Writing An Abstract An Abstract Is A Short Document That Summarizes: Fill & Download for Free

It's grammatical but lackluster prose—short on imagery and sensual detail while full of generalizations and abstractions. In most writing, except maybe a legal document, "America" is superior to "a country," "Idaho" is superior to America, and "A filthy garage" is superior to "Idaho.""It all made sense.""Made sense" is an vague form of cognition, and telling me that something "made sense" to doesn't give me any sort of visceral experience. It's much better to just say what made sense or to give the reader an "it all made sense" feeling with sensuality or metaphor, e.g."Everything slotted into place.""His face flushed as he realized the truth.""The truth slapped him backwards.""Sending them to Rochester was very risky.""... was very risky" is an abstraction. Nothing is actually "very risky." That's a category. Saying "it was very risking" is like saying, "She went to the zoo and saw a life form, there.""What if they got arrested in Rochester?""The whole city of Rochester is glowing with radioactive waste.""Jack thought his arrogance was big enough to justify the risk...""His arrogance" is another category. How about something like this?"Thinking of the time his friend burned down the condo after claiming to be a master electrician, Jack realized Rochester was just the place for him.""... but it was now clear that there was something different and important in Rochester."You know what I'm going to say: vague, abstract, un-sensual ..."But now he realized Rochester was the only city with that had banned mayonnaise!" (I'm groping, here. I have no idea what your story is really about.)You don't have to make every sentence brim with sensual details, and it's fine to add in some abstractions to rev up or summarize. But you have to earn abstractions.If you've given me five details, you can then step back and put them in a category or philosophize about them in abstract terms. I'll trust that you'll get back to nuts-and-bolts soon enough.Or you can lead with an abstraction, such as "It all made sense," but then make sure your next sentence is as specific as thumbtacks.Compare these two paragraphs:1. Jack couldn't figure out how to tell his mother about Lindsey. He tried to distract himself with pointless movements. Then something occurred to him, and he stopped. It all made sense! He knew what he was going to say. He called to his mother in the other room.2. Jack couldn't figure out how to tell his mother about Lindsey. He paced a circle around the dining room, picking up each spoon and then replacing them; he thrust his hands in his pockets and pulled them out again. Then he stopped. It all made sense! "Mom!," he called. "Come here! I need to tell you something about Lindsey."See Marcus Geduld's answer to What should every aspiring writer know about writing?

So, I've actually given this question a lot of thought. I'm very interested in programming language design and I've used a broad and varied set of languages, so I have both the need and the basis to compare them.The first thing is that I think this question is both valid and very important. For some reason, there are always people who dismiss any comparison of different languages. I could write a whole article on why I disagree, but that would just distract from the main point. So here's the short version:Languages are not equal and the choice of language is very important because language semantics affect how we think. Programming languages constraint we can write and how we can write it. Having poor semantics is a universally pervasive drag on your entire codebase.Of course, given that languages are different, we need to know how to compare them. This is, largely, a subjective question. In order to make it less subjective, I've come up with a system that breaks the larger question up into a bunch of smaller ones—the idea being that the sum of small subjective questions is less subjective than a single large one. So, without further ado, here's my system¹:Evaluating Programming LanguagesThe first step was figuring out what I cared about in a language. I ended up breaking this into three separate axes. Generally, I value each axes similarly, but this depends on task. Ultimately, this turns comparing programming languages into a 3d optimization problem.The three axes are: expressiveness, reliability and performance.ExpressivenessMy first axes tries to capture productivity: how fast and easy it is to write the code I want to write. I've also found that it's heavily correlated with how pleasant a language is to use and its aesthetic appeal.Expressiveness breaks down into the following aspects:abstraction: how easy is using and defining new abstractions? How solid are these abstractions?verbosity: how verbose is the language? How much extra noise and boilerplate do I have to add to my program? I find verbosity usually obscures the meaning of a program and makes it harder to write in the first place (Although I don't advocate going as far as APL.)aesthetics: how easy is it to write "pretty" code?growing: how easy is it to grow the language?declarative: does the language expose unnecessary details and complexity?semantics: does the language have a clear meaning which makes thinking about programs easier? In particular, I care for neat denotational semantics, which are basically a better measure of how "declarative" a language is.composability: does the language provide small building blocks that can easily be composed in different ways to build larger structures?domain-specific languages: is the language a good host for embedded DSLs?libraries: how good are existing libraries for the language? More importantly, how good is the language for writing libraries? (However, I think most programmers actually overestimate the importance of libraries!)ReliabilityReliability is a measure of how easy code is to maintain and how easy it is to make sure it's correct.static guarantees: how much do I know about my code at compile-time? Does it have a good type system?modularity: how natural is it to write modular code? How prevalent are anti-modular constructs like hidden dependencies or effects?testability: how easy is it to write testable code? In practice, testability correlates heavily with code that is easy to read and easy to think about.testing: how good are the actual testing facilities? Does it go beyond unit testing? (Things like QuickChecke or bounded verification.)readability: code is read more often than it's written. How easy is it reading idiomatic code in the language to a programmer already experienced with it?skimmability: code is skimmed even more often than it's read. How easy is understanding code in the language at a glance? Can you see the structure of code without needing to read the details or any actual words?concurrency/parallelism: one of the most bug-prone parts of programming is dealing with multiple threads or processors. Does the language provide good facilities for this? A separation between concurrency (non-deterministic) and parallelism (deterministic) is helpful.domain-specific invariants: is it easy to encode and check invariants specific to your domain? Can you reuse the type system for this?refactorability: how easy is it to refactor code and still be content that its correct?self-documentation: how self-documenting is most code? Is there an easy way to automatically summarize code (like function prototypes or type signatures)?simplicity: how simple (but not easy) is the language? This actually helps with all three axes to some extent or other. See Simple Made Easy for a good presentation of the idea (although I don't agree with some of the concrete conclusions in the talks, especially regarding type systems).PerformanceThis is a measure of how easy and natural it is to write code that runs quickly. For me, it's usually the least important, but it still matters.optimization: how well does the compiler optimize reasonable code for you?optimizability: how much leeway does the language give you to optimize code manually?low-level access: can the language expose low-level hardware details that are often necessary to write the fastest code?patterns: do common patterns and idioms perform well?scalability: how well do programs in the language scale over multiple cores? Multiple CPUs? Clusters?runtime: how fast or lightweight is the language runtime (threading system, garabge collector... whatever is appropriate).consistency: how easy is it to get performance that's consistent (but not necessarily fast in an absolute sense)? This is important for things like realtime tasks.benchmarks: how good are other people at writing fast code in the language. Is it used for performance intensive tasks? How well does it do on Computer Language Benchmarks Game?The trick with these axes is that, depending on your particular goals and requirements, they have different weights. Most of the time, they're pretty close. But, for example, if you're working on something that could kill people if it fails, reliability becomes the most important by far while for throw-away scripts you probably only care about expressiveness.What I don't care aboutI think it's just as interesting to see which things I don't value very highly as the ones that matter.The biggest one is probably how easy the language is to learn. My logic here is simple. First of all, pretty much all practical languages are actually, in the grand scheme of things, very easy to learn: even Haskell—which has an unfortunate reputation for being inaccessible—should only take you a few months at most to be proficient enough for serious commercial work. If you learn on the job rather than on nights and weekends, it'll go even faster. In the scope of your entire programming career, this is not a big deal!More importantly though, learning a language like this is an O(1) cost. The benefit of using a better language is in O(n) to how much programming you do. It dominates asymptotically. So don't worry so much about up-front costs!Another thing I don't care much about popularity. At best, popularity is correlated with a few nice things like libraries and support. But, in and of itself, it isn't much of a signal. Some absolutely horrible languages are popular: see PHP. I figure it's like food or music: I would not call McDonald's and pop the best options, or even good at all, just because they're popular. I'm not saying that everything popular is bad, but just that everything popular is not necessarily good.I'd rather make an informed decision for myself than just following the herd.So yeah: this is my system for comparing programming languages. I think it's pretty good and lets me make a fairly concrete case for the merits of any given language. It also gives me a good "anchor" for thinking about different languages, immediately pulling my attention to the right places.¹ I've actually written about it a couple of times on Quora, in posts about why I particularly like Haskell: review of Haskell and What programming language do people like the most?.I'm probably going to turn this into a normal blog post too, at some point, because I think it's an interesting idea and deeply affects how I think about programming languages and programming. Once I get my actual blog working :P.

Steps to be followed in executive summary writing include:Review the article by reading through it thoroughly and focus on understanding what the author is saying.As you read, make sure you highlight the major points and ideas. for example, you can look up for the topic sentence, words that are repeated severally and even transition words.Write the summary in your own words. As you write the summary start with the source of information i.e., start with the name of the book and that of the other by doing so someone else will be able to know you are writing about what somebody else had written. You should also use your memory to present the main ideas and also present it to the idea from the author’s point of view.Remember to use a language that is appropriate to a summary. That is, you want whoever is reading to understand that it is someone else’s argument you writing about,so use phrases like “the author says”Reread the what you’ve written from your memory against the notes you had made. If there is something important you had forgotten, you can addit. You also need to present the summary in the order of events rather than jumping from one point to another and eliminate any kind of repetition.Check for any errors.Let professional writers help you with your executive summary:Here are a few guidelines on how to write a strong executive summaryHow to start the executive summary is very important. Executive summaries need to start by the specifics. Identify your company or business name, the contact information and the location.You need to know that an executive summary is a short and brief review of the whole business document. The words “brief” and “review” are the main words here. The executive summary should not in any way be detailed nor should it be a substitute for the original document. Here an abstract gives the reader an overview; the latter gives the reader more of a summary. Keep in mind that each executive summary should be unique in its own way.It should abide by certain styles and basic styles. Certain basic guidelines should apply when writing an executive summary. These include:The paragraphs should be kept short, simple and precise without leaving out any essential and important http://information.It should make sense even without reading the original report itself. It should start with what you need to capture the reader’s attention and should be followed by factors in chronological order.When writing an executive summary use the language that is best appropriate for the target audience. It should always be kept professional and free from grammatical and spelling errors.State the big problem. An executive summary needs a clearly stated problem. Ensure that a clear definition of the problem has been stated and it should be in understandable terms. If the problem you defined is not so convincing, you will not be able to provide a solution that has an impact.Provide the solution. Any problem needs a solution this applies on writing an executive summary. After you have stated your problem provide a solution. Otherwise, the problem you had first created will not make any sense. You need to provide a solution that solves or tackles the problem.Talk about the target market. In some cases, the product you are providing definesthe market. If not, you can give a short description of the target market. You should provide a realistic market potential.Think about the major strengths and use bullet point, graphics and headings to the present ideas. It will help the reader easily find what they are looking for.If the information you are presenting is long, you can break it down into short, understandable bullets.When writing an executive summary, you can organize the main idea inform of a heading. This will help the reader familiarize with summary as they get to read it.A well-presented graphic can illustrate the precise nature of the main problem and could help bring out the whole point of the summary.Avoid using any claims or clichés that cannot be supported. Avoid using word s such as “groundbreaking,” “core competency”. This is because they hinder the real meaning and they eventually tend to lose meaning and makes the summary appear vague.What is an executive summary?It is good to understand the meaning of an executive summary before you proceed to write. An executive summary is a short writing that summarizes the main document in few words without omitting the main points, so that the reader can have an overview of the whole document in brief without going through the whole of it.Proper use of executive summary formatIt is the format that makes our work appealing to your reader, you have to follow the right format so that the reader can be able to get your points without straining.When writing executive summaries, it should follow certain guidelines. They include:It should have a captivating introduction. The first paragraph should capture the reader’s attention. This is where you explain about the company, so it needs to be strong.Identify the problem. Any business founded is aimed at solving certain problems. Point out the and explain the issue you intend to solve.Provide a unique solution. Propose solutions to question like, how does your company solve the problem? How is your company different from any other company providing the same services? Explain why your idea is better and how it can solve a problem by making things easier.Prove your claim with evidence. Provide support to how your business will solve the problem.Ask for what you need. Give detailed logistics, for example, how much will itcost? Here you can include the amount you need plus the benefits and returns on investment and over what period.Read also: Buy dissertation chapter from leading experts.Some executive summary examplesIt is good to go through different examples of executive summaries because it helps you to advance your skills in writing. Some of the advantages of reading through different examples include:It will improve your workflow- the flow of points in your summary is key, and once you get exposed to different samples you will be able to understand how to encrypt your summary to meet the needs of your readers.It improves your grammar command- once you get to read the work of other authors you will be able to know all the grammar rules, and you will be able to avoid the common grammar errors when it comes to your summary.Improvement of vocabulary- different business plans require different terms in the expression of its points, once you get exposed to different examples you will be able to know the right terms to apply in summary given.The examples also help you to come up with the right format for your work. Executive summary samples help you to know the right formats to be used for different situations as the format is what makes your work impressive.Here are a few guidelines on how to write a strong executive summaryHow to start the executive summary is very important. Executive summaries need to start by the specifics. Identify your company or business name, the contact information and the location.You need to know that an executive summary is a short and brief review of the whole business document. The words “brief” and “review” are the main words here. The executive summary should not in any way be detailed nor should it be a substitute for the original document. Here an abstract gives the reader an overview; the latter gives the reader more of a summary. Keep in mind that each executive summary should be unique in its own way.It should abide by certain styles and basic styles. Certain basic guidelines should apply when writing an executive summary. These include:The paragraphs should be kept short, simple and precise without leaving out any essential and important http://information.It should make sense even without reading the original report itself. It should start with what you need to capture the reader’s attention and should be followed by factors in chronological order.When writing an executive summary use the language that is best appropriate for the target audience. It should always be kept professional and free from grammatical and spelling errors.State the big problem. An executive summary needs a clearly stated problem. Ensure that a clear definition of the problem has been stated and it should be in understandable terms. If the problem you defined is not so convincing, you will not be able to provide a solution that has an impact.Provide the solution. Any problem needs a solution this applies on writing an executive summary. After you have stated your problem provide a solution. Otherwise, the problem you had first created will not make any sense. You need to provide a solution that solves or tackles the problem.Talk about the target market. In some cases, the product you are providing definesthe market. If not, you can give a short description of the target market. You should provide a realistic market potential.Think about the major strengths and use bullet point, graphics and headings to the present ideas. It will help the reader easily find what they are looking for.If the information you are presenting is long, you can break it down into short, understandable bullets.When writing an executive summary, you can organize the main idea inform of a heading. This will help the reader familiarize with summary as they get to read it.A well-presented graphic can illustrate the precise nature of the main problem and could help bring out the whole point of the summary.Avoid using any claims or clichés that cannot be supported. Avoid using word s such as “groundbreaking,” “core competency”. This is because they hinder the real meaning and they eventually tend to lose meaning and makes the summary appear vague.What is an executive summary?It is good to understand the meaning of an executive summary before you proceed to write. An executive summary is a short writing that summarizes the main document in few words without omitting the main points, so that the reader can have an overview of the whole document in brief without going through the whole of it.Proper use of executive summary formatIt is the format that makes our work appealing to your reader, you have to follow the right format so that the reader can be able to get your points without straining.When writing executive summaries, it should follow certain guidelines. They include:It should have a captivating introduction. The first paragraph should capture the reader’s attention. This is where you explain about the company, so it needs to be strong.Identify the problem. Any business founded is aimed at solving certain problems. Point out the and explain the issue you intend to solve.Provide a unique solution. Propose solutions to question like, how does your company solve the problem? How is your company different from any other company providing the same services? Explain why your idea is better and how it can solve a problem by making things easier.Prove your claim with evidence. Provide support to how your business will solve the problem.Ask for what you need. Give detailed logistics, for example, how much will itcost? Here you can include the amount you need plus the benefits and returns on investment and over what period.Read also: Buy dissertation chapter from leading experts.Some executive summary examplesIt is good to go through different examples of executive summaries because it helps you to advance your skills in writing. Some of the advantages of reading through different examples include:It will improve your workflow- the flow of points in your summary is key, and once you get exposed to different samples you will be able to understand how to encrypt your summary to meet the needs of your readers.It improves your grammar command- once you get to read the work of other authors you will be able to know all the grammar rules, and you will be able to avoid the common grammar errors when it comes to your summary.Improvement of vocabulary- different business plans require different terms in the expression of its points, once you get exposed to different examples you will be able to know the right terms to apply in summary given.The examples also help you to come up with the right format for your work. Executive summary samples help you to know the right formats to be used for different situations as the format is what makes your work impressive.