payments for new homebuyers by about $500 in 2017. On its first day, the Trump administration reversed an Obama administration action to lower Federal Housing Administration, or FHA, mortgage insurance premiums for new homebuyers by 25 basis points, which could have lowered mortgage payments for 1 million households purchasing or refinancing their home this year alone.Attacked the Department of Labor’s fiduciary rule, which would have required retirement advisers to act in their clients’ best financial interest. President Trump delayed the rule’s implementation by 60 days and has ordered the department to re-evaluate the rule. This will make it much harder to save for retirement, as high fees from conflicted advice result in savers losing $17 billion in fees annually.Delayed court proceedings on the Obama administration’s expansion of overtime, failing to defend the pro-worker rule. This rule would have raised wages for workers by $12 billion over the next 10 years and extended overtime protections to 4.2 million more Americans. In his confirmation hearings, Labor Secretary nominee Alexander Acosta suggested he would attempt to weaken the overtime rule.Delayed enforcement of a rule to reduce workers’ exposure to deadly silica dust for three months. After more than four decades of development, this rule would protect construction and manufacturing workers from inhaling silica, which can lead to lung cancer, silicosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and kidney disease. It was projected to save more than 600 lives and prevent more than 900 new cases of silicosis each year.Repealed the Fair Pay and Safe Workplaces Executive Order, which ensured that federal contractors complied with worker protection laws before receiving government contracts. The order would have required companies wanting to do business with the government to disclose past labor law violations and come into compliance before receiving new contracts. Because of the repeal, millions of workers will be more vulnerable to wage theft, workplace injuries, and discrimination on the job. The order also would have protected women by banning forced arbitration in the case of sexual assault, harassment, or discrimination claims.Supported efforts in Congress to cut taxes on the wealthy that help fund the Affordable Care Act, or ACA. As part of Congress’s effort to repeal and replace the ACA, a move that President Trump supported, the 3.8 percent net investment income tax would have been repealed at a cost of $157 billion over 10 years, according to Congressional Budget Office, or CBO. This is revenue needed to fund important programs that ensure basic human living standards and retirement security for tens of millions of working Americans. Based on Trump’s rental real estate income alone, The Wall Street Journal estimated the repeal would have saved Trump $3.2 million in taxes in 2016 alone.Tried to cut his own taxes by millions of dollars while taking health insurance from tens of millions of Americans. Based on President Trump’s leaked 2005 Tax Return Form 1040, repealing the ACA could give Trump a personal tax cut of more than $2 million. At the same time, the House legislation to repeal the ACA would have taken health insurance from 24 million Americans.Assembled a team of wealthy financial industry elites to advise him on tax reform, which he promised would benefit the middle class. The tax code is the tool of choice when special favors are doled out to special interests. Despite his campaign promises to drain the swamp, President Trump has assembled a band of elites to construct his tax reform plan: three former Goldman Sachs executives, Steve Mnuchin, Gary Cohn, and Steve Bannon; two more former executives from the finance industry, Justin Muzinich and Craig Phillips; and a former tax lobbyist for Fidelity Investments, Shahira Knight.Made it harder for veterans to find jobs with a federal hiring freeze. Veterans receive a strong hiring preference for federal jobs, and roughly one-third of all newly hired federal employees in 2015 were veterans. Even if many jobs at the Department of Veterans Affairs, or VA, are exempt from the hiring freeze, other vacant jobs will still be unavailable at other federal agencies.Proposed budget cuts that would devastate rural America. President Trump’s budget would eliminate programs that support rural jobs, housing, infrastructure, health care, and economic development. If implemented, these budget cuts would eliminate affordable housing for tens of thousands of struggling rural families; eliminate community service jobs for 18,000 senior citizens living in rural areas; and eliminate critical support for airline connections serving 175 small and rural communities.Proposed dramatically slashing job training programs and worker wage and safety enforcement. President Trump’s proposed fiscal year 2018 budget could result in 2.7 million adults and youths losing access to job training and employment services in 2018.Proposed budget cuts that would increase roadway congestion and reduce economic productivity. The budget calls for eliminating the TIGER grant program at the U.S. Department of Transportation, or USDOT, which funds innovative surface transportation projects. Additionally, the budget calls for the phased elimination of the New Starts program within the Federal Transit Administration, which funds major public transportation projects. Rail and bus rapid transit projects help to reduce roadway congestion and air pollution while spurring economic development.Proposed budget cuts that would threaten billions in loans and investments to distressed communities. The proposed budget would eliminate the U.S. Department of the Treasury’s Community Development Financial Institutions Fund, which supports billions of dollars in financing across low-income communities, including more than $300 million in rural and Native American communities, as well as the Economic Development Administration and the Manufacturing Extension Partnership, costing another $300 million or more that is annually invested in community growth. Without federal support, economic development in these locations will suffer, including small-business development.Reneged on his promise to disclose his tax returns. President Trump’s refusal leaves Americans in the dark about whether any tax reform he proposes will benefit him or working Americans. Trump repeatedly stated before and after he was elected that he would disclose his tax returns. While initially he said he could not release them because he was being audited—a fact that does not prevent anyone from releasing their returns—his counselor, Kellyanne Conway has now said, “He’s not going to release his tax returns.”Proposed $6.7 billion cut to housing and community support programs. President Trump’s budget would eliminate the Community Development Block Grant, which is used by 1,265 local communities for important initiatives such as Meals on Wheels, neighborhood rehabilitation, the development of affordable housing, job training, and business expansion. The Housing Choice Vouchers program will also experience deep cuts in funding, as will other programs providing supportive services for the elderly and persons with disabilities. According to the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, about 200,000 families will no longer receive a housing voucher to pay for their rental costs and could eventually face homelessness in a housing market where there is a severe shortage of affordable housing.Attacked neutral budget analysts so that lawmakers ignore negative effects from their policies. The Trump administration attacked the nonpartisan CBO in an attempt to preemptively discredit their estimates related to legislation repealing the ACA. These attacks continued after the CBO estimated that the House ACA repeal bill would take coverage away from 24 million Americans by 2026. This is part of a larger attempt by the Trump administration to discredit independent data and analysis in order to obscure the negative impacts that their agenda will have for working families.Undermined investor protection by making it harder for the Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC, to hold Wall Street accountable. An independent and vigorous Division of Enforcement at the SEC is vital to preserving free and fair financial markets for investors. After the Bernie Madoff scandal, Obama administration SEC Chair Mary Schapiro made it easier for Division of Enforcement staff to open investigations and issue subpoenas to protect investors and get to the bottom of suspected malfeasance. Chair Michael Piwowar inexplicably rolled back this change, hindering the SEC’s ability to protect the average investor from financial wrongdoing. He has also proposed rolling back key advances in corporate transparency, including regarding human rights risks in supply chains and the pay ratio between CEOs and the median worker.Proposed funding cuts for programs that help support and encourage small business development. President Trump’s budget cuts funding for several programs that help groups with historically low business ownership rates overcome barriers to becoming entrepreneurs, including the PRIME technical assistance grants for low-income micro-entrepreneurs; the Minority Business Development Agency, and the Economic Development Administration.Attempted to make it harder for entrepreneurs to get access to affordable health. The ACA helps millions of entrepreneurs obtain access to health care without relying on a spouse or employer, which allows them to take one of the necessary risks associated with starting a business. The proposed American Health Care Act, or AHCA, would reduce access to health care and make it more expensive for many people to get comprehensive health care coverage.Proposes leaving 23,000 calls for help unanswered from disaster-struck Americans. President Trump’s skinny budget proposed eliminating the Corporation for National and Community Service, which would also eliminate AmeriCorps, a vital service program that plays a critical role in mobilizing volunteers to aid with disaster preparedness and response.Proposed slashing the WIC program. President Trump’s proposal to slash funding for the WIC program puts basic food security at risk for thousands of families. At an annual food cost of about $513 per person, the $200 million cut could help pay for a year’s worth of food and formula for nearly 390,000 participating women, children and infants.Proposed elimination of the HOME Investment Partnerships Program. To date, HOME has helped more that 1.2 million families gain access to safe and affordable housing. But this successful program is also on President Trump’s budget chopping block, thereby threatening housing security for thousands of families.Proposed eliminating NeighborWorks America. NeighborWorks America provides grants to community development organizations that help build and maintain affordable housing. The program created 53,649 jobs and assisted 360,009 families with affordable housing in the last year alone.Environment and energyProposed cuts to energy programs that save people money. The Trump budget blueprint calls for a 5.6 percent cut overall to the U.S. Department of Energy. This cut, along with calls for additional funding to nuclear security and waste cleanup, mean that there will be steeper cuts for programs designed to develop household appliances that save families money. President Trump’s budget proposal also eliminates programs such as ARPA-E, which helps entrepreneurs develop clean, affordable energy, and the Weatherization Assistance Program, which upgrades the homes of low-income families with insulation and cost-effective energy efficient improvements to help reduce utility bills.Allowed a dangerous pesticide to stay on the market, despite it being a threat to children’s health. Chlorpyrifos a common agricultural pesticide that causes neurological harm in children exposed in utero. In 2016, the EPA’s scientists concluded that the agency should ban chlorpyrifos after finding unsafe levels of the chemical on apples, peaches, oranges, strawberries, and other fruits. Dow Chemical, one of the largest producers of products using this chemical, gave $1 million to President Trump’s inauguration committee and leads a presidential advisory committee on manufacturing. On March 28, Trump’s EPA Administrator Scott Pruitt rejected the findings of the agency’s scientists, denied a petition to ban the chemical, and delayed further action until 2022.Eliminated pollution standards for power plants and oil and gas facilities. In his final term, President Obama established the first-ever carbon pollution standards for power plants and the first-ever methane standards for oil and gas drilling facilities. These standards would have reduced soot- and smog-forming pollutants that trigger asthma attacks and cut emissions of carbon and other gases that cause climate change. On March 28, President Trump signed an executive order that started the process of nullifying these pollution standards and making it harder for future presidents to put them back in place.Proposed cutting EPA programs to clean up water sources. In February, President Trump proposed a budget for the EPA that would cut the agency’s funding by 31 percent and its staff by one-quarter. The president’s proposal targets several popular programs, such as regional efforts to clean up the Great Lakes, Gulf of Mexico, Chesapeake Bay, and other iconic bodies of water.Proposed eliminating programs at the EPA dedicated to preventing children’s exposure to lead-based paint, which can cause neurological delays. An estimated 38 million U.S. homes contain lead-based paint, and in 2015, the Centers for Disease Control found that 243,000 children had elevated levels of lead in their blood. Lead is a neurotoxin that causes permanent nerve damage.Rolled back important protections for drinking water in coal communities. One of the Trump administration’s first actions was to nix the Stream Protection Rule put in place by the Obama administration to prevent coal companies from polluting nearby streams. Scrapping this environmental protection was a top priority of the coal industry at the expense of clean drinking water in coal communities.Repealed anti-bribery rule to the delight of the oil industry. President Trump eliminated an anti-corruption rule that had required oil and gas companies to disclose payments to foreign governments. When he was still the CEO of Exxon Mobil, Secretary of State Rex Tillerson had lobbied to remove the rules established under the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act.Ripped off American taxpayers and avoided fixing the broken federal coal-leasing program. The Trump administration moved to preserve a loophole the Obama administration closed that allows coal companies to rip off taxpayers by allowing them to sell coal mined on federal lands to their own subsidiaries at artificially low prices and shirk royalty payment responsibilities.Halted the first comprehensive review of the federal coal program in more than 30 years while simultaneously opening public lands for new leases to mine coal. Federal coal lease sales only bring in, on average, $1 per ton in bids, and taxpayers are estimated to be losing $1 billion annually in lost royalty payments on undervalued coal sales.Proposed major cuts to the Department of the Interior’s budget that would impair critical maintenance of our national parks while making a public show of supporting them. A few weeks after proposing to cut $1.5 billion, or 12 percent, from the Department of the Interior’s budget, President Trump had Press Secretary Sean Spicer ceremoniously hand a $78,000 check—Trump’s first-quarter earnings—to Secretary of the Interior Ryan Zinke to help the National Park Service. Here’s the rub: Trump’s check only covers 0.01 percent of $1.3 billion in “critical systems deferred maintenance” that the National Park Service urgently needs.Pulled the rug from under private investors backing conservation efforts. As part of a sweeping executive order aimed at gutting actions the Obama administration took to address climate change, President Trump rescinded the presidential memorandum that encouraged private investment when developers work to mitigate impacts on natural resources. This action undercuts the economic and environmental gains that the fast-growing restoration industry has made recently to the tune of $1.15 billion between 2014 and 2015 in private capital invested in habitat conservation and water management. These relatively new environmental marketplaces rely on regulatory consistency that President Obama’s memorandum bolstered.Declared open season on baby bears and wolves in wildlife refuges. President Trump overturned a rule that had protected black bear mothers and their cubs from being hunted in their dens. The Obama administration’s “Fair Chase” rule, which applied to national wildlife refuges in Alaska, also limited baiting, trapping, and the use of aircrafts to track and shoot bears and wolves.Moved to weaken air quality standards for ozone. Ozone pollution is a key contributor to smog, which can cause more frequent asthma attacks and exacerbate lung diseases. President Trump’s EPA is moving toward changing air quality standards established under the Obama administration to allow greater ozone pollution. Ground level ozone pollution can increase the frequency of asthma attacks, cause shortness of breath, aggravate lung diseases, and cause permanent damage to lungs through long-term exposure. Elevated ozone levels are linked to increases in hospitalizations, emergency room visits, and premature death, and can cause pronounced health impacts in children and the elderly.Signed an executive order nullifying the “social cost of carbon.” President Trump essentially determined that climate change has no cost by eliminating a critical metric used to measure the benefit of cutting carbon pollution.Stopped rules that would limit dumping toxins from power plants. Trump’s EPA is stopping rules that would limit the dumping of toxins, such as mercury and arsenic, and pollution from power plants into public waterways. These would have been the first protections in more than 30 years to curb toxins and other pollutants in power plants.Changed standards to protect water and wildlife from lead poisoning. Hours after riding a horse to his first day on the job, Secretary of the Interior Zinke reversed a ban on using lead bullets for hunting in wildlife refuses. Lead content in these bullets can poison water and wildlife.Opened the door to reducing methane pollution standards. The president signed an executive order directing the EPA and the Bureau of Land Management to review the methane pollution standards for oil and gas drilling facilities and determine whether to rescind or revise them. Methane pollution supercharges global warming 86 times as much as carbon pollution.Took steps to reverse progress to date on U.S. preparations for climate change. President Trump signed an executive order rescinding previous executive orders related to preparing the U.S. for climate change; encouraging private investment in efforts to mitigate pollution; and ensuring our national security plans consider climate change impacts.Nominated an EPA administrator who denies scientific proof of climate change. EPA Administrator Pruitt told the media that he does not think carbon dioxide is the primary contributor to climate change. His statement is the climate science equivalent of saying the world is flat.Proposed budget cuts to that will cause 5.7 million low-income residents to lose assistance with their heating bills and about 673,000 to lose cooling assistance. President Trump’s proposal to eliminate the Low-Income Home Energy Assistance Program, or LIHEAP, will be especially dangerous as more states experience extreme weather.Democracy and government reformImperiled American voters with untrue claims about illegal voting. President Trump’s empty claims of widespread fraud undermine the integrity of our elections and lay the basis for voter suppression efforts that attack our constitutional right to participate in self-government. When government officials spread lies that call into question the legitimacy of our elections, people lose faith in the democratic process. Instead of responding to the clear and present dangers of foreign interference and discriminatory efforts to keep some American citizens from casting their ballots, Trump chooses to spread baseless slander while calling for a witch hunt against American voters.Brought pay-to-play corruption to the presidency. The Trump family continues to promote their private business interests at home and abroad while profiting off of the presidency. Corruption, or even the appearance of corruption, diminishes trust in government and increases cynicism toward democratic institutions. At a time when 75 percent of Americans already believe that corruption is widespread in government, President Trump’s blatant disregard for ethics rules and constitutional prohibitions on presidential enrichment further undermine democratic norms and threatens our democracy, economy, and national security.Undermined transparency and accountability by continuing to hide his tax returns and withholding White House visitor logs. Due to his refusal to release his tax returns the full extent of President Trump’s indebtedness and foreign entanglements remains unknown. As a result, Americans cannot be sure that Trump is not providing favors and special treatment to his business partners or that foreign states and businesses are not leveraging influence over the Trump administration and its decisions. It is impossible for Trump to lead an effort to revise the tax code without Americans knowing how his proposals would line his own pocket. Changing the practice to stop disclosing White House visitor logs prevents the public from knowing who is accessing federal officials on a daily basis and keeps special interest influence shrouded in secrecy.ImmigrationSigned two Muslim and refugee bans, both of which have been enjoined by federal courts. In January, and then again in March, President Trump signed executive orders banning immigrants from seven—and then, subsequently, six—Muslim-majority nations for at least three months and halting the refugee program for four months. The January executive order sparked widespread protests at airports all across the country and was quickly blocked by a federal court in Washington state and then by the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals. In early March, Trump signed a barely revised version of the original order, which courts in Hawaii and Maryland rightly acknowledged still constituted a Muslim and refugee ban. The core parts of the ban were once again put on hold.Made every unauthorized immigrant a deportation priority, regardless of equities. As a matter of the smart prioritization of resources, the Obama administration focused its immigration enforcement on serious threats to national security and public safety, as well as recent border crossers. Within days of taking office, Trump signed an executive order eliminating the Obama priorities, effectively making all unauthorized immigrants a priority for deportation, regardless of how long they have been in the country, their ties to families and communities, or other equities. In practice, this has meant that people like Guadalupe García de Rayos, a mother of two from Arizona who has been in the U.S. for over two decades, and Maribel Trujillo Diaz, a mother of four U.S.-born children have been deported.Made immigrant survivors of domestic abuse and sexual assault afraid to turn to law enforcement for help. Aggressive immigration enforcement by the Trump administration—including a case in El Paso, where immigration officials arrested a victim of domestic abuse at a courthouse after she received a protective order against her abuser—has made immigrants and Latinos, regardless of immigration status, increasingly reluctant to come forward to report crimes. Prosecutors in Denver have been forced to drop four domestic violence prosecutions because immigrant victims no longer wish to cooperate. Another domestic violence case in Austin hangs in limbo under similar circumstances. Since last year, Los Angeles has seen reports by Latinos of sexual assault decline by 25 percent, and Houston has seen reports by Latinos of rapes decline by nearly 43 percent. By making everyone a priority, the administration has made no one a priority to the detriment of public safety.Arrested multiple recipients of Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals, or DACA. Even though Trump has said that he will deal with young unauthorized immigrants with “great heart,” and even though Secretary of Homeland Security John F. Kelly has said that he is “the best thing that happened to DACA,” the Department of Homeland Security has detained at least five recipients of DACA—which grants eligible young people a two-year reprieve from deportation and a work permit—since taking office. The detained include Daniela Vargas, Daniel Ramirez, Edwin Romero, Josue Romero, and Francisco Rodriguez. It is now also being reported that the Department of Homeland Security deported Dreamer Juan Manuel Montes while he was protected from deportation through DACA.Threatened to take away critical community safety funding from so-called sanctuary jurisdictions. As part of the January 25 executive order on interior immigration enforcement, President Trump threatened to take away federal funds from more than 600 so-called sanctuary jurisdictions that limit cooperation with federal immigration enforcement. On March 27 Attorney General Jeff Sessions threatened to revoke Department of Justice grants that, among other purposes, help local law enforcement to eliminate barriers to processing rape kits, combat gang and gun crime, and stop human trafficking. The attorney general’s comments were swiftly denounced by the Fraternal Order of Police and the International Association of Chiefs of Police. Research shows that counties with sanctuary policies have lower crime rates and stronger economies than those without the policies.Scared authorized immigrants away from accessing benefits and necessary health care for which they and their children are eligible. Not long after the Trump administration took office, a draft executive order leaked, illustrating that the administration was looking to target even legal immigrants living in the United States. Among other provisions, the draft order would make lawful permanent residents, or green card holders, eligible for deportation if they use any type of means-tested benefit. The mere possibility of the order, as well as increased immigration enforcement, has had a chilling effect on communities across the nation. In California, for example, the Alameda County Community Food Bank saw 40 families cancel their food stamps and another 54 eligible families choose not to apply for food stamps. Other reports indicate that some immigrants are taking their names off of the list to receive baby formula or keeping children away from child care centers.FaithTrampled on the religious liberty of Muslims with his attempts at unconstitutional travel bans. President Trump’s January 27 executive action on refugees and revised March 6 executive action both aimed to prohibit travel to the United States for nationals of Muslim-majority nations and fundamentally reshape the refugee admissions program to prioritize the claims of Christians. Trumps actions have alienated the Muslims communities not only within the United States but also around the world, damaging critical relationships with national security allies.Attempted to redefine religious liberty only for those who share a conservative Christian faith. From the anti-Muslim travel bans to disturbing Holocaust-denying remarks, the administration is a threat to religious minorities, many of whom are already vulnerable to rising incidents of anti-Semitism and anti-Muslim bigotry.Promises to destroy the Johnson Amendment, which prevents nonprofit organizations—including houses of worship—from endorsing political candidates. A leaked draft executive order indicates plans to insert religious exemptions in federal nondiscrimination protections, revealing a pattern of attempts to redefine the foundational value of religious freedom so it will only protect people of faith who share conservative Christian beliefs.Gun violence preventionSigned a law that weakens the firearms background check system and undermines enforcement of the current law that prohibits certain individuals with a serious mental illness from gun possession. Using the shortcut process of the Congressional Review Act, President Trump repealed a Social Security Administration regulation that formalized the process by which the agency could provide to the National Instant Criminal Background Check System, or NICS, the names of beneficiaries who—because of serious mental illness—are prohibited from gun possession under federal law. This action represents a significant step backward from recent efforts at the federal and state level to better enforce current law by ensuring that all records of prohibited purchasers are provided to NICS.Made it easier for fugitives to buy guns. Under federal law, anyone who is “a fugitive from justice” is prohibited from buying and possessing guns. Since at least 2006, the FBI and the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives have disagreed over the proper scope of this law, with the FBI adopting a position that it applies to all individuals with an outstanding arrest warrant while the ATF argued for a narrower interpretation that it applies only to individuals who had left the state where the warrant was issued. Because the FBI is the agency that operates the background check system, that agency’s interpretation prevailed. However, in February 2017, the Department of Justice issued new guidance resolving this dispute by adopting ATF’s interpretation and dramatically narrowing the category of individuals with active criminal warrants who will be prohibited from buying guns.Health careAttempted to repeal the ACA. Repeal of the ACA would cause significant stress and anxiety for millions of families who rely on it for coverage. The AHCA would have resulted in 24 million more people being uninsured in 10 years—breaking President Trump’s promise to cover “everybody.” It would also have broken Trump’s campaign promise not to cut Medicaid.Undermined the ACA marketplace. The Trump administration has already undermined the ACA marketplace by refusing to officially abandon its efforts to repeal the law. In addition, its refusal to commit unequivocally to paying the cost-sharing reduction subsidies is generating massive uncertainty for insurers. This uncertainty is having a direct impact on the marketplace by encouraging insurers to quit the market in 2018 or raise premiums.Began to undermine Medicaid. In a letter to governors by Secretary of Health and Human Services Tom Price and Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Administrator Seema Verma, the administration encouraged states to pursue harmful changes to their Medicaid programs, including work requirements and increased cost-sharing.Made ACA marketplace enrollment more difficult. In the final days of the most recent open enrollment period, the Trump administration cancelled Get 2019 health coverage. Health Insurance Marketplace TV ads and email outreach, which are critical in helping people remember the deadline and enroll in time. Although some of this was restored after a backlash, a former Get 2019 health coverage. Health Insurance Marketplace chief marketing officer estimated that the administration’s actions reduced enrollment by 480,000 people.Stripped Title X funding. With Vice President Mike Pence’s tie-breaking vote, the Senate voted to overturn Obama era protections for Title X providers. Trump signed the bill, which allows states to block Title X funding. Title X funding provides critical reproductive, educational, and counseling services related to family planning and contraception to 4 million clients each year.Reinstated the Global Gag Rule. One of Trump’s first actions as president was to reinstate the Global Gag Rule, which prevents recipients of U.S. foreign aid from offering any information, referrals, services, or advocacy regarding abortion care—even if they do so with separate funding sources. The Global Gag Rule will lead to more maternal deaths, more unintended pregnancies, and higher rates of unsafe abortion.Proposed cutting funds for the Teen Pregnancy Prevention Program.The Trump budget proposes a $50 million reduction in funding for the Teen Pregnancy Prevention Program, which works with organizations across the United States to implement evidence based, proven programming.Proposed defunding Planned Parenthood. President Trump’s health care bill, the AHCA, would defund Planned Parenthood, which served 2.5 million patients in 2014.Higher educationProposed deep cuts to programs that help make college more accessible and affordable for low-income students and students of color.President Trump’s budget proposed more than $5 billion in cuts to valuable programs, including the Pell Grant program and the work-study program, which provide needed funds to help low-income students afford the rising cost of college. The cuts also target important college-access programs—including TRIO and GEAR UP—that provide supports such as tutoring, mentoring, and research opportunities to low-income and first-generation students.Rescinded protections for student loan borrowers. On March 16, the Trump administration withdrew measures to protect struggling student loan borrowers and made repayment more difficult by allowing debt collectors to charge a 16 percent fee—even when the borrower agrees to make good on their debt within 60 days. On April 11, the Trump administration stripped away important measures that would hold student loan servicers accountable when their actions are not in the best interest of students. It has been well-documented that servicers sometimes place borrowers in repayment programs that could ultimately make it more difficult for them to repay their debt.Failed to help students when a critical resource for financial aid and loan repayment was shut down. In March 2017, with no advance warning, the IRS and U.S. Department of Education disabled a key web-based tool that helps millions of students apply for aid and repay their loans. Failure to notify students put financial aid applicants at risk of losing access to grant aid that helps pay for college and put student loan borrowers at risk of seeing their payments jump by hundreds of dollars.Endangered students by appointing for-profit college officials to top positions. Robert Eitel, senior counselor to Secretary of Education DeVos, joined the administration well before he even left his job at Bridgepoint Education—a for-profit college company facing multiple federal investigations. And Taylor Hansen, a former lobbyist for for-profit colleges—whose father’s student loan debt-collection company sued the Obama administration—served on the department’s “beachhead” team.Undercut students’ civil rights by naming skeptics to top civil rights positions. The nominee to serve as general counsel in the Department of Education, Carlos Muñiz, defended Florida State University against allegations that it protected a star quarterback from rape charges. And the new head of the Office for Civil Rights, Candice Jackson, has claimed she experienced discrimination for being white and called the women who accused President Trump of assault and harassment “fake victims.”K-12 educationProposed completely eliminating federal funding for after-school programs. In President Trump’s budget, the administration zeroed out the 21st Century Community Learning Centers program, which provides $1.2 billion to districts across the country for after-school programs that support students and working families. This funding serves more than 1.6 million students participating in these programs.Proposed completely eliminating federal funding to support teacher quality. In President Trump’s budget, the administration zeroed out Title II of the Every Student Succeeds Act, which provides $2.4 billion to states and districts for teacher recruitment, training, retention, and support. This cut translates to a loss of 40,000 teacher salaries.Nominated the highly unqualified and anti-public school Betsy DeVos as secretary of education. DeVos’s only experience with education is as a lobbyist and megadonor pushing private school voucher schemes in states across the country. Instead of working to support public schools and the students that attend these schools, she has called public education a “dead end.”Rescinded the Obama administration’s regulations that supported school accountability under the new Every Student Succeeds Act. Through the Congressional Review Act, Congress and President Trump eliminated key protections and guidance for states and districts to implement the law, leaving significant confusion at the state and local level. The Trump administration has also signaled that it will take a very lax enforcement stance with states, opening the door for states to ignore their responsibilities to protect vulnerable students.Rescinded the Obama administration’s regulations that supported improving teacher preparation programs. Through the Congressional Review Act, Congress and Trump eliminated requirements for states to make sure that teacher preparation programs are helping prospective teachers gain the skills needed to be successful in the classroom and support student learning. Without these regulations, states will continue to struggle to improve teacher preparation programs and support the most effective programs.Proposed cutting $9 billion from public education while spending $1.4 billion on school choice. This proposal includes harmful private school voucher schemes and the creation of a new $250 million federal program that will allow taxpayer dollars to flow to private schools, which are not accountable; can discriminate in admissions and discipline; and are not subject to basic monitoring, oversight, and civil rights laws.Proposed cutting crucial support for school reform efforts. By zeroing out support for the AmeriCorps program, President Trump would undercut many of the most successful education organizations—from KIPP Public Charter Schools, to Teach For America, to City Year—that have had positive effects on students across the country and rely on that program.JusticeNamed Jeff Sessions, a long-time opponent of civil rights, as attorney general, the top law enforcer in the nation. Sessions co-sponsored the First Amendment Defense Act, a draconian measure that prohibits the federal government from taking “discriminatory action” against any business or person that discriminates against LGBTQ people. The act aims to protect the right of all entities to refuse service to LGBTQ people based on two sets of religious beliefs: “(1) marriage is or should be recognized as the union of one man and one woman, or (2) sexual relations are properly reserved to such a marriage.” As a federal prosecutor in 1983, Sessions prosecuted a trio of voting rights activists for voter fraud. As the chief enforcer of the civil rights laws of the United States, it is almost impossible to imagine how he will now protect the very community for which he endorsed discrimination.Appointed Justice Neil Gorsuch—a judge with a long record of ruling against the rights of workers, women, and students with disabilities—to the Supreme Court. Justice Gorsuch will rule on fundamental constitutional issues—including civil rights, the role of money in politics, and reproductive rights. For example, he will soon vote on whether the Court should allow North Carolina’s 2013 voting bill—which a lower court said targeted black voters with “almost surgical precision”—to remain in effect.Pressured the Senate to enact the “nuclear option” to get his Supreme Court nominee confirmed. Nearly every other justice on the Court had bipartisan support and crossed the 60-vote threshold at some point during their confirmation process, but many senators objected to President Trump’s nominee. The nuclear option means Senate leaders can now confirm Trump’s ideologically driven judges with a simple majority.Undermined the legitimacy of the court system. As a candidate and as president, Trump has attacked judges whose rulings he does not like and undermined the legitimacy of these courts. He called a judge who ruled against his discriminatory Muslim ban a “so-called judge.” During the campaign, he said that a Mexican-American judge could not be impartial in a lawsuit against Trump due to his ethnicity. These attacks on the third branch of government undermine the founders’ separation of powers as well as the very rule of law.Nominated ideological extremists to federal courts. The Trump administration is already vetting conservative ideologues to appoint to federal courts. President Trump’s nominations, particularly for seats on the 5th Circuit Court of Appeals, signal an aggressive push to bend the federal judiciary ideologically. Trump has well over 100 seats to fill—thanks to Senate obstruction during President Obama’s term—and Trump recently announced that the administration would no longer seek the recommendation from the nonpartisan American Bar Association.Proposed eliminating the Legal Services Corporation. Already scarce access to justice will be put even further out of reach for 60.6 million low-income Americans under President Trump’s proposal to eliminate the Legal Services Corporation—the nation’s main funding stream for civil legal services.Tried but failed to stop Baltimore police reform efforts. Attorney General Sessions asked a court at the last minute not to accept a consent decree that was supported by the Baltimore police commissioner, mayor, community members, and career Department of Justice attorneys. The federal court rejected Sessions’ motion, allowing needed police reforms that would build trust between the police and the communities they serve to proceed.Attempted to bring back the war on drugs. The outdated strategy was ineffective and caused long-term devastation to thousands of families. Attorney General Sessions is implementing a tough-on-crime approach that would increase federal prosecutions and long prison sentences even for low-level, nonviolent offenders. Even as the Trump administration pushes outdated law-and-order policies, Democratic and Republican governors are making progress on sentencing reform, drug treatment, and alternatives to incarceration.Supported outdated and ineffective criminal justice reforms that have a disproportionate impact on communities of color. Attorney General Sessions should be focusing on the need for police reform; supporting innovative crime-reduction strategies; and ensuring drug treatment and alternatives to incarceration are available. Yet, instead, he has ordered a review of current pattern and practice cases of police misconduct where evidence and a clear record has shown a police department has acted with systemic misconduct. He has also questioned decades of research and science rejecting a tough-on-crime approach.Reversed the Obama era Department of Justice’s order to stop contracting with private prison facilities. Private prisons create a perverse incentive to incarcerate more people since these companies are motivated to increase profit, which is generated only if there are more inmates filling their facilities. Private prisons that contracted with the Department of Justice were found by the department itself to be less efficient and have more issues with security and management.Racial justiceSupported economic policies that are detrimental to communities of color. Many of the budget cuts proposed by President Trump would cut key social service programs. For example, 41 percent of the 9 million Women, Infants, and Children, or WIC, recipients are people of color. The budget also eliminates the Minority Business Development Agency, which promotes business development for people of color—the fastest growing segment of the population.Supported education policies that do not support students of color. The Trump administration supports cuts to Pell Grants and tuition assistance programs as well as cuts to after-school programs that would affect 1 in 4 African American students. The administration also supports voucher programs that do not encourage the success of students of color.Pushed environmental policies that will negatively affect communities of color. As noted above, the EPA wants to eradicate programs dedicated to reducing exposure to lead paint, which disproportionately affects communities of color. The EPA is also cutting funding for the environmental justice office that had just been set up to specifically deal with lead, pollution, and other issues facing communities of color.LGBTQTurned a blind eye to illegal anti-transgender discrimination in schools. The Trump administration revoked Title IX guidance issued by the Department of Education clarifying schools’ long-standing obligations under federal civil rights law to treat transgender students equally and with dignity. Transgender students face pervasive harassment and discrimination in schools, impeding these students’ ability to learn. Nearly 1 in 6 out transgender K-12 students have been forced to leave school because of this harassment.Erased LGBTQ people from federal surveys, making it impossible to know if government programs serve them fairly. The Trump administration removed questions about LGBTQ people from key federal surveys about programs that serve seniors and people with disabilities, without which policymakers and advocates cannot ensure LGBTQ people have equal access to key government services such as Meals on Wheels. The administration also appears to have included—but then gone back and omitted—questions about LGBTQ people from the American Community Survey, an annual survey that gathers information about Americans’ educational attainment, housing, and health coverage.Appointed longtime opponents of LGBTQ rights—including members of anti-LGBTQ hate groups—to key administration positions. Many of President Trump’s appointees, including Attorney General Jeff Sessions and Secretary of Health and Human Services Tom Price, made their careers standing in the way of LGBTQ rights—and now, they’re in charge of agencies that enforce those very rights. The appointments get even more disturbing the closer you look: Trump tapped Ken Blackwell, a former fellow at an anti-LGBTQ hate group, as a domestic policy adviser; selected leaders of the hate group C-FAM for the president’s delegation to the United Nations; and appointed Roger Severino, a longtime opponent of transgender civil rights, to run the Department of Health and Human Services’ Office for Civil Rights.Proposed slashing funding for research to cure HIV/AIDS. President Trump has proposed devastating cuts to health research, including $6 billion in cuts to the National Institutes of Health in the budget and a $50 million cut to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s HIV research and prevention programs. The administration has also pushed a $300 million cut to the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief, or PEPFAR—an extraordinarily successful program that provides lifesaving treatment to 11.5 million people worldwide and has broad bipartisan support.Barred refugees and asylum seekers fleeing anti-LGBTQ persecution from protection in the United States. President Trump’s refugee suspension blocked LGBTQ Syrian and Iraqi refugees from finding protection in the United States, leaving them stranded in countries where they are persecuted. His policy of detaining all immigrants who enter at the southern border and expanding the populations targeted for deportation traps LGBTQ asylum seekers in dangerous immigrant detention facilities and increases the risk that they will be wrongly deported to countries where their lives are at risk. The administration also decided to close the only dedicated transgender immigrant detention pod in the country, leaving transgender immigrants in detention at risk.National securityMade Americans less safe from the Islamic State, or IS. The anti-Muslim bigotry of the Trump administration makes every American less safe by helping IS and other terrorist groups recruit followers. As one IS commander in Afghanistan put it, the Trump administration’s “utter hate towards Muslims will make our job much easier because we can recruit thousands.” The original Muslim ban included Iraq, where Iraqi soldier fighting alongside U.S. forces against IS called it a “betrayal.”Made Americans more vulnerable to pandemic diseases such as Zika and Ebola. Massive cuts in aid, diplomacy, and health proposed in President Trump’s FY 2017 budget would end the Global Health Security account, which works to prevent, detect, and respond to infectious disease outbreaks around the world, including Ebola. In his proposed budget, Trump has also called for the elimination of funding for the Fogarty International Center, which supports global health research initiatives, including for infectious diseases research in developing countries.Undermined American jobs and security by ceding global leadership to Beijing. President Trump has taken no actions to achieve more balanced trade with China. He recklessly toyed with overturning nearly 40 years of official policy recognizing “one China” but backed down during his first call with the Chinese president, showing that his threats were hollow. Trump and Secretary of State Rex Tillerson claimed they would stop China from building on disputed islands in the South China Sea, but China proceeds to do what it wants, where it wants. Trump’s summit with President Xi Jinping at his Mar-a-Lago resort resulted in no progress on any difficult issues. Beijing sees Washington as hot air with little substance. Trump’s all talk, no action approach is encouraging repression over freedom and making authoritarian leaders confident that repression will be tolerated.Oversaw an increase in civilian deaths from U.S. military operations. After years of decline, civilian deaths from U.S. military operations have surged under Trump, destroying families, undermining strategic aims, and providing a propaganda boon to U.S. enemies. U.S. military spokesperson Col. Joseph Scrocca said “[More civilian casualties] is probably detrimental to the strength of our coalition. And that’s exactly what ISIS is trying to target right now.” Civilian deaths in Iraq and Syria have spiked in 2017, already far surpassing the total for all of 2016. Trump’s first major raid as president, in Yemen in January, was decided over dinner in the White House—far outside the regular process—and resulted in dozens of civilian deaths.Threatened national security and hurt the integrity of America’s democracy by an ongoing lack of transparency and refusal to disclose details about his finances and ties to Russia. Americans cannot know who President Trump might owe money or what obligations or commitment he and his team could have to Russia or other foreign powers. Trump’s refusal to condemn the Russian government’s interference in the 2016 elections; release his tax returns; step away from his business; and support an independent commission and special counsel to get to the bottom of Russia’s influence over the 2016 election are a green light to Russians and others who want to meddle in U.S. democracy. All Americans from all political parties are vulnerable when foreign influence, money, and hacking can run roughshod though America’s democratic institutions.This list is just a sample of the ways in which President Trump and his administration have already broken their promises to Americans and revealed their true priorities. As this list grows, real damage is being done to communities and working families across the nation. Trump should heed their calls to put the needs of ordinary Americans ahead of corporations and the wealthy.

Health Consultation El Paso Lower Valley CommunityJuárez North Wastewater Treatment PlantEl Paso, El Paso County, Texas/Juárez, Chihuahua, MexicoDecember 28, 2005Prepared by:The Texas Department of State Health Services Under Cooperative Agreement withU.S. Department of Health and Human Services Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease RegistryEl Paso – JNWWTP North Treatment Plant – H2S Final Health ConsultationTable of ContentsIntroduction ..................................................................................................................................1 Purpose ..........................................................................................................................................1 Background...................................................................................................................................1Site Description............................................................................................................................1 Facility Description......................................................................................................................2 Facility History (Timeline) ..........................................................................................................2 Community Health Concerns.......................................................................................................3 Site Visits.....................................................................................................................................4Methods .........................................................................................................................................4 Environmental Monitoring ..........................................................................................................4 Quality Assurance and Quality Control.......................................................................................4 Data Analysis...............................................................................................................................5Discussion ........................................................................................................................................5 Results..........................................................................................................................................5 Contaminants of Concern ............................................................................................................6 Health Effects ..............................................................................................................................6 Public Health Implications...........................................................................................................7 Child Health Considerations........................................................................................................8Conclusions ..................................................................................................................................8 Recommendations .......................................................................................................................8 Public Health Action Plan................................................................................................................9Actions Completed ......................................................................................................................9Actions Planned ...........................................................................................................................9 Authors, Technical Advisors, and Organizations .............................................................10 Report Prepared by ....................................................................................................................10 References ...................................................................................................................................19 Certification ...................................................................................................................................22 APPENDIX A. Acronyms and Abbreviations...........................................................................23 APPENDIX B. Additional Data Evaluation and Results ..........................................................24iiEl Paso – JNWWTP North Treatment Plant – H2S Final Health ConsultationIntroductionResidents of the El Paso Lower Valley Neighborhood have complained to various agencies and government officials about very strong odors of sewage and human waste that have occurred in their neighborhood since at least 2001. In response to these concerns, the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ) conducted mobile air monitoring downwind of the Juárez, Mexico, North Wastewater Treatment Plant (JNWWTP) – a likely source for the odors.In February 2003, air samples were collected to measure levels of hydrogen sulfide (H2S), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Results suggested that the bad odors in the neighborhood were due to high levels of H2S in the air [1]. Hydrogen sulfide has a very low odor threshold and the unpleasant odor of ‘rotten eggs’. It is one of the major gases given off as sewage decomposes [2].In August 2204, TCEQ collected additional data on H2S levels, wind speed, and wind direction. Texas Department of State Health Services (DSHS) reviewed TCEQ air quality data collected from the El Paso Lower Valley Neighborhood in 2003-2004. Some H2S levels were above the acute (200 ppb) and intermediate (20 ppb) Environmental Media Evaluation Guides (EMEGs) used by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). EMEGs are media specific concentrations used by health assessors to select contaminants for further evaluation.PurposeIn June 2004, United States (US) Representative Sylvestre Reyes petitioned ATSDR to evaluate whether working or living near the JNWWTP might affect people’s health [3]. Through a cooperative agreement with ATSDR, the Texas Department of State Health Services (DSHS) initiated a health consultation to evaluate these concerns.As part of this process, DSHS gathered information about the community and their concerns from the US census (Table 1), the El Paso City/County Environmental Health District (EPCCEHD), the DSHS Regional Office, and the community. DSHS obtained other historical information from the TCEQ, the International Boundary Water Council (IBWC)-a joint US and Mexico council, and the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). To evaluate current exposure levels, DSHS obtained available environmental sampling data from TCEQ’s continuous air monitoring station (CAMS) 36. This health consultation reports the methods, findings and conclusions of our evaluation of hydrogen sulfide levels associated with the JNWWTP.BackgroundSite DescriptionThe El Paso Lower Valley Neighborhood (where most of the odor complaints have originated) is located near the intersection of the Border Freeway with South Yarbrough Drive, within a few hundred yards of the United States - Mexico border [3]. This low to middle income residential area is adjacent to a large recreational park (JP Shawver Park) which is equipped with a pool, tennis courts, baseball diamonds, playgrounds, and hiking/jogging trails. The neighborhood is less than one mile east of the JNWWTP, which is located in Juárez, Mexico. The Rio Grande1El Paso – JNWWTP North Treatment Plant – H2S Final Health ConsultationRiver, with canals along US and Mexico banks, flows between the El Paso Lower Valley Neighborhood and the JNWWTP (Figure 1).Population data for the area surrounding the intersection of Yarbrough Drive and River Road include census tracts 38.01, 38.03, and 38.04. Demographic statistics for those areas include a total population of 13,807 persons in 3,950 households. This population includes 1,038 children less than 5 years of age, 1,665 people over 65 years of age, and 4,264 females between the ages of 18-64. This population consists of about 6,170 whites, 52 blacks, 130 American Indians and Alaska Natives, 17 Asians, and 3,228 people of other races. Of all these, 13,131 are considered to be Hispanic or Latino within any race (Table 1).Facility DescriptionThe JNWWTP (Figure 2) is designed to treat 57 million gallons of sewage/wastewater per day [4]. The plant can be modified to include aerobic digestion (a secondary treatment process), but as of September 2004, it was operating through the Advanced Primary Treatment (APT) stage only. In the APT process, raw sewage comes into the plant, and solid materials such as trash, debris, and grit are removed from the wastewater by settling and skimming. Chemicals are then added to the wastewater to enhance settling of the smaller, finer particles of waste and bacteria remaining. The liquid waste is disinfected with chlorine and discharged to the Aguas Negras, an irrigation canal which parallels the Rio Grande and joins the river about 80 miles downstream [5- 8]. The canal is considered to be part of the treatment process because oxidation and biological breakdown of nutrients occurs in the canal. Fecal coliform levels, however, are still high where the canal and the Rio Grande meet. Evidence of residual sewage has also been observed [6].The settled material (particles/bacteria) is removed and run through a belt press, which lowers the moisture content to about 70%. The resulting sludge is land-applied or stockpiled on site until it can be hauled to a location about 20 kilometers southwest of JNWWTP.Facility History (Timeline)1992 - Planning for the JNWWTP project begins [8].1998 - Construction of the plant commences and is completed in 1999 [7].1999/2000 - The JNWWTP begins operating. Prior to this, raw sewage from Juárez flowed into the Aguas Negras canal. This canal parallels the Rio Grande River and empties into it about 80 miles downstream [7].2001 - El Paso residents living closest to the JNWWTP complain of strong sewage odors to various agencies [9-13]. The El Paso City Council requests that the El Paso City County Health and Environmental District become involved in the odor issue [5].2002 - Complaints to the TCEQ regional office in El Paso (1 March 2002) document the occurrence of offensive odors near the Lower Valley area, Ysleta High School, Riverside High School, South Yarbrough Drive, Pasodale Drive, Alameda Avenue, Padres Avenue, and Zaragoza Avenue. Reasons for the strong odors and high H2S levels likely include the dumping of wet sludge piles on the wastewater plant property, and inadequate slopes of sewer lines from2El Paso – JNWWTP North Treatment Plant – H2S Final Health Consultationhomes to the treatment facility. Because sewage remains in the sewage lines longer, anaerobic bacteria have more time to produce H2S and other gases as they break down the sewage.2003 - TCEQ conducts air monitoring downwind of the JNWWTP in February to measure H2S, SO2, and VOCs (including carbonyls) [1]. In June, the municipal authority responsible for operating the plant (Junta Municipal de Agua y Saneamiento-JMAS) requests that US communications about the JNWWTP be coordinated through the IBWC. This request results because a large group of concerned El Paso and Juárez citizens marched on the JMAS to demand an unscheduled meeting at the WWTP [14].2004 - Concerns expressed by residents about possible health effects related to exposure to the odors [9, 15-17] receive the attention of US Representative Sylvestre Reyes. In June, he petitions ATSDR to evaluate whether working or living near the plant could affect people’s health [3].In July, the University of Texas El Paso (UTEP) presents H2S data collected around the JN WWTP to the IBWC. A low-range OdaLog H2S monitor continuously records 10-minute average H2S concentrations (0.01 to 2 ppmv) at the plant property fence. Medium and high-range OdaLog H2S monitors continuously record 60-second average H2S concentrations (0.1 to 50 ppmv, 0.1 to 200 ppmv, and 0.1 to 1,000 ppmv) at sources of interest on the plant property [18].In July, the IBWC meets with stakeholders to discuss the JNWWTP. Representatives from JMAS (the municipal authority responsible for operating the plant) state that they will remove sludge from the facility daily, and transport it to a location away from residential areas on the southwest side of Juárez. Prior to the fall of 2004, sludge was stockpiled in nearby fields owned by the treatment plant or trucked to a landfill southwest of Juárez. Residents of the nearby El Paso neighborhoods have reported that the piles of decomposing sludge near the facility have caused terrible odors. The TCEQ regional office indicates that the sludge is being burned [6].JMAS acknowledges that improvements in plant operation are needed, and that adding aerobic sludge digesters is included in future plans. The IBWC plans to meet every 30 days to update stakeholders about ongoing efforts to reduce H2S emissions and odors at the plant [14].In August, TCEQ installs a 24-hour H2S monitor (CAMS-36) in the neighborhood east of the plant. This monitoring station records date, time of day, wind speed, wind direction and H2S level in ppbv every 5 minutes, 24 hours a day (except for periodic calibration).In September, community members describe the odors as “excrement,” “rotten eggs,” “sewage smell,” “sulfur,” and “horrible when the winds are from the southwest” in conversations with DSHS staff. At a 29 September meeting of IBWC, JMAS, TCEQ and DSHS, it is reported that the plant is meeting water quality standards, but that Mexico does not have air quality standards for facilities which treat wastewater.Community Health ConcernsSince 2001, members of the El Paso Lower Valley neighborhood have complained about odors from the JNWWTP. Health concerns such as allergies, upper respiratory problems, shortness of breath, asthma, headaches, and difficulty concentrating have been reported. Other concerns include diminished quality of life and reduced property values [15, 16, 19]. A public comment period was held from November 21 through December 23, 2005. No comments were received.3El Paso – JNWWTP North Treatment Plant – H2S Final Health ConsultationSite VisitsOn 28 September 2004, DSHS and TCEQ staff visited the CAMS-36 station and toured the El Paso Lower Valley Neighborhood, located east-northeast of the JNWWTP, to learn about exposure pathways. We observed a children’s playground, baseball diamonds, and other ball fields in a large, open park area between Independence Drive and Border Highway. We did not detect any significant sewage, rotten egg, or H2S-like odors.The following morning we accompanied TCEQ staff to visit the JNWWTP. As we neared the plant, we noticed H2S odors. At the plant, sewage and rotten-egg odors were clearly present.Reasons given for the strong odors and high H2S levels included storing wet sludge piles at, and near, the wastewater plant and inadequate slopes of waste water lines carrying sewage to the treatment facility. Because sewage remains in the sewer lines longer, anaerobic bacteria have more time to produce H2S, and other gases, as they break down the sewage. Steps to reduce H2S emissions included reducing and/or eliminating on-site storage of sludge, odor containment using polyethylene covers over incoming waste streams and Archimedes screw lifts, and breaking down H2S by using Sol-Air C16L & C48LF ultraviolet light generators.DSHS team members contacted some residents by phone in September 2004 for an initial survey of when (time of day) odors were usually noticed, locations in the neighborhood where odors usually were noticed, and descriptions of the odors. DSHS team members met with residents on 12-14 November 2004 and 3 March 2005 to ask for help in gathering information for a two-week period with the intent of comparing reported bad odors with the TCEQ air monitoring data.MethodsEnvironmental MonitoringTCEQ conducted air monitoring downwind of the JNWWTP during 16-22 February 2003. Samples were collected to measure levels of H2S, SO2, and VOCs (including carbonyls). Seven locations along the Texas-Mexico border, and downwind of the JNWWTP, were monitored for H2S and SO2; SO2 was monitored at one additional location. Five locations were selected for sampling VOCs. Only H2S exceeded the TCEQ residential standard of 80 parts H2S per billion parts of air (80 ppbv), which is defined as a 30-minute average H2S level. The maximum H2S level measured was 2,100 ppbv; the average level was determined to be 350 ppbv [1].In August 2004, TCEQ installed a continuous air monitor station (CAMS-36) about 1 mile east- southeast of the JNWWTP and 0.5 mile south of the El Paso Lower Valley Neighborhood. This monitor collected wind speed, wind direction, and H2S levels every 5 minutes, 24 hours a day, except for periodic calibration periods, from 8 August - 30 November 2004. Subsequently, DSHS staff received these data to supplement previous reports of H2S exceedances (defined as 30 minute averages exceeding 80 ppbv) [20].Quality Assurance and Quality ControlIn preparing this health consultation on the public health significance of these data, we relied on information provided by TCEQ regarding adequate and appropriate quality assurance and quality4El Paso – JNWWTP North Treatment Plant – H2S Final Health Consultationcontrol (QA/QC) procedures. The QA/QC procedures used by TCEQ were thorough and appeared to be adequate and appropriate for our use of these data.Data AnalysisDSHS staff reviewed air monitoring data from the CAMS-36 monitor operated by TCEQ from 12 August - 30 November 2004. DSHS staff imported text files from the CAMS-36 output into a Microsoft Excel 2000 spreadsheet and a Microsoft Access 2000 database. Maximum H2S levels (5, 30, and 60-minute time periods) were considered in the context of concurrent wind direction, wind speed, and time of day.Thirty-minute average H2S levels at each given time generally were calculated as moving averages of seven recorded, 5-minute, H2S levels starting at fifteen minutes before the nominal time and ending at fifteen minutes after the nominal time. Similarly, 60-minute average H2S levels at each given time were calculated as moving averages of thirteen recorded, 5-minute, H2S levels starting at thirty minutes before the nominal time and ending at thirty minutes after the nominal time. This method was chosen to avoid the positive or negative temporal shift in the moving average curve with respect to the underlying 5-minute data curve, as occurs when historical-only or future-only data, respectively, are used to calculate the moving average. Data were evaluated using various plots, charts and graphs.Discussion ResultsMajor findings are presented here. More detailed results are presented and discussed in Appendix B. Appendix B includes various supporting information including text, figures, graphs and plots.From 12 August – 25 November 2004, 5-minute H2S levels recorded at the CAMS-36 monitoring station ranged from non-detectable to 683 ppbv. About 9.3% of the 30-minute average H2S levels were elevated above TCEQ target exceedance level (80 ppbv), 3.4% exceeded 160 ppbv, and 0.8% exceeded 320 ppbv (Figure 3). Additionally, 1.7% (549 of 31,968 calculated, 30-minute-average, H2S levels) exceeded the acute-duration inhalation MRL of 200 ppbv recommended by the ATSDR.Frequency distribution, cumulative frequency distribution, and exceedance distribution plots of the 30-min averages (expressed in percentages of all values measured) are shown in Figures 4, 5. The H2S exceedances exhibited a clear cyclical pattern, with over 99% occurring between the hours of 6:00 PM and 8:00 AM (Figure 6).Between the hours of 8:00 AM and 6:00 PM (Appendix B, Figure B3a), levels generally are very low (less than 9 ppbv). From 6:00 PM to 8:00 PM, H2S levels tend, on average, to be elevated to near 60 ppbv when the winds are out of the WNW or when they are out of the SE/SSE directions (Appendix B, Figure B3b). For other times of the night and early morning, most H2S elevations appear to have occurred when winds were anywhere from the SE clockwise through the NW (Appendix B, Figures B3c-h).5El Paso – JNWWTP North Treatment Plant – H2S Final Health ConsultationThe greatest number of the exceedances occurred when the winds are out of the WNW direction - the direction of the JNWWTP (Appendix B, Figures B4a, b). There were three peaks when winds were out of this direction: 9:00 PM, 3:00 AM, and 6:00 AM. There was a secondary set of peaks when winds were out of the SE: 9:00 PM and 4:00 AM (Appendix B, Figures B4c-h). Plotting 5-, 30-, and 60-minute average H2S levels, show a somewhat more muddled picture, with irregular elevations, generally between 12:00 AM and 7:30 AM and wind directions between SSE and NNW. Winds are generally from the WNW or the ESE in the Lower Valley Neighborhoods of El Paso during August - November (Appendix B, Figures B4i, j).The most likely source of the hydrogen sulfide levels when the wind is out of the WNW is the Juarez North Wastewater Treatment Plant. The source of odors when the winds are out of the SE is unknown; however, two possible sources, the El Paso Wastewater Treatment Plant and the Juarez South Wastewater Treatment Plant, are on either side of the river approximately 5 miles from the CAMS-36 monitoring station.Contaminants of ConcernHydrogen SulfideHydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a colorless, flammable, poisonous gas with a characteristic odor of rotten eggs. Some individuals can smell H2S at concentrations as low as 0.5 ppbv, but, for most of the general population (68%), the detection threshold is between 2 and 30 ppbv. Signs and symptoms of H2S exposure are listed in Table 2. Natural sources of H2S include crude petroleum, natural gas, volcanic gases, hot springs, and decaying organic matter. It also is released from human and animal waste and can be found in sewage treatment facilities, sediments of fish aquaculture, and in livestock barns or manure areas. Industrial sources of H2S include petroleum refineries, natural gas plants, petrochemical plants, coke oven plants, pulp and paper mills, food processing plants, and tanneries [2, 21].Health EffectsAs mentioned in the prior Facility History and Site Visit sections, residents have reported to DSHS that they have experienced health effects associated with H2S exposure. Symptoms mentioned to DSHS staff included chronic headache; nausea; unexplained chronic cough; wheezing; increased asthma; shortness of breath; and irritated, watery eyes.Acute ExposureShort-term exposures to high levels of H2S may cause a variety of adverse health effects. For example, a number of occupational studies have reported respiratory distress in workers with exposures to H2S at levels higher than 40,000 ppbv. These studies also document changes in oxygen uptake and shortness of breath in subjects with short-term exposure to H2S at levels between 5,000 and 10,000 ppbv [22-27].At high concentrations, H2S gas can be a significant eye irritant, causing keratoconjunctivitis, punctuate corneal erosion, blepharospasm, lacrimation, and photophobia [28,29]. A retrospective study of 250 Canadian workers who submitted workers’ compensation claims for H2S exposure found that 18% had developed conjunctivitis, some cases of which persisted for several days [30]. Although acute exposure to H2S may clearly result in eye irritation, none of these instances of ocular exposure have reported permanent eye damage [2, 29-33].6El Paso – JNWWTP North Treatment Plant – H2S Final Health ConsultationProlonged exposure to high levels of H2S (greater than 100,000 ppbv) can cause a condition known as “olfactory fatigue,” in which the exposed individual is no longer able to smell the gas. Under these circumstances, the person may not be aware of increasing H2S levels [2].Other studies have shown measurable effects at considerably lower levels. For example, a controlled exposure study has reported that 2 out of 10 asthmatics exposed to H2S at 2,000 ppbv for 30 minutes had >30% changes in airway resistance and specific airway conductance, implying bronchial obstruction [22]. This study was used by ATSDR to derive the Minimal Risk Level (MRL) of 200 ppbv for acute-duration inhalation exposures to H2S [2]. In this derivation, they divided the Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level (LOAEL) of 2,000 ppbv by an uncertainty factor of 10 (3.16 for use of a minimal LOAEL and 3.16 for human variability).Tearing of the eyes has been noted in Fischer-344 rats exposed to H2S at 400,000 ppbv (but not 200,000 ppbv) for 4 hours [34]. Furthermore, guinea pigs exposed to H2S at 20,000 ppbv, 1 hour per day for 20 days, showed signs of eye irritation during the exposure [35]. However, no ocular lesions were found on microscopic examination of the eyes of crossbred pigs exposed to H2S at 8,500 ppbv 24 hours per day for 17 days [36]. Also, no exposure-related histopathological changes were detected in the eyes of F-344 or Sprague-Dawley rats or B6C3F1 mice exposed to Time Weighted Average (TWA) concentrations 10,000; 30,000; or 80,000 ppbv of H2S for 6 hours/day, 5 days/week, for 90 days [37]. ATSDR has derived an MRL for intermediate duration exposure of 20 ppbv [2]. The intermediate MRL is based on an identified NOAEL of 10 ppm and a LOAEL of 30 ppm for olfactory neuron loss and basal cell hyperplasia in the olfactory epithelium of the nose in male Sprague-Dawley rats [2]. This MRL was derived by dividing the estimated human equivalent dose for the NOAEL of 0.46 ppm by an uncertainty factor of 30 [2].Chronic ExposureATSDR has not yet derived a chronic MRL; however, long-term exposure to H2S also may result in adverse health effects. For example, workers in the shale industry, with chronic-duration exposure to H2S at levels often exceeding 20,000 ppbv, have reported chronic neurological symptoms, including fatigue, loss of appetite, headache, irritability, poor memory, and dizziness [28].A recent study examining health effects in a community exposed to low levels of H2S noted that, after days when H2S levels are consistently above 30 ppbv, there is an increase in asthma-related hospital visits among children [38]. Several studies of communities exposed to low levels of malodorous sulfur compounds (including H2S, methyl mercaptan, and methyl sulfides) reported an increase in nasal symptoms, coughs, and breathlessness or wheezing with increasing air concentrations of these compounds [2]. However, it is not known if these symptoms can be attributed solely to H2S, because other potentially irritating compounds were present as well. Two New York communities and an Indiana community, with chronic exposure to H2S originating from landfills, reported eye, throat, and lung irritation; nausea; headache; nasal blockage; sleeping difficulties; weight loss; chest pain; and asthma attacks. The levels of H2S measured in these communities ranged from 300 ppbv to 4,000 ppbv in ambient air [21, 39].Public Health ImplicationsThe highest 5-minute peak H2S level measured in this El Paso community was 683 ppbv, which is about three times below the LOAEL for H2S (2,000 ppbv), but 1.7% (549 out of 31,968 of the7El Paso – JNWWTP North Treatment Plant – H2S Final Health Consultationcalculated, 30-minute-average, H2S levels) exceeded the acute-duration inhalation MRL of 200 ppbv recommended by the ATSDR. Consequently, it is possible that a few sensitive individuals with asthma may occasionally experience diminished lung function as a result of their H2S exposures in the affected neighborhoods. It is also possible that some individuals may experience stuffy or runny nose, neuropsychological symptoms, or eye irritation when H2S levels are sufficiently elevated. Depending on how sensitive the community is on average to the odor of H2S, levels in the El Paso Lower Valley neighborhood exceeded the odor threshold 17–54% of the time during the period from 12 August – 5 November 2004.Child Health ConsiderationsInformation on the toxic effects of H2S primarily pertains to animals and adult humans. It is important to note that children may be more sensitive to certain toxicants than adults [40, 41]. In communities faced with potential exposure to contaminants, the many physical differences between children and adults may require special emphasis. Because children play outdoors and exhibit behaviors that increase their exposure potential, they could be at greater risk than are adults from certain kinds of exposure to hazardous substances. A child’s lower body weight and higher relative intake rate results in a greater dose of hazardous substance per unit of body weight. If toxic exposure levels are high enough during critical growth stages, the developing body systems of children can sustain permanent damage. Also, children are dependent on adults for access to housing, for access to medical care, and for risk identification. Thus adults need as much information as possible to make informed decisions regarding their children’s health.We also recognize that the unique vulnerabilities of children demand special attention. Windows of vulnerability (critical periods) exist during development, particularly during early gestation, but also throughout pregnancy, infancy, childhood and adolescence periods when toxicants may permanently impair or alter structure and function [42]. Unique childhood vulnerabilities may be present because, at birth, many organs and body systems (including the lungs and the immune, endocrine, reproductive, and nervous systems) have not achieved structural or functional maturity. These organ systems continue to develop throughout childhood and adolescence. Children may exhibit differences in absorption, metabolism, storage, and excretion of toxicants, resulting in higher biologically effective doses to target tissues.ConclusionsLevels of H2S measured in this area of El Paso are above odor thresholds for normal healthy adults. The most likely source of the hydrogen sulfide levels when the wind is out of the WNW is the Juarez North Wastewater Treatment Plant. The source of odors when the winds are out of the SE is unknown; however, two possible sources, the El Paso Wastewater Treatment Plant and the Juarez South Wastewater Treatment Plant, are on either side of the river approximately 5 miles from the CAMS-36 monitoring station.Exposure to levels of H2S measured in the El Paso Lower Valley neighborhood could result in adverse health effects (coughs, diminished lung function, wheezing, stuffy or runny nose, eye irritation, neuropsychological symptoms, nausea, headaches, and sleeping difficulties) for sensitive individuals. We therefore, conclude that the site poses a public health hazard for sensitive adults and children.Recommendations8El Paso – JNWWTP North Treatment Plant – H2S Final Health ConsultationThe TCEQ should consider identifying other sources of H2S to the SE of the affected neighborhoods and, through air monitoring, try to quantify their contribution to H2S levels.Depending on the results of these investigations, the TCEQ should take additional steps as needed to reduce H2S emissions.The IBWC should continue working with the JNWWTP to reduce releases of H2S.Public Health Action PlanActions Completed1. Technical staff from the TNRCC, the Water Environment Association of Texas, NADBANK, and various volunteer engineering and operations professionals met in April 2002, to develop a resolution to the problem and determine the feasibility of providing wastewater treatment plant operator training.2. In the summer of 2002, JMAS piloted the use of Sol-Air C16L, CF32LF, &/or C48LF ultraviolet light generators to reduce H2S emissions from the wastewater stream at the treatment plant.3. In July 2004, JMAS began transporting sludge from the JNWWTP to a remote landfill area approximately 12 miles to the southwest.4. The TCEQ installed an H2S air monitor (CAMS-36) in August 2004, and, except for a few down periods, they have been monitoring H2S levels at 5-minute intervals since then.5. Applied Environmental Services, an El Paso company, has piloted an odor control treatment system at the facility [16]. Under this system, areas of high emissions are identified and covered with an opaque, nylon-fiber-reinforced, polyethylene sheet. The confined emissions are treated with UV light, which breaks down the H2S according to the reactions outlined in Figure 8d. This process has reduced H2S levels in some areas by as much as a factor of 10.Actions Planned1. AES, an El Paso company, is planning to install permanent cover over the wastewater influent pretreatment canal and over the wastewater lift screws. The installation of the odor control treatment system is planned [16].2. The BECC plans to repair and replace 13 miles of sewage pipes as well as to install 36 miles of pipes to convey wastewater to the North and South WWTPs.3. The JMAS plans to get funding to build a pipeline between the two facilities in order to transport sludge from the north plant to the more remote south plant.9El Paso – JNWWTP North Treatment Plant – H2S Final Health ConsultationAuthors, Technical Advisors, and OrganizationsReport Prepared byRichard A. Beauchamp, MDSenior Medical ToxicologistDSHS, Exposure Investigation and Surveillance GroupSusan Prosperie, MS, RSEnvironmental SpecialistDSHS, Exposure Investigation and Surveillance GroupJohn F. Villanacci, PhD, NREMT-IDirectorDSHS, Environmental & Injury Epidemiology & Toxicology BranchTina Walker, EMT-IInformation SpecialistDSHS, Exposure Investigation and Surveillance GroupNancy B. Ingram, B.S.Community Involvement LiaisonDSHS, Exposure Investigation and Surveillance GroupATSDR Region 6 RepresentativesJennifer LykeRegional RepresentativeGeorge Pettigrew, P.E.Senior Regional RepresentativeATSDR Technical Project OfficerW. Allen Robison, Ph.D.ToxicologistDivision of Health Assessment and Consultation Superfund and Program Assessment Branch10El Paso – JNWWTP North Treatment Plant – H2S Final Health ConsultationTable 1. Demographic Data for the Lower Valley Neighborhoods, El Paso, TX, Based on Year 2000 U.S. Census.2000 Census Tract NumberCategory DescriptionTotal Population Under 5 Years 65 and Above Females 18 to 65White aloneBlack aloneAm Indian and Alaska Native Asian aloneSome other raceHispanic or LatinoTotal Households38.01 38.036,147 3,564 392 270 878 4001,949 1,068455 2,679 21 11 42 353 7 1,317 831 5,944 3,3331,805 98638.04 Total4,096 13,807 376 1,038 387 1,6651,247 4,2643,036 6,170 20 52 53 1307 17 980 3,228 3,854 13,1311,159 3,95011El Paso – JNWWTP North Treatment Plant – H2S Final Health ConsultationTable 2. Signs or Symptoms of Hydrogen Sulfide Inhalation Exposure at Various Air Levels (ppbv).H2S Level (ppbv)Signs or Symptoms of Exposure0.5 – 30 30 – 100300 - 1,000Odor thresholdStuffy or runny nose, neuropsychological symptoms, respiratory symptoms exacerbated in some sensitive asthmaticsIncreased nasal irritation & stuffiness, increased eye complaints, shortness of breath in some sensitive individuals100 – 300Nasal irritation, increasing stuffiness, increased neuropsychological symptoms, eye complaints, increased hospital visits for respiratory complaints including asthma1,000 - 3,000Eye irritation, cough, nasal congestion, increased signs of bronchial obstruction in asthmatics (increased airway resistance & decreased specific airway conductance)3,000 - 10,000Increasing eye & nasal irritation, sleeping difficulties, weight loss, increased blood lactate concentrations, decreased skeletal muscle citrate synthase activity, decreased oxygen uptake10,000 - 30,000Fatigue, loss of appetite, headache, pronounced eye & nasal irritation, irritability, poor memory, nausea, dizziness, slowed reaction time, short- term mood changes, poor color discrimination30,000 - 100,000300,000 - 1,000,000 >1,000,000Impaired neurologic function; increasing eye, nose, & throat irritation; stinging eyes; conjunctivitis; nausea; breathing difficulties; sleepinessMuscle cramps, low blood pressure, severe respiratory distress, respiratory paralysis, loss of consciousness, death in 30 minutes or lessDeath from respiratory paralysis in less than 20 minutes100,000 - 300,000Olfactory fatigue, severe eye/nose/throat irritation, keratoconjunctivitis (sometimes with subsequent infection), punctuate corneal erosion, blepharospasm, lacrimation, photophobia, headache, visual & memory impairment, rigid movements, reduced motor function, slight tremor, ataxia, psychosis, abnormal motor function12El Paso – JNWWTP North Treatment Plant – H2S Final Health ConsultationJuarez North Wastewater Treatment PlantYarbrough DriveFigure 1. Juarez North Wastewater Treatment Plant, El Paso Lower Valley Neighborhoods, and CAM-36 Monitor, USGS Aerial PhotoJ.P. Shawver ParkLower Valley Neighborhood13Border FreewayCAM-36 MonitorEl Paso – JNWWTP North Treatment Plant – H2S Final Health ConsultationFigure 2. Model of the Juarez North Wastewater Treatment Plant14Percent Exceeding LevelEl Paso – JNWWTP North Treatment Plant – H2S Final Health Consultation110%100.00%100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%96.86%Figure 3. Percent of 30-min Average H2S Levels Exceeding Specified Value, CAMS-36 Monitor, El Paso, 8/14/04-11/31/0417.13%9.27%5.64% 3.42% 2.26% 1.52% 1.13% 0.80% 0.57% 0.34% 0.22% 0.14% 0.07% 0.04% 0.03% 0.02% >=-40 >=0 >=40 >=80 >=120 >=160 >=200 >=240 >=280 >=320 >=360 >=400 >=440 >=480 >=520 >=560 >=600 >=64030-min Avg H2S Level (ppbv)15Percent Exceeding LevelPercent in Level RangeEl Paso – JNWWTP North Treatment Plant – H2S Final Health Consultation100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%79.73%Percent in Level Range3.14%7.86%3.64% 2.21% 1.16% 0.75% 0.39% 0.33% 0.23% 0.23% 0.12% 0.09% 0.06% 0.04% 0.01% 0.01% 0.02%Figure 4. Percentile Frequency Distribution of 30-min Avg H2S Levels, CAMS-36, El Paso, 8/14/04-11/31/04(40)- 0- 40- 80- 120- 160- 200- 240- 280- 320- 360- 400- 440- 480- 520- 560- 600- 640- (0.1) 39.9 79.9 119.9 159.9 199.9 239.9 279.9 319.9 359.9 399.9 439.9 479.9 519.9 559.9 599.9 639.9 679.930-min Avg H2S Level (ppbv)16Cumulative Percentile DistributionEl Paso – JNWWTP North Treatment Plant – H2S Final Health Consultation120%100%94.36%96.58% 97.74%98.48% 98.87%99.20%99.43% 99.66%99.78% 99.86%99.93% 99.96%99.97% 99.98%100.00% 90.73%80%60%40%20%3.14%Figure 5. Cumulative Percentile Distribution of 30-min Avg H2S Levels, CAMS-36,El Paso, 8/14/04-11/31/0482.87%0%<0 <40 <80 <120 <160 <200 <240 <280 <320 <360 <400 <440 <480 <520 <560 <600 <640 <68030-min Avg H2S Level (ppbv)17Cumulative PercentilePercentEl Paso – JNWWTP North Treatment Plant – H2S Final Health Consultation14% 12% 10%13.2%8% 6% 4% 2% 0%7.5%8.0%7.4%0.0%0.0% 0.0%0.0%0.0%0.4%Figure 6. Percent Distribution of H2S Exceedances by Hour of the Day, CAMS-36, El Paso, 8/12/04 - 11/30/043.1%6.5% 4.8%5.5%5.8%5.4%5.8%0.4%0.0% 0.0%0.0% 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11Hour of the Day1812.3% 11.6%2.3%El Paso – JNWWTP North Treatment Plant – H2S Final Health ConsultationReferences1. Pechacek N. 2003. IOM from Nathan Pechacek, M.S., Toxicology Section, TCEQ, to Archie Clouse, Director, TCEQ Region 6, El Paso, Re Toxicological Review of Results of Ambient Air Mobile Monitoring, February 16-22, 2003, El Paso, El Paso County. Sept 17, 2003.2. ATSDR. 2004. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Toxicological Profile for Hydrogen Sulfide. Atlanta: US Department of Health and Human Services; Sept 2004.3. Reyes S. 2004. Petition letter from U.S. Representative Silvestre Reyes, TX, to Dr. Henry Falk, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. June 22, 2004.4. NADB. 1997. North American Development Bank. Fact Sheet, Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua. North and South Wastewater Treatment Plants Project and Supplemental Wastewater Collection Projects. Sept 30, 1997.5. Castillo J. 2002. Letter from Jorge Castillo, TCEQ, to Mr. David Lara, Community Member Re complaint about offensive odors from the Juárez North Wastewater Treatment Plant. Mar 14, 2002.6. Prosperie S. 2004. Email from Susan Prosperie, DSHS, to Norma Duran, EPA Border Office, and Karl Markiewicz, ATSDR Regional Office, Re information about the Wastewater Treatment Plant and sludge handling at the Juárez North Treatment Plant. July 21, 2004.7. Burris M. 2004. Fax from Martin Burris, IBWC, to Susan L. Prosperie, DSHS, Re the JNWTP, Cd. JNWWTP. September 21, 2004.8. BECC. 1997. BECC STEP II FORM. Junta Municipal de Agua y Saneamiento Cd. JNWWTP, Chih. North and South Wastewater Treatment Plants Project and Supplemental Sewerage Projects http://www.cocef.org/aproyectos/JNWWTP-ing.htm Cd. Juárez, Chih. July 1997.9. Roque A. 2001. Letter from Aurelia Roque, Community Member, to Congressman Silvestre Reyes Re offensive odors from the JNWWTP North Wastewater Treatment Plant and health concerns for El Paso residents. Jun 21, 2001.10. Roque A. 2001. Letter from Aurelia Roque, Community Member, to Ms Fatima Zohra Re offensive odors from the JNWWTP North Wastewater Treatment Plant and health concerns for El Paso residents. Dec 27, 2001.11. Roque A. 2002. Letter from Aurelia Roque, Community Member, to Jose Reyes Ferriz, Mayor, City of JNWWTP, Re offensive odors from the JNWWTP North Wastewater Treatment Plant and health concerns for El Paso residents. Jun 18, 2004.12. Roque A. 2002. Letter from Aurelia Roque, Community Member, to Mr. Carlos Ramirez, Commissioner, CILA, Re offensive odors from the JNWWTP North Wastewater Treatment Plant and health concerns for El Paso residents. Jun 18, 2004.13. Roque A. 2002. Letter from Aurelia Roque, Community Member, to Mr. Carlos M. Rivera, Director, Border Liaison Office, Re offensive odors from the JNWWTP North Wastewater Treatment Plant and health concerns for El Paso residents. Jun 18, 2004.14. Castillo J. 2004. Draft Summary Update on Juárez North Wastewater Treatment Plant as of July 2004 by Jorge Castillo, TCEQ.19El Paso – JNWWTP North Treatment Plant – H2S Final Health Consultation15. Lara D. 2002. Letter from Mr. David Lara, Community Member, to Mr. Jorge Castillo, TNRCC, Re offensive sewage odors reportedly from sewage plant at Border Freeway and S Yarbrough Dr. March 1, 2002.16. Lara D. 2002. Letter from Mr. David Lara, Community Member, to Mr. Archie Clouse, TNRCC, Re offensive sewage odors reportedly from sewage plant at Border Freeway and S Yarbrough Dr. Nov 6, 2002.17. Duran N. 2004. Email from Norma Duran, USEPA Border Office, to Susan Prosperie, TDH, and Karl Markiewicz, ATSDR Regional Office, Re information about the Ciudad Juárez wastewater treatment plant (North). August 6, 2004.18. Wen-Whai L, Franco C, Trujillo D. 2004. An Air Impact Study of the Ultraviolet Systems on Reduction of H2S Emissions at the North Wastewater Treatment Plant of Cd. JNWWTP – Progress as of July 6, 2004. Department of Civil Engineering. The University of Texas at El Paso. Presentation to IBWC and others July 6, 2004.19. Roque A. 2004. Letter from Aurelia Roque, Community Member, to Congressman Silvestre Reyes Re offensive odors from the JNWWTP North Wastewater Treatment Plant and health concerns for area residents. Jun 18, 2004.20. Leopold V. 2004. Email from Vincent Leopold, TCEQ, to Susan Prosperie, DSHS, Re H2S exceedances detected at CAMS-36 along the El Paso Border. September 7, 2004.21. New York State Department of Health. 1999. Hydrogen sulfide: Chemical Information Sheet. Rev Aug 1999.22. Jappinen P, Vilkka V, Marttila O, et al. 1990. Exposure to hydrogen sulfide and respiratory function. Br J Ind Med 47:824-828.23. Spolyar LW. 1951. Three men overcome by hydrogen sulfide in starch plant. Ind Health Monthly. 11(8):116-117.24. Bhambhani Y, Singh M. 1991. Physiological effects of hydrogen sulfide inhalation during exercise in healthy men. J Appl Physiol 71(5):1872-1877.25. Bhambhani Y, Burnham R, Snydmiller G, et al. 1994. Comparative physiological responses of exercising men and women to 5 ppm hydrogen sulfide exposure. Am Ind Hyg Assos J 55:1030- 1035.26. Bhambhani Y, Burnham R, Snydmiller G, et al. 1996. Effects of 10 ppm hydrogen sulfide inhalation on pulmonary function in healthy men and women. J Occup Environ Med 38:1012-1017.27. Bhambhani Y, Burnham R, Snydmiller G, et al. 1996. Effects of 5 ppm hydrogen sulfide inhalation on biochemical properties of skeletal muscle in exercising men and women. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 57:464-468.28. Ahlborg G. 1951. Hydrogen sulfide poisoning in the shale industry. Arch Ind Hyg Occup Med 3:247-266.29. Luck J, Kaye SB. 1989. An unrecognized form of hydrogen sulfide keratoconjunctivitis. Br J Ind Med 46:748-749.30. Arnold IMF, Dufresne RM, Alleyne BC, et al. 1985. Health implications of occupational exposures to hydrogen sulfide. J Occup Med 27(5):373-376.20El Paso – JNWWTP North Treatment Plant – H2S Final Health Consultation31. Audeau FM, Gnanaharan C, Davey K. 1985. Hydrogen sulfide poisoning, associated with pelt processing. N Z Med J 98(774):145-147.32. Deng J-F, Chang S-C. 1987. Hydrogen sulfide poisoning in hot-spring reservoir cleaning: Two case reports. Am J Ind Med 11:447-451.33. Stine RJ, Slosberg B, Beacham BE. 1976. Hydrogen sulfide intoxication: A case report and discussion of treatment. Ann Intern Med 85:756-758.34. Lopez A, Prior M, Yong S, et al. 1988. Nasal lesions in rats exposed to hydrogen sulfide for four hours. Am J Vet Res 49:1107-1111.35. Haider SS, Hasan M, Islam F. 1980. Effect of air pollutant hydrogen sulfide on the levels of total lipids, phospholipids & cholesterol in different regions of the guinea pig brain. Indian J Exp Biol 18:419-420.36. Curtis SE, Anderson CR, Simon J, et al. 1975. Effects of aerial ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, and swine-house dust on rate of gain and respiratory tract structure in swine. J Anim Sci 41:735-739.37. CIIT. 1983. 90-Day vapor inhalation toxicity study of hydrogen sulfide in Fischer 344 rats. Report to the Chemical Institute of Toxicology, Research Triangle Park, NC, by ToxiGenics, Inc. CIIT docket #22063.38. Campagna D, Kathman S, Pierson R, et al. 2004. Ambient hydrogen sulfide, total reduced sulfur, and hospital visits for respiratory diseases in northeast Nebraska, 1988-2000. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol 14(2):180-187.39. NYSDOH and ATSDR. 1995. Public Health Assessment: Port Washington Landfill, North Hampstead, Nassau County, New York. Prepared by the New York State Department of Health under a cooperative agreement with ATSDR.40. ATSDR. 1995. Child health initiative. Atlanta: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, US Department of Health and Human Services.41. US EPA. 1998. The children’s environmental health yearbook. US Environmental Protection Agency.42. US EPA. 2000. Strategy for research on environmental risks to children. Washington, DC: US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development. EPA/600/R-00/068, Section 1.2.21El Paso – JNWWTP North Treatment Plant – H2S Final Health ConsultationCertificationThis public health consultation on hydrogen sulfide exposures in El Paso (El Paso County), Texas and JNWWTP, Chihuahua, Mexico was prepared by the Texas Department of State Health Services (DSHS) under a cooperative agreement with the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). It is in accordance with methods and procedures approved at the time the public health consultation was initiated. Editorial review was completed by the Cooperative Agreement partner.________________________________________________Technical Project Officer, CAT, SPAB, DHAC, ATSDRThe Division of Health Assessment and Consultation, ATSDR, has reviewed this public health consultation and concurs with its findings.____________________________________________ __Team Lead, CAT, SPAB, DHAC, ATSDR22El Paso – JNWWTP North Treatment Plant – H2S Final Health ConsultationAPPENDIX A. Acronyms and AbbreviationsAES Applied Environmental ServicesATSDR Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease RegistryBECC Border Environment Cooperation CommissionCAMS Continuous Air Monitoring StationCILA Comisión de Limites y Aguas (the Mexican Section of the International Boundary and Water Commission)DSHS Texas Department of State Health Services (formerly TDH) EPA United States Environmental Protection Agency EPCCEHD El Paso City/County Environmental Health District EPLVN El Paso Lower Valley NeighborhoodH2S Hydrogen sulfideIBWC International Boundary Water CouncilJMAS Junta Municipal de Agua y SaneamientoJNWWTP Juárez North Wastewater Treatment PlantNJWTP North Juárez Wastewater Treatment Plantppbv Parts per billion by volumeppmv Parts per million by volumeRfD Reference DoseSO2 Sulfur DioxideTCEQ Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (formerly TNRCC) TDH Texas Department of HealthTNRCC Texas Natural Resources Conservation CommissionVOC Volatile Organic Compound23El Paso – JNWWTP North Treatment Plant – H2S Final Health ConsultationAPPENDIX B. Additional Data Evaluation and ResultsInitial display of the data consisted of a series of 15 charts (Figures B1a-o) plotting 30-min average H2S levels (ppbv) by date and time of day, each chart spanning 7 days of the 15-week measurement period from August 12 - November 25, 2004. For each 30-min average H2S level, the corresponding 30-min average wind direction (0-360 degrees) was plotted as a separate series using the same numeric scale (0- 700) used for H2S levels. In some of the charts, when the wind direction repeatedly crossed the 0o/360o direction (i.e., due north), 360o was either added to or subtracted from the wind direction value in order to reduce the apparent but misleading dramatic fluctuations in wind direction. For reference, the TCEQ 30- min average H2S Target Exceedance Level of 80 ppbv was plotted as a third series on each chart.Review of the preceding 15 charts showed a clear cyclical pattern for H2S emissions with nearly all of the significant elevations occurring between the hours of 6:00 pm and 8:00 am. Based on the data reviewed, the H2S levels at the CAMS-36 station exhibit a two phase peak during the night time hours. The first occurred at 9:00 pm (range, 6:00 pm to 11:00 pm) and the second at 3:00 am (range, 1:00 am to 5:00 am). The average level during the period from 6:00 pm to 8:00 am was 10 times higher than the period from 8:00 am to 6:00 pm (43.3 vs. 4.38 ppbv).Although it appears that many elevations coincided with winds from the west or northwest, other elevations occurred when winds were out of the south, southwest, and southeast. In an attempt to identify these temporal and directional patterns, all data points were coded to one of the 8 major points of the compass (i.e., N, NE, E, SE, S, SW, W, or NW). Mean H2S levels were calculated for each 5-min period of the day from August 12 - November 25, 2004 and for winds coming from each of the 8 major points of the compass. The wind directions most commonly associated with elevated H2S levels also demonstrated a biphasic peak, with one directional peak occurring when winds are from the west-northwest (292.5o, range 270o – 315o) and the other directional peak occurring when the winds are from the southeast (135o, range 112.5o - 157.5o).These data were then used to generate 30-min average and 60-min average H2S levels. These data are shown in Figures B2a-i along with the 5-min average levels and the TCEQ 30-min average H2S Target Exceedance Level (80 ppbv).For better directional analysis, all data points were coded to one of the 16 standard points of the compass (i.e., N, NNE, NE, ENE, E, ESE, SE, SSE, S, SSW, SW, WSW, W, WNW, NW, or NNW). Average H2S levels were calculated for each 2-hour period of the day from August 12 - November 25, 2004 and for winds coming from each of the 16 standard points of the compass.These data were plotted as an Excel 2000 “Radar Plot” showing the magnitude of the average H2S level by wind direction for each 2-hour period of the day. The resulting “Radar Plots” were then superimposed over an aerial photo of the area of concern taken by the US Geological Survey on 26 March 2002.The CAMS-36 monitoring station is located at the origin of the plots, and the JNWWTP is located at the end of the WNW radial grid line (Figures B3a-i). The most likely source of the H2S levels when the wind is out of the WNW is the JNWWTP, which lies at a bearing of 292o from the CAMS-36 station. The source of the odors when the winds are out of the SE is unknown, however, two possible sources include the Juárez South WWTP and the El Paso WWTP, both of which lie about 5 miles SSE of the CAMS-36 monitoring station, but are on opposite sides of the river. Elevated H2S levels, when the winds are from the south to the west (180o to 270o), could be arising from the partially treated sewage as it passes down the Aguas Negras canal parallel to the Rio Grande River.24El Paso – JNWWTP North Treatment Plant – H2S Final Health ConsultationTo further illustrate temporal and directional patterns, 3-dimensional contour plots of H2S levels were generated with hour-of-the-day on the x-axis, wind direction on the y-axis, and number of exceedances, 5- minute H2S levels, 30-minute average H2S level, or 60-minute average H2S level on the z-axis (Figures B4a-h). Similar contour plots showing wind direction frequencies were generated, with hour of the day on the x-axis, wind direction on the y-axis, and 5-minute wind direction counts on the z-axis (Figures B4i-j).The contour plots of H2S exceedances (Figures 4a, b) clearly show that the greatest number of the exceedances occur when the winds are out of the WNW direction - the direction of the JNWWTP. There are three temporal peaks when the winds are out of this direction, one at 9:00 PM, another at 3:00 AM, and a third minor peak at 6:00 AM. There is a secondary set of peaks when the winds are out of the SE, one occurring at 9:00 PM and another at 4:00 AM.Plotting 5-, 30-, and 60-minute average H2S levels (Figures 4c-h) shows a somewhat more muddled picture, with irregular elevations, generally between 12:00 AM and 7:30 AM and wind directions between SSE and NNW. The winds are generally out of the WNW or the ESE in the Lower Valley Neighborhoods of El Paso from August – November (Figures 4i, j).25El Paso – JNWWTP North Treatment Plant – H2S Final Health ConsultationFigures B126El Paso – JNWWTP North Treatment Plant – H2S Final Health Consultation70060050040030020010008/12/04 -10070060050040030020010008/19/04 -10070060050040030020010008/26/04 -10030-Min Avg H2S Level (ppbv)Wind Direction (degrees)TCEQ Target Exceedance Level (80 ppbv)Figure B1a. H2S Levels (ppbv), CAMS 36, El Paso, 8/12/04-8/19/04Figure 2a. H2S Levels (ppbv), CAMS 36, El Paso, 8/12/04 - 8/19/048/13/04 8/14/048/15/04 8/16/04 8/17/04Date and Time8/18/04 8/19/04Figure B1b. H2S Levels (ppbv), CAMS 36, El Paso, 8/19/04-8/26/04Figure 2b. H2S Levels (ppbv), CAMS 36, El Paso, 8/19/04 - 8/26/0430-Min Avg H2S Level (ppbv)Wind Direction (degrees)TCEQ Target Exceedance Level (80 ppbv)8/20/04 8/21/048/22/04 8/23/04 8/24/04 8/25/048/26/04Date and TimeF i g u r F e i g 2 u c r . e H B 1 2 c S . H L e 2 S v e L l e s v ( e p l s p b ( p v p ) , b C v ) A , MC A S M 3 S 6 , 3 E 6 , l E P l a P s a o s , o 8 , / 2 8 6 / 2 / 6 0 / 4 0 4 - - 9 9 / / 2 2 / / 0 0 4 430-Min Avg H2S Level (ppbv)Wind Direction (degrees)TCEQ Target Exceedance Level (80 ppbv)H2S Level (ppbv) H2S Level (ppbv) H2S Level (ppbv)8/27/04 8/28/048/29/04 8/30/04 8/31/049/1/04 9/2/0427Date and TimeEl Paso – JNWWTP North Treatment Plant – H2S Final Health Consultation70060050040030020010009/2/04 -100700 600 500 400 300 200 1000 8/19/04-10070060050040030020010009/16/04 -10030-Min Avg H2S Level (ppbv)Wind Direction (degrees)TCEQ Target Exceedance Level (80 ppbv)FiguFriegu2rde. BH12dS. HL2eSvLeelsve(lpsp(bpvp)b,vC),ACMASMS363,6E, lEPl aPsaoso, ,99/2/2/0/044-9//9//00449/3/04 9/4/049/5/04 9/6/04 9/7/04 9/8/049/9/04Date and TimeFFigigurre 2Bb1.e.HH22S Levels (ppbvv),),CCAAMMSS363,6E, lEPl aPsaos, o9,/98/0/149-9/0/146-/084/2 6 /0 430-Min Avg H2S Level (ppb)Wind Direction (degrees)TCEQ Target Exceedance Level (80 ppb)8/20/048/21/048/22/048/23/048/24/04 8/25/048/26/04Date and TimeFiguFriegu2rfe. BH12f.SHL2eSvLeelvse(lpsp(pbpvb),vC),ACMASMS363,6E, El Pl Paassoo, ,99/1/166/0/044-99/2/233/0/044H2S Level (ppbv)H2S Level (ppbv)H2S Level (ppbv)9/17/049/18/049/19/0430-Min Avg H2S Level (ppbv)Wind Direction (degrees)TCEQ Target Exceedance Level (80 ppbv)9/20/04 9/21/04289/22/04 9/23/04Date and TimeEl Paso – JNWWTP North Treatment Plant – H2S Final Health Consultation70060050040030020010009/23/04 -10070060050040030020010009/30/04 -100700600500400300200100010/7/04 -10030-Min Avg H2S Level (ppbv)Wind Direction (degrees)TCEQ Target Exceedance Level (80 ppbv)Figure B1g. H2S Levels (ppbv), CAMS 36, El Paso, 9/23/04-9/30/04Figure 2g. H2S Levels (ppbv), CAMS 36, El Paso, 9/23/04 - 9/30/049/24/04 9/25/049/26/04 9/27/04 9/28/04 9/29/049/30/04Date and TimeFiguFreigu2hre. BH12hS. HL2eSvLeelsve(plsp(bpvp)b,vC),ACMASM3S63,6E,lEPl aPsaos,o9, /93/030/0/044-10//7//04430-Min Avg H2S Level (ppbv)Wind Direction (degrees)TCEQ Target Exceedance Level (80 ppbv)10/1/0410/2/0410/3/0410/4/04 10/5/04 10/6/0410/7/04Date and TimeFiguFriegu2ri.e BH12iS. HL2eSvLeelsve(plsp(bpvp)b,vC),ACMASM3S63,6E, lEPl aPsaos,o1, 010/7/7/0/044-10//144/0/04430-Min Avg H2S Level (ppbv)H2S Level (ppbv)H2S Level (ppbv)H2S Level (ppbv)10/8/04 10/9/0410/10/04Wind Direction (degrees)TCEQ Target Exceedance Level (80 ppbv)10/11/042910/12/0410/13/0410/14/04Date and TimeEl Paso – JNWWTP North Treatment Plant – H2S Final Health Consultation700600500400300200100010/14/04 -100700600500400300200100010/21/04 -100700600500400300200100010/28/04 -10030-Min Avg H2S Level (ppbv)Wind Direction (degrees)TCEQ Target Exceedance Level (80 ppbv)FigFiugruere2jB. 1Hj. 2HS2SLeLveevelsls(p(ppbv), CAMS 36,, EllPaassoo, ,1100/1/41/40/40-410- /1201/2041/0410/15/0410/16/0410/17/0410/18/0410/19/0410/20/0410/21/04Date and Time FiguFirgeu2rek.B1Hk2.SH2LSevLevlsel(sp(pbpvb)v,)C, CAAMMSS3366,,EllPaso, 10/21//04-1-01/208/2/084/0430-Min Avg H2S Level (ppbv)Wind Direction (degrees)TCEQ Target Exceedance Level (80 ppbv)10/22/0410/23/0410/24/0410/25/0410/26/0410/27/0410/28/04Date and TimeFigFuigruere2lB. 1Hl.2HS2LSeLveevlesls(p(ppbbvv)),,CAMS 36, El Paso,,1100/2/288/0/044-1-11/014//40/40430-Min Avg H2S Level (ppbv)H2S Level (ppbv) H2S Level (ppbv)H2S Level (ppbv)10/29/0410/30/0410/31/04Wind Direction (degrees)TCEQ Target Exceedance Level (80 ppbv)11/1/04 11/2/043011/3/04 11/4/04Date and TimeEl Paso – JNWWTP North Treatment Plant – H2S Final Health Consultation700600500400300200100011/4/04 -100700600500400300200100011/11/04 -100700600500400300200100011/18/04 -10030-Min Avg H2S Level (ppbv)Wind Direction (degrees)TCEQ Target Exceedance Level (80 ppbv)FiguFriegu2rme .B1Hm2.SHL2eSvLeelvse(lpsp(pbpvb),vC), ACMASMS363,6E, El Pl Paassoo, ,111/4/4/0/04-111/1/11/0/04411/5/04 11/6/04 11/7/04 11/8/04Date and Time11/9/04 11/10/0411/11/04Figure B1n. H2S Levels (ppbv), CAMS 36, El Paso, 11/11/04-11/18/04Figure 2n. H2S Levels (ppbv), CAMS 36, El Paso, 11/11/04 - 11/18/0430-Min Avg H2S Level (ppbv)Wind Direction (degrees)TCEQ Target Exceedance Level (80 ppbv)11/12/0411/13/0411/14/0411/15/0411/16/0411/17/0411/18/04Date and Time FigFuigreur2eoB.1Ho.2HS2LSeLveevlesls(p(ppbbvv),),CAMS36, El Paso,,11/1/188/0/044-1-11/215//2054/0430-Min Avg H2S Level (ppbv)H2S Level (ppbv)H2S Level (ppbv) H2S Level (ppbv)11/19/0411/20/0411/21/04Wind Direction (degrees)TCEQ Target Exceedance Level (80 ppbv)11/22/043111/23/0411/24/0411/25/04Date and TimeEl Paso – JNWWTP North Treatment Plant – H2S Final Health ConsultationFigures B232El Paso – JNWWTP North Treatment Plant – H2S Final Health Consultation24020016012080 40 0Figure 3a. H2S Levels (ppbv) by Time of Day (Averaged from 8/12/04 - 11/30/04) Figure B2a. H2S Levels (ppbv) by Time of Day (Averaged from 8/12/04 – 11/30/04)CAMS-36, El Paso CAMS 36, El Paso5-Min Peak - Winds from the North 30-Min Avg - Winds from the North60-Min Avg - Winds fro TCEQ Target Exceedam the Northnce Level (80 ppbv)12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 20:00 22:00 0:00 2:00 4:00 6:00 8:00 10:00 12:00Time of DayFFigiguurere3Bb.2bH.2HS2LSeLvevlse(lpsp(bpvp)bbvy) bTiymTeimofeDoafyD(aAyve(Aravgeeradgferodmfro8/m128/0/142-/0114/3–01/014/3) 0/04) C A CM AS M- 3 S6 , 3 E 6 l , P E a l s Po a s o24020016012080 40 012:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 20:00 22:00 0:00 2:00 4:00 6:00 8:00 10:00 12:00Time of Day5-Min Peak - Winds from the Northeast 30-Min Avg - Winds from the Northeast60-Min Avg - Winds fro TCEQ Target Exceedam the Northeast nce Level (80 ppbv)24020016012080 40 0Figure 3c. H2S Levels (ppbv) by Time of Day (Averaged from 8/12/04 - 11/30/04) Figure B2c. H2S Levels (ppbv) by Time of Day (Averaged from 8/12/04 – 11/30/04)CAMS-36, El Paso CAMS 36, El Paso5-Min Peak - Winds from the East 30-Min Avg - Winds from the East60-Min Avg - Winds fro TCEQ Target Exceedam the Eastnce Level (80 ppbv)12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 20:00 22:00 0:00 2:00 4:00 6:00 8:00 10:00 12:0033Time of DayAvg H2S Level (ppbv) Avg H2S Level (ppbv) Avg H2S Level (ppbv)El Paso – JNWWTP North Treatment Plant – H2S Final Health ConsultationFFigiguurere3Bd2. dH.2HS2LSeLvevlsel(spp(pbpv)bbvy) bTyimTeimoef Doaf yD(aAyv(eAravgeeradgferodmfro8m/128/0/142-/0141-/1301/0340)/04) C AC MA SM - S3 6 3, 6E , l EP l a Ps oa s o24020016012080 40 012:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 20:00 22:00 0:00 2:00 4:00 6:00 8:00 10:00 12:00Time of Day5-Min Peak - Winds from the Southeast 30-Min Avg - Winds from the Southeast60-Min Avg - Winds fro TCEQ Target Exceedam the Southeast nce Level (80 ppbv)FFigiguurere3Be.2eH.2HS2LSeLvevlsel(spp(pbpv)bbvy) bTyimTeimoef DoafyD(aAyv(eAravgeeradgferodmfro8m/128/0/142-/0141-/3101/0340)/04) CACMASM-3S63, 6E,l EPlaPsoaso24020016012080 40 012:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 20:00 22:00 0:00 2:00 4:00 6:00 8:00 10:00 12:00Time of Day5-Min Peak - Winds from the South 30-Min Avg - Winds from the South60-Min Avg - Winds fro TCEQ Target Exceedam the Southnce Level (80 ppbv)24020016012080 40 0Figure 3Bf.2fH. H2S2SLeLveevlesl(sp(ppbpvb) vb)ybTyimTiemoef oDfaDy a(Ayv(eArvaegreadgefrdomfro8m/128//0142/-0141-/1310/3004/)04) C CA AM MS - S 3 6 3 , 6 E , l E P l a P s a o s o5-Min Peak - Winds from the Southwest 30-Min Avg - Winds from the Southwest60-Min Avg - Winds fro TCEQ Target Exceedam the Southwest nce Level (80 ppbv)3412:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 20:00 22:00 0:00 2:00 4:00 6:00 8:00 10:00 12:00Time of DayAvg H2S Level (ppbv) Avg H2S Level (ppbv) Avg H2S Level (ppbv)El Paso – JNWWTP North Treatment Plant – H2S Final Health Consultation24020016012080 40 0Figure 3g. H2S Levels (ppbv) by Time of Day (Averaged from 8/12/04 - 11/30/04) Figure B2g. H2S Levels (ppbv) by Time of Day (Averaged from 8/12/04-11/30/04)C A CM AS M- 3 S6 , 3E6l , PEal sPo a s o5-Min Peak - Winds from the West 30-Min Avg - Winds from the West60-Min Avg - Winds fro TCEQ Target Exceedam the Westnce Level (80 ppbv)12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 20:00 22:00 0:00 2:00 4:00 6:00 8:00 10:00 12:00Time of Day24020016012080 40 0Figure 3h. H2S Levels (ppbv) by Time of Day (Averaged from 8/12/04 - 11/30/04) Figure B2h. H2S Levels (ppbv) by Time of Day (Averaged from 8/12/04-11/30/04)CAMS-36, El Paso CAMS 36, El Paso5-Min Peak - Winds from the Northwest 30-Min Avg - Winds from the Northwest60-Min Avg - Winds fro TCEQ Target Exceedam the Northwest nce Level (80 ppbv)12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 20:00 22:00 0:00 2:00 4:00 6:00 8:00 10:00 12:00Time of Day24020016012080 40 0Figure 3i. H2S Levels (ppbv) by Time of Day (Averaged from 8/12/04 - 11/30/04) Figure B2i. H2S Levels (ppbv) by Time of Day (Averaged from 8/12/04-11/30/04)CAMS-36, El Paso CAMS 36, El Paso5-Min Peak - Winds from All Directions 30-Min Avg - Winds from All Directions60-Min Avg - Winds fro TCEQ Target Exceedam All Directions nce Level (80 ppbv)3512:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 20:00 22:00 0:00 2:00 4:00 6:00 8:00 10:00 12:00Time of DayAvg H2S Level (ppbv) Avg H2S Level (ppbv)Avg H2S Level (ppbv)El Paso – JNWWTP North Treatment Plant – H2S Final Health ConsultationFigures B336El Paso – JNWWTP North Treatment Plant – H2S Final Health ConsultationFigure B3a. Average H2S Level (ppbv) by wind direction at the CAMS-36 monitor, El Paso, TX, 8/12/04 – 11/30/04. For the time period 8:00 a.m. – 6:00 p.m.37El Paso – JNWWTP North Treatment Plant – H2S Final Health ConsultationFigure B3b. Average H2S Level (ppbv) by wind direction at the CAMS-36 monitor, El Paso, TX, 8/12/04 – 11/30/04. For the time period 6:00 p.m. – 8:00 p.m.38El Paso – JNWWTP North Treatment Plant – H2S Final Health ConsultationFigure B3c. Average H2S Level (ppbv) by wind direction at the CAMS-36 monitor, El Paso, TX, 8/12/04 – 11/30/04. For the time period 8:00 p.m. – 10:00 p.m.39El Paso – JNWWTP North Treatment Plant – H2S Final Health ConsultationFigure B3d. Average H2S Level (ppbv) by wind direction at the CAMS-36 monitor, El Paso, TX, 8/12/04 – 11/30/04. For the timeperiod 10:00 p.m. – 12:00 a.m. (amended 5/12/06)40El Paso – JNWWTP North Treatment Plant – H2S Final Health ConsultationFigure B3e. Average H2S Level (ppbv) by wind direction at the CAMS-36 monitor, El Paso, TX, 8/12/04 – 11/30/04. For the time period 12:00 a.m. – 2:00 a.m.41El Paso – JNWWTP North Treatment Plant – H2S Final Health ConsultationFigure B3f. Average H2S Level (ppbv) by wind direction at the CAMS-36 monitor, El Paso, TX, 8/12/04 – 11/30/04. For the time period 2:00 a.m. – 4:00 a.m.42El Paso – JNWWTP North Treatment Plant – H2S Final Health ConsultationFigure B3g. Average H2S Level (ppbv) by wind direction at the CAMS-36 monitor, El Paso, TX, 8/12/04 – 11/30/04. For the time period 4:00 a.m. – 6:00 a.m.43El Paso – JNWWTP North Treatment Plant – H2S Final Health ConsultationFigure B3h. Average H2S Level (ppbv) by wind direction at the CAMS-36 monitor, El Paso, TX, 8/12/04 – 11/30/04. For the time period 6:00 a.m. – 8:00 a.m.44El Paso – JNWWTP North Treatment Plant – H2S Final Health ConsultationFigures B445ENEN 1214 16SSW SE18 20NNW W22 02 46 810 12El Paso – JNWWTP North Treatment Plant – H2S Final Health ConsultationFigure B4a. Number of H2S Exceedances (>80 ppbv) by Wind Direction and Time Figure 5a. Number of H2S Exceedances (>80 ppbv) by Wind Direction and TimeWind DirHour of Dayof Day, CAMS-36, El Paso of Day, CAMS-36, El Paso4655 50 4540 35 30Number of H2S Exceedances25 20 1550-55 45-50 40-45 35-40 30-35 25-30 20-25 15-20 10-15 5-10 0-510 5 0El Paso – JNWWTP North Treatment Plant – H2S Final Health ConsultationFigure B4b. Number of H2S Exceedances (>80 ppbv) by Wind Direction and Time of Day, Figure 5b. Number of H2S Exceedances (>80 ppbv) by Wind Direction and Time of Day, CAMS-36, El PasoNumber of H2S Exceedances50-5545-5040-4535-4030-3525-3020-25CAMS-36, El PasoNNNWNWWNWWWSWSWSSWS Wind Dir SSESEESEE15-20 ENE10-15 NE5-10 NNE0-5 N 121314151617181920212223 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112Hour of Day47ENEN 12SSW SE15 18NNW W210369El Paso – JNWWTP North Treatment Plant – H2S Final Health ConsultationFigure B4c. 5-Minute Average H2S Levels (ppbv) by Wind Direction and Hour of Day, Figure 5c. 5-Minute Average H2S Levels (ppbv) by Wind Direction and HourWind DirectionCAMS-36, El Pasoof Day, CAMS-36, El Paso48Hour of Day180 160 1405-Min Average H2S Level (ppbv)120 100 80160-180 140-160 120-140 100-120 80-100 60-80 40-60 20-40 0-2060 40 200El Paso – JNWWTP North Treatment Plant – H2S Final Health ConsultationFigure B4d. 5-Minute Average H2S Levels (ppbv) by Hour of Day and Wind Direction, Figure 5d. 5-Minute Average H2S Levels (ppbv) by Hour of Day and Wind Direction,5-MinAvg H2S (ppbv)NNNWNWWNWWWSWSWSSWS Wind Dir SSESEESEEENENENNEN160-180 140-160 120-140 100-120 80-100 60-80 40-60 20-40 0-20CAMS-36, El Paso CAMS-36, El Paso121314151617181920212223 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011Hour of Day49ENEN 12SSW SE15 18NNW W210369El Paso – JNWWTP North Treatment Plant – H2S Final Health ConsultationFigure 5e. 30-Minute Average H2S Levels (ppbv) by Wind Direction and Hour of Figure B4e. 30-Minute Average H2S Levels (ppbv) by Wind Direction and Hour of Day,Wind DirectionDay, CAMS-36, El Paso CAMS-36, El Paso50Hour of Day180 160 14030-Min Average H2S Level (ppbv)120 100 80160-180 140-160 120-14060 100-120 40 80-100 20 60-800 40-60 20-400-20El Paso – JNWWTP North Treatment Plant – H2S Final Health ConsultationFigure 5f. 30-Minute Average H2S Levels (ppbv) by Wind Direction and Hour of Day, Figure B4f. 30-Minute Average H2S Levels (ppbv) by Wind Direction and Hour of Day,30-Min Avg H2S 160-180N NNW NW WNW W WSW SW SSW S SSE SE ESE E ENE NE NNE N140-160 120-140 100-120 80-100 60-80 40-60 20-40 0-20Wind DirCAMS-36, El Paso CAMS-36, El Paso121314151617181920212223 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011Hour of Day51ENEN 12SSW SE15 18210NNW W369El Paso – JNWWTP North Treatment Plant – H2S Final Health ConsultationFigure B4g. 60-Minute Average H2S Levels (ppbv) by Wind Direction and Hour of Day, Figure 5g. 60-Minute Average H2S Levels (ppbv) by Wind Direction and Hour ofWind DirectionHour of DayCAMS-36, El Paso Day, CAMS-36, El Paso5220 018016014060-Min Average H2S Level (ppbv)120160-180 100 140-16080 60 40120-140 100-120 80-100 60-80 40-60 20-40 0-20El Paso – JNWWTP North Treatment Plant – H2S Final Health ConsultationFigure 5h. 60-Minute Average H2S Levels (ppbv) by Wind Direction and Hour of Day, Figure B4h. 60-Minute Average H2S Levels (ppbv) by Wind Direction and Hour of Day,60-Min Avg H2SN NNW NW WNW W WSW SW SSW S SSE SE ESE E ENE NE NNE N160-180 140-160 120-140 100-120 80-100 60-80 40-60 20-40 0-20Wind DirCAMS-36, El Paso CAMS-36, El Paso121314151617181920212223 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011Hour of Day53ENEN 12SSW SE15 18210NNW W369El Paso – JNWWTP North Treatment Plant – H2S Final Health ConsultationWind DirectionHour of DayFigure B4i. Counts for 5-Minute Wind Direction Measurements by Hour of Day, Figure 5i. Counts for 5-Minute Wind Direction Measurements by Hour of Day,CAMS-36, El Paso CAMS-36, El Paso54280 260 240220200 5-Min Wind180Dir Counts160260-280140 240-260120 100 80220-240 200-220 180-200 160-180 140-160 120-140604020 100-120080-100 60-80 40-60 20-40 0-20El Paso – JNWWTP North Treatment Plant – H2S Final Health Consultation5-Min Wind Dir CountNNNWNWWNWWWSWSWSSWS Wind Dir SSESEESEEENENENNEN260-280 240-260 220-240 200-220 180-200 160-180 140-160 120-140 100-120 80-100 60-80 40-60 20-40 0-20Figure B4j. Counts for 5-Minute Wind Direction Measurements by Hour of Day, Figure 5j. Counts for 5-Minute Wind Direction Measurements by Hour of Day,CAMS-36, El Paso CAMS-36, El Paso121314151617181920212223 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011Hour of Day55

There is no one else who has caused so much harm to the USA in our history than Trump. Trump is a disaster, he lie’s a lot and he is very corrupt. He must be impeached before he causes more irreparable damage to our government. It is just a travesty the numerous crimes and incompetence Trump as committed while in office.100 Ways, in 100 Days, that Trump Has Hurt AmericansBy the Center for American Progress Posted on April 26, 2017, 9:01 amAfter months of campaign promises to help ordinary Americans, President Donald Trump’s first 100 days have revealed that his true policy priorities are benefitting corporations and the wealthiest few at the expense of everyone else. His actions and those of his administration have been characterized by broken promises, gross conflicts of interest, and a stark erosion of transparency, ethics, and other democratic norms. As a candidate, Trump promised the American people that we were going to “… win so much, [we’ll] be sick and tired of winning.” But it is not the American people who have been winning—it is Wall Street, private prisons, the oil industry, and Trump’s own family. A recent Gallup poll found that a majority of Americans now believe that President Trump does not keep his promises and is unable to effectively manage the government.In response to the 100-day mark—a first waypoint for measuring the progress and tone of a new administration since President Franklin D. Roosevelt—the Center for American Progress has compiled a list of the top 100 ways that the Trump administration has hurt Americans.EconomyRaised housing payments for new homebuyers by about $500 in 2017. On its first day, the Trump administration reversed an Obama administration action to lower Federal Housing Administration, or FHA, mortgage insurance premiums for new homebuyers by 25 basis points, which could have lowered mortgage payments for 1 million households purchasing or refinancing their home this year alone.Attacked the Department of Labor’s fiduciary rule, which would have required retirement advisers to act in their clients’ best financial interest. President Trump delayed the rule’s implementation by 60 days and has ordered the department to re-evaluate the rule. This will make it much harder to save for retirement, as high fees from conflicted advice result in savers losing $17 billion in fees annually.Delayed court proceedings on the Obama administration’s expansion of overtime, failing to defend the pro-worker rule. This rule would have raised wages for workers by $12 billion over the next 10 years and extended overtime protections to 4.2 million more Americans. In his confirmation hearings, Labor Secretary nominee Alexander Acosta suggested he would attempt to weaken the overtime rule.Delayed enforcement of a rule to reduce workers’ exposure to deadly silica dust for three months. After more than four decades of development, this rule would protect construction and manufacturing workers from inhaling silica, which can lead to lung cancer, silicosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and kidney disease. It was projected to save more than 600 lives and prevent more than 900 new cases of silicosis each year.Repealed the Fair Pay and Safe Workplaces Executive Order, which ensured that federal contractors complied with worker protection laws before receiving government contracts. The order would have required companies wanting to do business with the government to disclose past labor law violations and come into compliance before receiving new contracts. Because of the repeal, millions of workers will be more vulnerable to wage theft, workplace injuries, and discrimination on the job. The order also would have protected women by banning forced arbitration in the case of sexual assault, harassment, or discrimination claims.Supported efforts in Congress to cut taxes on the wealthy that help fund the Affordable Care Act, or ACA. As part of Congress’s effort to repeal and replace the ACA, a move that President Trump supported, the 3.8 percent net investment income tax would have been repealed at a cost of $157 billion over 10 years, according to Congressional Budget Office, or CBO. This is revenue needed to fund important programs that ensure basic human living standards and retirement security for tens of millions of working Americans. Based on Trump’s rental real estate income alone, The Wall Street Journal estimated the repeal would have saved Trump $3.2 million in taxes in 2016 alone.Tried to cut his own taxes by millions of dollars while taking health insurance from tens of millions of Americans. Based on President Trump’s leaked 2005 Tax Return Form 1040, repealing the ACA could give Trump a personal tax cut of more than $2 million. At the same time, the House legislation to repeal the ACA would have taken health insurance from 24 million Americans.Assembled a team of wealthy financial industry elites to advise him on tax reform, which he promised would benefit the middle class. The tax code is the tool of choice when special favors are doled out to special interests. Despite his campaign promises to drain the swamp, President Trump has assembled a band of elites to construct his tax reform plan: three former Goldman Sachs executives, Steve Mnuchin, Gary Cohn, and Steve Bannon; two more former executives from the finance industry, Justin Muzinich and Craig Phillips; and a former tax lobbyist for Fidelity Investments, Shahira Knight.Made it harder for veterans to find jobs with a federal hiring freeze. Veteransreceive a strong hiring preference for federal jobs, and roughly one-third of all newly hired federal employees in 2015 were veterans. Even if many jobs at the Department of Veterans Affairs, or VA, are exempt from the hiring freeze, other vacant jobs will still be unavailable at other federal agencies.Proposed budget cuts that would devastate rural America. President Trump’s budget would eliminate programs that support rural jobs, housing, infrastructure, health care, and economic development. If implemented, these budget cuts would eliminate affordable housing for tens of thousands of struggling rural families; eliminate community service jobs for 18,000 senior citizens living in rural areas; and eliminate critical support for airline connections serving 175 small and rural communities.Proposed dramatically slashing job training programs and worker wage and safety enforcement. President Trump’s proposed fiscal year 2018 budget could result in 2.7 million adults and youths losing access to job training and employment services in 2018.Proposed budget cuts that would increase roadway congestion and reduce economic productivity. The budget calls for eliminating the TIGER grant program at the U.S. Department of Transportation, or USDOT, which funds innovative surface transportation projects. Additionally, the budget calls for the phased elimination of the New Starts program within the Federal Transit Administration, which funds major public transportation projects. Rail and bus rapid transit projects help to reduce roadway congestion and air pollution while spurring economic development.Proposed budget cuts that would threaten billions in loans and investments to distressed communities. The proposed budget would eliminate the U.S. Department of the Treasury’s Community Development Financial Institutions Fund, which supports billions of dollars in financing across low-income communities, including more than $300 million in rural and Native American communities, as well as the Economic Development Administration and the Manufacturing Extension Partnership, costing another $300 million or more that is annually invested in community growth. Without federal support, economic development in these locations will suffer, including small-business development.Reneged on his promise to disclose his tax returns. President Trump’s refusal leaves Americans in the dark about whether any tax reform he proposes will benefit him or working Americans. Trump repeatedly stated before and after he was elected that he would disclose his tax returns. While initially he said he could not release them because he was being audited—a fact that does not prevent anyone from releasing their returns—his counselor, Kellyanne Conway has now said, “He’s not going to release his tax returns.”Proposed $6.7 billion cut to housing and community support programs. President Trump’s budget would eliminate the Community Development Block Grant, which is used by 1,265 local communities for important initiatives such as Meals on Wheels, neighborhood rehabilitation, the development of affordable housing, job training, and business expansion. The Housing Choice Vouchers program will also experience deep cuts in funding, as will other programs providing supportive services for the elderly and persons with disabilities. According to the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, about 200,000 families will no longer receive a housing voucher to pay for their rental costs and could eventually face homelessness in a housing market where there is a severe shortage of affordable housing.Attacked neutral budget analysts so that lawmakers ignore negative effects from their policies. The Trump administration attacked the nonpartisan CBO in an attempt to preemptively discredit their estimates related to legislation repealing the ACA. These attacks continued after the CBO estimated that the House ACA repeal bill would take coverage away from 24 million Americans by 2026. This is part of a larger attempt by the Trump administration to discredit independent data and analysis in order to obscure the negative impacts that their agenda will have for working families.Undermined investor protection by making it harder for the Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC, to hold Wall Street accountable. An independent and vigorous Division of Enforcement at the SEC is vital to preserving free and fair financial markets for investors. After the Bernie Madoff scandal, Obama administration SEC Chair Mary Schapiro made it easier for Division of Enforcement staff to open investigations and issue subpoenas to protect investors and get to the bottom of suspected malfeasance. Chair Michael Piwowar inexplicably rolled back this change, hindering the SEC’s ability to protect the average investor from financial wrongdoing. He has also proposed rolling back key advances in corporate transparency, including regarding human rights risks in supply chains and the pay ratio between CEOs and the median worker.Proposed funding cuts for programs that help support and encourage small business development. President Trump’s budget cuts funding for several programs that help groups with historically low business ownership rates overcome barriers to becoming entrepreneurs, including the PRIME technical assistance grants for low-income micro-entrepreneurs; the Minority Business Development Agency, and the Economic Development Administration.Attempted to make it harder for entrepreneurs to get access to affordable health. The ACA helps millions of entrepreneurs obtain access to health care without relying on a spouse or employer, which allows them to take one of the necessary risks associated with starting a business. The proposed American Health Care Act, or AHCA, would reduce access to health care and make it more expensive for many people to get comprehensive health care coverage.Proposes leaving 23,000 calls for help unanswered from disaster-struck Americans. President Trump’s skinny budget proposed eliminating the Corporation for National and Community Service, which would also eliminate AmeriCorps, a vital service program that plays a critical role in mobilizing volunteers to aid with disaster preparedness and response.Proposed slashing the WIC program. President Trump’s proposal to slash funding for the WIC program puts basic food security at risk for thousands of families. At an annual food cost of about $513 per person, the $200 million cut could help pay for a year’s worth of food and formula for nearly 390,000 participating women, children and infants.Proposed elimination of the HOME Investment Partnerships Program. To date, HOME has helped more that 1.2 million families gain access to safe and affordable housing. But this successful program is also on President Trump’s budget chopping block, thereby threatening housing security for thousands of families.Proposed eliminating NeighborWorks America. NeighborWorks America provides grants to community development organizations that help build and maintain affordable housing. The program created 53,649 jobs and assisted 360,009 families with affordable housing in the last year alone.Environment and energyProposed cuts to energy programs that save people money. The Trump budget blueprint calls for a 5.6 percent cut overall to the U.S. Department of Energy. This cut, along with calls for additional funding to nuclear security and waste cleanup, mean that there will be steeper cuts for programs designed to develop household appliances that save families money. President Trump’s budget proposal also eliminates programs such as ARPA-E, which helps entrepreneurs develop clean, affordable energy, and the Weatherization Assistance Program, which upgrades the homes of low-income families with insulation and cost-effective energy efficient improvements to help reduce utility bills.Allowed a dangerous pesticide to stay on the market, despite it being a threat to children’s health. Chlorpyrifos a common agricultural pesticide that causes neurological harm in children exposed in utero. In 2016, the EPA’s scientists concludedthat the agency should ban chlorpyrifos after finding unsafe levels of the chemical on apples, peaches, oranges, strawberries, and other fruits. Dow Chemical, one of the largest producers of products using this chemical, gave $1 million to President Trump’s inauguration committee and leads a presidential advisory committee on manufacturing. On March 28, Trump’s EPA Administrator Scott Pruitt rejected the findings of the agency’s scientists, denied a petition to ban the chemical, and delayed further action until 2022.Eliminated pollution standards for power plants and oil and gas facilities. In his final term, President Obama established the first-ever carbon pollution standards for power plants and the first-ever methane standards for oil and gas drilling facilities. These standards would have reduced soot- and smog-forming pollutants that trigger asthma attacks and cut emissions of carbon and other gases that cause climate change. On March 28, President Trump signed an executive order that started the process of nullifying these pollution standards and making it harder for future presidents to put them back in place.Proposed cutting EPA programs to clean up water sources. In February, President Trump proposed a budget for the EPA that would cut the agency’s funding by 31 percent and its staff by one-quarter. The president’s proposal targets several popular programs, such as regional efforts to clean up the Great Lakes, Gulf of Mexico, Chesapeake Bay, and other iconic bodies of water.Proposed eliminating programs at the EPA dedicated to preventing children’s exposure to lead-based paint, which can cause neurological delays. An estimated 38 million U.S. homes contain lead-based paint, and in 2015, the Centers for Disease Control found that 243,000 children had elevated levels of lead in their blood. Lead is a neurotoxin that causes permanent nerve damage.Rolled back important protections for drinking water in coal communities. One of the Trump administration’s first actions was to nix the Stream Protection Rule put in place by the Obama administration to prevent coal companies from polluting nearby streams. Scrapping this environmental protection was a top priority of the coal industry at the expense of clean drinking water in coal communities.Repealed anti-bribery rule to the delight of the oil industry. President Trump eliminated an anti-corruption rule that had required oil and gas companies to disclose payments to foreign governments. When he was still the CEO of Exxon Mobil, Secretary of State Rex Tillerson had lobbied to remove the rules established under the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act.Ripped off American taxpayers and avoided fixing the broken federal coal-leasing program. The Trump administration moved to preserve a loophole the Obama administration closed that allows coal companies to rip off taxpayers by allowing them to sell coal mined on federal lands to their own subsidiaries at artificially low prices and shirk royalty payment responsibilities.Halted the first comprehensive review of the federal coal program in more than 30 years while simultaneously opening public lands for new leases to mine coal.Federal coal lease sales only bring in, on average, $1 per ton in bids, and taxpayers are estimated to be losing $1 billion annually in lost royalty payments on undervalued coal sales.Proposed major cuts to the Department of the Interior’s budget that would impair critical maintenance of our national parks while making a public show of supporting them. A few weeks after proposing to cut $1.5 billion, or 12 percent, from the Department of the Interior’s budget, President Trump had Press Secretary Sean Spicer ceremoniously hand a $78,000 check—Trump’s first-quarter earnings—to Secretary of the Interior Ryan Zinke to help the National Park Service. Here’s the rub: Trump’s check only covers 0.01 percent of $1.3 billion in “critical systems deferred maintenance” that the National Park Service urgently needs.Pulled the rug from under private investors backing conservation efforts. As part of a sweeping executive order aimed at gutting actions the Obama administration took to address climate change, President Trump rescinded the presidential memorandum that encouraged private investment when developers work to mitigate impacts on natural resources. This action undercuts the economic and environmental gains that the fast-growing restoration industry has made recently to the tune of $1.15 billion between 2014 and 2015 in private capital invested in habitat conservation and water management. These relatively new environmental marketplaces rely on regulatory consistency that President Obama’s memorandum bolstered.Declared open season on baby bears and wolves in wildlife refuges. President Trump overturned a rule that had protected black bear mothers and their cubs from being hunted in their dens. The Obama administration’s “Fair Chase” rule, which applied to national wildlife refuges in Alaska, also limited baiting, trapping, and the use of aircrafts to track and shoot bears and wolves.Moved to weaken air quality standards for ozone. Ozone pollution is a key contributor to smog, which can cause more frequent asthma attacks and exacerbate lung diseases. President Trump’s EPA is moving toward changing air quality standardsestablished under the Obama administration to allow greater ozone pollution. Ground level ozone pollution can increase the frequency of asthma attacks, cause shortness of breath, aggravate lung diseases, and cause permanent damage to lungs through long-term exposure. Elevated ozone levels are linked to increases in hospitalizations, emergency room visits, and premature death, and can cause pronounced health impacts in children and the elderly.Signed an executive order nullifying the “social cost of carbon.” President Trump essentially determined that climate change has no cost by eliminating a critical metricused to measure the benefit of cutting carbon pollution.Stopped rules that would limit dumping toxins from power plants. Trump’s EPA is stopping rules that would limit the dumping of toxins, such as mercury and arsenic, and pollution from power plants into public waterways. These would have been the first protections in more than 30 years to curb toxins and other pollutants in power plants.Changed standards to protect water and wildlife from lead poisoning. Hours after riding a horse to his first day on the job, Secretary of the Interior Zinke reverseda ban on using lead bullets for hunting in wildlife refuses. Lead content in these bullets can poison water and wildlife.Opened the door to reducing methane pollution standards. The president signed an executive order directing the EPA and the Bureau of Land Management to reviewthe methane pollution standards for oil and gas drilling facilities and determine whether to rescind or revise them. Methane pollution supercharges global warming 86 times as much as carbon pollution.Took steps to reverse progress to date on U.S. preparations for climate change. President Trump signed an executive order rescinding previous executive orders related to preparing the U.S. for climate change; encouraging private investment in efforts to mitigate pollution; and ensuring our national security plans consider climate change impacts.Nominated an EPA administrator who denies scientific proof of climate change. EPA Administrator Pruitt told the media that he does not think carbon dioxide is the primary contributor to climate change. His statement is the climate science equivalent of saying the world is flat.Proposed budget cuts to that will cause 5.7 million low-income residents to lose assistance with their heating bills and about 673,000 to lose cooling assistance. President Trump’s proposal to eliminate the Low-Income Home Energy Assistance Program, or LIHEAP, will be especially dangerous as more states experience extreme weather.Democracy and government reformImperiled American voters with untrue claims about illegal voting. President Trump’s empty claims of widespread fraud undermine the integrity of our elections and lay the basis for voter suppression efforts that attack our constitutional right to participate in self-government. When government officials spread lies that call into question the legitimacy of our elections, people lose faith in the democratic process. Instead of responding to the clear and present dangers of foreign interference and discriminatory efforts to keep some American citizens from casting their ballots, Trump chooses to spread baseless slander while calling for a witch hunt against American voters.Brought pay-to-play corruption to the presidency. The Trump family continues to promote their private business interests at home and abroad while profiting off of the presidency. Corruption, or even the appearance of corruption, diminishes trust in government and increases cynicism toward democratic institutions. At a time when 75 percent of Americans already believe that corruption is widespread in government, President Trump’s blatant disregard for ethics rules and constitutional prohibitions on presidential enrichment further undermine democratic norms and threatens our democracy, economy, and national security.Undermined transparency and accountability by continuing to hide his tax returns and withholding White House visitor logs. Due to his refusal to release his tax returns the full extent of President Trump’s indebtedness and foreign entanglements remains unknown. As a result, Americans cannot be sure that Trump is not providing favors and special treatment to his business partners or that foreign states and businesses are not leveraging influence over the Trump administration and its decisions. It is impossible for Trump to lead an effort to revise the tax code without Americans knowing how his proposals would line his own pocket. Changing the practice to stop disclosing White House visitor logs prevents the public from knowing who is accessing federal officials on a daily basis and keeps special interest influence shrouded in secrecy.ImmigrationSigned two Muslim and refugee bans, both of which have been enjoined by federal courts. In January, and then again in March, President Trump signed executive orders banning immigrants from seven—and then, subsequently, six—Muslim-majority nations for at least three months and halting the refugee programfor four months. The January executive order sparked widespread protests at airports all across the country and was quickly blocked by a federal court in Washington stateand then by the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals. In early March, Trump signed a barely revised version of the original order, which courts in Hawaii and Maryland rightly acknowledged still constituted a Muslim and refugee ban. The core parts of the ban were once again put on hold.Made every unauthorized immigrant a deportation priority, regardless of equities. As a matter of the smart prioritization of resources, the Obama administration focused its immigration enforcement on serious threats to national security and public safety, as well as recent border crossers. Within days of taking office, Trump signed an executive order eliminating the Obama priorities, effectively making all unauthorized immigrants a priority for deportation, regardless of how long they have been in the country, their ties to families and communities, or other equities. In practice, this has meant that people like Guadalupe García de Rayos, a mother of two from Arizona who has been in the U.S. for over two decades, and Maribel Trujillo Diaz, a mother of four U.S.-born children have been deported.Made immigrant survivors of domestic abuse and sexual assault afraid to turn to law enforcement for help. Aggressive immigration enforcement by the Trump administration—including a case in El Paso, where immigration officials arrested a victim of domestic abuse at a courthouse after she received a protective order against her abuser—has made immigrants and Latinos, regardless of immigration status, increasingly reluctant to come forward to report crimes. Prosecutors in Denver have been forced to drop four domestic violence prosecutions because immigrant victims no longer wish to cooperate. Another domestic violence case in Austin hangs in limbo under similar circumstances. Since last year, Los Angeles has seen reports by Latinos of sexual assault decline by 25 percent, and Houston has seen reports by Latinos of rapes decline by nearly 43 percent. By making everyone a priority, the administration has made no one a priority to the detriment of public safety.Arrested multiple recipients of Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals, or DACA. Even though Trump has said that he will deal with young unauthorized immigrants with “great heart,” and even though Secretary of Homeland Security John F. Kelly has said that he is “the best thing that happened to DACA,” the Department of Homeland Security has detained at least five recipients of DACA—which grants eligible young people a two-year reprieve from deportation and a work permit—since taking office. The detained include Daniela Vargas, Daniel Ramirez, Edwin Romero, Josue Romero, and Francisco Rodriguez. It is now also being reported that the Department of Homeland Security deported Dreamer Juan Manuel Montes while he was protected from deportation through DACA.Threatened to take away critical community safety funding from so-called sanctuary jurisdictions. As part of the January 25 executive order on interior immigration enforcement, President Trump threatened to take away federal funds from more than 600 so-called sanctuary jurisdictions that limit cooperation with federal immigration enforcement. On March 27 Attorney General Jeff Sessions threatened to revoke Department of Justice grants that, among other purposes, help local law enforcement to eliminate barriers to processing rape kits, combat gang and gun crime, and stop human trafficking. The attorney general’s comments were swiftly denounced by the Fraternal Order of Police and the International Association of Chiefs of Police. Research shows that counties with sanctuary policies have lower crime rates and stronger economies than those without the policies.Scared authorized immigrants away from accessing benefits and necessary health care for which they and their children are eligible. Not long after the Trump administration took office, a draft executive order leaked, illustrating that the administration was looking to target even legal immigrants living in the United States. Among other provisions, the draft order would make lawful permanent residents, or green card holders, eligible for deportation if they use any type of means-tested benefit. The mere possibility of the order, as well as increased immigration enforcement, has had a chilling effect on communities across the nation. In California, for example, the Alameda County Community Food Bank saw 40 families cancel their food stamps and another 54 eligible families choose not to apply for food stamps. Other reports indicate that some immigrants are taking their names off of the list to receive baby formula or keeping children away from child care centers.FaithTrampled on the religious liberty of Muslims with his attempts at unconstitutional travel bans. President Trump’s January 27 executive action on refugees and revised March 6 executive action both aimed to prohibit travel to the United States for nationals of Muslim-majority nations and fundamentally reshape the refugee admissions program to prioritize the claims of Christians. Trumps actions have alienated the Muslims communities not only within the United States but also around the world, damaging critical relationships with national security allies.Attempted to redefine religious liberty only for those who share a conservative Christian faith. From the anti-Muslim travel bans to disturbing Holocaust-denying remarks, the administration is a threat to religious minorities, many of whom are already vulnerable to rising incidents of anti-Semitism and anti-Muslim bigotry.Promises to destroy the Johnson Amendment, which prevents nonprofit organizations—including houses of worship—from endorsing political candidates. A leaked draft executive order indicates plans to insert religious exemptions in federal nondiscrimination protections, revealing a pattern of attempts to redefine the foundational value of religious freedom so it will only protect people of faith who share conservative Christian beliefs.Gun violence preventionSigned a law that weakens the firearms background check system and undermines enforcement of the current law that prohibits certain individuals with a serious mental illness from gun possession. Using the shortcut process of the Congressional Review Act, President Trump repealed a Social Security Administration regulation that formalized the process by which the agency could provide to the National Instant Criminal Background Check System, or NICS, the names of beneficiaries who—because of serious mental illness—are prohibited from gun possession under federal law. This action represents a significant step backward from recent efforts at the federal and state level to better enforce current law by ensuring that all records of prohibited purchasers are provided to NICS.Made it easier for fugitives to buy guns. Under federal law, anyone who is “a fugitive from justice” is prohibited from buying and possessing guns. Since at least 2006, the FBI and the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives have disagreed over the proper scope of this law, with the FBI adopting a position that it applies to all individuals with an outstanding arrest warrant while the ATF argued for a narrower interpretation that it applies only to individuals who had left the state where the warrant was issued. Because the FBI is the agency that operates the background check system, that agency’s interpretation prevailed. However, in February 2017, the Department of Justice issued new guidance resolving this dispute by adopting ATF’s interpretation and dramatically narrowing the category of individuals with active criminal warrants who will be prohibited from buying guns.Health careAttempted to repeal the ACA. Repeal of the ACA would cause significant stress and anxiety for millions of families who rely on it for coverage. The AHCA would have resulted in 24 million more people being uninsured in 10 years—breaking President Trump’s promise to cover “everybody.” It would also have broken Trump’s campaign promise not to cut Medicaid.Undermined the ACA marketplace. The Trump administration has already undermined the ACA marketplace by refusing to officially abandon its efforts to repeal the law. In addition, its refusal to commit unequivocally to paying the cost-sharing reduction subsidies is generating massive uncertainty for insurers. This uncertainty is having a direct impact on the marketplace by encouraging insurers to quit the market in 2018 or raise premiums.Began to undermine Medicaid. In a letter to governors by Secretary of Health and Human Services Tom Price and Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Administrator Seema Verma, the administration encouraged states to pursue harmful changes to their Medicaid programs, including work requirements and increased cost-sharing.Made ACA marketplace enrollment more difficult. In the final days of the most recent open enrollment period, the Trump administration cancelled Get 2019 health coverage. Health Insurance Marketplace TV ads and email outreach, which are critical in helping people remember the deadline and enroll in time. Although some of this was restored after a backlash, a former Get 2019 health coverage. Health Insurance Marketplace chief marketing officer estimated that the administration’s actions reduced enrollment by 480,000 people.Stripped Title X funding. With Vice President Mike Pence’s tie-breaking vote, the Senate voted to overturn Obama era protections for Title X providers. Trump signed the bill, which allows states to block Title X funding. Title X funding provides criticalreproductive, educational, and counseling services related to family planning and contraception to 4 million clients each year.Reinstated the Global Gag Rule. One of Trump’s first actions as president was to reinstate the Global Gag Rule, which prevents recipients of U.S. foreign aid from offering any information, referrals, services, or advocacy regarding abortion care—even if they do so with separate funding sources. The Global Gag Rule will lead to more maternal deaths, more unintended pregnancies, and higher rates of unsafe abortion.Proposed cutting funds for the Teen Pregnancy Prevention Program.The Trump budget proposes a $50 million reduction in funding for the Teen Pregnancy Prevention Program, which works with organizations across the United States to implement evidence based, proven programming.Proposed defunding Planned Parenthood. President Trump’s health care bill, the AHCA, would defund Planned Parenthood, which served 2.5 million patients in 2014.Higher educationProposed deep cuts to programs that help make college more accessible and affordable for low-income students and students of color.President Trump’s budget proposed more than $5 billion in cuts to valuable programs, including the Pell Grant program and the work-study program, which provide needed funds to help low-income students afford the rising cost of college. The cuts also target important college-access programs—including TRIO and GEAR UP—that provide supports such as tutoring, mentoring, and research opportunities to low-income and first-generation students.Rescinded protections for student loan borrowers. On March 16, the Trump administration withdrew measures to protect struggling student loan borrowers and made repayment more difficult by allowing debt collectors to charge a 16 percent fee—even when the borrower agrees to make good on their debt within 60 days. On April 11, the Trump administration stripped away important measures that would hold student loan servicers accountable when their actions are not in the best interest of students. It has been well-documented that servicers sometimes place borrowers in repayment programs that could ultimately make it more difficult for them to repay their debt.Failed to help students when a critical resource for financial aid and loan repayment was shut down. In March 2017, with no advance warning, the IRS and U.S. Department of Education disabled a key web-based tool that helps millions of students apply for aid and repay their loans. Failure to notify students put financial aid applicants at risk of losing access to grant aid that helps pay for college and put student loan borrowers at risk of seeing their payments jump by hundreds of dollars.Endangered students by appointing for-profit college officials to top positions.Robert Eitel, senior counselor to Secretary of Education DeVos, joined the administration well before he even left his job at Bridgepoint Education—a for-profit college company facing multiple federal investigations. And Taylor Hansen, a former lobbyist for for-profit colleges—whose father’s student loan debt-collection company sued the Obama administration—served on the department’s “beachhead” team.Undercut students’ civil rights by naming skeptics to top civil rights positions. The nominee to serve as general counsel in the Department of Education, Carlos Muñiz, defended Florida State University against allegations that it protected a star quarterback from rape charges. And the new head of the Office for Civil Rights, Candice Jackson, has claimed she experienced discrimination for being white and called the women who accused President Trump of assault and harassment “fake victims.”K-12 educationProposed completely eliminating federal funding for after-school programs. In President Trump’s budget, the administration zeroed out the 21st Century Community Learning Centers program, which provides $1.2 billion to districts across the country for after-school programs that support students and working families. This funding serves more than 1.6 million students participating in these programs.Proposed completely eliminating federal funding to support teacher quality. In President Trump’s budget, the administration zeroed out Title II of the Every Student Succeeds Act, which provides $2.4 billion to states and districts for teacher recruitment, training, retention, and support. This cut translates to a loss of 40,000 teacher salaries.Nominated the highly unqualified and anti-public school Betsy DeVos as secretary of education. DeVos’s only experience with education is as a lobbyist and megadonor pushing private school voucher schemes in states across the country. Instead of working to support public schools and the students that attend these schools, she has called public education a “dead end.”Rescinded the Obama administration’s regulations that supported school accountability under the new Every Student Succeeds Act. Through the Congressional Review Act, Congress and President Trump eliminated key protections and guidance for states and districts to implement the law, leaving significant confusion at the state and local level. The Trump administration has also signaled that it will take a very lax enforcement stance with states, opening the door for states to ignore their responsibilities to protect vulnerable students.Rescinded the Obama administration’s regulations that supported improving teacher preparation programs. Through the Congressional Review Act, Congress and Trump eliminated requirements for states to make sure that teacher preparation programs are helping prospective teachers gain the skills needed to be successful in the classroom and support student learning. Without these regulations, states will continue to struggle to improve teacher preparation programs and support the most effective programs.Proposed cutting $9 billion from public education while spending $1.4 billion on school choice. This proposal includes harmful private school voucher schemes and the creation of a new $250 million federal program that will allow taxpayer dollars to flow to private schools, which are not accountable; can discriminate in admissions and discipline; and are not subject to basic monitoring, oversight, and civil rights laws.Proposed cutting crucial support for school reform efforts. By zeroing out support for the AmeriCorps program, President Trump would undercut many of the most successful education organizations—from KIPP Public Charter Schools, to Teach For America, to City Year—that have had positive effects on students across the country and rely on that program.JusticeNamed Jeff Sessions, a long-time opponent of civil rights, as attorney general, the top law enforcer in the nation. Sessions co-sponsored the First Amendment Defense Act, a draconian measure that prohibits the federal government from taking “discriminatory action” against any business or person that discriminates against LGBTQ people. The act aims to protect the right of all entities to refuse service to LGBTQ people based on two sets of religious beliefs: “(1) marriage is or should be recognized as the union of one man and one woman, or (2) sexual relations are properly reserved to such a marriage.” As a federal prosecutor in 1983, Sessions prosecuted a trio of voting rights activists for voter fraud. As the chief enforcer of the civil rights laws of the United States, it is almost impossible to imagine how he will now protect the very community for which he endorsed discrimination.Appointed Justice Neil Gorsuch—a judge with a long record of ruling against the rights of workers, women, and students with disabilities—to the Supreme Court. Justice Gorsuch will rule on fundamental constitutional issues—including civil rights, the role of money in politics, and reproductive rights. For example, he will soon vote on whether the Court should allow North Carolina’s 2013 voting bill—which a lower court said targeted black voters with “almost surgical precision”—to remain in effect.Pressured the Senate to enact the “nuclear option” to get his Supreme Court nominee confirmed. Nearly every other justice on the Court had bipartisan support and crossed the 60-vote threshold at some point during their confirmation process, but many senators objected to President Trump’s nominee. The nuclear option means Senate leaders can now confirm Trump’s ideologically driven judges with a simple majority.Undermined the legitimacy of the court system. As a candidate and as president, Trump has attacked judges whose rulings he does not like and undermined the legitimacy of these courts. He called a judge who ruled against his discriminatory Muslim ban a “so-called judge.” During the campaign, he said that a Mexican-American judge could not be impartial in a lawsuit against Trump due to his ethnicity. These attacks on the third branch of government undermine the founders’ separation of powers as well as the very rule of law.Nominated ideological extremists to federal courts. The Trump administration is already vetting conservative ideologues to appoint to federal courts. President Trump’s nominations, particularly for seats on the 5th Circuit Court of Appeals, signal an aggressive push to bend the federal judiciary ideologically. Trump has well over 100 seats to fill—thanks to Senate obstruction during President Obama’s term—and Trump recently announced that the administration would no longer seek the recommendation from the nonpartisan American Bar Association.Proposed eliminating the Legal Services Corporation. Already scarce access to justice will be put even further out of reach for 60.6 million low-income Americans under President Trump’s proposal to eliminate the Legal Services Corporation—the nation’s main funding stream for civil legal services.Tried but failed to stop Baltimore police reform efforts. Attorney General Sessions asked a court at the last minute not to accept a consent decree that was supported by the Baltimore police commissioner, mayor, community members, and career Department of Justice attorneys. The federal court rejected Sessions’ motion, allowing needed police reforms that would build trust between the police and the communities they serve to proceed.Attempted to bring back the war on drugs. The outdated strategy was ineffective and caused long-term devastation to thousands of families. Attorney General Sessions is implementing a tough-on-crime approach that would increase federal prosecutions and long prison sentences even for low-level, nonviolent offenders. Even as the Trump administration pushes outdated law-and-order policies, Democratic and Republican governors are making progress on sentencing reform, drug treatment, and alternatives to incarceration.Supported outdated and ineffective criminal justice reforms that have a disproportionate impact on communities of color. Attorney General Sessions should be focusing on the need for police reform; supporting innovative crime-reduction strategies; and ensuring drug treatment and alternatives to incarceration are available. Yet, instead, he has ordered a review of current pattern and practice cases of police misconduct where evidence and a clear record has shown a police department has acted with systemic misconduct. He has also questioned decades of research and science rejecting a tough-on-crime approach.Reversed the Obama era Department of Justice’s order to stop contracting with private prison facilities. Private prisons create a perverse incentive to incarcerate more people since these companies are motivated to increase profit, which is generated only if there are more inmates filling their facilities. Private prisons that contracted with the Department of Justice were found by the department itself to be less efficient and have more issues with security and management.Racial justiceSupported economic policies that are detrimental to communities of color. Many of the budget cuts proposed by President Trump would cut key social service programs. For example, 41 percent of the 9 million Women, Infants, and Children, or WIC, recipients are people of color. The budget also eliminates the Minority Business Development Agency, which promotes business development for people of color—the fastest growing segment of the population.Supported education policies that do not support students of color. The Trump administration supports cuts to Pell Grants and tuition assistance programs as well as cuts to after-school programs that would affect 1 in 4 African American students. The administration also supports voucher programs that do not encourage the success of students of color.Pushed environmental policies that will negatively affect communities of color. As noted above, the EPA wants to eradicate programs dedicated to reducing exposure to lead paint, which disproportionately affects communities of color. The EPA is also cutting funding for the environmental justice office that had just been set up to specifically deal with lead, pollution, and other issues facing communities of color.LGBTQTurned a blind eye to illegal anti-transgender discrimination in schools. The Trump administration revoked Title IX guidance issued by the Department of Education clarifying schools’ long-standing obligations under federal civil rights law to treat transgender students equally and with dignity. Transgender students face pervasive harassment and discrimination in schools, impeding these students’ ability to learn. Nearly 1 in 6 out transgender K-12 students have been forced to leave school because of this harassment.Erased LGBTQ people from federal surveys, making it impossible to know if government programs serve them fairly. The Trump administration removed questions about LGBTQ people from key federal surveys about programs that serve seniors and people with disabilities, without which policymakers and advocates cannot ensure LGBTQ people have equal access to key government services such as Meals on Wheels. The administration also appears to have included—but then gone back and omitted—questions about LGBTQ people from the American Community Survey, an annual survey that gathers information about Americans’ educational attainment, housing, and health coverage.Appointed longtime opponents of LGBTQ rights—including members of anti-LGBTQ hate groups—to key administration positions. Many of President Trump’s appointees, including Attorney General Jeff Sessions and Secretary of Health and Human Services Tom Price, made their careers standing in the way of LGBTQ rights—and now, they’re in charge of agencies that enforce those very rights. The appointments get even more disturbing the closer you look: Trump tapped Ken Blackwell, a former fellow at an anti-LGBTQ hate group, as a domestic policy adviser; selected leaders of the hate group C-FAM for the president’s delegation to the United Nations; and appointed Roger Severino, a longtime opponent of transgender civil rights, to run the Department of Health and Human Services’ Office for Civil Rights.Proposed slashing funding for research to cure HIV/AIDS. President Trump has proposed devastating cuts to health research, including $6 billion in cuts to the National Institutes of Health in the budget and a $50 million cut to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s HIV research and prevention programs. The administration has also pushed a $300 million cut to the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief, or PEPFAR—an extraordinarily successful program that provides lifesaving treatment to 11.5 million people worldwide and has broad bipartisan support.Barred refugees and asylum seekers fleeing anti-LGBTQ persecution from protection in the United States. President Trump’s refugee suspension blocked LGBTQ Syrian and Iraqi refugees from finding protection in the United States, leaving them stranded in countries where they are persecuted. His policy of detaining all immigrants who enter at the southern border and expanding the populations targeted for deportation traps LGBTQ asylum seekers in dangerous immigrant detention facilities and increases the risk that they will be wrongly deported to countries where their lives are at risk. The administration also decided to close the only dedicated transgender immigrant detention pod in the country, leaving transgender immigrants in detention at risk.National securityMade Americans less safe from the Islamic State, or IS. The anti-Muslim bigotry of the Trump administration makes every American less safe by helping IS and other terrorist groups recruit followers. As one IS commander in Afghanistan put it, the Trump administration’s “utter hate towards Muslims will make our job much easier because we can recruit thousands.” The original Muslim ban included Iraq, where Iraqi soldier fighting alongside U.S. forces against IS called it a “betrayal.”Made Americans more vulnerable to pandemic diseases such as Zika and Ebola. Massive cuts in aid, diplomacy, and health proposed in President Trump’s FY 2017 budget would end the Global Health Security account, which works to prevent, detect, and respond to infectious disease outbreaks around the world, including Ebola. In his proposed budget, Trump has also called for the elimination of funding for the Fogarty International Center, which supports global health research initiatives, including for infectious diseases research in developing countries.Undermined American jobs and security by ceding global leadership to Beijing.President Trump has taken no actions to achieve more balanced trade with China. He recklessly toyed with overturning nearly 40 years of official policy recognizing “one China” but backed down during his first call with the Chinese president, showing that his threats were hollow. Trump and Secretary of State Rex Tillerson claimed they would stop China from building on disputed islands in the South China Sea, but China proceeds to do what it wants, where it wants. Trump’s summit with President Xi Jinping at his Mar-a-Lago resort resulted in no progress on any difficult issues. Beijing sees Washington as hot air with little substance. Trump’s all talk, no action approach is encouraging repression over freedom and making authoritarian leaders confident that repression will be tolerated.Oversaw an increase in civilian deaths from U.S. military operations. After years of decline, civilian deaths from U.S. military operations have surged under Trump, destroying families, undermining strategic aims, and providing a propaganda boon to U.S. enemies. U.S. military spokesperson Col. Joseph Scrocca said “[More civilian casualties] is probably detrimental to the strength of our coalition. And that’s exactly what ISIS is trying to target right now.” Civilian deaths in Iraq and Syria have spiked in 2017, already far surpassing the total for all of 2016. Trump’s first major raid as president, in Yemen in January, was decided over dinner in the White House—far outside the regular process—and resulted in dozens of civilian deaths.Threatened national security and hurt the integrity of America’s democracy by an ongoing lack of transparency and refusal to disclose details about his finances and ties to Russia. Americans cannot know who President Trump might owe money or what obligations or commitment he and his team could have to Russia or other foreign powers. Trump’s refusal to condemn the Russian government’s interference in the 2016 elections; release his tax returns; step away from his business; and support an independent commission and special counsel to get to the bottom of Russia’s influence over the 2016 election are a green light to Russians and others who want to meddle in U.S. democracy. All Americans from all political parties are vulnerable when foreign influence, money, and hacking can run roughshod though America’s democratic institutions.This list is just a sample of the ways in which President Trump and his administration have already broken their promises to Americans and revealed their true priorities. As this list grows, real damage is being done to communities and working families across the nation. Trump should heed their calls to put the needs of ordinary Americans ahead of corporations and the wealthy.