Health Appraisal Form Michigan 2019: Fill & Download for Free

While stress for college students is part of the transitional experience, there are many strategies that students can use to reduce stress in their lives and manage the impacts of stress. Time management skills which encompass goal setting, scheduling, and pacing are effective approaches to reducing stress. Additionally, students should keep up their physical and mental health with regular exercise, healthy eating, good sleep habits, and mindfulness practices.[49] There are several services, such as counseling and therapy, available to students that can be accessed both on and off campus to support stress management and overall student wellbeing.References1. ^ "Stress Management: What can you do?" . St. Louis Psychologists and Counseling Iwlkdkdjfjfnformation and Farts=Paul Susic MA Licensed Psychologist Candidate.Archived from the original on January 24, 2013.2. ^ Cannon, W. (1939). The Wisdom of the Body, 2nd ed., NY: Norton Pubs.3. ^ Selye, H (1950). "Stress and the general adaptation syndrome" .Br. Med. J . 1 (4667): 1383–92.doi :10.1136/bmj.1.4667.1383 .PMC 2038162 .PMID 15426759 .4. ^ Lazarus, R.S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, Appraisal, and Coping. New York: Springer.5. ^ Somaz, Wenk Heidi & Tulgan, Bruce (2003). Performance Under Pressure: Managing Stress in the Workplace.Canada. HRD Press Inc.p 7-8. ISBN 0-87425-741-76. ^ Mills, R.C. (1995). Realizing Mental Health: Toward a new Psychology of Resiliency. Sulzberger & Graham Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 0-945819-78-17. ^ Sedgeman, J.A. (2005). Health Realization/Innate Health: Can a quiet mind and a positive feeling state be accessible over the lifespan without stress-relief techniques? Med. Sci. Monitor 11(12) HY47-52. "Archived copy" . Archived from the original on 2012-09-25. Retrieved2007-01-22.8. ^ Lehrer, Paul M.; David H. (FRW) Barlow, Robert L. Woolfolk, Wesley E. Sime (2007). Principles and Practice of Stress Management, Third Edition. pp. 46–47.ISBN 978-1-59385-000-5 .9. ^ Leubner, D., and Hinterberger, T. (2017). “Reviewing the Effectiveness of Music Interventions in Treating Depression.” Archived 2017-07-29 at the Wayback Machine Front Psychol.eCollection 2017 Jul 7;8:1109. PMID 28736539Archived 2017-09-28 at theWayback Machine doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.0110910. ^ Dubbed "Destressitizers" by The Journal of the Canadian Medical Association11. ^ Spence, JD; Barnett, PA; Linden, W; Ramsden, V; Taenzer, P (1999). "Lifestyle modifications to prevent and control hypertension. 7. Recommendations on stress management. Canadian Hypertension Society, Canadian Coalition for High Blood Pressure Prevention and Control, Laboratory Centre for Disease Control at Health Canada, Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada" . Canadian Medical Association Journal . 160 (9 Suppl): S46–50. PMC 1230339 .PMID 10333853 .12. ^ Robertson, D (2012). Build your Resilience . London: Hodder.ISBN 978-1444168716 .13. ^ Bower, J. E. & Segerstrom, S.C. (2004). "Stress management, finding benefit, and immune function: positive mechanisms for intervention effects on physiology". Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 56 (1): 9–11. doi : 10.1016/S0022-3999(03)00120-X .PMID 14987958 .14. ^ Wolfgang Linden; Joseph W. Lenz; Andrea H. Con (2001). "Individualized Stress Management for Primary Hypertension: A Randomized Trial". Arch Intern Med . 161 (8): 1071–1080. doi : 10.1001/archinte.161.8.1071 .PMID 11322841 .15. ^ McGonagle, Katherine; Ronald Kessler (October 1990). "Chronic Stress, Acute Stress, Depressive Symptoms" (PDF). American Journal of Community Psychology .18 (5): 681–706. doi : 10.1007/BF00931237 .hdl: 2027.42/117092 .PMID 2075897 .16. ^ Bowman, Rachel; Beck, Kevin D; Luine, Victoria N (January 2003). "Chronic Stress Effects on Memory: Sex differences in performance". Hormones and Behavior. 43 (1): 48–59.doi :10.1016/S0018-506X(02)00022-3 . PMID 12614634 .17. ^ Jaiswar, Prashant. "What is Stress?" . Retrieved 24 December 2019.18. ^ "Archived copy" . Archived from the original on 2016-03-10. Retrieved 2016-03-09.19. ^ [1]20. ^ "Workplace Stress Management Resource - OFAI" .Office Furniture Suppliers | Modern & Contemporary Office Furniture | Southampton UK | OFAI . Archived from the original on 2016-03-27.21. ^ lars. "Avoiding change-induced stress in the workplace — Nordic Labour Journal" .Nordic Labour Journal .Archived from the original on 2013-08-24.22. ^ Caplan, R.P (November 1994)."Stress, Anxiety, and Depression in Hospital Consultants, General Practitioners, and Senior Health Managers" . BMJ. 309 (6964): 1261–1269. doi : 10.1136/bmj.309.6964.1261 .PMC 2541798 . PMID 7888846 .23. ^ "Anti stress diary with adult coloring pages" . Archived from the original on 2017-05-15.24. ^ "20 Gadgets to Help You Fight Stress - Hongkiat Magazine" . 2016-07-14. Archived from the original on 2017-02-17.25. ^ Schultz&Schultz, D (2010).Psychology and work today . New York: Prentice Hall. p. 374.26. ^ Hardy, Sally (1998).Occupational Stress: Personal & Professional Approaches . United Kingdom: Stanley Thornes ltd. pp. 18–43.27. ^ Woldring, Michael (1996-03-15)."Human Factors Module: Stress" (PDF). European Organisation for the Safety of Air Navigation. 1 : 3–16. Archived(PDF) from the original on 2015-12-22.28. ^ a b c d Lehrer, P; Karavidas, M; Lu, SE; Vaschillo, E; Vaschillo, B; Cheng, A (May 2010). "Cardiac data increase association between self-report and both expert ratings of task load and task performance in flight simulator tasks: An exploratory study". International Journal of Psychophysiology. 76 (2): 80–7.doi :10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2010.02.006 .PMID 20172000 .29. ^ Biondi, M; Picardi, A (1999). "Psychological stress and neuroendocrine function in humans: The last two decades of research". Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics . 68 (3): 114–50.doi :10.1159/000012323 .PMID 10224513 .30. ^ Langan-Fox, J; Sankey, M; Canty, JM (October 2009). "Human factors measurement for future air traffic control systems".Human Factors . 51 (5): 595–637.doi :10.1177/0018720809355278. PMID 20196289 .31. ^ a b c Kirschner, J; Young, J; Fanjoy, R (2014). "Stress and coping as a function of experience level in collegiate flight students". Journal of Aviation Technology and Engineering . 3 (2): 14–19.doi :10.7771/2159-6670.1092 .32. ^ Corwin, W.H. (1992-04-01). "In-flight and post flight assessment of pilot workload in commercial transport aircraft using the subjective workload assessment technique". The International Journal of Aviation Psychology . 2 (2): 77–93. doi : 10.1207/s15327108ijap0202_1 .33. ^ a b c d e Young, James (December 2008). The Effects of Life-Stress on Pilot Performance(PDF) (Report). NASA Ames Research Center. pp. 1–7.Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-03-05.34. ^ Muller, Ronald; Andreas Wittmer; Christopher Drax, eds. (2014). Aviation Risk and Safety Management: Methods and Applications In Aviation Organizations . Springer International.ISBN 978-3-319-02779-1 .35. ^ O'Connor, Paul E.; Cohn, Joseph V., eds. (2010). Human Performance Enhancement in High-Risk Environments: Insights, Developments, and Future Directions from Military Research. ABC-CLIO.ISBN 978-0-313-35983-5 .36. ^ Barralabc, C; Rodríguez-Cintasb, L; Martínez-Lunaabc, Nieves; Bachillerabc, D; et al. (2014-11-13). "Reliability of the Beck Depression Inventory in opiate-dependent patients".Journal of Substance Abuse: 1–6.doi :10.3109/14659891.2014.980859 .37. ^ a b Tackle College Stress Head On with These Stress Management Tips . (n.d.). Retrieved from Tackle College Stress Head On with These Stress Management Tips38. ^ Ellen H. Zaleski , Christina Levey-Thors & Kathleen M. Schiaffino (1998) Coping Mechanisms, Stress, Social Support, and Health Problems in College Students, Applied Developmental Science, 2:3, 127-137, DOI: 10.1207/s1532480xads0203_239. ^ Dyson, R., & Renk, K. (2006). Freshmen adaptation to university life: Depressive symptoms, stress, and coping. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 62(10), 1231-1244. doi:10.1002/jclp.2029540. ^ Penley, J. A., Tomaka, J., & Wiebe, J. S. (2002). The association of coping to physical and psychological health outcomes: A meta-analytic review. Journal of behavioral medicine, 25(6), 551-603. / Brougham, R. R., Zail, C. M., Mendoza, C. M., & Miller, J. R. (2009). Stress, sex differences, and coping strategies among college students. Current Psychology, 28, 85-97.41. ^ Welle, P. D., & Graf, H. M. (2011). Effective lifestyle habits and coping strategies for stress tolerance among college students. American Journal of Health Education, 42(2), 96-105. / Managing Stress. (2018). Retrieved from Managing Stress - Campus Mind Works42. ^ Carver, C. S. (2011). The handbook of stress science: Biology, psychology, and health. New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company. / Managing Stress. (2018). Retrieved from Managing Stress - Campus Mind Works43. ^ Cheng, S. T., Tsui, P. K., & Lam, J. H. (2015). Improving mental health in health care practitioners: Randomized controlled trial of a gratitude intervention. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 83(1), 177. / Managing Stress. (2018). Retrieved from Managing Stress - Campus Mind Works44. ^ Nowak, L. (2018, October 04). Stress and Alcohol Use Among College Students: What Are the Real Dangers? Retrieved fromStress and Alcohol Use Among College Students: What Are the Real Dangers?45. ^ Purdue University Global. (2019, March 05). The College Student's Guide to Stress Management. Retrieved from The College Student's Guide to Stress Management46. ^ Brougham, R. R., Zail, C. M., Mendoza, C. M., & Miller, J. R. (2009). Stress, sex differences, and coping strategies among college students. Current Psychology, 28, 85-9747. ^ Brougham, R. R., Zail, C. M., Mendoza, C. M., & Miller, J. R. (2009). Stress, sex differences, and coping strategies among college students. Current Psychology, 28, 85-97.48. ^ Hall, N. C., Chipperfield, J. G., Perry, R. P., Ruthig, J. C., & Goetz, T. (2006). Primary and secondary control in academic development: gender-specific implications for stress and health in college students. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 19(2), 189-210.49. ^ Regents of the University of Michigan. (n.d.). Managing Stress. Retrieved from Managing Stress - Campus Mind WorksInternal links

You mean in addition to these instances?Reparations Payments Made in the United States by the Federal Government, States, Cities, Religious Institutions, and Colleges and Universities1866: Southern Homestead Act: "Ex-slaves were given 6 months to purchase land at reasonable rates without competition from white southerners and northern investors. But, owing to their destitution, few ex-slaves were able to take advantage of the program. The largest number that did were located in Florida, numbering little more than 3,000…The program failed."1927: The Shoshones were paid over $6 million for land illegally seized from them (although it was only half the appraised value of the land) (Race, Racism, and Reparationsby J. Angelo Corlett, 2003, Cornell University Press, p. 170).1956: The Pawnees were awarded more than $1 million in a suit brought before the Indian Claims Commission for land taken from them in Iowa, Kansas, and Missouri (Race, Racism, and Reparations by J. Angelo Corlett, 2003, Cornell University Press, p. 170).1962: Georgia restored many Cherokee landmarks, a newspaper plant, and other buildings in New Echota. It also repealed its repressive anti-Native American laws of 1830 (Race, Racism, and Reparations by J. Angelo Corlett, 2003, Cornell University Press, p. 170).1969: The Black Manifesto was launched in Detroit as one of the first calls for reparations in the modern era. Penned by James Forman, former SNCC (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee) organizer, and released at the National Black Economic Development Conference, the manifesto demanded $500 million in reparations from predominantly White religious institutions for their role in perpetuating slavery. About $215,000 was raised from the Episcopalian and Methodist churches through rancorous deliberations that ultimately tore the coalition apart ("Black and Blue Chicago Finds a New Way to Heal" by Yana Kunichoff and Sarah Macaraeg, YES Magazine, Spring 2017).The payments from 1971-1988 are taken from the booklet Black Reparations Now! 40 Acres, $50 Dollars, and a Mule, + Interest by Dorothy Benton-Lewis; and borrowed from N’COBRA (National Coalition of Blacks for Reparations in America).1971: around $1 billion + 44 million acres of land: Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act.1980: $81 million: Klamaths of Oregon ("Spending Spree" by Dylan Darling, Herald and News (Klamath Falls, OR), June 21, 2005).1980: $105 million: Sioux of South Dakota for seizure of their land (United States v. Sioux Nation of Indians, 448 U.S. 371 (1980)).1985: $12.3 million: Seminoles of Florida (see Racial Justice in America: A Reference Handbook by David B. Mustard, 2002, ABC-CLIO, p. 81).1985: $31 million: Chippewas of Wisconsin (see Racial Justice in America: A Reference Handbook by David B. Mustard, 2002, ABC-CLIO, p. 81).1986: $32 million per 1836 Treaty: Ottawas of Michigan (see Racial Justice in America: A Reference Handbook by David B. Mustard, 2002, ABC-CLIO, p. 81).1988: Civil Liberties Act of 1988: President Ronald Reagan signed a bill providing $1.2 billion ($20,000 a person) and an apology to each of the approximately 60,000 living Japanese-Americans who had been interned during World War II. Additionally, $12,000 and an apology were given to 450 Unangans (Aleuts) for internment during WWII, and a $6.4 million trust fund was created for their communities ("U.S. pays restitution; apologizes to Unangan (Aleut) for WWII Internment," National Library of Medicine).1989*: Congressman John Conyers, D-Michigan, introduced bill H.R. 3745, which aimed to create the Commission to Study Reparation Proposals for African-Americans Act. The bill was introduced "[to] address the fundamental injustice, cruelty, brutality, and inhumanity of slavery in the United States and the 13 American colonies between 1619 and 1865 and to establish a commission to study and consider a national apology and proposal for reparations for the institution of slavery, its subsequent de jure and de facto racial and economic discrimination against African-Americans, and the impact of these forces on living African-Americans, to make recommendations to the Congress on appropriate remedies, and for other purposes." (Preamble)1993*,**: U.S. Congress passed a joint resolution acknowledging and apologizingto Native Hawaiians the illegal United States–aided overthrow of the sovereign Hawaiian nation.The reparations payments from 1994-2016, with the exception of Virginia Governor Mark Warner’s 2002 apology and Georgetown University’s actions, are taken from "Black and Blue Chicago Finds a New Way to Heal" by Yana Kunichoff and Sarah Macaraeg, YES Magazine, Spring 2017; and Long Overdue: The Politics of Racial Reparations: From 40 Acres to Atonement and Beyond by Charles P. Henry, 2007, NYU Press.1994: The state of Florida approved $2.1 million for the living survivors of a 1923 racial pogrom that resulted in multiple deaths and the decimation of the Black community in the town of Rosewood ("Rosewood Massacre: A Harrowing Tale of Racism and the Road toward Reparations" by Jessica Glenza, The Guardian, January 3, 2016).1995**: The Southern Baptists apologized to African American church members for the denomination’s endorsement of slavery.1997**: President Bill Clinton apologized to the survivors of the U.S. government–sponsored syphilis tests in Tuskegee, Alabama.1998: President Clinton signed into law the Sand Creek Massacre National Historic Study Site Act, which officially acknowledges an 1864 attack by seven hundred U.S. soldiers on a peaceful Cheyenne village located in the territory of Colorado. Hundreds, largely women and children, were killed. The act calls for the establishment of a federally funded Historic Site at Sand Creek.2001: The Oklahoma legislature passed and Governor Keating signed a bill to pay reparations for the destruction of the Greenwood, Oklahoma, community in 1921 in the form of low-income student scholarships in Tulsa; an economic development authority for Greenwood; a memorial; and the awarding of medals to the 118 known living survivors of the destruction of Greenwood.2002**: Governor Mark Warner of Virginia issued a formal apology for the state’s decision to forcibly sterilize more than 8,000 of its residents ("Va. Apologizes to the Victims of Sterilizations" by William Branigin, Washington Post, May 3, 2002).2005*,**: The U.S. Senate approved, by voice vote, S.R. 39, which called for the lawmakers to apologize to lynching victims, survivors, and their descendants, several whom were watching from the gallery.2005: Virginia, five decades after ignoring Prince Edward County and other locales that shut down their public schools in support of segregation, is making a rare effort to confront its racist past, in effect apologizing and offering reparations in the form of scholarships. With a $1 million donation from the billionaire media investor John Kluge and a matching amount from the state, Virginia is providing up to $5,500 to any state resident who was denied a proper education when public schools shut down. So far, more than 80 students have been approved for the scholarships and the numbers are expected to rise. Several thousand are potentially eligible. “A New Hope For Dreams Suspended By Segregation,” The New York Times, July 31, 2005 by Michael Janofsky.2008/2009*,**: U.S. House Resolution 194and Senate Concurrent Resolution 26 made a formal apology to the African American community for "centuries of brutal dehumanization and injustices." Plus, there was an admission that "African Americans continue to suffer from the complex interplay between slavery and Jim Crow long after both systems were formally abolished through enormous damage and loss, both tangible and intangible, including the loss of human dignity."2014: The state of North Carolina set aside $10 million for reparations payments to living survivors of the state’s eugenics program, which forcibly sterilized approximately 7,600 people ("North Carolina Set To Compensate Forced Sterilization Victims" by Scott Neuman, NPR, July 25, 2013; "Families of NC Eugenics Victims No Longer Alive Still Have Shot at Compensation" by Anne Blythe, News & Observer (Raleigh, N.C.), March 17, 2017).2015: The City of Chicago signed into law an ordinance granting cash payments, free college education, and a range of social services to 57 living survivors of police torture (Burge Reparations). Explicitly defined as reparations, which totaled $5.5 million, the ordinance includes a formal apology from Mayor Rahm Emanuel and a mandate to teach the broader public about the torture through a memorial and public school curriculum.2016: Georgetown University has acknowledged that the school has profited from the sale of slaves and has "reconciled" by naming two buildings after African Americans and offer preferred admission to any descendants of slaves who worked at the university.2016: The state of Virginia, one of more than 30 other states that practiced forced sterilizations, followed North Carolina’s lead and has since 2016 been awarding $25,000 to each survivor ("Virginia Votes Compensation for Victims of its Eugenic Sterilization Program" by Jaydee Hanson, Center for Genetics and Society, March 5, 2015).2018: The Supreme Court, in a 4-4 deadlock, let stand a lower court's order that the state of Washington make billions of dollars worth of repairs to roads, where the state had built culverts below road channels and structures in a way that prevented salmon from swimming through and reaching their spawning grounds, that had damaged the state’s salmon habitats and contributed to population loss. The case involved the Stevens Treaties, a series of agreements in 1854-55, in which tribes in Washington State gave up millions of acres of land in exchange for "the right to take fish." Implicit in the treaties, courts would later rule, was a guarantee that there would be enough fish for the tribes to harvest. Destroying the habitat reduces the population and thus violates these treaties. This decision directly affects the Swinomish Tribe ("A Victory For A Tribe That’s Lost Its Salmon" by John Eligon, The New York Times, June 12, 2018).2019*: Senator Cory Booker, D-New Jersey, introduced bill S. 1083 (H.R. 40 Commission to Study and Develop Reparation Proposals for African-Americans Act) in the Senate that would provide for a commission to study and report on the impact of slavery and discrimination against Black Americans and deliver a verdict on different proposals for reparations. The bill "is a way of addressing head-on the persistence of racism, white supremacy, and implicit racial bias in our country. It will bring together the best minds to study the issue and propose solutions that will finally begin to right the economic scales of past harms and make sure we are a country where all dignity and humanity is affirmed." (Press release, April 8, 2019)2019***: "Students at Georgetown University voted to increase their tuition to benefit descendants of the 272 enslaved Africans that the Jesuits who ran the school sold nearly two centuries ago to secure its future." In a nonbinding student-led referendum, "the undergraduate student body voted to add a new fee of $27.20 per student per semester to their tuition bill, with the proceeds devoted to supporting education and health care programs in Louisiana and Maryland, where many of the 4,000 known living descendants of the 272 enslaved people now reside." ("Georgetown Students Agree to Create Reparations Fund" by Adeel Hassan, The New York Times, April 12, 2019)* Congressional actions** apologies from government institutions and other organizations*** first college students to vote to financially support reparations

As long as it's prime real estate.Otherwise, using as a guide what reparations have already been made, would be reasonable.Reparations Payments Made in the United States by the Federal Government, States, Cities, Religious Institutions, and Colleges and Universities1866: Southern Homestead Act: "Ex-slaves were given 6 months to purchase land at reasonable rates without competition from white southerners and northern investors. But, owing to their destitution, few ex-slaves were able to take advantage of the program. The largest number that did were located in Florida, numbering little more than 3,000…The program failed."1927: The Shoshones were paid over $6 million for land illegally seized from them (although it was only half the appraised value of the land) (Race, Racism, and Reparationsby J. Angelo Corlett, 2003, Cornell University Press, p. 170).1956: The Pawnees were awarded more than $1 million in a suit brought before the Indian Claims Commission for land taken from them in Iowa, Kansas, and Missouri (Race, Racism, and Reparations by J. Angelo Corlett, 2003, Cornell University Press, p. 170).1962: Georgia restored many Cherokee landmarks, a newspaper plant, and other buildings in New Echota. It also repealed its repressive anti-Native American laws of 1830 (Race, Racism, and Reparations by J. Angelo Corlett, 2003, Cornell University Press, p. 170).1969: The Black Manifesto was launched in Detroit as one of the first calls for reparations in the modern era. Penned by James Forman, former SNCC (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee) organizer, and released at the National Black Economic Development Conference, the manifesto demanded $500 million in reparations from predominantly White religious institutions for their role in perpetuating slavery. About $215,000 was raised from the Episcopalian and Methodist churches through rancorous deliberations that ultimately tore the coalition apart ("Black and Blue Chicago Finds a New Way to Heal" by Yana Kunichoff and Sarah Macaraeg, YES Magazine, Spring 2017).The payments from 1971-1988 are taken from the booklet Black Reparations Now! 40 Acres, $50 Dollars, and a Mule, + Interest by Dorothy Benton-Lewis; and borrowed from N’COBRA (National Coalition of Blacks for Reparations in America).1971: around $1 billion + 44 million acres of land: Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act.1980: $81 million: Klamaths of Oregon ("Spending Spree" by Dylan Darling, Herald and News (Klamath Falls, OR), June 21, 2005).1980: $105 million: Sioux of South Dakota for seizure of their land (United States v. Sioux Nation of Indians, 448 U.S. 371 (1980)).1985: $12.3 million: Seminoles of Florida (see Racial Justice in America: A Reference Handbook by David B. Mustard, 2002, ABC-CLIO, p. 81).1985: $31 million: Chippewas of Wisconsin (see Racial Justice in America: A Reference Handbook by David B. Mustard, 2002, ABC-CLIO, p. 81).1986: $32 million per 1836 Treaty: Ottawas of Michigan (see Racial Justice in America: A Reference Handbook by David B. Mustard, 2002, ABC-CLIO, p. 81).1988: Civil Liberties Act of 1988: President Ronald Reagan signed a bill providing $1.2 billion ($20,000 a person) and an apology to each of the approximately 60,000 living Japanese-Americans who had been interned during World War II. Additionally, $12,000 and an apology were given to 450 Unangans (Aleuts) for internment during WWII, and a $6.4 million trust fund was created for their communities ("U.S. pays restitution; apologizes to Unangan (Aleut) for WWII Internment," National Library of Medicine).1989*: Congressman John Conyers, D-Michigan, introduced bill H.R. 3745, which aimed to create the Commission to Study Reparation Proposals for African-Americans Act. The bill was introduced "[to] address the fundamental injustice, cruelty, brutality, and inhumanity of slavery in the United States and the 13 American colonies between 1619 and 1865 and to establish a commission to study and consider a national apology and proposal for reparations for the institution of slavery, its subsequent de jure and de facto racial and economic discrimination against African-Americans, and the impact of these forces on living African-Americans, to make recommendations to the Congress on appropriate remedies, and for other purposes." (Preamble)1993*,**: U.S. Congress passed a joint resolution acknowledging and apologizingto Native Hawaiians the illegal United States–aided overthrow of the sovereign Hawaiian nation.The reparations payments from 1994-2016, with the exception of Virginia Governor Mark Warner’s 2002 apology and Georgetown University’s actions, are taken from "Black and Blue Chicago Finds a New Way to Heal" by Yana Kunichoff and Sarah Macaraeg, YES Magazine, Spring 2017; and Long Overdue: The Politics of Racial Reparations: From 40 Acres to Atonement and Beyond by Charles P. Henry, 2007, NYU Press.1994: The state of Florida approved $2.1 million for the living survivors of a 1923 racial pogrom that resulted in multiple deaths and the decimation of the Black community in the town of Rosewood ("Rosewood Massacre: A Harrowing Tale of Racism and the Road toward Reparations" by Jessica Glenza, The Guardian, January 3, 2016).1995**: The Southern Baptists apologized to African American church members for the denomination’s endorsement of slavery.1997**: President Bill Clinton apologized to the survivors of the U.S. government–sponsored syphilis tests in Tuskegee, Alabama.1998: President Clinton signed into law the Sand Creek Massacre National Historic Study Site Act, which officially acknowledges an 1864 attack by seven hundred U.S. soldiers on a peaceful Cheyenne village located in the territory of Colorado. Hundreds, largely women and children, were killed. The act calls for the establishment of a federally funded Historic Site at Sand Creek.2001: The Oklahoma legislature passed and Governor Keating signed a bill to pay reparations for the destruction of the Greenwood, Oklahoma, community in 1921 in the form of low-income student scholarships in Tulsa; an economic development authority for Greenwood; a memorial; and the awarding of medals to the 118 known living survivors of the destruction of Greenwood.2002**: Governor Mark Warner of Virginia issued a formal apology for the state’s decision to forcibly sterilize more than 8,000 of its residents ("Va. Apologizes to the Victims of Sterilizations" by William Branigin, Washington Post, May 3, 2002).2005*,**: The U.S. Senate approved, by voice vote, S.R. 39, which called for the lawmakers to apologize to lynching victims, survivors, and their descendants, several whom were watching from the gallery.2005: Virginia, five decades after ignoring Prince Edward County and other locales that shut down their public schools in support of segregation, is making a rare effort to confront its racist past, in effect apologizing and offering reparations in the form of scholarships. With a $1 million donation from the billionaire media investor John Kluge and a matching amount from the state, Virginia is providing up to $5,500 to any state resident who was denied a proper education when public schools shut down. So far, more than 80 students have been approved for the scholarships and the numbers are expected to rise. Several thousand are potentially eligible. “A New Hope For Dreams Suspended By Segregation,” The New York Times, July 31, 2005 by Michael Janofsky.2008/2009*,**: U.S. House Resolution 194and Senate Concurrent Resolution 26 made a formal apology to the African American community for "centuries of brutal dehumanization and injustices." Plus, there was an admission that "African Americans continue to suffer from the complex interplay between slavery and Jim Crow long after both systems were formally abolished through enormous damage and loss, both tangible and intangible, including the loss of human dignity."2014: The state of North Carolina set aside $10 million for reparations payments to living survivors of the state’s eugenics program, which forcibly sterilized approximately 7,600 people ("North Carolina Set To Compensate Forced Sterilization Victims" by Scott Neuman, NPR, July 25, 2013; "Families of NC Eugenics Victims No Longer Alive Still Have Shot at Compensation" by Anne Blythe, News & Observer (Raleigh, N.C.), March 17, 2017).2015: The City of Chicago signed into law an ordinance granting cash payments, free college education, and a range of social services to 57 living survivors of police torture (Burge Reparations). Explicitly defined as reparations, which totaled $5.5 million, the ordinance includes a formal apology from Mayor Rahm Emanuel and a mandate to teach the broader public about the torture through a memorial and public school curriculum.2016: Georgetown University has acknowledged that the school has profited from the sale of slaves and has "reconciled" by naming two buildings after African Americans and offer preferred admission to any descendants of slaves who worked at the university.2016: The state of Virginia, one of more than 30 other states that practiced forced sterilizations, followed North Carolina’s lead and has since 2016 been awarding $25,000 to each survivor ("Virginia Votes Compensation for Victims of its Eugenic Sterilization Program" by Jaydee Hanson, Center for Genetics and Society, March 5, 2015).2018: The Supreme Court, in a 4-4 deadlock, let stand a lower court's order that the state of Washington make billions of dollars worth of repairs to roads, where the state had built culverts below road channels and structures in a way that prevented salmon from swimming through and reaching their spawning grounds, that had damaged the state’s salmon habitats and contributed to population loss. The case involved the Stevens Treaties, a series of agreements in 1854-55, in which tribes in Washington State gave up millions of acres of land in exchange for "the right to take fish." Implicit in the treaties, courts would later rule, was a guarantee that there would be enough fish for the tribes to harvest. Destroying the habitat reduces the population and thus violates these treaties. This decision directly affects the Swinomish Tribe ("A Victory For A Tribe That’s Lost Its Salmon" by John Eligon, The New York Times, June 12, 2018).2019*: Senator Cory Booker, D-New Jersey, introduced bill S. 1083 (H.R. 40 Commission to Study and Develop Reparation Proposals for African-Americans Act) in the Senate that would provide for a commission to study and report on the impact of slavery and discrimination against Black Americans and deliver a verdict on different proposals for reparations. The bill "is a way of addressing head-on the persistence of racism, white supremacy, and implicit racial bias in our country. It will bring together the best minds to study the issue and propose solutions that will finally begin to right the economic scales of past harms and make sure we are a country where all dignity and humanity is affirmed." (Press release, April 8, 2019)2019***: "Students at Georgetown University voted to increase their tuition to benefit descendants of the 272 enslaved Africans that the Jesuits who ran the school sold nearly two centuries ago to secure its future." In a nonbinding student-led referendum, "the undergraduate student body voted to add a new fee of $27.20 per student per semester to their tuition bill, with the proceeds devoted to supporting education and health care programs in Louisiana and Maryland, where many of the 4,000 known living descendants of the 272 enslaved people now reside." ("Georgetown Students Agree to Create Reparations Fund" by Adeel Hassan, The New York Times, April 12, 2019)* Congressional actions** apologies from government institutions and other organizations*** first college students to vote to financially support reparations