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Yes, obviously. The gasses formed by combustion of the “smokeless” powder and lead dust. Neither are good for you.Indoor shooting ranges have ventilation standards.Understanding Government Range Ventilation Criteria • NSSFWhat the EPA says: On November 12, 2008, the EPA issued a final rule that revised the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for lead and associated ambient air lead monitoring requirements. The rule strengthened the requirement to allow not more than 0.15-microgram of lead in the air per cubic meter as total suspended particles. This amount will be measured as a three-month rolling average.What we recommend: You will be taking an area sample of your range’s air, not evaluating the entire space of the range. For a newly opened range, emissions will not exceed the EPA level, even if no filters are used. However, over time small amounts of lead from unfiltered exhaust will build up on the surfaces of the roof that will exceed the allowable surface contamination. There is also the potential that unfiltered lead will enter the outside air intake of other equipment potentially allowing lead in non-range sections of the building. Additionally, lead may wash from the roof into the surrounding ground that in time could contaminate the soils over the allowable levels. For these reasons, we recommend the use of HEPA filters to eliminate the potential of contamination of surfaces, as well as other building systems.

I’m going to try to give you a very comprehensive list with very summary descriptions of each so you get a sense. There are dozens of instruments. Many dozens and some are very complex. Some are very simple.SeismographIt’s one of the few instruments everyone knows about. When I worked at Colima, I analyzed a lot of seismic records. They looked like this:In those records, we could see magma moving through the conduit, passive degassing events and violent eruptions daily. We can also detect deadly debris flows. The analysis went into extensive excel documents. We were quite literally (ok, figuratively) monitoring the pulse of the volcano at all times. Here’s a screenshot of one of my old seismic spreadsheets from colima.COSPECThe correlation spectrometer, or COSPEC for short, is a relic. Designed to monitor sulfur dioxide pollution from smokestacks, volcanologists quickly realized they could be used to monitor SO2 from volcanoes. As I understand it, the EPA stopped using them ages ago and they stopped being built in the 70’s, meaning each COSPEC is extremely old but also absolutely precious. Repairing them is super expensive. By knowing the quantity of SO2 in a volume of magma and measuring, from a distance, the amount of SO2 coming out of the volcano, we have a very good idea of what’s happening above and below the surface and the amount of lava/magma involved. It works by measuring the amount of light absorption in particular wavelengths by the SO2. Here is a picture, again from Colima.I can’t tell you how many hundreds of hours I spent out there, swatting flies and waiting for an eruption. At Colima, we only recorded COSPEC during eruptive events. At Kilauea, one of my duties was weekly plume recording. The prevailing winds would blow the gas plume from the central crater (halemaumau) and the eruptive vent (pu’u o’o) over various roads. It was my job to load this $70,000 machine in the passenger seat and hanging out the window, pointed at the sky. I would drive exactly 25mph and carefully watch a live paper readout as the laptop recorded data. 5 passes each time, once a week for each gas vent. You think texting and driving is dangerous? Try watching the sky, keeping your speed within a single mile per hour while driving around tourists, watching the laptop, studying a paper readout and fiddling with dials… all on the side of a volcano!FLYSPECThis was a device that was being developed at the University of Hawaii. It was similar to the COSPEC, but much smaller and measured CO2. I helped with the field testing. It worked great, except that it spiked wildly every time a car drove by (CO2 in the exhaust) or we drove under a cloud. I’m not sure if the kinks were ever worked out, but I’ve heard it mentioned since then, so I assume… yes?There are definitely several other similar type devices, some of which I’ve worked with and others I haven’t. I played with a mini-DOAS briefly as my time at Colima ended and it worked great. I hope it’s still in use.Satellites, particularly MODISSatellite remote sensing is extremely valuable. Not only can you see eruptions in remote parts of the world and track ash clouds, but some instruments such as MODIS can be used to directly measure ash and volcanic gases coming from an eruption. Another old instrument, that I doubt is still used, is TOMS which can measure SO2. The following images are from a MODIS and TOMS analysis of Reventador’s eruption in 2004.Diffuse gas samplingSometimes gases rise up through soil diffusely, creating large tree kill zones. We want to keep an eye on that so gas samples are collected. At Colima, we used what looked like an old metal cookie tin with some moving parts, which disturbed the soil and created a suction, collecting samples for us.Radon samplingRadon can be recorded on film, buried underground, that captures radioactive decay particle tracks or can be collected directly, usually from water. Here’s a picture of a radon detector I used for work in Australia. Excuse the poor quality. I was in a hotel room finishing at 2am on day 20 of a 30 day sampling regime. I was very tired.Fumarole samplingFumaroles are gas vents. At Hawaii, I would acid-wash and evacuate glass flasks and then fill them with gas from fumarole vents around Halemaumau. I did this weekly. The acid completely ate away my field clothes, all sampling was conducted wearing a gas mask.Water samplingGuess what else comes out of volcanoes. Lots of water and the chemistry of that water can tell us a lot about what’s going on belowCameras, visible and infraredMost observatories have at least several cameras watching their volcano at all hours of the day. Infrared cameras are particularly useful.Tiltmeters and StrainmetersThese do what they sound like: they measure the tilt of a slope and strains from deformation. They are stationary and measure absolutely tiny changes. Volcanoes tend to flex a bit as magma enters and exits them and tiltmeters are invaluable for recording those changes. The strainmeters are so sensitive, scientists must filter out the effects of the sun and moon from their data.GPSNowadays, returning to a well-marked location with GPS can tell you if that well-marked location has moved in any direction at all.BoltsForgive the terrible picture below, but digital photography was in its infancy in 2003. On Kilauea, there are large ground cracks on its side. Bolts were placed on either side of the crack and every several months, someone goes out and measures the distance between those bolts. It’s old school, but it works.INSARINSAR is a pair of radar satellite sensors that make multiple passes over a place and can record any changes in elevation down to centimeters. It’s amazing and incredibly useful for detecting changes in a volcano (not my image below).GravimeterThese super expensive and super-precise devices measure gravity. They can easily detect the change in gravity when you change floors in a building. They can also detect if anything unusual is going on below you.VLFThese clever devices use a US military low frequency radio signal used for communicating with submarines (VLF stands for very low frequency). These radio signals can form eddies when interacting with the subsurface. By walking over a lava tube and taking careful measurements, you can get the exact cross section of the buried lava tube without having to break through and wade in.Lava samplingIt’s done, but less often than you’d think. Sometimes it’s done from an active lava flow, but usually it’s easier to just collect a chunk after it’s cold. Also, ash sampling falls into this category.SurveyingYes, we volcanologist sometimes bust out the old classic surveying equipment to record precise changes in the landscape. It’s old school, but it works.LIDARLIDAR is a laser ranging tool that can detect the absolutely tiniest changes to a landscape. It is very precise and can be difficult to use over large areas, but it is a vital tool for many monitoring programs.These are just some of the monitoring tools volcanologists use. I’ve probably forgotten more than a few so I won’t claim this list is comprehensive, but it should give you a pretty good idea of what we use and why we use them.

EPA under Obama was expanded for more and more socialistic like control of the country .. I’m disappointed he only cut it back by 32% .75% of their efforts have been left wing political activist motivate in the recent past and had little of anything helpful for clean air and water we all want.I’m familiar with the oil drilling activity in the Eagle Ford Fields thru Central Texas and jillions were spent by the EPA to clearly interfere with oil production . Obama found lots of ways to slow down oil production on public lands easily , but on private lands he used the EPA as a tool to try to stop that production. Huge numbers of people were involved in monitoring anything the could such as air pollution of dust created by extra vehicle traffic in drilling areas…Sound violations….Studies of how the gas flares were disturbing star gazing …Plus endless efforts to prove fracking ruined well water and caused earthquakes .I know of one operation of 54 old shallow wells that EPA tried to shut down because in one of their water samples , one of five water fleas died.. I crap thee not ! They avoided any reference to the normal testing for water quality and shut them down because the water flea died . Since the operator of the company that owned these old wells producing shallow oil since 1942 was an oil fire fighter in the past he fought back and soon had some help by good attorneys . They threatened to sue EPA and do all the public damage they could after offering water sample testing from three separate companies that documented the water they condemned far surpassed the requirements for state and federal levels and they intended to go quickly to court where EPA would be required to prove what killed the water flea . EPA withdrew their case against him. Now , had EPA gone to the operator saying they had this indication something was wrong and they should have stepped in for multiple testing of water quality and review his cleansing practices . If they’d done that , I along with many would have applauded their efforts to quickly be certain that the water was ok or not as his water from the well flowed down and filled my ponds . But it was clear that after all their “extra” testing of his water that six months that this was the first chance to shut him down which was all they were about and shutting him down was their motivation , now protecting our waters.