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Further to my initial question and the evidence regarding the benefits or lack thereof and reverting to the concept “in the pursuit of excellence” versus the racial quotas.My statement that there is “overwhelming evidence” of the failure of these measures is/are backed by the following:A. The South African case:In SA we have had Affirmative Action measures in place for about 30 years, initially as a corporate “feel good” system to employ PDI’s [previously disadvantaged individuals] borrowed from the communist block countries. From about 1996 it was legislated and since mid 2000’s it is being enforced via racial quotas in the workforce and sporting codes, with varying success.It has been an unmitigated disaster, to wit:Sporting codes were the first to conform:In 1996 the national soccer team, Bafana Bafana, qualified for the Africa Cup of Nations, and won the Cup in it’s first attempt. Without AA or quotas for it’s team composition. Since then Bafana has reverted to 9:2:1:0 e.g. black: white: coloured: Indian as per the population mix. The success has become progressively worse until 2018-2019 season Bafana failed to qualify for Afcon.The tennis has gone the same way with quotas set for regional teams up to the Davis Cup. Support for competitive tennis has disappeared and Team RSA can no longer field a competitive team SA Tennis is bankrupt.The same path has been planned for other codes, but sponsors withdrew their funding and stopped this racial quotas, for the hockey teams, men’s and women’s sides as well as the Netball team [Proteas]The rugby team, Springboks have managed to maintain “pursuit of excellence” and won the WRC in 2019, but the franchise teams, Stormers, Bulls, Sharks, Lions conform to quotas and have failed to complete the play-offs in Super Rugby except for the 2000 to 2009 when the Bulls were successful, without quotas.Due to BEEE [black economic equity enterprises] and AA quotas the work force and college and university entrants have all been totally transformed to the effect that young white students, with money, are relocating to Canada, USA, Britain, Australia, New Zeeland to further their studies.Economically South Africa is now run on strictly adhered racial quotas for all government and semi-government SOE’s [State owned enterprises], read this as AA in full swing.After 26 years of ANC [ruling party] with total AA measures in place we have:1. Government bonds have been classed as “junk status”.2. All state borrowing limits have been exhausted.3. ESKOM [state utility company] is bankrupt [450 bill Rand debt] and RSA have rolling blackouts due to lack of maintenance, new power stations are 6 years behind schedule and 150% over budget , lack of technical knowledge and a staff complement twice an Indian utility. And the current board was retrenched due to lack of oversight, but totally transformed in accordance with AA requirements.4. SAA [state airlines], totally in accordance with AA quotas, is now bankrupt and in “business rescue” [with R59 bill debt] and unable to secure flight insurance.5. PRASA [state rail corporation], is now unable to run a commercial schedule and the board has been replaced by a government task team. But totally in compliance with AA requirements.6. The ANC cabinet of Cyril Ramaphosa is strictly in accordance with equity ratio, is presiding over an economy that have not seen growth beyond 1.5% in 10 years. 2019 will be 0.5%7. Around 500 000 whites, coloureds and Indians have left the country for better opportunities.On the socio-economic side AA has failed to arrest black teenage pregnancies, black youth unemployment [48% of u/35 blacks are unemployed] or the population explosion, to wit:South Africa's black African population has grown from 38.5 million people in 2008 to 46.7 million in 2018 (80.9% of the total); the coloured population has grown from 4.4 million people in 2008 to 5.07 million in 2018 (8.8%); and the Indian/Asian population has grown from 1.24 million people to 1.45 million peopleThe school drop-out rate is 50% despite all the special measures in place [1 million grade 1 ends with around 450 00 grade 12]As I said, “an unmitigated disaster of affirmative action”B. Zimbawe North of our borders the ZANU-PF under Mugabe has completely Africanized the society and the economy over the last 15 years. So today:1. 80% are unemployed2. From a net exporter of food, Zim now has to import food and many are living under the breadline.3. 1 million Zim citizens are now in South Africa as economic refugees.4. The currency is worthless.As I said, “an unmitigated disaster of affirmative action”C. Kenyan disaster:“Those without Kenyan citizenship soon became subject to increasing discrimination by the ruling government Jomo Kenyatta. Despite the entrepreneurial success of the community, in 1970, 70% of the economically active Asian population consisted of wage and salary earners, and 30% worked for the civil service. A policy of Africanisation meant many were sacked in favour of black Africans.”19]The Kenyan Immigration Act 1967 required Asians to acquire work permits, whilst a Trade Licensing Act passed in the same year limited the areas of the country in which non-Kenyans could engage in trade.[20]In the late 1960s and early 1970s, faced with a dim future in Africa, many Asians choose to utilize their British passports and settle in the United Kingdom. Consequently, the Asian population in Kenya declined from 179,000 in 1962 to 139,000 in 1969 and to 78,000 in 1979.[21]Asian migrants to the United Kingdom settled mainly in London and Leicester.The economic fallout from this remains un accounted.Following the 1982 Kenyan coup d'état attempt to remove President Moi, many Asian shops and businesses in Nairobi were attacked and pillaged whilst a number of Asian women were said to have been raped by the rioters.[24]Despite fears at the time within the community, it did not result in another exodus of Asians from the country.[25]C. Uganda under : Then Idi Amin disaster:Expulsion of Asians from UgandaIn early August 1972, the President of Uganda, Idi Amin, ordered the expulsion of his country's South Asian minority, giving them 90 days to leave the country.[1]At the time of the expulsion, there were approximately 80,000 individuals of South Asian descent (mostly Gujaratis[2][3]) in Uganda, of whom 23,000 had had their applications for citizenship both processed and accepted.[4]Although the latter were ultimately exempted from the expulsion, many chose to leave voluntarily.[5]The expulsion took place against a backdrop of Indophobia in Uganda, with Amin accusing a minority of the Asian population of disloyalty, non-integration and commercial malpractice, claims Indian leaders disputed.[4]Amin defended the expulsion by arguing that he was "giving Uganda back to ethnic Ugandans".[5]E. The Nigerian results:In 1961 at independence, the north Hausa-Fulani only paid 9% of tax but took 45& of the benefits versus the Yoruba who paid 64& of tax but only 25% benefits. See:The Hausa and Fulani together account for about 33.7% of Nigeria's population according to the CIA World Factbook.[2] Nigeria's other major ethnic groupings are the Yoruba and Igbo. The term is in addition to being socio historical also used as religious-political referring to all the people living in northern Nigeria and profess Islam as their religion.Today this continues w.r.t. social benefits, university entrants and even the national soccer team.And a thousand plus of Nigerians roam the streets of Johannesburg and Cape Town peddling any drug known to man.F. Then in India proper:From 1949 AA was written into their constitution to “assist the Dalitts [untouchables]. Special places were reserved in state departments etc. and universities.This led to the instance where 16 parliamentarians had themselves reclassified as Dalitts, to guarantee their seats in parliament within the 28 seat allocated to Dalitts in parliament.In Gujarat in 1985 275 people died in rioting when the general populace protested against higher additional quotas. In Andra Pradesh similar problems occurred.Currently nobody can remember why AA was introduced.G. Malaysia: at independence in 1957 the population split was 50-50 Malaysia /Chinese .The introduction of the Ketuannan Malayu [Malaysian dominance] policy ensured that by 2018 it has been reduced to 24%. Total AA in favour of the Malaysian population w.r.t. finances, language in government etc.As I said, “an unmitigated disaster of affirmative action”H. Sri Lankan, tragedy: where Tamils 11% and the Sinhales 75% ended in civil war.At independence Tamils were 44 % of doctors, 30% of government posts, 40% of judges, 49 % students in the science faculties.After the official language was changed to Sinhales, a further 300 000 Tamils were repatriated to India.After the civil war it’s unclear what the economic results will be, but:As I said, “an unmitigated disaster of affirmative action”I. USA:Firstly, AA as currently applied in USA is contrary to the US constitution’s “equity statement” as well as the "Civil Right Act" van 1964. Article 703(j), places no obligation on an employer to: "...to grant preferential treatment to any individual or group on account of an imbalance which may exist." Reference Judge William Brennar [1979]. He dismissed the literal interpretation of these words in the case of United Steel Workers of America v Webber.However he did concur that those requirements can be met by: “temporary, voluntary Affirmative Actions”Your own Pres. John F Kennedy of USA made the ("executive order") no 10925 stating that "affirmative action" is required that "...employees are treated during employment without regard to race, colour, creed or national origin.". In other words that a person is not discriminated against.However, I don’t have to tell yous okes where this has ended, with special treatment for any person who can lay claim to Negro/slave/African ancestry.As I said, “an unmitigated disaster of affirmative action”What has it done for the black American?Highest prison population2. Highest single parent lifestyle.3. High dependence on social grants.4. School and college drop-out rates, highest5. Drug use. Highest per capitaAnd so ends my data, you are welcome debate this further.