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Well, you could try looking here:Township (Pennsylvania) - Wikipediaor here:Local government in Pennsylvania - Wikipediawhich contains the summary description:“Below the county level of organized services, everyone in Pennsylvania lives under the jurisdiction of at least two types of municipal governments. The first type of municipal government will provide police and fire protection, maintenance of local roads and streets, water supply, sewage collection and treatment, parking and traffic control, local planning and zoning, parks and recreation, garbage collection, health services, libraries, licensing of businesses, and code enforcement. The second type will administer the local schools, claim a separate portion of taxes and are called school districts. Organized along practical geographic lines, an occasional Area school district will cross county boundaries, though most are located within county regions providing community ties across multiple municipalities. The sense of belonging to a community in Pennsylvania is often tied to area High School sports teams.”and if you’re a real glutton for details, try here:Citizen's Guide to Pennsylvania Local Government Pdf - PA Department of Community & Economic Development

Updated the Answer and added few additional things that has happen in last two years too.The answer is a big Yes, Most of the people who answered here are either not residing in Andhra Pradesh or they aren’t aware of things happening in AP. Bare with me as it is a pretty big answer included what CBN has done in the past 5 years.This time CBN became CM for a state that doesn’t have a capital and with a government deficit of about 17k Crores.He has been converting crisis into an opportunity from Day 1 let me make you to go through the things happened in the state after he taking charge as CM in 2014.HUDHUD in 2014After he took charge in 2014 HUDHUD was an uninvited guest it was the biggest cyclone in Vizag’s history as a Viziagite i knew it personally, my parents witnessed it. When HudHud hit Vizag I’m in Hyderabad, When things restored i called my mother and she said how harsh mother nature was. AP under the leadership of CBN is completely prepared and CBN brought normalcy in a week. He brought most of the government employees to Vizag and made them work to get things under control. In our area power was restored in 3 days, in Villages it took 5–6 days. He is the first one to reach Vizag after HUDHUD hit Vizag, he worked in a bus and brought things under control. He gave stern warnings to telecom operators and made them to restore their networks ASAP.After 3 years recently this happened, Kudos to GVMC and AP Government.VizagHe is trying hard to make Vizag an IT Hub. The construction of Millennium Tower was completed a few months back and Conduent has started operations in it. They have even started Construction of Tower 2 next to it. There is even a lot of Pitching going on for promoting Vizag as a Fintech Destoination. Roadshows conducted in Hongkong, Bangalore, London, Tel Aviv, New York City and many other cities across the globe. To know more about it follow their twitter handle here[1][1][1][1]TU-142 is brought to Vizag and that is being made as a museum, there are even plans of bringing INS Viraat to Vizag the talks are still happening. New Glass domed train to ArakuGVMC will be the first Municipal Corporation in India to deploy a 100 mass electric two-wheeler mobility system. GVMC sanitary supervisors will be using these for their daily patrol and supervision.AP Med Tech Zone, VizagAdani group has come forward to invest 70,000 Crores in coming 20 years, They will setup three 1 Giga Watt Data centers in Kapuluppada Data Center park.Rise of AmaravatiAccording to me, Amaravati is the right place to be chosen as a capital it has got both the historical significance and the needed resources to be the futuristic capital of AP. Amaravati, a place with great heritage running back over 2000 years. Nowhere in Independent India, 30,000 acres of land is pooled voluntarily, it’s CBN’s innovative idea of land pooling that’s a win-win for both the government and farmers. Many states today are adopting CBN’s land pooling scheme for developmental activities in their states. Made Singapore Government prepare the master plan for Amaravati for free of cost.Appointed Fosters + Partners [2][2][2][2]as the architects for the government complex. Here is the master plan that was recently submitted to Government of Andhra Pradesh by Foster + Partners. By looking at it I am sure and confident that Amaravati will be India's and one of the world's best city. Brace yourself Chandigarh we are going to steal best city tag from you in two decades. This is the final design of our assembly building that is going to come up at our World class Amaravati.For closely working with people of AP he wanted to shift from Hyderabad, Within 197 days he is able to do this in AmaravatiTemporary High Court Secretariat and Assembly are up and now functioning, Seed Axis roadworks are happening in full Swing. VIT, SRM started constructing their campuses in Amaravati. AIIMS construction started in Amaravati.Singapore Government and AP Government signed an MOU recently. Singapore Government Consortium will develop a 6.58 Km of startup area which will be almost 16 times bigger and better than the Raheja Mind space in Hyderabad which was built when he was the erstwhile CM of AP.Vijayawada got it’s brand new Airport terminal in less than a yearCurrent status of AmaravatiMost of my friends feel that Amaravati is going at a slower pace, But according to me, it’s not, the reasons are In a country like India pooling 34000 acres of land in a year is itself an achievement thanks to CBN’s innovative land pooling idea. If you can check the status of land acquisition of some other projects like Navi Mumbai airport and even Modi’s Pet Project(Bullet train) land acquisition has become a big problem.And also people don’t realize the amount of effort that is being put for the trunk infrastructure like sewage, Electricity, fresh water supply, and other works as they are done underground and are not visible.Majority of Government Employees housing projects are in the final stages. Construction of Government complex towers has been started and are in full swing. A total of about 40,000 Crore works are being done in Amaravati.Check this Video for the status of Amaravati here[3][3][3][3] .Uplifting RayalaseemaRayalaseema getting most of the investments is a sign that CBN wants to lift people of Seema from factionism.Rayalaseema gets MI, Dixon, TCL, Zoho Hero, KIA, Apollo tyres, ISUZU, Mega Seeds Factory, Oravakallu Airport, Jairaj Steel plant and Kurnool Solar Plant.Do you know that Kochi Metro and Sydney Metro Coaches are Made in Andhra at our Alstom Facility in Sri City.Here is a video of Chittoor MI plant, the MI phone in your hand is Made in Andhra Pradesh.India’s biggest FDI after Modi announcing #MakeInIndia Kia Motors India entry to Anathapuram, AP. A Huge sum of 2 billion USD investment.When I have written this answer couple of years back the MoU was signed but today the plant is up and it has changed the face of Penukonda region. Kia’s first car will be out anytime soon. To know more check this out[4][4][4][4]The most important thing is People of Seema got water through Pattiseema.Power Reforms and Renewable EnergyAP started its account as a power deficit state, CBN mobilized and managed to enter Centers power for all scheme and today AP is power surplus state. AP added almost 4000mw of renewable power capacity to its grid after CBN taking charge. Today AP is 100% electrified state after TN and Gujarat. AP distribution losses are the lowest in the country.AP is the top 3 in the distribution of LED bulbs you can check that here[5][5][5][5]You can track power cuts, Power supply to your city and towns in AP here[6][6][6][6]One of world’s Largest Solar Park in AP in Kurnool 1000mw, This is bigger than the one in TN built by Adani.3Gw of Renewable Energy Projects are in Pipeline.AP govt has signed an MoU with Kia for creating electric vehicle ecosystem in the state[7][7][7][7]AgricultureThere is a myth that CBN never cares about Agriculture, but he is going shut all of their mouths with his work. He waived off about 24,000 Crores of loans for farmers, UP is going to study our loan waiver scheme. Almost 13,000 crores are done till now and the remaining will be done in the next couple of years. For the first time in the country, a special Budget for Agriculture was introduced.In the last 3 years, there are about 3.11 lakhs of Farm Ponds are being dug in AP. Data shows that the Center has built only 5,78,589 farm ponds. Andhra Pradesh has built 3,11,361 farm ponds, which is the highest by any State.He is planning to build 20,000 check dams in a year. AP government, along with ISRO, has prepared an action plan to meet drinking water and irrigation needs in drought-prone areas, the programme will be launched in Rayalaseema region soon.Rain Guns and innovative way of saving crop in drought is being brought in place. Subsidy on tractors, crop insurance, and farmer income support scheme of 15000 rupees(this includes centers Kissan Saman Nidhi 6000, State govt is paying an extra 9000 rupees)Special care for Polavaram the lifeline of AP, Made Every first day of Week Monday as Polavaram Day and inspecting it on the weekly basis after many years works are moving at faster pace, I’m sure polavaram will be completed under his leadership.When states like TN and Karnataka are fighting for Cauvery water he built a Lift Irrigation project called Patissema Lift and saved 100+ TMC of water to sent water to Drought hit Rayalaseema.AP is the first state in India to launch Plantix App for the farmers it can provide the information about the disease for the crop if any just with a photograph.Picture from training sessions to farmersStarted an amazing program called Manam-Vanam for planting trees and recently in recent ISFR 2017 rankings where India forest cover Increased by 1% and AP stood first with an increase of 2,141 sq km.One project that I like most w.r.t to the Agriculture sector is CBN is pushing farmers of AP into Natural farming. If you are interested to know more about it check it here[8][8][8][8]Healthcare:AP, first state in India to achieve Universal Health Security- Aarogya Raksha. It offers healthcare insurance to its citizens.[9][9][9][9]AP is the only state in the country to provide CT and MRI scanning free of cost at all district hospitals.Talli Bidda Express, A special Ambulance service for pregnant womenReforms in Education:A special organization named AP Janmabhomi was formed to connect NRI to its villages with 70% Government and 30% NRIS fund they are planning to convert 5000 government schools in AP to digital schools.For stopping girl child dropouts Government has introduced a special scheme to girl child's living in rural villages. Every girl child will get a new cycle for going to schoolTechnology in Administration:Our Chief is a big time believer of Technology here are some of the innovative things that make him so special. AP is the first state to have innovative dashboard[10][10][10][10] where we can track rainfall, street lights, groundwater levels and many more. It uses IOT first state in India to do so, many CMs don't even understand what IOT is. Many other states in India want to copy the same, recently Modi Govt launched similar kind of Dashboard on the occasion of completing 48 months in Govt.CBN is using Kaizala App to take feedback from it’s citizens. After giving feedback many of my friends got phone calls regarding the feedback provided in the App and how can they improve.We are going to take all departments online a project called e-pragati is floated and Microsoft is working with us.AP is the first state to have Skype Bot in Skype where you will be provided information about the AP Transport Department[11][11][11][11]CBN gave a Presentation about his vision for Andhra and What is trying to do in a Microsoft Event named Future Decoded if interested check that here[12][12][12][12].A citizen centric hotline has been started, dial in for 1100 and tell your problem, concerned team will look into it.AP Fiber provides the cheapest internet in India by a state government, Central government asked other states to follow AP Model. I have recently checked this in my hometown pretty impressed with the speed.You get 250 Channels, 5 GB of Unlimited internet and a Phone connection for 150 Rupees. The Box costs 5000 rupees which can be availed through EMI.AP disaster management is the first state in India to use technology that can locate the fall of a thunderbolt 30 minutes in advance. Citizens are alerted in that region via an SMS(Only for BSNL Network as of now)We have a technology for tracking the live rainfall, weather, etc. we developed that in association with ISRO.[13][13][13][13] Just go through the link you will love it.We have a Real Time Governance center for tracking the progress of all the departments.Real-Time Governance(RTG) center include Hitachi visualization suite for matrix surveillance and public safety first of its kind in India, Pentaho bi suite, for real-time data analytics, Barco video wall, the biggest laser-lit wall in India with 24 screens, Matrix camera analytics and data analytics from different departments are displayed on the laser-lit wall and processing in real time governance.Check out the Video by HitachiHitachi Resources - Search by Industry or ContentRecently Ambani hailed CBN for RTGCheck this out, Chandra Babu Naidu: Father of E-Governance a Video From DavosSmart Streets - A Pilot Project by Cisco and Govt of AP, First time in India.Don't Miss it, Have a look here:http://players.brightcove.net/1384193102001/NJgI8K0ie_default/index.html?videoId=5597494640001APIIC which has played a crucial role in getting investments to AP has its own tower now in MangalagiriCheckout the details of it here[14][14][14][14]Great Push to Tourism in Sunrise StateCBN always wanted Tourism industry in AP to develop right from his previous stint he is man who had vision to develop AP as most sought out tourist destination in India. 2000 hotel rooms will be added in AP in the next 2–3 years. Check out some amazing snaps of various places in AP here[15][15][15][15] .Recent Punnami Orvakal Festival, Festivals in Cities like Kakinada, Vizag and other places shows their effort in promoting tourism in APF1H20Kakinada Beach FestivalVisakha Utsav[16]Amaravati Global Music & Dance FestivalOrvakal Festival[17]Araku Ballon FestivalCheck out our Most beautiful Konaseema(AP’s Mini Kerala)[18]First of it’s Kind Nallamala Jungle Safari[19]Experience the Ooty of East Coast and Pristine beaches of Vizag[20]Indian Idol Revanth at recent Orvakal Festival.F1H20 AmarvatiFor more images of F1H20, checkout their official website[21][21][21][21]Araku Ballon Festival (Pic Credits: Suresh Gorantla)India’s biggest Marina is being developed at Amaravati in 3 acres of land with 60 berths.Building Smart VillagesModi gave a call for building smart cities but CBN has different vision he wants to make villages smart. A Pilot Project has been started and successfully implemented in a Village called Mori in East Godavari District. It’s one of India’s most hi-tech village. It’s 100% cashless, every house is connected with AP Fibre(Government Internet and Cable Connection), Water conservation, 100% ODF, Village is completely WiFi enabled, every citizen has a bank account and a solid waste management system.University of California Berkeley & Government of Andhra Pradesh has been working on it, Solomon Darwin (who is the director of Garwood Center[22][22][22][22]) a professor from UCB who hails from Andhra Pradesh is leading this project, Thanks to him and his team. Phase 2 works are going to start very soon now they are going to make 456 villages smart, I’m very impressed with this project and CBN’s vision of making villages smart.Some of the Investments that Came to AP after CBN taking charge:APP Sinar Mas (India’s Biggest FDI $3 Bn)KIA MotorsHero MotocorpMI, Gionee, Celkon, Karbon, Dixon, TCLMondelez International(Parent of Cadbury)ISuzu MotorsAsian Paints(India's largest plant in Vizag)Apollo TyresCEAT TyresMega Food Park in Kurnool500 Crores HCL Centre in AmaravatiXLr8 Andhra Pradesh[23]Several other Small IT & ITES in Vizag, Tirupati, and Vijayawada.Gamesa (Spanish Wind Turbine Company)Vijayanagara Food & Nutraceuticals Limited (India's first coconut processing unit in Vijayanagaram)Aparna Group is going to start a 320 Crore Tiles plant near Kakinada.Bharat Forge.GMR - Kakinada Special Investment Region: This could change the face of Kakinada in the coming days.Andhra Pradesh Medtech Zone Limited: India's first medical devices manufacturing unit in Vizag.Zoho in ReniguntaFranklin Templeton, Vizag[24]Conduent, VizagPi Data Center, Mangalagiri (One of Asia’s largest Data Center)BR Shetty’s Medicity Project in Amaravati (Est Investment $1.8 bn)Jairaj Steels, Kurnool(Est Investment $0.5bn)Ashok Leyland, Krishna DistrictHolitech ($200 Mn)Lixil Group ($60 Mn)Cardlytics, VizagSaint-Gobain[25], VizagSuzlon Energy Ltd, AnathapurBerger Paints, AnathapurAs on 5th March 2018No of Industries that are grounded in AP are 531[26]Amount of investment in Rs. crores 129661Employment Generated (No. of persons) 264754, AP has the lowest unemployment rate in the country.You can track the investments and employment stats here.Welfare Schemes for Poor in AP:Pensions for Old people, Widows, Single Women, Transgenders, Handicapped, hand loom workers, Toddy Tappers and Fishermen.There is a special ambulance service for AP pregnant women i.e 102 Ambulance ServiceChandranna Pelli Kanuka: A Scheme has explicitly been implemented for the welfare of the brides belonging to the backward classes and below the poverty line.Ammaku Vandanam[27] is a new scheme wherein mothers would be invited to the schools on a specific day every year for the special function. This is aimed at paying tributes to mothers and respect motherhood.NTR Videshi Vidyadharana Scheme provides 10 lakhs scholarships for all the people who are unable to afford foreign education.Yuvanestham a special scheme for unemployed youth, they will get 2000 monthly allowance to pursue skill development courses and reduce the burden on the family.Anna Canteens (Similar to Amma Canteens in TN) are opened across AP, Akshaya Patra Foundation is helping AP Govt in providing the meals.Divya Darshan A special scheme for Poor Hindus wherein Poor Hindus are taken on a free trip to Temples in AP, Currently for Tirumala[28].As far as my knowledge AP is the first state where Brahmins have a separate Corporation. Where poor Brahmins can get benefited from the following schemes [29]Awards and Achievements in the last three years:No: 1 in World Bank Ease of Doing BusinessNo: 1 in Private investments in India for the year 2015–16No: 1 in India in energy efficiency by World Bank.Best state in India by CNBCSeveral Awards in Power SectorUSIBC transformative CM for CBNBest CM Award from Bharatiya Chatra SansadAP is No: 3 in tourism in IndiaAP is able to ground 129661 Cr worth of Investments and generated 264754 JobsSector Wise Awards for AP from the past 5 yearsAP has so far received 667 awards in past 5 years from Central Government majority of them are in infrastructure, Power sector, Panchayat Raj and Rural DevelopmentI can say no other state in India has achieved so much as AP did in the past 5 years. I might have missed some and left out few things as the answer has become too big.Note:This is for people of Andhra PradeshGet to know what’s happening in your state and then comment about the leadership and all, most of the people I spoke don’t even know what’s happening they just comment as there is a problem with CBN ruling the state. Problem with our people is vested interests drive our state people don’t like this man for no reason. Many other states people admire him so much and want him as their CM, people of TN would happily take him as CM if offered they are the one who knows it better about the leadership Crisis. Some people of our state feel an actor turned politician a +2 dropout can change our state. Some feel South India’s King of Corruption can change this state. Grow up people when we have a leader who can turn things around why do you people look for options.Thanks for the upvotes.Footnotes[1] Fintech Valley Vizag[1] Fintech Valley Vizag[1] Fintech Valley Vizag[1] Fintech Valley Vizag[2] Amaravati masterplan | Foster + Partners[2] Amaravati masterplan | Foster + Partners[2] Amaravati masterplan | Foster + Partners[2] Amaravati masterplan | Foster + Partners[3] Review on Amaravati Capital City Roads Progress as on 06 Feb 2019[3] Review on Amaravati Capital City Roads Progress as on 06 Feb 2019[3] Review on Amaravati Capital City Roads Progress as on 06 Feb 2019[3] Review on Amaravati Capital City Roads Progress as on 06 Feb 2019[4] Kia Motors Global | Sedans, Hatchbacks, SUVs & MPVs[4] Kia Motors Global | Sedans, Hatchbacks, SUVs & MPVs[4] Kia Motors Global | Sedans, Hatchbacks, SUVs & MPVs[4] Kia Motors Global | Sedans, Hatchbacks, SUVs & MPVs[5] NATIONAL UJALA DASHBOARD[5] NATIONAL UJALA DASHBOARD[5] NATIONAL UJALA DASHBOARD[5] NATIONAL UJALA DASHBOARD[6] AP Vidyut Pravah[6] AP Vidyut Pravah[6] AP Vidyut Pravah[6] AP Vidyut Pravah[7] Andhra Pradesh government inks MoU with Kia Motors to introduce e-vehicles across State[7] Andhra Pradesh government inks MoU with Kia Motors to introduce e-vehicles across State[7] Andhra Pradesh government inks MoU with Kia Motors to introduce e-vehicles across State[7] Andhra Pradesh government inks MoU with Kia Motors to introduce e-vehicles across State[8] Home - Zero Budget Natural Farming[8] Home - Zero Budget Natural Farming[8] Home - Zero Budget Natural Farming[8] Home - Zero Budget Natural Farming[9] NTR Arogya Raksha[9] NTR Arogya Raksha[9] NTR Arogya Raksha[9] NTR Arogya Raksha[10] CM DASHBOARD[10] CM DASHBOARD[10] CM DASHBOARD[10] CM DASHBOARD[11] AP Transport Authority[11] AP Transport Authority[11] AP Transport Authority[11] AP Transport Authority[12] Future Decoded - Chandrababu Naidu[12] Future Decoded - Chandrababu Naidu[12] Future Decoded - Chandrababu Naidu[12] Future Decoded - Chandrababu Naidu[13] Vassar Labs[13] Vassar Labs[13] Vassar Labs[13] Vassar Labs[14] APIIC Tower | to be Inaugurated by CM Chandrababu | at Mangalagiri[14] APIIC Tower | to be Inaugurated by CM Chandrababu | at Mangalagiri[14] APIIC Tower | to be Inaugurated by CM Chandrababu | at Mangalagiri[14] APIIC Tower | to be Inaugurated by CM Chandrababu | at Mangalagiri[15] AP Tourism (@Tourism_AP) | Twitter[15] AP Tourism (@Tourism_AP) | Twitter[15] AP Tourism (@Tourism_AP) | Twitter[15] AP Tourism (@Tourism_AP) | Twitter[16] VISAKHA UTSAV[17] Punnami Orvakal Festival[18] Konaseema[19] NALLAMALAI JUNGLE CAMPS[20] Home page - This Summer[21] F1H2O UIM World Championship[21] F1H2O UIM World Championship[21] F1H2O UIM World Championship[21] F1H2O UIM World Championship[22] Home - Garwood Center for Corporate Innovation[22] Home - Garwood Center for Corporate Innovation[22] Home - Garwood Center for Corporate Innovation[22] Home - Garwood Center for Corporate Innovation[23] XLr8 Andhra Pradesh[24] Franklin Templeton gets 40 acres to set up tech campus in Vizag[25] Saint-Gobain setting up glass unit in Vizag[26] http://164.100.47.190/loksabhaquestions/annex/14/AU1434.pdf[27] Andhra to introduce 'Ammaku Vandanam' in schools [28] దివ్య దర్శనం[29] ABC Schemes

This is a good question, let's enumerate some important laws which came in the newspapers in the past 12 months.We shall make this post crowd-sourced. And we are planning to reward our contributors by giving them credits* -Detailed Well Presented 100 word Explanation - 2000Giving Valid Links and a Small Brief - 1000Giving Names of New Laws - 500Contributors (As of now) - Jai Parimi, Divya Malika, Prasanna, Ashutosh Pandey, Arihant Pawariya (अरिहंत पावङिया), Divya Choudhary (दिव्या चौधरी), Varsha Singh, Priyanka Peeramsetty, User, Gaurav Kumar, Jagannadh, Arpit Pareek, Nikhil Deshmukh, Harshit Ladva1) The National Judicial Appointments Commission Bill, 2014 and the 99th Constitutional AmendmentA bill to provide for the composition of the Judicial Appointments Commission for the purpose of recommending persons for appointment as Chief Justice of India and other Judges of the Supreme Court, Chief Justices and other Judges of High Courts, its functions, procedure to be followed by it and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.Key Issues and AnalysisThe current method of appointments has been examined by various bodies including the Law Commission and the Parliamentary Standing Committee. They vary in the role of the executive and judiciary in making appointments of judges.The composition of the JAC has not been included in the Constitution, but has been left for Parliament to decide by law. This implies that modifying the composition of the JAC would not require a constitutional amendment, but may be altered by a simple majority in Parliament.The Standing Committee examining the JAC Bill has recommended that (i) the JAC be composed of three eminent persons, (ii) the broad parameters for short listing of candidates for HC appointments be laid down in the Bill, and (iii) the center also consider the setting up of state level appointments commissions comprising the Chief Minister, the Chief Justice of HC and the Leader of Opposition.2) Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Reservation Act, 2013Objective - The principle objective of the new bill is fair compensation, thorough resettlement and rehabilitation of those affected, adequate safeguards for their well-being and complete transparency in the process of land acquisition. The title has been amended to reflect this.Need - There is unanimity of opinion across the social and political spectrum that the Old Law (The Land Acquisition Act 1894) suffers from various shortcomings and is outdated. Some of these include Forced acquisitions, No safeguards, Silent on resettlement and rehabilitation of those displaced, Urgency clause, Low rates of compensation, Litigation. To say the least, the Old Act needs to be replaced at the earliest by fair, reasonable and rational enactment in tune with the constitutional provisions, particularly, Article 300A of the Constitution.Link - Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 20133) Companies Act, 2013 (CSR Pref)Objective - Effective from financial year 2014-15, every company, private limited or public limited, which either has a net worth of Rs 500 crore or a turnover of Rs 1,000 crore or net profit of Rs 5 crore, needs to spend at least 2% of its average net profit for the immediately preceding three financial years on corporate social responsibility activities.Impact - The CSR activities undertaken by the companies will benefit hunger and poverty eradication, promoting preventive healthcare, promoting education and promoting gender equality, setting up homes for women, orphans and the senior citizens, measures for reducing inequalities faced by socially and economically backward groups, ensuring environmental sustainability and ecological balance, animal welfare, protection of national heritage and art and culture and many more.Link - Companies Act, 2013, Companies - It's a good articlePRSIndia– This describes the whole of companies act – Checkpoint 135 for CSR4) Right to Information Act (RTI), 2005Objective - Landmark bill, which realized the Right to seek and access Information in line with the interpretation of Art.19(1)(a) of our constitution.Impact - Champion to ensure Transparency and accountability in the governance procedures. it enforces the right of every citizen of India to have an access to the information regarding any money given by the State to any authority, thereby causing such authority to utilize such money reasonably and judiciously and also for keeping a check over their conduct and indulgence in corrupt activities. In 2002, SC’s verdict gave the citizens have a right to know about charges against candidates for elections as well as details of their assets, since they desire to offer themselves for public service and public servants cannot claim exemption from disclosure of charges against them or details of their assets. It is a powerful tool which can be realised in changing social dynamics and needs.Criticism - Debates regarding the ambit of RTI’s scope have been articulated, to be extended, say to the political parties, temples, schools and also privatized public utility companies. Evidences of misusage have come to the limelight, say Naxalites using RTI’s to check the assets of local landlords to loot themGuide to RTI : Page on rti.gov.in5) Special Economic Zones (SEZ) Act, 2005Objective - The SEZ Act is expected to give a big thrust to exports and consequently to the foreign direct investment (“FDI”) inflows into India, and is considered to be one of the finest pieces of legislation that may well represent the future of the industrial development strategy in India. The new law is aimed at encouraging PPP to develop world-class infrastructure and attract private investment (domestic and foreign), boosting economic growth, exports and employmentImpact - The government gets the capital needed to establish the required infrastructure and also the expertise. SEZ’s with relaxed import tariffs help the Import dependent and export driven industries to flourish. SEZ’s create immense employment opportunities and improve the country’s foreign export.Criticism - Practical implementation witnesses several backlogs ranging from regional disparities, grabbing arable land, labour laws issues and supply chain management which fail to be addressed effectively through the bill6) Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013Objective -The government introduced the Bill to redefine the offence of rape and amend the penal laws in line with the recommendations of the Law Commission and the National Commission for Women. The government withdrew the previous Bill and Ordinance, and introduced the Criminal Law (Amendment) Bill, 2013. The changes wrt the ordinance in the act are:Impact - Popularly known as the Anti-rape bill, this came out of the protests of 2012 Delhi Gang rape case.Criticism - For not including certain suggestions recommended by the Verma Committee Report like, marital rape, reduction of age of consent, amending Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act.Some detailed work: http://www.atimysore.gov.in/workshops/wppts/gender_issues/crim_law_amnd_2013_drjagadeesh_jsslaw_college.pdf7) Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace Act, 2013Objective - To provide protection against sexual harassment of women at workplace and for the prevention and redressal of complaints of sexual harassment and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto. the protection against sexual harassment and the right to work with dignity are universally recognized human rightsImpact - On a broader line, this ensures safe work environment for women against sexual abuse at work place and is capable of garnering a greater female work force and these are the Major features the act provides for.Criticism - It does not cover women in the armed forces and excludes women agricultural workers, "a gross injustice to agricultural workers. The burden of proof is on the women who complain of harassment. If found guilty of making a false complaint or giving false evidence, she could be prosecuted, which has raised concerns about women being even more afraid of reporting offences. Furthermore, the law requires a third-party NGO to be involved, which could make employers less comfortable in reporting grievances, due to confidentiality concerns.8) DNA Profiling Bill, 2012Purpose - DNA analysis makes it possible to determine whether the source of origin of one body substance is identical to that of another, and further to establish the biological relationship, if any, between two individuals, living or dead without any doubt.Tip - Lawful purposes of establishing identity in criminal or civil proceedings.Impact - It will be essential to establish standards for laboratories, staff qualifications, training, proficiency testing, collection of body substances, custody trail from collection to reporting and a Data Bank with policies of use and access to information therein, its retention and deletion.DNA Data Bank Manager will supervise, execute and maintain this system and a DNA Profiling Board of eminent scientists, administrators and Law enforcement officers will administer and carry out other functions assigned to it under this Act.Link - DNA Profiling Bill - PDF9) Nuclear Safety Regulatory Authority Bill, 2011Purpose - So far, India has excellent record in nuclear safety and radiation safety; but the Central Government intends to promote nuclear energy to meet shortfall in total energy requirement of the country; and whereas such excellent safety record in nuclear safety and radiation safety is required to be sustained for growth in the nuclear energy sector.Impact - Now, therefore, it has been considered necessary and expedient to establish regulators to ensure continued excellence in nuclear safety and radiation safety in all applications of radiation and atomic energy on a large scale.10) Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Bill, 2010Purpose - As the name itself indicates that it is an Act to provide for civil liability for nuclear damage and prompt compensation to the victims of a nuclear incident through a no-fault liability regime channeling liability to the operator.Impact - Appointment of Claims Commissioner, establishment of Nuclear Damage Claims Commission connected there with.11) IT Act, 2000 and IT (Amendment) Bill, 2006Purpose - It is an Act to provide legal recognition for the transactions carried out by means of electronic data interchange and other means of electronic communication, commonly referred to as "Electronic Commerce", which involve the use of alternatives to paper based methods of communication and storage of information, to facilitate electronic filings of documents with the Government and other related agencies.Tip - It is renamed as the Information Technology Act, 2008Impact - To promote efficient delivery of Government services by means of reliable electronic records.12) National Green Tribunal Bill, 2009Purpose - For the effective disposal of cases relating to environmental protection and conservation of forests and other natural resources including enforcement of any legal rights relating to environment and giving relief and compensation for damages to persons and property.Impact - National Green Tribunal law is enacted in view of the involvement of multi-disciplinary issues relating to the environment and also to implement the decisions taken at Rio de Janeiro and Stockholm Conferences.Link - NGT Bill - PDF13) Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act, 1969Objective - It is designed to ensure that the operation of the economic system does not result in concentration of the economic power to the common detriment.The act also provides for probation of monopolistic, unfair and restrictive trade practices.Impact - The MRTP Commission if on enquiry concludes that the practice under consideration is of restrictive or unfair in nature , it may:Order discontinuation of the practice and restrict its repetition (cease and desist order ), the agreement shall be void and shall stand modified as may specified in the order. It extends to the whole of India except the State of Jammu and Kashmir.Link - MRTP Act, 196914) Mines and Minerals (Development & Regulation) Amendment Bill, 2008(Coal scam and SC verdict, so important)Objective - To develop and regulate mining & mineral industries and bring it under the control of one union by setting up mineral funds on National level, granting concessions, share benefit schemes while preventing illegal mining.Impact - Safeguards on regulating and safe disposal of waste in consonance with environmental norms will be incorporated. Through implementation of proper taxing and speedy approvals on action against violations illegal mining will be preventedLink - Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Amendment Bill 200815) Whistleblower Protection Bill, 2011It seeks to establish a mechanism to register complaints on any allegations of corruption or wilful misuse of power against a public servant. The Bill also provides safeguards against victimisation of the person who makes the complaint.Highlights of the BillThe Bill seeks to protect whistleblowers, i.e. persons making a public interest disclosure related to an act of corruption, misuse of power, or criminal offence by a public servant.The Vigilance Commission shall not disclose the identity of the complainant except to the head of the department if he deems it necessary. The Bill penalises any person who has disclosed the identity of the complainant.Key Issues and AnalysisThe Bill aims to balance the need to protect honest officials from undue harassment with protecting persons making a public interest disclosure. It punishes any person making false complaints. However, it does not provide any penalty for victimizing a complainant.16) Juvenile Justice(Care and Protection) Bill 2014Objectives: The Bill seeks to achieve the objectives of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Children. It specifies procedural safeguards in cases of children in conflict with law. It seeks to address challenges in the existing Act such as delays in adoption processes, high pendency of cases, accountability of institutions, etc. The Bill further seeks to address children in the 16-18 age group, in conflict with law, as an increased incidence of crimes committed by them have been reported over the past few years.Coverage: The Bill defines a child as anyone less than 18 years of age. However, a special provision has been inserted for the possibility of trying 16-18 year old committing heinous offenses, as adults. A heinous offense is defined as one for which the minimum punishment under the Indian Penal Code is seven years.17) Citizens Charters & Grievance Redressal Bill, 2011. (CCGR)The Citizen's Charter and Grievance Redressal Bill 2011 also known as The Right of Citizens for Time Bound Delivery of Goods and Services and Redressal of their Grievances Bill, 2011 or Citizens Charter Bill was a proposed in Lok Sabha in December 2011. The bill lapsed due to dissolution of the 15th Lok Sabha.The Right of Citizens for Time Bound Delivery of Goods and Services and Redressal of their Grievances Bill, 2011 lays down obligations of every public authority towards citizens, specifying delivery of goods and services in a time-bound manner and providing for a grievance redressal mechanism for non-compliance of citizens charter.Highlights :The Bill makes it mandatory for every public authority to publish a Citizen’s Charter within six months of the commencement of the Act.The Citizen’s Charter shall list the details of the goods and services provided by a public authority; the name of the person or agency responsible for providing the goods or services; the time frame within which such goods or services have to be provided; the category of people entitled to the goods and services; and details of the complaint redressal mechanism.Grievance redress officer : It requires every public authority to designate grievance redress officers in all public offices to enquire into and redress any complaints from citizens in a timeframe not exceeding 30 days from the date of receipt of the complaint.Public Grievance Redressal Commissions : The Bill provides for constitution of the state public grievance redressal commission and the central public grievance redressal commission consisting of chief commissioners and other commissioners.Penalty : DA and Commission can impose fine of Max. Rs 50000 to concerned officials/GRO. The penalty shall be recovered from the salary of the official. Such penalty may be awarded as compensation to the appellant.Corruption Prevention : The Designated Authority and the Commissions may refer a matter to the appropriate authorities if there is prima facie evidence of a corrupt act under the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988. An appeal against the decision of the Central Commission shall be filed before the Lokpal. An appeal against the decision of the State Commission shall be filed before the Lokayukta.Criticism :Against federal Spirit : Citizens’ charter bill provides for GRO and Grievances Commission at state and central level, but Parliament doesn’t not have jurisdiction to enact such law. Only State legislature has jurisdiction to make laws regarding state public services.More than ten states have already enacted a Citizen Charter Act or Public Services Guarantee Act in their respective states. Many of these state laws have provisions that are much better than the proposed Bill.Lack of Autonomy : According to the bill, the commissioners may be removed without judicial inquiry.Duplication of work : Several states have their own grievance redressal laws, The mechanism provided under these laws is different from that provided under the Bill. This will lead to duplication of work and organizations.MNREGA Act, RTE Act, National Food Security Bill, and the Public Procurement Bill also have their own grievances redressal forums. This will again lead to more duplication.Sources :Copy of Bill : Page on prsindia.orgSummery of Bill : Page on prsindia.orgWiki Page : Citizen's Charter and Grievance Redressal Bill 2011Mrual Page : Citizens Charter Bill 2011: Salient Features, Issues, CriticismRediff Page : All you need to know about the Citizen's Charter Bill18) Right to Education Act, 2009The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act or Right to Education Act (RTE), was enacted on 4 August 2009, which describes the rules and regulations for free and compulsory education of children between 6 and 14 under Article 21A of Constitution. India became one of 135 countries to make education a fundamental right of every child when the act came into force on 1 April 2010.Highlights :The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education (RTE) Act 2009 stipulates that private schools reserve 25 per cent of seats at the entry level for children belonging to ‘disadvantaged groups’ and ‘weaker sections’.The Act also provides that no child shall be held back, expelled, or required to pass a board examination until the completion of elementary education. There is also a provision for special training of school drop-outs to bring them up to par with students of the same age.Mentally and physically challenged children, entitled to free education in special schools, were included in the definition through an amendment in 2012.It also prohibits all unrecognised schools from practice, and makes provisions for no donation or capitation fees and no interview of the child or parent for admissions.Criticism :The act has been criticised for being hastily-drafted, not consulting many groups active in education, not considering the quality of education, infringing on the rights of private and religious minority schools to administer their system, and for excluding children under six years of age.Problems faced :Poor Response : Lack of awareness about the Act, inability to meet the distance criteria and difficulty in obtaining necessary certificates from government authorities could be some of the reasons for this.The Act provides for admission of children without any certification. However, several states have continued pre-existing procedures insisting that children produce income and caste certificates, BPL cards and birth certificates.The Act is not applicable to private minority schools and boarding schools.Report on the status of implementation of the Act released by the Ministry of Human Resource Development admits that 8.1 million children in the age group six-14 remain out of school and there’s a shortage of 508,000 teachers country-wide.Conclusion :For all its flaws, the RTE Act is a progressive piece of legislation that aims to take education to the masses and fill the gaps in the social system.Sources :Copy of Act : Page on ssa.nic.inWiki page : Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education ActHindu Article : Advantages and disadvantages of RTE Act19) Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2013 (POSCO)Objective – The act aims at ensuring protection of children from sexual abuse.Pros –1. Gender Neutral bill. 53% victims of children are victims.2. Stringent punishment (upto life imprisonment)3. Covers broad range of sexual crimes such as non-penetrative sexual assault, sexual harassment, and the use of children for pornography4. Includes special procedures to prevent the re-victimisation of children at the hands of an insensitive justice delivery system5. Protects victims identity and provides assisting legal, medical and psychological facilitiesCons –1. Criminalises all consensual sexual contact below 18 years age.2. The age provision is not in consonance with other acts.3. Regressive and draconian considering today’s social realities. Children are increasingly aware of each others sexualities at early age.4. Child marriage is prevalent on large scale. The age provision ignores this reality. Liable to bogus and unjustified complaints.Source – The Hindu : Good Act, bad provision20) The Prevention of Corruption (Amendment) Bill, 2013Objective – The act aims to combat corruption in government agencies and public sector businesses in India.Pros -1. Covers the offence of giving a bribe to a public servant under abetment. Specific provisions related to giving a bribe to a public servant, and giving a bribe by a commercial organisation.2. Redefines criminal misconduct to only cover misappropriation of property and possession of disproportionate assets.3. Modifies the definitions and penalties for offences related totaking a bribe, being a habitual offender and abetting an offence.4. Introduces Powers and procedures for the attachment and forfeiture of property of public servants accused of corruption.5. The Act requires prior sanction to prosecute serving public officials. The Bill extends this protection to former officials.Cons -1. The Bill makes giving a bribe a specific offence. There are diverging views on whether bribe giving under all circumstances must be penalised. Some have argued that a coerced bribe giver must be distinguished from a collusive bribe giver.2. The Bill has deleted the provision that protects a bribe giver from prosecution, for any statement made by him during a corruption trial. This may deter bribe givers from appearing as witnesses in court.3. The Bill has replaced the definition of criminal misconduct. It now requires that the intention to acquire assets disproportionate to income also be proved, in addition to possession of such assets. Thus, the threshold to establish the offence of possession of disproportionate assets has been increased by the Bill.4. By redefining the offence of criminal misconduct, the Bill does not cover circumstances where the public official: (i) uses illegal means, (ii) abuses his position, or (iii) disregards public interest and obtains a valuable thing or reward for himself or another person.5. Under the Act, the guilt of the person is presumed for the offences of taking a bribe, being a habitual offender or abetting an offence. The Bill amends this provision to only cover the offence of taking a bribe.Source - The Prevention of Corruption (Amendment) Bill, 201321) Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART) (Regulation) Bill 2010Objective – The bill aims at legalizing (commercial) surrogacy.Pros –1. Offers legal protection to child and surrogate mothers.2. Regulation of IVF/ART clinics and holding them Accountable for ensuring best medical practices.3. Curbs exploitation of mother. Limits number of child births per mother to five.4. Introduces age limit for surrogate mother – 21 to 35.5. Ensures Child’s citizenship to be same as parents.Cons –1. Legal back up will lead to widespread commercialization of surrogacy, posing serious ethical, moral and philosophical questions.2. Mandatory certificate ensuring legality of surrogacy in foreign couple’s home country needed. Impediments in smooth commercial functioning.3. No provision in the bill if parent’s change their mind or die. Child’s responsibility in this case is debatable.4. Plethora of in-genuine clinics in India. Exploitation of poor and illiterate mothers because of their incapability to understand legalities involved.Source - Issues of surrogacy, PIB English Features22) Biotechnology Regulatory Authority Bill, 2013Objective - The Bill sets up an independent authority, the Biotechnology Regulatory Authority of India (BRAI), to regulate organisms and products of modern biotechnology.Pros –1. BRAI will regulate the research, transport, import, containment, environmental release, manufacture, and use of biotechnology products.2. Regulatory approval by BRAI will be granted through a multi-level process of assessment undertaken by scientific experts.3. BRAI will certify that the product developed is safe for its intended use. All other laws governing the product will continue to apply.4. A Biotechnology Regulatory Appellate Tribunal will hear civil cases that involve a substantial question relating to modern biotechnology and hear appeals on the decisions and orders of BRAI.5. Penalties are specified for providing false information to BRAI, conducting unapproved field trials, obstructing or impersonating an officer of BRAI and for contravening any other provisions of the Bill.Cons -1. The Tribunal has jurisdiction over a ‘substantial question relating to modern biotechnology’ – An ambiguous term.2. The Tribunal will consist of one judicial member and five technical members. This is not in conformity with a SC decision that the number of technical members on a bench of a Tribunal cannot exceed the number of judicial members.3. The Tribunal’s technical members shall be eminent scientists or government officials with experience in the field. It is unclear whether the technical expertise of the latter can be equated with the former.4. The Bill does not specify any liability for damage caused by a product of biotechnology. Therefore, it will remain open to the courts to determine liability arising out of any adverse impact of modern biotechnology.5. Tribunal will not accept complaints from civil society, in spite of the fact that the Bill directly or indirectly affects every citizen. No public consultation done.6. Non clarity over Dept of GoI that will service BRAI. No mention of mandatory labelling of GM crops.7. Takes away rights of states to decide on Agriculture, which is state subject.8. The Convener of the Selection Committee for members of BRAI will be from the Department of Biotechnology (DBT), which is a vendor of genetic engineering (the technology that BRAI is supposed to regulate) in the country. Conflict of Interest will arise.Source - The Biotechnology Regulatory Authority of India Bill, 2013Unconstitutional, unethical, unscientific23) Coal Regulatory Authority Bill, 2013ObjectiveTo set up an independent regulatory body for the coal sector that shall help in the regulation and conservation of coal resources and will benefit all stakeholders i.e. - coal companies, coal consuming industries such as power, steel, cement and coal bearing States and people, directly or indirectly associated with the coal industry.A fund called ‘The Coal Regulatory Authority Fund” is created to credit all the receipts and fees received.Constituents1 chairperson + 4 members. One each from legal , technical , administrative and financial wings. All to be selected by a committee of Group of Ministers (GoM) headed by Cabinet Secretary.What will it do ?Inject transparency in allocation of coal blocks.Decide and Monitor operational norms and mining closure compliances and such.Determine pricing of the fuel and publishing surveys, information, statistics, etc related to coal sector and coal quality.Adjudicate disputes between entities and between entities and other persons.Advise government on technologies, policy, promotion, investment etc.Ref :- The Coal Regulatory Authority Bill, 2013,Coal Regulatory Authority Bill likely in Winter session24) eWaste (Management and Handling) Act, 2011What is it ?E-waste has beendefined as “waste electrical and electronic equipment, whole or in part or rejects from their manufacturing and repair process, which are intended to be discarded”.AIM :-Reduction in the use of hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment.Specifying threshold for use of hazardous material including lead, mercury and cadmium.Ministry of Environment & Forest (MoEF) thus introduces the concept of "Extended Producer Responsibility".How will it work ?It fixes responsibilities on every producer, seller, consumer or bulk consumer, collection centre, dismantler and recycler of e-waste involved in the manufacture, sale, purchase and processing of electrical and electronic equipment or components.E.g. :Recycling of E-Waste generated during manufacturing and "End of Life" of electronic and electrical equipments.Setting up of collection centres by companies or individuals to collect E-waste and discard them.Setting up of funds by corporate to boost scientific and eco-friendly disposal of E-waste.CritiqueNo accountability set on anyone.E-Industry remains skeptical of the efficacy of this act.No specific targets set.Ref :- @E-waste management rules kick in today@Page on moef.nic.in25) Prevention of Communal and Targeted Violence Bill, 2011What is it ?The bill is intended to prevent “any act or series of acts, whether spontaneous or planned, resulting in injury or harm to the person and or property, knowingly directed against any person by virtue of his or her membership of any group."How ?The billAddresses identity-based or targeted crimes and organised mass violence as special offences.Places accountability of public officers with varying penalties for dereliction of duty it.Provides for the creation of a National Authority and the State authorities to ensure justice and reparation.Addresses issues faced by specific communities like economic boycott, denial of public service, forced migration , hostile environment etc.Empowers state and center government to intercept any messages and communication that it feels might lead to communal violence.Sets up district level authorities to assess compensation.CritiquesCurbing freedom of expression by terming it as Hate propaganda.Presumption of guilt and burden of proof on the accused – The accused will have to prove innocence.All the persons acting under this Act will have blanket of protection of action taken in good faith.Brings civil servants in direct line of fire by vaguely defining "dereliction of duty".26) Competition Act, 2002The Competition Act was passed in 2002Competition Commission of India (CCI) was established on March 1, 2009 as an autonomous body comprising of a Chairperson and six members.CCI not only hears and investigates cases based on the information received by it, but it also takes suo moto action wherever it finds that a prima facie violationCommission had taken suo-moto cognizance of the reported manipulation of the bids by manufacturers of LPG cylinders for supplying cylinders to the Indian Oil CorporationMany more such notices have been sent by CCI in the Petroleum sector, Agricuture sector etc. taking cognisance suo-moto.Role of trade associationsCompetition law treats the activities of trade associations much like any other form of cooperation between competitors.decisions or recommendations of trade associations are treated as agreements between its members and law may be breached even when they are not binding on the members.CCI imposed a nominal penalty of Rs. 1 lakh each on 27 film producers on charges of colluding through an association to exploit multiplex owners.number of cases involving the associations in the Pharmaceutical sector/Film production etc where CCI has passed orders against the associations and asked them to “cease and desist” from activities that may be anti-competitive in nature.Public Procurement and Competition LawPublic procurement is a contentious issue vis-à-vis application of competition lawpublic enterprises, which are generally the big procurers, are subject to competition assessment.Commission has decided a number of matters, including cartelization in government contracts. Penalties have been imposed on firms to discourage the anti-competitive practices and abuse of dominanceCompetition Commission of India is set to change the rules of the game and play the role of a watchdog to check anti-competitive practices in the markethttp://echoofindia.com/reflex-action/competition-commission-india-4-years-enforcement-competition-law-3216927) Prasar Bharati (Amendment) Bill, 201028) Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 200229) Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and their Rehabilitaion Act, 2013. (Important, Swachh Bharat Abhiyan)30) Child Labour (Prohibition) Act, 198631) Scheduled Tribes and Recognition of Forest Rights Bill, 200632) Environment Protection Law, 198633) Wildlife Protection Act, 197234) The Electricity Act, 200335) Panchayat Extension to Scheduled Areas Act, 199636) Securities and Exchange Board of India Act, 199237) Factories Act 1948/Amendment Bill 201438) Apprentice Act 1961/ Amendment Bill 201439) The Pension Fund Regulatory And Development Authority Act, 201340) The Real Estate (Regulation and Development) Bill, 201341) Benami Transaction (Prohibition )Act, 198842) The National Food Security Act, 201343) Pesticides Management Bill, 2008*Maximum Credits per Person - 5000**Contributors earning more than 1000 credits <must> -a) Promote to at least 100 people.b) Share this list everywhere. :P :P LOL !Thank you all. :)Thanks for the A2A Anon. :)