Cardno Is A Leader: Fill & Download for Free

Cardano is a security focused blockchain platform that provides a programmable blockchain and smart contracts for dApp development, similar to NEO and Ethereum. What differentiates between Cardano and the rest of the blockchain ecosystem is the team’s scientific, peer-reviewed approach, coupled with extreme transparency. This means that the Cardano project boasts a network of global researchers and scientists that have contributed to/developed an advanced blockchain protocol. All of Cardano’s protocol technology goes through an extensive peer review process, just like a scientific research essay would go through.The project emerged in 2014, as a collection of revolutionary ideas and concepts derived from collective research and collaboration, focused on identifying the underlying limitations of existing blockchains. Eventually the team released a whitepaper, and their coding procedure follows the same principals – every ‘building block’ of code is carefully examined and peer-reviewed by the network of experts, before being added to the rest of the ‘blocks’.The project is supported by 3 entities: The Cardno Foundation, a nonprofit organisation dedicated to promote and educate Cardano and blockchain technology as a whole whilst also working with governments around regulation; Input Output Hong Kong (IOHK), an engineering company that develops blockchain solutions for academic institutions, corporations, and governments. The company is led by Charles Hoskinson and Jeremy Wood, former CEO and Executive Assistant of, respectively. IOHK supports Cardano with more than just its extensive research team of highly accreditted individuals, with IOHK being responsible for the development of Cardano’s technology and digital wallet. It is important to note that IOHK also supports several other blockchain projects; Emurgo, a Japanese based company that aims to assist business and companies integration with Cardano’s blockchain.Cardano Settlement Layer is planned out to a cryptocurrency that focuses on several key merits: speed, security, psuedonymiy, versatility and exstensibility. Cardano SL’s in house blockchain will incorporate a new PoS (Proof-of-Stake, as opposed to Bitcoin’s PoW which is heavily scrutinized over its increasing energy consumption issues) called Ouroboros designed by IOHK, and its mechanics were published in this paper. There are however, underlining differences between the final Cardano network and Ouroboros’ initial design the Cardano SL team are planning to implement, that will be specified below.Taken from Cardano’s documentation, “Nodes with a positive stake are called stakeholders, and only stakeholders may participate in running the protocol. Moreover, to be able to generate new blocks for the blockchain, a stakeholder must be elected as a slot leader. The slot leader can listen to transactions announced by other nodes, make a block of those transactions, sign this block with its secret key and publish it to the network. The Ouroboros protocol divides the physical time into epochs, and each epoch is divided into slots (a slot is a relatively short period of time (for example, 20 seconds). Each slot has one and only one leader, and that slot leader has a (sole) right to produce one and only one block during his slot. It means that the number of slot leaders is strictly equal to the number of slots in epoch (let’s call this number N), so it is impossible to produce more than N blocks during an epoch. If slot leader missed their slot (for example, when offline), the right to produce a block is lost until they are elected again.”Continuing with the explanation, “Slot leaders are elected from the group of all stakeholders. Please note that not all stakeholders participate in this election, but only ones who have enough stake (for example, 2% of the total stake). This group of stakeholders are known as “electors”. Electors elect slot leaders for the next epoch during the current epoch. Thus, at the end of epoch N it is already known who are slot leaders for the epoch N+1, and it cannot be changed.”A certain degree of randomness is applied, which is needed as a base for election to help enforce unbiasedness, and the results of this election are more random and fair. A multiparty computation (MPC) approach is used to achieve this randomness where each elector independently performs an action which is called “coin tossing” and after that shares results with other electors. The idea is that results are randomly generated by each elector, but eventually they agree on the same final value.There is additional information about the process of electing slot leaders and overall Ouroboros information, which can be found here, and will be partially detailed below:In a basic model of the protocol time is divided into discrete units called slots. However, there are no details on how to obtain the current time value securely and with enough precision.In Cardano SL, the current time value is obtained from a user’s computer system time value. The paper also suggests PVSS (Publicly Verifiable Secret Sharing) scheme by Schoenmakers for Cardano SL. However, currently Cardano SL uses “SCRAPE: Scalable Randomness Attested by Public Entities”.One of the challenges while using a VSS (Verifiable Secret Sharing) scheme is associating the public key used for signing with the public key (VssPublicKey) used for the VSS scheme. This is solved by introducing “VssCertificate”s. This certificate is a signature given by a signing key for a pair consisting of *VssPublicKey* and the epoch until which this certificate is valid. Initially, all stakeholders with stake enough for participation in randomness generation hold certificates. When a new stakeholder with enough stake appears, or when an existing certificate expires, a new certificate should be generated and submitted to the network. “VssCertificate”s are stored in blocks. PVSS scheme uses share verification information which also includes a commitment to the secret. It is also used as a commitment in the protocol. The PVSS scheme has been implemented over the elliptic curve secp256r1. For more details, click here.There’s a very big library of relevant documentation regarding the entire differences in the designs of the two systems, that can also be found in Cardano’s official website.Cardano’s multi-layer protocol performs advanced functions, and has at its foundation a settlement layer that is elegantly linked to a control layer. The settlement layer will have a unit of account, while the control layer will run smart contracts and will be programmed to recognize identity, assisting compliance (and allowing blacklisting, for instance).The system is designed so that it can be upgraded by way of soft forks, enabling it to adapt to changing needs and evolve quickly, when required. A treasury system is also being installed that will ensure the sustainability of the protocol.The source code is open and patent free, built on the spirit of collaboration and empiric approach. Cardano SL will also incorporate Plutusת a strictly typed pure functional programming language used for defining smart contracts in Cardano’s platform. The syntax is fairly Haskell-like.That’s it for reviewing the coin. In terms of calling it a “safe investment” - there is not really such a thing. All investments come with a risk/reward ratio. Cardano is indeed one of the most promising project currently available on the market, but it is not by any means a “safe bet”.*This is not an investment advice*

Cardano is a security focused blockchain platform that provides a programmable blockchain and smart contracts for dApp development, similar to NEO and Ethereum. What differentiates between Cardano and the rest of the blockchain ecosystem is the team’s scientific, peer-reviewed approach, coupled with extreme transparency. This means that the Cardano project boasts a network of global researchers and scientists that have contributed to/developed an advanced blockchain protocol. All of Cardano’s protocol technology goes through an extensive peer review process, just like a scientific research essay would go through.The project emerged in 2014, as a collection of revolutionary ideas and concepts derived from collective research and collaboration, focused on identifying the underlying limitations of existing blockchains. Eventually the team released a whitepaper, and their coding procedure follows the same principals – every ‘building block’ of code is carefully examined and peer-reviewed by the network of experts, before being added to the rest of the ‘blocks’.The project is supported by 3 entities: The Cardno Foundation, a nonprofit organisation dedicated to promote and educate Cardano and blockchain technology as a whole whilst also working with governments around regulation; Input Output Hong Kong (IOHK), an engineering company that develops blockchain solutions for academic institutions, corporations, and governments. The company is led by Charles Hoskinson and Jeremy Wood, former CEO and Executive Assistant of, respectively. IOHK supports Cardano with more than just its extensive research team of highly accreditted individuals, with IOHK being responsible for the development of Cardano’s technology and digital wallet. It is important to note that IOHK also supports several other blockchain projects; Emurgo, a Japanese based company that aims to assist business and companies integration with Cardano’s blockchain.Cardano Settlement Layer is planned out to a cryptocurrency that focuses on several key merits: speed, security, psuedonymiy, versatility and exstensibility. Cardano SL’s in house blockchain will incorporate a new PoS (Proof-of-Stake, as opposed to Bitcoin’s PoW which is heavily scrutinized over its increasing energy consumption issues) called Ouroboros designed by IOHK, and its mechanics were published in this paper. There are however, underlining differences between the final Cardano network and Ouroboros’ initial design the Cardano SL team are planning to implement, that will be specified below.Taken from Cardano’s documentation, “Nodes with a positive stake are called stakeholders, and only stakeholders may participate in running the protocol. Moreover, to be able to generate new blocks for the blockchain, a stakeholder must be elected as a slot leader. The slot leader can listen to transactions announced by other nodes, make a block of those transactions, sign this block with its secret key and publish it to the network. The Ouroboros protocol divides the physical time into epochs, and each epoch is divided into slots (a slot is a relatively short period of time (for example, 20 seconds). Each slot has one and only one leader, and that slot leader has a (sole) right to produce one and only one block during his slot. It means that the number of slot leaders is strictly equal to the number of slots in epoch (let’s call this number N), so it is impossible to produce more than N blocks during an epoch. If slot leader missed their slot (for example, when offline), the right to produce a block is lost until they are elected again.”Continuing with the explanation, “Slot leaders are elected from the group of all stakeholders. Please note that not all stakeholders participate in this election, but only ones who have enough stake (for example, 2% of the total stake). This group of stakeholders are known as “electors”. Electors elect slot leaders for the next epoch during the current epoch. Thus, at the end of epoch N it is already known who are slot leaders for the epoch N+1, and it cannot be changed.”A certain degree of randomness is applied, which is needed as a base for election to help enforce unbiasedness, and the results of this election are more random and fair. A multiparty computation (MPC) approach is used to achieve this randomness where each elector independently performs an action which is called “coin tossing” and after that shares results with other electors. The idea is that results are randomly generated by each elector, but eventually they agree on the same final value.There is additional information about the process of electing slot leaders and overall Ouroboros information, which can be found here, and will be partially detailed below:In a basic model of the protocol time is divided into discrete units called slots. However, there are no details on how to obtain the current time value securely and with enough precision.In Cardano SL, the current time value is obtained from a user’s computer system time value. The paper also suggests PVSS (Publicly Verifiable Secret Sharing) scheme by Schoenmakers for Cardano SL. However, currently Cardano SL uses “SCRAPE: Scalable Randomness Attested by Public Entities”.One of the challenges while using a VSS (Verifiable Secret Sharing) scheme is associating the public key used for signing with the public key (VssPublicKey) used for the VSS scheme. This is solved by introducing “VssCertificate”s. This certificate is a signature given by a signing key for a pair consisting of *VssPublicKey* and the epoch until which this certificate is valid. Initially, all stakeholders with stake enough for participation in randomness generation hold certificates. When a new stakeholder with enough stake appears, or when an existing certificate expires, a new certificate should be generated and submitted to the network. “VssCertificate”s are stored in blocks. PVSS scheme uses share verification information which also includes a commitment to the secret. It is also used as a commitment in the protocol. The PVSS scheme has been implemented over the elliptic curve secp256r1. For more details, click here.There’s a very big library of relevant documentation regarding the entire differences in the designs of the two systems, that can also be found in Cardano’s official website.Cardano’s multi-layer protocol performs advanced functions, and has at its foundation a settlement layer that is elegantly linked to a control layer. The settlement layer will have a unit of account, while the control layer will run smart contracts and will be programmed to recognize identity, assisting compliance (and allowing blacklisting, for instance).The system is designed so that it can be upgraded by way of soft forks, enabling it to adapt to changing needs and evolve quickly, when required. A treasury system is also being installed that will ensure the sustainability of the protocol.The source code is open and patent free, built on the spirit of collaboration and empiric approach. Cardano SL will also incorporate Plutusת a strictly typed pure functional programming language used for defining smart contracts in Cardano’s platform. The syntax is fairly Haskell-like.