C Name Of Organization D - Charity Blossom: Fill & Download for Free

Here are hundreds of English words (some are very common) stemming from an indo European language called Persian.So you see some basic words such as bad, sister and mother.. Come from which language..Of course due to political concerns no one wants to confess from where these words stem from but as a Persian speaker who knows Persian I have a firm idea and know better.. so in English linguistics maintain that no one knows from where sister and bad and like these stemmed from and their origins are unknown but that is not the case when these are basic words from thousands of years ago which are used in Persian and we Persian speakers know it much better.. here are the words:AAlfalfaEtymology: Spanish, from Arabic al-faṣfaṣa : al-, the + faṣfaṣa, alfalfa (variant of fiṣfiṣa, ultimately (probably via Coptic p-espesta : p-, masculine sing. definite article + espesta, alfalfa) from Aramaic espestā from Middle Persian aspast, horse fodder.[1]Amazonsvia Old French (13c.) or Latin, from Greek Amazon (mostly in plural Amazones) "one of a race of female warriors in Scythia," possibly from an Iranian compound *ha-maz-an- "(one) fighting together".[2]Or a borrowing from old Persian for a warring scythian tribe ("ha-u-ma-va-r-(z)ga: 'lit. 'performing the Haoma plant ritual' "),AssassinThe original word in Persian: حشاشین Hashâshīn is the common name used to refer to Nizari Ismailis who conducted a series of political assassinations.AzureMiddle English (denoting a blue dye): from Old French asur, azur, from medieval Latin azzurum, azolum, from Arabic al ‘the’ + lāzaward (from Persian lāžward ‘lapis lazuli’).:BBaboucheEtymology: from French babouche and Arabic بابوش, from Persian pāpoosh (پاپوش), from pa "foot" + poosh "covering." a chiefly oriental slipper made without heel or quarters.[3][4]BabulEtymology: Persian بابل bābul; akin to Sanskrit बब्बुल, बब्ब्ल babbula, babbla (Acacia arabica), an acacia tree (Acacia arabica) that is probably native to the Sudan but is widespread in northern Africa and across Asia through much of India[5]BadianEtymology: French badiane, from Persian بادیان bādiyān 'anise.'[6]Baksheeshfrom Persian bakhshesh (بخشش), lit. "gift," from verb بخشیدن bakhshidan "to give, to give in charity, to give mercifully; (hence, also) to forgive". a gift of money[7][8]BalaghatEtymology: probably from Hindi बालाघाट, from Persian بالا bālā 'above' + Hindi gaht 'pass.' tableland above mountain passes.[9]Baldachin"Baldachin" (called Baldac in older times) was originally a luxurious type of cloth from Baghdad, from which name the word is derived, through Italian "Baldacco".Balkans (region)Etymology: possibly from Persian balk 'mud' with Turkish suffix -an, or Persian بالا bālā 'big, high, upper, above' + خانه khāna 'house, upperhouse, room'.[10]Ban (title)"governor of Croatia," from Croatian ban "lord, master, ruler," from Persian baan (بان) "prince, lord, chief, governor"[11]Barbicanpossibly from Persian (خانه khāneh "house").[12]BarsomEtymology: Persian برسم barsam, from Middle Persian برسم barsum, from Avestan بارسمان barsman. a bundle of sacred twigs or metal rods used by priests in Zoroastrian ceremonies.[13]Bazaarfrom Persian بازار bāzār (="market").BazigarEtymology: Hindi बाज़ीगर bazigar, from Persian بازیگر. literally means a 'player' (< bāzi 'game, play' + participial suffix -gar; cf. English suffix -er, viz. "play-er") and it refers to a gypsylike nomadic Muslim people in India.[14]BedeguarEtymology: Middle French bedegard, from Persian بادآورد baadaaward. gall like a moss produced on rosebushes (as the sweetbrier or eglantine) by a gall wasp (Rhodites rosae or related species)[15]BegarEtymology: Hindi बेगार begaar, from Persian بیگار bi-gār. Meaning forced labor.[16]BegariEtymology: Hindi बेगार begaar, from Persian بیگاری bi-gāri.. Meaning forced labor.[17]BeharEtymology: From Ottoman Turkish بهار‎ bahâr, from Persian بهار‎ bahâr[18](="spring, blossom").BeigeEtymology: French beige via Old French bege, perhaps from Italian bambagia cotton, from Medieval Latin bambac-, bambax, from Middle Greek βαμβάκ bambak-, βάμβαξ bambax, probably from a Turkish word represented now by Turkish pamuk cotton, probably of Persian origin; akin to Persian پامبا pamba cotton. cloth (as dress goods) made of natural undyed wool. a variable color averaging light grayish yellowish brown. a pale to grayish yellow.[19]"beige" /bazh/ may derive from "camBYSES" (Gk. βίσσος "byssos" fine cloth, "bysses.byses" fine threads. Persian princes' robe)<Persian "kamBUJIYA"<Babylonian "kamBUZI" title of kings of Babylon who wore the robe each New Year.BellericEtymology: French Bellérique, from Arabic بالعلاج balilaj, from Persian بليله balilah, the fruit of the bahera. compare to MYROBALAN.[20]BellumEtymology: modification of Persian بالم balam. a Persian-gulf boat holding about eight persons and propelled by paddles or poles.[21]BenamiEtymology: Hindi बेनाम benaam, from Persian بنام banaam in the name of + i. made, held, done, or transacted in the name of.[22]Bezoarfrom pād-zahr (پادزهر) antidote. Also used in the following words BEZOAR, ORIENTAL BEZOAR, PHYTOBEZOAR, TRICHOBEZOAR, WESTERN BEZOAR. any of various concretions found in the alimentary organs (especially of certain ruminants) formerly believed to possess magical properties and used in the Orient as a medicine or pigment --[23][24]BheestyEtymology: from Persian بهشت bihisht heavenly one. India: a water carrier especially of a household or a regiment.[25]BhumidarEtymology: Hindi भुमिदर bhumidar, from भूमि bhumi earth, land (from Sanskrit भूमि bhuumi also Persian بومی Bumi and Old Persian Bum) + در dar holder (from Persian). India: a landholder having full title to his land.[26]BildarEtymology: Hindi बेलदार beldar, from Persian بیلدر bildaar, from بیل bil spade + در -dar holder. Digger, Excavator.[27]BiryaniEtymology: Hindi, or Urdu बिरयान biryaan from Persian بریان beryaan. roasted, grilled. Also an Indian dish containing meat, fish, or vegetables and rice flavored with saffron or turmeric.[28][29]BobacheeEtymology: Hindi बाबर्ची babarchi, from Persian باوارچی baawarchi. India: a male cook[30]BolorEtymology: Mongolian Болор Bolour, from Persian بلور Booloor. Mongolian, Persian: Crystal[31]BombastEtymology: modification of Middle French bombace, from Medieval Latin bombac-, bombax cotton, alteration of Latin bombyc-, bombyx silkworm, silk, from Greek βόμβυκ bombyk-, βόμβυξ bombyx silkworm, silk garment, probably of Persian origin; akin to Persian پمپا pamba cotton. 1) obsolete: cotton or any soft fibrous material used as padding or stuffing 2) a pretentious inflated style of speech or writing.[32]BoraxEtymology: Via Middle English boras, Anglo-Norman boreis, Medieval Latin baurach, and Arabic بورق báuraq; ultimately from Persian بره burah or Middle Persian būrak. the best-known sodium borate Na2B4O7·10H2O[33][34]BostanjiTurkish bostanci, literally, gardener, from bostan garden, from Persian بوستان bustaan flower or herb garden, from بو bo fragrance + ستان -stan place. one of the imperial guards of Turkey whose duties include protecting the palace and its grounds, rowing the sultan's barge, and acting as imperial gardeners[35]BronzeEtymology: Perhaps ultimately from Pers. برنج birinj "copper.".[36]BrinjalEtymology: from Persian بادینگان badingaan, probably from Sanskrit वातिगगम vaatingana. Eggplant.[37]BucksheeEtymology: Hindi बक्षिस bakhsis, from Persian بخشش bakhshish.[38]BudmashEtymology: Persian بدمش badma'sh immoral, from باد bad (from Middle Persian vat) + مش ma'sh (Arabic) living, life. India: a bad character: a worthless person.[39]BukshiEtymology: Persian بخشی bakhshi, literally, giver, from bakhshidan to give. India: a military paymaster.[40]bulbulEtymology: Persian originally borrowed from Arabic بلبل ("nightingale"). a Persian songbird frequently mentioned in poetry that is a nightingale. a maker or singer of sweet songs.[41]BundEtymology: Hindi बंद band, from Persian. An embankment used especially in India to control the flow of water.[42]Bunder BoatEtymology: Hindi बन्दर bandar harbor, landing-place, from Persian. a coastal and harbor boat in the Far East.[43]BundobustEtymology: Hindi बंद-ओ-बसत band-o-bast, literally, tying and binding, from Persian. India: arrangement or settlement of details.[44]BurkaEtymology: Arabic برقع burqu' ("face covering with eye openings") via Russian бурка, probably from бурый buryi dark brown (of a horse), probably of Turkic origin; akin to Turkish bur red like a fox; the Turkic word probably from Persian بر bur reddish brown.[45]BurkundazEtymology: Hindi बर्क़न्द्ज़ barqandz, from Persian, from برق barq lightning (from Arabic) + اندز andz thrower. an armed guard or policeman of 18th and 19th century India.[46]Buzkashifrom Dary بز buz "goat" + کشی kashi "dragging"[47]CCafcuhfrom Persian qâfkuh (قاف‌کوه) or kuh-e qâf (کوه قاف)Calabashpossibly from Persian kharabuz, Kharbuzeh (خربزه) melon.[48]CaleanEtymology: Persian قلیان qalyaan. a Persian water pipe.[49]Calender or qalandar (dervish order)Etymology: Persian قلندر qalandar, from Arabic كالندر, and from Persian قلندر kalandar uncouth man. one of a Sufic order of wandering mendicant dervishes.[50][51]CamacaEtymology: Middle English, from Middle French camocas or Medieval Latin camoca, from Arabic & Persian كمخه کمکها kamkha, kimkha. a medieval fabric prob. of silk and camel's hair used for draperies and garments.[52]Candyfrom Old French sucre candi, via Arabic قند qandi "candied," derived from Persian قند qand, meaning "sugar." Probably ultimately derived from Sanskrit खुड् khanda sugar, perhaps from Dravidian.[53]Carafefrom Arabic gharafa (قرافه), "to pour"; or from Persian qarabah, (قرابه) "a large flagon"[54]CaravanEtymology: Italian caravana, carovana, from Persian کاروان kāravān. a company of travelers, pilgrims, or merchants on a long journey through desert or hostile regions: a train of pack animals.[55]CaravansaryEtymology: modification of Persian کاروانسرا kārwānsarā, from کاروان kārwān caravan + سرا sarā palace, large house, inn; an inn in eastern countries where caravans rest at night that is commonly a large bare building surrounding a court.[56]CarcassEtymology: Etymology: Middle French carcasse, alteration of Old French carcois, perhaps from carquois, carquais quiver, alteration of tarquais, from Medieval Latin tarcasius, from Arabic تركيزه tarkash, from Persian ترکش tirkash, from تیر tir arrow (from Old Persian tigra pointed) + کاش -kash bearing (from کشدن kashdan to pull, draw, from Avestan کارش karsh-);[57]CarcoonEtymology: Marathi कारकुन kaarkun, from Persian کارکن kaarkon manager, from کار kaar work, business + کن -kon doer. India: CLERK.[58]CassockEtymology: Middle French casaque, from Persian کاژاغند kazhaghand padded jacket, from کژ، کاج kazh, kaj raw silk + اند aaghand stuffed. a long loose coat or gown formerly worn by men and women.[59][60]Caviarfrom Fr. caviar, from Pers. khaviyar (خاویار), from خیا khaya "egg"+ در dar "bearing, holder".[61]CeterachMedieval Latin ceterah, from Arabic شتاراج shtaraj, from Persian شیتاراخ shitarakh. A small genus of mainly Old World ferns (family Polypodiaceae) typified by the scale fern[62]ChadorHindi चद्दर caddar, from Persian چادر chaddar. a large cloth used as a combination head covering, veil, and shawl usually by women among Muslim and Hindu peoples especially in India and Iran.[63]ChakarHindi चकोर chakor, from Persian چاکر chaker. India: a person in domestic service: SERVANT; also: a clerical worker.[64]ChakdarFrom Panjabi ਛਕ੍ਦਰ੍ chakdar, from ਛ‌ਕ੍ chak tenure (from Sanskrit चक्र cakra wheel) + Persian -در -dar having. a native land tenant of India intermediate in position between the proprietor and cultivator.[65]ChalazaOld Slavic zledica frozen rain, Ancient Greek χάλαζα chalaza hailstone or lump, Persian ژاله zhaala hail. Either of a pair of spiral bands of thickened albuminous substance in the white of a bird's egg that extend out from opposite sides of the yolk to the ends of the egg and are there attached to the lining membrane.[66]ChappowPersian چپو Chapu pillage or چاپل Chapaul raid. Word is Mongolian in Origin. Pillage/Raid.[67]CharkaHindi कारखा carkha, from Persian چرخا, چرخ charkha, charkh wheel, from Middle Persian chark; akin to Avestan chaxra- wheel, Sanskrit cakra. Wheel. a domestic spinning wheel used in India chiefly for cotton.[68]CharpoyFrom Persian چهار-پای Char-pai. Literally meaning four-footed. a bed consisting of a frame strung with tapes or light rope used especially in India.[69]ChawbuckHindi चाबुक cabuk, from Persian چابک chabuk archaic, chiefly India: a large whip.[70]Check (and Cheque)check (cheque)(n.) from http://O.Fr. eschequier "a check at chess," from eschec, from V.L. *scaccus, from shah "king," the principal piece in a chess game (see shah). 1st Sassanid Empire. When the king is in check a player's choices are limited. Meaning widened from chess to general sense of "adverse event, sudden stoppage" and by c.1700 to (from Persian 'chek' (چك)"a token used to check against loss or theft" (surviving in hat check) and "a check against forgery or alteration," which gave the modern financial use of "bank check, money draft" (first recorded 1798), probably influenced by exchequeur. Check-up "careful examination" is 1921, American English, on notion of a checklist of things to be examined.[71][72]Checkmatefrom Middle French eschec mat, from Persian شاه مات shâh mât (="the King ("Shah") is dead")[73][74]Chessfrom Russian Шах Shach, from Persian شاه shah ("the King"), an abbreviation of شاه-مات Shâh-mât (Checkmate).[75]CheyneyEtymology: probably from Persian چینی chini literally meaning Chinese. a woolen fabric in use during the 17th and 18th centuries.[76]ChickHindi सिक ciq, from Persian چیق chiq. a screen used in India and southeast Asia especially for a doorway and constructed of bamboo slips loosely bound by vertical strings and often painted.[77]ChillumEtymology: Hindi चिलम cilam, from Persian چلم chilam.[78]ChilamchiEtymology: Hindi सिलाम्ची cilamci, from Persian چیلمچی chilamchi. India: a metal wash basin.[79]ChinaFrom Chinese 秦 (referring to the Qin Dynasty), Sanskrit चीन Chinas, and Latin; Modification (influenced by China, the country) of Persian چین Cin (Chinese) porcelain:[80]Also, Japan and Korea are repeatedly referred as "MaaChin" in old Persian literature that literally means "beyond China".ChinarHindi चिनार chinar, from Persian چنار chanar. A type of Oriental tree.[81]ChobdarHindi कोब्दर cobdar. From Persian چوبر chubar. from چوب chub, chub staff, wood (from Middle Persian چپ chup wood) + در -dar having.[82]Cinnabarprobably from Persian زنجیفرح zanjifrah[83]CoombMiddle English combe, from Old English cumb, a liquid measure; akin to Middle Low German kump bowl, vessel, Middle High German kumpf bowl, Persian گمبد/گنبد gumbed(Gonbad). an English unit of capacity equal to 4 imperial bushels or 4.13 United States bushels.[84]Culgee; EtymologyHindi कलग kalg, from Persian کلگی kalgi jeweled plume. a jeweled plume worn in India on the turban.[85]Cummerbundfrom Hindi कमरबंद kamarband (كمربند), from Persian کمر kamar (="waist") + بند band (="band")[86]Cushymodification of Hindi खुश khush pleasant, from Persian خوش khush.[87]DDaevadaeva, deva from Avestan daevo; dev from Persian دو deev. Zoroastrianism: a maleficent supernatural being: an evil spirit.[88]dafadarFrom Persian دافءادار Daf'adaar. from Arabic دافئه daf'ah time, turn + Persian در -dar holder.[89]DaftarHindi दफ्तर, record, office, from Persian دفتر Daftar, from Arabic دفتر daftar, diftar, from Aramaic דהפתּיר defter and Greek διφθέρα diphthera prepared hide, parchment, leather.[90]DaftardarEtymology: Hindi दफ्तरदार daftardar, from Persian دافءادار, finance officer, from دفتر daftar + در -dar holder.[91]DakhmaEtymology: Persian دخمه, from Middle Persian dakhmak, from Avestan daxma- funeral place.[92]DarogaEtymology: Hindi दरोगा daroga, from Persian درگا daaroga. India: a chief officer; especially: the head of a police, customs, or excise station.[93]DarveshPersian درویش darvish.[94]DarziHindi दर्जी darzi, from Persian درزی Darzi. A tailor or an urban caste of tailors in Hindu society in India.[95]DasturHindi दस्तूर dastur custom, from Persian دستور Dastur. customary fee.[96]DasturFrom Persian دستور Dastur. a Parsi high priest.[96]DasturiHindi दस्तूरी Dasturi from Persian دستور Dastur. Gratuity.[97]DefterdarTurkish, from Persian دفتردار daftardar finance officer. a Turkish government officer of finance; specifically: the accountant general of a province.[98]DehwarPersian دهور dehwar=دیه Dih(land)+ور war (having possession of). : a member of the Dehwar racial type usually having the status of a laborer or slave.[99]Dervishfrom Persian درویش Darvish Middle Persian دروش Darweesh. a member of any Muslim religious fraternity of monks or mendicants noted for its forms of devotional exercises[100][101]DewanEtymology: Hindi दीवान diwan, from Persian دوان, account book.[102]Demitassefrom Fr. demi-tasse, lit. "half-cup," from demi- + tasse, an http://O.Fr. borrowing from Arabic تصح tassah, from Pers. تشت tasht "cup, saucer".DivSee the Entry Daeva above.[103]Divanvia French and Turkish divan, from Persian دیوان dēvān (="place of assembly", "roster"), from Old Persian دیپی dipi (="writing, document") + واهانم vahanam (="house")[104][105]DoabEtymology: Persian دواب doab, from دو do two (from Middle Persian) + آب -ab water. a tract of land between two rivers: INTERFLUVE.[106]DoganaEtymology: from Persian دوگانه, account book. an Italian customhouse.[107]DouaneEtymology: from Persian دیوان Divan. CUSTOMHOUSE.[108]DubberEtymology: from Persian دبا Dabba. a large globular leather bottle used in India to hold ghee, oil, or other liquid.[109]DufteryEtymology: from دفتر Dafter (Record)+ی i. A servant in an office whose duty is to dust and bind records, rule paper, make envelopes. An office boy.[110]DumbaEtymology: Persian, from دمب dumb tail. a fat-tailed sheep of Bokhara and the Kirghiz steppe that furnishes astrakhan.[111]DurbarEtymology: Persian, from در dar door + بار baar door, admission, audience. admission, audience of the king.[112]DurwanEtymology: Persian درون darwan, from در dar door (from Middle Persian, from Old Persian دور duvar-) + Persian وان -wan keeping, guarding.[113]DustuckEtymology: Hindi दस्तक dastak, from Persian دستک Dastak (handle, related to hand).[114]EEmblicNew Latin emblica, from Arabic أملج amlaj, from Persian املاحaamlah. an East Indian tree (Phyllanthus emblica) used with other myrobalans for tanning.[115]EnamdarHindi इन'आमदार in'aamdaar, from Persian, from یناءم ina'm (originally Arabic meaning Gift) + در -dar holder. the holder of an enam (Gifts).[116]EuphratesFrom Old Persian Ufratu "Good to cross over"FFarsakhArabic فرسخ farsakh, from Persian farsang فرسنگ, from earlier parsang پرسنگ, a Persian metric unit approximately 6 kilometers or 3.75 miles.[117]FaujdarHindi फव्ज्दार Fawjdaar from Persian, from Arabic فوج Fawj Host (troops) + Persian دار daar (holder). petty officer (as one in charge of police).[118]Faujdarifrom Persian, from فوجدار fawjdar. a criminal court in India.[119]Ferghanfrom Persian فرغانه Ferghana. a region in Central Asia. a usually small heavy Persian rug chiefly of cotton having usually a web and a fringed end, a deep blue or rose field with an all over herati sometimes guli hinnai design and a main border with a turtle design, and being highly prized if antique.[120]Feringheefrom Persian 'Farangi'- فرنگی -: from the word Frankish: a person from Europe. The first encounter with Western Europe was during Charlemagne who was King of Franks. From that time the word Farangi means European, especially Western European. Also after the first Crusade this word appeared frequently in Persian and Arabic literature. (in Arabic as 'Faranji' because they could not pronounce /g/) . The Ottoman Turks pronounced it as Feringhee.[121]FersMiddle English, from Middle French fierce, from Arabic فرزان farzan, from Persian فرزین farzin. Coming from "Fares" a name given by Muslims to the Sassanid era cavalry.[122]Fida'iArabic فيضة fida (sacrifice) plus Persian suffix 'i'. فدایی, a member of an Ismaili order of assassins known for their willingness to offer up their lives in order to carry out delegated assignments of murdering appointed victims.[123]Firmanfrom Persian ferman فرمان, from Old Persian framaanaa, a decree or mandate, order, license, or grant issued by the ruler of an Oriental country.;[124][125]fitna(Persian)==lovableGGatchfrom Persian گچ (Gach), a plaster used especially in Persian architectural ornamentation.[126]Galingalefrom Persian خلنجان khalanjan, a plant.[127]Gazellefrom Old French gazel, from Arabic غَزَال‎ (ḡazāl) from Persian ghazal which means “elegant and quick”.[128][129]Ghorkharfrom Persian گوره خر (Gureh Khar). a wild ass of northwestern India believed to be identical with the onager.[130]Giaourfrom Pers. گور gaur, variant of gabr "fire-worshipper"[131][132]Gigeriumfrom Latin gigeria, plural, entrails of fowl, perhaps of Iranian origin; akin to Persian جگر jigar liver.[133]Gizzardearlier gysard, alteration of gysar, from Middle English giser, gyser, from Old North French guisier liver (especially of a fowl), gizzard, modification of Latin gigeria (neuter plural) cooked entrails of poultry, perhaps of Iranian origin; akin to Persian جگر jigar liver;[134]GulEtymology: Persian Gol/Gul گل. Rose.[135]GulhinnaiEtymology: Persian گلی حنا guli hinna, from Persian گل gul flower, rose + Arabic هنا/حنة hinna/henna. a Persian rug design consisting of a plant with central stem and attached star flowers.[136]GulmoharEtymology: Hindi गुलमोहर gulmohur, from Persian جعل gul rose, flower + مهر muhr seal, gold coin.[137]GungeEtymology: Hindi गज gãj, of Iranian origin; akin to Persian گنج ganj treasure.[138]GymkhanaEtymology: probably modification (influenced by English gymnasium) of Hindi गेंद-खाना gend-khana racket court, from Persian خانه khana house. a meet or festival featuring sports contests or athletic skills: as a: a horseback-riding meet featuring games and novelty contests (as musical chairs, potato spearing, bareback jumping).[139]HHalalcorHindi हलालखोर halalkhor, from Persian, from Arabic حلال halal + Persian خور khor eating. a person in Iran and India to whom any food is lawful.:[140]HashComes from "Hashish" (حشیش) that means "weed derived drugs" in Persian.HavildarHindi हवालदार hawaldar, from Arabic حول 'hawala' charge + Persian در 'dar' having. a noncommissioned officer in the Indian army corresponding to a sergeant.[141]Hylegmodification of Persian حلاج hailaj 'material body'. The astrological position of the planets at the time of birth[142]Hindifrom Persian Hindu, derived from सिन्धु Sindhu, the Sanskrit name for the Indus River. literary language of northern India usually written in the Devanagari alphabet and one of the official languages of the Republic of India.[143]Hindufrom medieval Persian word هندو Hindu (mod. هندی Hendi), from ancient Avestan hendava ultimately from Sanskrit सैन्धव saindhava. "Indian"[144][145]HindustanHindi हिंदुस्तान Hindustan, from Persian هندوستان Hindustan (mod. هندوستان Hendustan) India.[146]HircarrahPersian هارکارا harkara, from har every, all (from Old Persian haruva-) + kaar work, deed, from Middle Persian, from Old Persian kar- to do, make.[147]Homahom from Persian هم hom, from Avestan haoma. a stylized tree pattern originating in Mesopotamia as a symbol of the tree of life and used especially in Persian textiles.[148]HullabalooPersian هلهله helhelehIIndiafrom Persian هند Hind, from Sanskrit सिन्धु Sindu, a river, in particular, the river Indus.[149]Iranfrom Middle Persian ایر Ir (Aryan, Aria, Areia) + ان an (place)[150]Ispagholliterally, horse's ear, from اسپ asp horse (from Middle Persian) + قول ghol ear. an Old World plantain (Plantago ovata) with mucilaginous seeds that are used in preparing a beverage.[151]JJackalfrom Persian شغال shaghāl, ultimately from Sanskrit शृगाल sṛgālaḥ. Any of several doglike mammals of the genus Canis of Africa and southern Asia that are mainly foragers feeding on plants, small animals, and occasionally carrion.[152][153]Jagirfrom Persian جا Ja (place) + گیر gir (keeping, holding). a grant of the public revenues of a district in northern India or Pakistan to a person with power to collect and enjoy them and to administer the government in the district;[154]Jamafrom Persian جامه Jama (garment). a long-sleeved cotton coat of at least knee length worn by men in northern India and Pakistan. Also used as suffix in the word Pajama.[155]Jasminefrom یاسمین yasmin, the name of a climbing plant with fragrant flowers.[156][157]JemadarHindi जमा'दर, जामदार jama'dar, jam'dar (influenced in meaning by Persian جامءات jam'at body of troops), from Arabic جاما jam' collections, assemblage + Persian در dar having. an officer in the army of India having a rank corresponding to that of lieutenant in the English army. any of several police or other officials of the government of India.[158]JasperThe name means "spotted or speckled stone", and is derived via Old French jasrpe (variant of Anglo-Norman jaspe) and Latin iaspidem (nom. iaspis)) from Greek ἴασπις iaspis, (feminine noun)[159]from a Semitic language (cf. Hebrew ישפה yashepheh, Akkadian ܝܫܦܗ yashupu), ultimately from Persian یشپ yašp.[160]JezailPersian جزاءیل jaza'il. a long heavy Afghan rifle.[161]JujubeGreek ζίζυφον zizyphon, Persian زایزافون zayzafun, an Asiatic tree with datelike fruit.[162]Julepfrom گلاب gulab (rose(گل gul)-water(آب ab)).[163][164]KKabobor kebab, possibly from Persian kabab کباب, or from identical forms in Arabic and Urdu[165]Kabuli: Persian کابلی kabuli, of or belonging to Kabul, Afghanistan.[166]Kaftanfrom Persian خفتان khaftân.[167]Kajawahfrom Persian کجاوه (Kajavah/Kajawah). a pannier used in pairs on camels and mules especially in India.[168]Kala-Azarfrom Hindi कला kala (black) + Persian آذر āzār (disease, pain). a severe infectious disease chiefly of eastern and southern Asia that is marked by fever, progressive anemia, leukopenia, and enlargement of the spleen and liver and is caused by a flagellate (Leishmania donovani) which is transmitted by the bite of sand flies (genus Phlebotomus) and which proliferates in reticuloendothelial cells – called also visceral leishmaniasis.[169]KambohEtymology: Unabridged Merriam-Webster Dictionary defines Kamboh as "a member of a low caste in the Punjab engaged chiefly in agriculture".[170]KarezEtymology: کارز kârez an underground irrigation tunnel bored horizontally into rock slopes in Baluchistan. a system of irrigation by underground tunnels.[171]KemanchaEtymology: from Persian کمانچه Kamancheh. a violin popular in Middle East, Caucus and Central Asia. It has usually a single string and a gourd resonator and is held vertically when played.[172]KeranaEtymology: modification of Persian karranâi کرنای, from نی nâi, reed, reed pipe. a long Persian trumpet.[173]KenafEtymology: Persian. a valuable fiber plant (Hibiscus cannabinus) of the East Indies now widespread in cultivation.[174]Khakifrom Hindustani and Urdu ख़ाकी/خاکی khaki (="made from soil", "dusty" or "of the colour of soil"), from Persian خاک khak (= "soil")[175]KhakhsarEtymology: Hindi खाकसार khâksâr, from Persian khâkâsr خاکسار humble, probably from khâk dust + -sâr like. a member of a militant Muslim nationalist movement of India.[176]KhanArabic خان khân, from Persian. (not to be confused by the Turko-Mongol Khan). a caravansary or rest house in some Asian countries.[177]KhankahEtymology: Hindi खानकाह khânaqâh, from Persian خانه khâna house + گاه gâh place.[178]KhawajaEtymology: originally from Persian khâwja خواجه. used as a title of respect.[179]Khidmatgarfrom Arabic خدمة khidmah service + Persian گر -gar (suffix denoting possession or agency). In India: a male waiter[180]Khojasee khawajaKhuskhusEtymology: Persian & Hindi खसखस/خسخس khaskhas. an aromatic grass (Andropogon zizamoides) whose especially fragrant roots yield an oil used in perfumery and are also made into mats in tropical India – called also vetiver.[181]KincobEtymology: Hindi किमखाब, कमख्वाब kimkhab, kamkhwab, from Persian. an Indian brocade usually of gold or silver or both.[182]Kioskfrom کوشک kushk (="palace, portico, pavilion") or Middle Persian gōšak "corner"[183][184]KoftgariHindi कोफ्त्गर koftgar, from Persian کوفتگری koftgari, from کوفت koft blow, beating + گر -gar doing. Indian damascene work in which steel is inlaid with gold.[185]Koh-i-noorfrom Pers. koh کوه "mountain" نور Noor (light)." famous diamond that became part of the British crown jewels after the annexation of Punjab by Great Britain in 1849, from Persian کوہ نور Kh-i-nr, literally, mountain of light[186][187]KotwalHindi कोतवाल kotwal, from Persian. a chief police officer or town magistrate in India.[188]KotwaleeHindi कोतवाल kotwal, from Persian, from کوتوله kotwalee. a police station in India.[189]KranPersian قران qran. the basic monetary unit of Persia from 1826 to 1932. a silver coin representing one kran.[190]KurtaHindi & Urdu कुरता کُرتا kurta, from Persian کرتا kurtâ. a loose-fitting collarless shirt.[191]KustiPersian کستی، کشتی kusti, kushti, from کشت kusht waist, side, from Middle Persian کست، کوستک kust, kustak. the sacred cord or girdle worn by Parsis as a mark of their faith – compare.[192]LLacPersian لک lak and Hindi लाख lakh. Resinous substance secreted by the lac insect and used chiefly in the form of shellac. Any of various plant or animal substances that yield hard coatings resembling lac and shellac.[193]LamaseryFrench lamaserie, from lama + -serie (from Persian سرای sarāi palace, large house).[194]LarinEtymology: Persian لاری lārī. a piece of silver wire doubled over and sometimes twisted into the form of a fishhook that was formerly used as money in parts of Asia.[195]LascarUrdu lashkarī < Pers, equiv. to لاسخار lashkar army + -ī suffix of appurtenance]. an East Indian sailor. Anglo-Indian. an artilleryman.[196]LasqueEtymology: perhaps from Persian لاشک lashk bit, piece. a flat thin diamond usually cut from an inferior stone and used especially in Hindu work.[197]Leucothoelegendary Persian princess supposed to have been changed by Apollo into a sweet-scented shrub. a large genus of American and Asiatic shrubs of the family Ericaceae with herbage that contains a poisonous substance similar to that found in shrubs of the genus Kalmia and with flowers in terminal and axillary one-sided racemes.[198]LemonOrigin: 1350–1400; 1905–10 for def. 4; < ML lemōnium; r. ME lymon < ML līmō, (s. līmōn-) < Pers لیمو، لیمون līmū, līmun. Based on the Random House Unabridged Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2006.[199]the yellowish, acid fruit of a subtropical citrus tree, Citrus limon. According to Dictionary.com - The world’s favorite online dictionary!: Although we know neither where the lemon was first grown nor when it first came to Europe, we know from its name that it came to us from the Middle East because we can trace its etymological path. One of the earliest occurrences of our word is found in a Middle English customs document of 1420–1421. The Middle English word limon goes back to Old French limon, showing that yet another delicacy passed into England through France. The Old French word probably came from Italian limone, another step on the route that leads back to the Arabic word ليمون، ليمون laymūn or līmūn, which comes from the Persian word لیمون līmūn.Lilacfrom Pers. لیلک lilak, variant of نیلک nilak "bluish," from नील nil "indigo"[200]LungīHindi लुंगी lungī, from Persian. a usually cotton cloth used especially in India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, and Burma for articles of clothing (as sarongs, skirts, and turbans).[201]LaariEtymology: probably from Divehi (Indo-Aryan language of the Maldive Islands) ލާރި, from Persian ا lr piece of silver wire used as currency, from Lārī, town in S Persia where the currency was first minted. a Maldivian monetary unit equal to 1/100 rufiyaa. a coin representing one laari.[202]MMagicMiddle English magik, from Middle French magique, from Latin magicus, from Greek magikos (μαγικός), from magos magus, wizard, sorcerer (of Iranian origin; akin to Old Persian magush sorcerer). of or relating to the occult: supposedly having supernatural properties or powers.[203]Magus, magifrom magus, from Old Persian maguš "mighty one", Priest of Zoroastrianism. A member of the Zoroastrian priestly caste of the Medes and Persians. Magus In the New Testament, one of the wise men from the East, traditionally held to be three, who traveled to Bethlehem to pay homage to the infant Jesus.[204][203]MalguzarHindi मालगुजार malguzar, from Arabic مال mal property, rent + Persian گزار guzar payer. Equivalent to Malik in India.[205]ManichaeanLatin Manichaeus member of the Manichaean sect (from Late Greek Μανιχαίος Manichaios, from Manichaios Manes died ab276A.D. Persian sage who founded the sect) + English -an. of or relating to Manichaeism or the Manichaeans. characterized by or reflecting belief in Manichaeism. Manichaeism was founded by Mani.[206]Manticorefrom O. Pers. word for "man eater," cf. مارتی martiya- "man" + root of خور khvar- "to eat". a legendary animal having the head of a man often with horns, the body of a lion, and the tail of a dragon or scorpion.[207][208]MarkhorPersian مار mār(snake)+خور khōr(eating), consuming (from khōrdan to eat, consume). a wild goat (Capra falconieri) of mountainous regions from Afghanistan to India.[209]MazdakName of Persian reformer of Zoroastrian Faith.Mazdakitefrom مزدک Mazdak (of belonging to Mazda), 5th century A.D. Persian religious reformer + English ite. a member of the sect of Mazdak.[210]MazdoorHindi मजदूर mazdur, from Persian مزدور muzdur. an Indian laborer.[211]MehmandarPersian مهماندار mihmāndār, from میهمان mihmān guest (from Middle Persian مهمان mehmān) + در -dār holder. an official in India, Persia, or Afghanistan appointed to escort an ambassador or traveler.[212]MehtarPersian مهتر mihtar prince, greater, elder, from mih great (from Middle Persian meh, mas) + -tar, comparative suffix (from Middle Persian, from Old Persian -tara-). A groom[213]MesuaNew Latin, from Johannes Mesuë (Arabic يوحنا بن ماسويه Yuhanna ibn-Masawayah) died 857 Persian Christian physician Masawayah in the service of the Caliph. a genus of tropical Asiatic trees (family Guttiferae) having large solitary flowers with a 2-celled ovary.[214]MezereonMiddle English mizerion, from Medieval Latin mezereon, from Arabic مزارعين mazariyun, from Persian کشاورزان. a small European shrub (Daphne mezereum) with fragrant lilac purple flowers that appear before the leaves, an acrid bark used in medicine, and a scarlet fruit sometimes used as an adulterant of black pepper.[215]MirzaPersian میرزا mirza, literally, son of a lord. a common title of honor in Persia prefixed to the surname of a person of distinction.[216]Mithrafrom the name of the Persian God Mithra.[217]Mithraeumfrom Persian مطهرا Mithra[217][218]Mithraismfrom Persian مطهرا Mithra[217][219]Mobeda Parsi priest. The word is cognate with Magian and Magus.[220]Mogulfrom مغول mughul (="Mongolian")[221]MohurHindi मुहर muhur, muhr gold coin, seal, from Persian مهر muhr; an old gold coin of the Moguls that circulated in India from the 16th century. any one of several gold coins formerly issued by Indian states (as Bikaner, Gwalior, Hyderabad) and by Nepal and Tibet.[222]MummyMiddle English mummie, from Middle French momie, from Medieval Latin mumia, from Arabic موميياه mumiyah mummy, bitumen, from Persian موم mum wax. a concoction formerly used as a medicament or drug containing powdered parts of a human or animal body.[223]MurraEtymology: Latin, probably of Iranian origin like Greek μόρρηία μὖρρα morrhia murra; akin to Persian مری mori, muri little glass ball. a material thought to be of semiprecious stone or porcelain used to make costly vessels in ancient Rome.[224]Muskfrom Middle English muske, Middle French musc, Late Latin Muscus, and Late Greek μόσχος (moschos),[225][226]ultimately from Middle Persian مسک musk, from Sanskrit मुस्कस् muska (="testicle") from diminutive of मुस mus (="mouse"). a substance that has a penetrating persistent odor, that is obtained from a sac situated under the skin of the abdomen of the male musk deer, that when fresh in the pods is brown and unctuous and when dried is a grainy powder, that varies in quality according to the season and age of the animal, and that is used chiefly in the form of a tincture as a fixative in perfumes[227][228]MusthHindi मस्त mast intoxicated, ruttish, from Persian ماست mast; akin to Sanskrit मदति madati he rejoices, is drunk. a periodic state of murderous frenzy of the bull elephant usually connected with the rutting season and marked by the exudation of a dark brown odorous ichor from tiny holes above the eyes- on must also in must: in a state of belligerent fury – used of the bull elephant.[229]Mussulmanfrom Persinan مسلمان musulman (adj.), from Arabic مسلم Muslim (q.v.) + Persian adj. suffix -an.[230]NNaanEtymology: Hindi + Urdu + Punjabi + Persian नान/نان/ ਨਾਨ/نان nan bread; Hindi + Urdu nan, from Persian nan; akin to Baluchi nayan bread, Sogdian nyny. a round or oblong flat leavened bread especially of the Indian subcontinent.[231]NakhudaEtymology: Persian ناخدا nākhudā, from ناو nāv boat (from Old Persian) + خدا khudā master, from Middle Persian khutāi. a master of a native vessel.[232]NamazEtymology: Persian نماز namāz. akin to Sanskrit नमस् namas obeisance. Islamic worship or prayer.[233]NaphthaLatin, from Greek: Νάφθα, of Iranian origin; akin to Avestan napta moist, Persian neft naphtha; from Persian naft "naphtha". perhaps akin to Greek nephos cloud, mist. petroleum especially when occurring in any of its more volatile varieties.[234]NargilOrigin: 1830–40; < Turk nargile < Pers نارگیله nārgīleh, deriv. of نارگیل nārgīl coconut, from which the bowl was formerly made.[235][236]NavyNaav (see nakhuda)NauruzPersian نوروز nauruz. literally, new day, from nau new + ruz. the Persian New Year's Day celebrated at the vernal equinox as a day of great festivity.[237]NayEtymology: Arabic ناي nay, from Persian: نی. a vertical end-blown flute of ancient origin used in Muslim lands.[238]NeftgilEtymology: German, from Persian نفتداگیل نفتها naftdagil naphtha clay[239]NumdahEtymology: Hindi नंदा namda, from Persian نماد namad, from Middle Persian نامت namat; akin to Avestan namata. a thick felted rug of India and Persia usually made of pounded goat's hair and embroidered with bird or floral designs in colored wool yarn[240]Nugget[dubious – discuss]Nuggets / Nougat (French pronunciation: [nuɡa]; Azerbaijani: لوکا) from Persian: Nughah (نوقا)NuristaniEtymology: Persian nuristan نورستان (Parsi نور Noorr+Persian عشتا Istan(Place)), from Nuristan, region of northeastern Afghanistan.[236][241]OOrangefrom Milanese narans (from Old French orenge, Italian arancia, and Spanish naranja), from Medieval Latin pomum de orange, in Arabic نارنج nāranj, from Persian نارنگ nārange, from Sanskrit नारङ्ग nāraṅga, from Tamil narrankai, the "pungent fruit":[242]Orange (the color) comes from "nāranjy" in Persian that means "colored like nārange" and the tangerine fruit is called nārangy (نارنگی).PPadishahOrigin: 1605–15; < Pers (poetical form), equiv. to پدی pādi- (earlier پاتی pati) lord + شاه shāh. More on Etymology: Persian پادشاه pādishah, from Middle Persian پاتاخشاه pātakhshah, from Old Persian پاتی pati + کشی xshay- to rule; akin to Avestan xshayeti. great king; emperor (a title applied esp. formerly to the shah of Iran, the sultan of Turkey, and to the British sovereign as emperor in India).[243][244]Pagodavia Portuguese pagode, from a corruption of Pers. بت‌کده butkada, from but "idol" + kada "dwelling."[236]PahlaviEtymology: Middle Persian Pahlavi. The Middle Persian language of Sassanid Persia. a script used for writing Pahlavi and other Middle Iranian languages.[245]Pajamafrom Urdu/Hindi पैजामा paajaama, from Persian پايجامه - پا جامه pāë (pāÿ) jāmah, from pAy (="leg") + jAma (="garment"). of, pertaining to, or resembling pajamas: a pajama top; a lounging outfit with pajama pants[199][246][247]PakistanFrom پاکستان; the Persian word of "Land of the Pure"PaneerHindi & Urdu पनीर/پنیر panir, from Persian پنير panir (general term meaning Cheese). a soft uncured Indian cheese.[248]Papooshearlier papouch, from French, from Persian پاپوش pāpush.[249]ParaEtymology: Turkish, from Persian پاره pārah. a Turkish monetary unit equal in modern Turkey to 1/4000 of a lira. any one of several units of value formerly used in countries at one time under the Turkish Empire.[250]Paradisevia French: "paradis" and Latin: "paradisus," from Greek paradeisos (παράδεισος) (=enclosed park"), from the Avestan word pairidaeza (a walled enclosure), which is a compound of pairi- (around), a cognate of the Greek περί peri-, and -diz (to create, make), a cognate of the English dough. An associated word is the Sanskrit word paradesha which literally means supreme country.[251][252]ParasangLatin parasanga, from Greek Παρασάγγης parasanges, of Iranian origin; akin to Persian farsung (فرسنگ) parasangany of various Persian units of distance; especially: an ancient unit of about four miles (six kilometers)[247][253][254]ParganaEtymology: Hindi परंगा pargana, from Persian. a group of towns in India constituting an administrative subdivision of the zillah.[255]ParseeEtymology: from O.Pers. parsi "Persian." In M.E., Parsees from پارسی Pârsi. Meaning Persian. Also Zoroastrian of India descended from Persian refugees fleeing Islam in the 7th century and settling principally at Bombay[256][257]Pasar: Malay, from Persian بازار bāzār. See bazar. an Indonesian public market.[258]PashaTurkish paşa possibly from Persian پادشاه pādshāh; see Padishah.[247]PashmEtymology: pashm, pashim from Persian پشم pashm wool; pashmina from Persian pashmn woolen, from pashm. the under fleece of upland goats of Kashmir and the Punjab that was formerly used locally for the production of rugs and shawls but is now largely exported.[259]Pashminafrom Pashmineh, made from پشم pashm; pashm (= "wool"). the fine woolly underhair of goats raised in northern India.[260]PashtoPersian pashtu‎ : from Afghan. According to Morgenstein the word is akin to Parthava, Persian, Pahlav. The Iranian language of Pathan people and the chief vernacular of eastern Afghanistan, North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan, and northern Baluchistan[261]PathCommon Germanic. This word cannot be descended directly from Indo-European, as Indo-European words in p- become -f in Germanic. The most widely accepted theory sees this word as a borrowing from Iranian, in which Indo-European p- is preserved, and there is alternation between forms with -t- and forms with -θ- ; compare Avestan pantā (nominative), paθō (genitive) way, Old Persian pathi-. This explanation does however pose historical problems, given the limited distribution of the Germanic word.[262]Peacha corruption of the Latin word "Persicum." Peaches are called in Latin malum Persicum (Persian apple) prunum persicum (Persian plum), or simply persicum (pl. persici). This should not be confused with the more modern Linnaean classification Prunus persica, a neologism describing the peach tree itself (from the Latin prunus, -i which signifies "plum tree").[263][264]PercalePersian پرگاله pargālah. a firm smooth cotton cloth closely woven in plain weave and variously finished for clothing, sheeting, and industrial uses.[265]PercalineFrench, from percale (from Persian پرگاله pargālah) + -ine. a lightweight cotton fabric made in plain weave, given various finishes (as glazing, moiré), and used especially for clothing and linings; especially: a glossy fabric usually of one color used for bookbindings.[266]PeriPersian پری (pari) or fairy, genius, from Middle Persian parik. Persian folklore: a male or female supernatural being like an elf or fairy but formed of fire, descended from fallen angels and excluded from paradise until penance is accomplished, and originally regarded as evil but later as benevolent and beautiful. Also a beautiful and graceful girl or woman.[267]Persepolisfrom Pârsa+ Greek πόλεις polis.Persiavia Latin and Greek Περσίς, ultimately from Old Persian PârsaPersisvia Latin and Greek Περσίς, ultimately from Old Persian PârsaPeshwaHindi & Marathi पेशवा pesva, from Persian پشه peshwa leader, guide, from pesh before. the chief minister of a Maratha prince.[268]Pilaf Origin1925–30; < Turk pilâv < Pers پلو pilāw. a Middle Eastern dish consisting of sautéed, seasoned rice steamed in bouillon, sometimes with poultry, meat or shellfish.[199]PirEtymology: Persian پیر Pir (Old Man). a religious instructor, esp. in mystical sects.[269][270]Pistachiofrom Latin pistācium, from Greek πιστάκιον, from Persian پسته pistah. small tree (Pistacia vera) of southern Europe and Asia Minor having leaves with 3 to 5 broad leaflets, greenish brown paniculate flowers, and a large fruit. the edible green seed of the pistachio tree.[271]PosteenPersian pustin of leather, from pust skin, from Middle Persian. an Afghan pelisse made of leather with the fleece on.[272]Popinjayfrom http://O.Fr. papegai (12c.), from Sp. papagayo, from Ar. باباغا babagha', from Pers. ببقا babgha "parrot,"Prophet flowertranslation of Persian گلی پیغمبر guli paighmbar flower of the Prophet (Muhammad). an East Indian perennial herb (Arnebia echioides) having yellow flowers marked with five spots that fade after a few hours; also: a related annual[273]Punjabvia Hindi Panjab, from Pers. پنج panj "five" + آب ab "water.". of or relating to the Punjab or its inhabitants.[274]PurwannahHindi परवाना parwana, from Persian: پرونه. a written pass or permit.[275]PykeHindi पायिक, पायक pāyik, pāyak messenger, from Persian dialect England: a civilian at whose expense a soldier is treated or entertained.[276]PyjamaUrdu/Hindi पैजामा pajama from Persian: پاجامہ (pajama, literally, feet-garments). These are loose lightweight trousers formerly often worn in the Near East, a loose usually two-piece lightweight suit designed especially for sleeping or lounging.[277]RRankfrom Persian رنگ rang meaning "color", as the Sassanid army was ranked and dressed by color[278]rocfrom Persian رخ rukh (name of a legendary bird)rookfrom Middle English rok, from Middle French roc, from Arabic روخ rukh, from Persian رخ rukh (=chess piece)[279]rosefrom Latin rosa, probably from ancient Greek ῥόδον rhodon, possibly ult. from Pers. وارده *varda-.[280][281]Roxannefem. proper name, from Fr. Roxane, from L. Roxane, from Gk. Ρωξάνη Rhoxane, of Pers. origin (cf. Avestan راوُخشنه raoxšna- "shining, bright").[282]SSabziEtymology: Hindi सब्ज़ sabz, literally, greenness, from Persian: سَبز sæbz, a green vegetable.[283]SaffianEtymology: Russian сафьян saf'yan, from Turkish sahtiyan, from Persian ساختین sakhtiyn goatskin, from sakht hard, strong. a leather made of goatskins or sheepskins tanned with sumac and dyed with bright colors.[284]SamosaEtymology: Hindi समोसा samosa from Persian سمبوسه sambusa. a small triangular pastry filled with spiced meat or vegetables and fried in ghee or oil[285]SandalEtymology: Arabic صندل sandal, from Persian صندل sandal skiff.[286]SaoshyantEtymology: Avestan, savior. one of three deliverers of later Zoroastrian eschatology appearing at thousand year intervals and each inaugurating a new order of things and a special period of human progress.[287]Sapindalesfrom Persian Spand (اسپند)SarangoustyEtymology: Persian سرانگشتی sar-angushti thin paste for painting the tips of fingers, from سر انگشت sar-e angosht, "fingertip", سر sar "head" + انگشت angosht "finger", "toe". stucco made waterproof for protection against dampness.[288]Sard from Persian زرد zard.SarodEtymology: Hindi सरोद sarod, from Persian: سرود.[289]SarwanEtymology: Persian ساربان saarbaan. a camel driver.[290]Satrapgovernor of a province of ancient Persia, from Latin satrapes, from Greek σατράπης satrapes, from Old Persian kshathrapavan-, lit. "guardian of the realm,"[291]scarletfrom Pers. سقرلات saqerlât "a type of red cloth". a rich cloth of bright color. a vivid red that is yellower and slightly paler than apple red[292]ScimitarEtymology: Middle French cimeterre, from Old Italian scimitarra, perhaps from Persian شمشیر shamshir. a type of blade.[293]SebestenEtymology: Middle English, Medieval Latin sebestēn, from Arabic سيبيستين sibistn, from Persian سگپیستان segpistan. an East Indian tree (Cordia myxa) with white flowers in loose terminal panicles.[294]SeerEtymology: Hindi सेर ser; perhaps akin to Persian سیر seer. a unit of weight.[295]SeerpawEtymology: سر Sar(head)+پا paa(feet). head to foot.[296]SeersuckerPers. شیر و سکر shir o shakkar "striped cloth," lit. "milk and sugar".[297]Also from Sanskrit क्षीरशर्करा (kshirsharkara), or milk-sugar."[298]SepoyEtymology: modification of Portuguese sipai, sipaio, from Hindi सिपाह sipah, from Persian سپاهی Sipahi, horseman, soldier of the cavalry, from sipah army. a native of India employed as a soldier in the service of a European power; especially: one serving in the British army.[299]SeraiEtymology: from Persian سرای saraay, palace, mansion, inn.[300]Seragliofrom سرای sarây "inn"[301]SerangEtymology: Persian سرهنگ sarhang commander, boatswain, from سر sar chief + هنگ hang authority. boatswain. the skipper of a small boat.[302]SerdabPersian سرداب sardab ice cellar, from سرد sard cold + آب ab water. a living room in the basement of a house in the Near East that provides coolness during the summer months[303]Serendipityfrom the Persian fairy tale The Three Princes of Serendip سه شاهزاده‌ى سرانديپ, from Persian Sarandip سرانديپ(="Sri Lanka"),SesbanEtymology: French, from Arabic سيسبان saisabaan, from Persian سیسبان sisabaan. Either of two East Indian plants of the genus Sesbania (S. aculeata and S. aegyptiaca).[304]SetwallEtymology: from Persian زادور zaadwar.[305]Shabundar/ShabandarEtymology: From Persian شهباندار shahbandar, from شاه shah king + بندر bandar city, harbor.[306]ShahEtymology: from شاه shāh, from Old Persian χšāyaþiya (="king"), from an Old Persian verb meaning "to rule"[307]ShahiEtymology: Persian شاهی shahi. a former Persian unit of value equal to 1/20 silver kran; also: a corresponding coin of silver or copper or nickel[308]ShahidiEtymology: Arabic شهيد Shahid (one who bears witness) + Persian suffix ی i.[309]ShahinEtymology: Persian شاهین shahin (falcon). An Indian falcon (Falco peregrinus peregrinator) having the underparts of a plain unbarred ferruginous color, being related to the peregrine falcon, and used in falconry[310]ShahzadaEtymology: Hindi शाह-जादा shah-zada, from Persian, from شاه shah king + زاده zada son. The son of a Shah.[311]ShamianaEtymology: Hindi शामियाना shamiyana, from Persian شامیانه shamyanah. a cloth canopy[312]ShawlEtymology: from Persian شال shāl.[313]SherristarEtymology: from Hindi सर्रिश्ताद्र sarrishtadr, from Persian سررشته sarrishta(sarreshteh) record office + دار daar having. Registrar.[314]SherryAccording to one theory, it is from Jerez in Spain, which itself comes from Pers شیراز Shiraz during the time of Rustamid empire in Spain.[315]The theory is also mentioned by Professor. T.B. Irving in one of his book reviews[316]SherryvalliesEtymology: modification of Polish szarawary, from Russian шаравары sharavary, from Greek σαρβαρα sarabara loose trousers, probably of Iranian origin; akin to Persian شلوار shalwar, shulwar loose trousers. overalls or protective leggings of thick cloth or leather formerly worn for riding on horseback[317]ShikarEtymology: Hindi सीकर sikar, from Persian شکار shikaar, Middle Persian شکار shkaar. The word means hunting.[318]ShikargahEtymology: Hindi सिकारगाह sikaargaah, from Persian شیکرگاه shikrgaah, from shikaar hunting + -gah place. A game preserve.[319]ShikariEtymology: From Persian شکار Shikar+Persian suffix ی (i) denoting possession. a big game hunter.[320]ShikastaEtymology: Persian شکسته shikasta broken, from shikastan شكستن to break, from Middle Persian shikastan.[321]ShikraEtymology: from Persian شکرا shikara bird trained to hunt. a small Indian hawk (Accipiter badius) sometimes used in falconry.[322]SimurghEtymology: from Pers. سیمرغ simurgh, from Pahlavi sin "eagle" + murgh "bird." Cf. Avestan saeno merego "eagle," Skt. syenah "eagle," Arm. ցին cin "kite.". a supernatural bird, rational and ancient, in Pers. mythology.[323]SipahisSee Spahi and Sepoy.SircarEtymology: Hindi सरकार sarkaar, from Persian سرکار sarkaar. a district or province in India under the Mogul empire. the supreme authority. used also as a title of respect. in Bengal a domestic servant having the functions of a steward.[324]SitarEtymology: via Hindi सितार sitar, from Pers. ستار sitar "three-stringed," from sih/she "three" (O.Pers. thri-) + Persian. tar "string". an Indo-Iranian lute with a long broad neck and a varying number of strings whose various forms are used in Iran, Afghanistana and the Indian subcontinent.[325]SoftaEtymology: Turkish, from Persian سوخته sukhtah burnt, kindled (with love of knowledge).[326]SogdianEtymology: Latin sogdianus, from Old Persian Sughuda. of, relating to, or characteristic of ancient Sogdiana.[327]Soorki: Etymology: Hindi सुर्ख surkh, from Persian سرخ surkh, literally, redness, from surkh red, from Middle Persian سخر sukhr; akin to Avestan suXra- bright, Sanskrit sukra[328]SowarEtymology: Persian سوار suwar rider, from Middle Persian asbar, aspwar, from Old Persian asabra- horseman, from asa- horse + -bra- carried by, rider. a mounted orderly. Lancer.[329]SpahiEtymology: Middle French spahi, from Turkish sipahi, from Persian سپاه from Pahlavi spāh, from Old Persian taxma spāda, from Avestan spādha, meaning army, military. one of a corps of Algerian native cavalry in the French army normally serving in Africa. one of a corps of largely irregular Turkish cavalry disbanded after the suppression of the Janissaries in 1826.[330][331]SpinachEtymology: Middle French espinache, espinage, from Old Spanish espinaca, from Arabic يسبناخ, يسفينآخ isbnakh, isfinaakh, from Persian اسپاخ aspanakh.[332]SpleenEtymology: originally from Avestan word "sperezan"[333]currently pronounced اسپول (espol) in some places in IranSquinchEtymology: Persian سه+کنج=) سکنج) (pronounced sekonj)—A squinch in architecture is a construction filling in the upper angles of a square room so as to form a base to receive an octagonal or spherical dome. A later solution of this structural problem was provided by the pendentive. The squinch was invented in Iran. It was used in the Middle East in both eastern Romanesque and Islamic architecture. It remained a feature of Islamic architecture, especially in Iran, and was often covered by corbelled stalactite-like structures known as muqarnas.-Stanـستان;meaning "land" or "country", source of place names such as Afghanistan, Pakistan, Uzbekistan, etc., from Pers. -stan "country," from Indo-Iranian *stanam "place," lit. "where one stands,"[334]SubahdarEtymology: Persian سبادار subadar, from suba province + -dar having, holding, from Old Persian dar- to hold. the chief native officer of a native company in the former British Indian army having a position about equivalent to that of captain[335]SugarEtymology: The word is Sanskrit which is an Indo-Iranian language of the Indo-Aryan branch but Persian played a role in transmitting it. Middle English sugre, sucre, from Anglo-French sucre, from Medieval Latin saccharum, from Old Italian zucchero, from Arabic sukkar, from Pahlavi shakar, ultimately from Sanskrit sarkara[331][336]SuclatEtymology: Hindi सुकला suqlaa, from Persian سقلات saqalaat a rich cloth. In India any of various woolens; specifically European broadcloth.[337]SurmaEtymology: Persian سرما Surma. native antimony sulfide used in India to darken the eyelids.[338]SurnayEtymology: Persian سرنای Surnaay. a Middle Eastern and Central Asian oboe.[339]syagushPersian سیاه-گوش siyah-gush, literally, black ear. Caracal.[340]SamosaEtymology: Hindi समोसा samos & Urdu سموسہ، سمبسا samosa, sambsa, from Persian سنبوسه sambusa.[341]TTabasheerEtymology: Hindi तब्श्र tabshr, from Persian. a siliceous concretion in the joints of the bamboo valued in the East Indies as a medicine.[342]TaborEtymology: Middle English tabur, from Welsh Tabwrdd and Old French tabour/tabur, alteration of tambur. See tambour.[343]TaffetaEtymology: from Persian تافته taftah meaning woven.[344]TahsildarEtymology: Hindi तहसीलदार tahsildar, from Persian تحصیلدار, from Arabic تحصيل tahsil + Persian در -dar. a revenue officer in India.[345]TajEtymology: Arabic تاج taj, from Persian تاج taj, crown, crest, cap. a cap worn in Muslim countries; especially: a tall cone-shaped cap worn by dervishes.[346]Taj Mahalfrom Persian: تاج محل, lit. "the best of buildings;" or "the Crown's Place".Tajikistanتاجیکستان; Tajik combined with Persian suffix -stan.[347]Literally meaning "Land of Tajiks" in Persian.Talcfrom Pers. تالک talk "talc."TambourEtymology: French, drum, from Middle French, from Arabic طنبور tanbur, modification (influenced by tunbur, a lute) of Persian تعبیر tabir.[348]TambourineSee above.TanburEtymology: Persian تمبر Tambur.[349]TangiEtymology: Persian تنگی Tangi. a narrow gorge[350]Tandoorifrom تنور tannur "oven, portable furnace,"+Persian suffix i.Tapestryprobably from an Iranian source (cf. Pers. تفتان، تابیدن taftan, tabidan "to turn, twist").[351]TarEtymology: Persian: تار. An oriental lute.[352]Tarazetfrom (Shahin-e Tarazu) شاهین ترازوTassEtymology: Middle French tasse, from Arabic طعس/تصح tass, tassah, from Persian تست tast. a drinking cup or bowl.[353]TebbadEtymology: perhaps from Persian تاب tab fever + باد bad wind, from Middle Persian vat; akin to Avestan vata- wind, Sanskrit वत vata.[354]TemachaEtymology: Persian تاماخرا tamakhra joke, humor. a Persian comic or farcical interlude performed by traveling players.[355]ThanadarEtymology: Hindi थंडर thandar, from تهان than + Persian در -dar having. the chief officer of a thana.[356]Tiaravia Latin tiara from Persian تاره taraTimarEtymology: Turkish timar attendance, care, timar, from Persian تمر tmr sorrow, care. a Turkish fief formerly held under condition of military service.[357]Tigervia Greek Τίγρις tigris from an Iranian sourceTigrisFrom Middle Persian تیگر Tigr "arrow", originally from Old Persian Tigra "pointed" or "sharp"Toquefrom O. Pers. طاق taq "veil, shawl."Toxic(poison) for use on arrows: from O. Pers. taxša- "bow and arrow, New Persian تخش taxš" from PIE *tekw- "to run, flee."[358][359]TrankyEtymology: Persian dialect ترانکی tranki. an undecked bark used in the Persian gulf.[360]TrehalaEtymology: probably from French tréhala, from Turkish tgala, from Persian تیغال tighal.[361]TulipEtymology: any of various plants belonging to the genus Tulipa. from French tulipe, from Persian دلبند dulband.[362]Turanfrom Persian تورانTuranianEtymology: Persian توران Turan ترکستان Turkistan (literally: "Land of the Turks"), the region north of the Oxus + English -ian. A member of any of the peoples of Ural-Altaic stock.[363]TuraniteEtymology: from Persian توران Turan + Russian -it' -ite. a basic vanadate of copper prob. Cu5(VO4)2(OH)4.[364]TuranoseEtymology: German turanos, from Persian توران Turan + German -os -ose; obtained by the partial hydrolysis of melezitose; 3-α-glucosyl-fructose[365]Turbanfrom Persian دلبند dulband Band = To close, To tie.[366]Turkmenistanترکمنستان; Turkmen combined with Persian suffix ـستان -stan.[347]Literally meaning "Land of Turkmens" in Persian.TyphoonEtymology: via Chinese 大风/大風, Hindi दफुं, Arabic طوفان, and Ancient Greek τυφῶν; ultimately from Persian word Toofaan (طوفان)UUzbekistanازبکستان; Uzbek combined with Persian suffix ـستان -stan.[347]Literally meaning "Land of Uzbeks" in Persian.VVanfrom Caravan (q.v.)VisperedAvestan vispa ratavo meaning all the lords. one of the supplementary ritual texts included in the Avestan sacred writings.[367]vizierوزير etymology disputed; general references often derive it from Arabic وزير wazir, "viceroy", lit. "one who bears (the burden of office)", lit. "porter, carrier", from Arabic وزارة wazara, "he carried". However, Jared S. Klein derives it from Middle Persian وهر vichir, from Avestan vicira, "arbitrator, judge".XXerxesGk. form (Ξέρξης) of O. Pers. Kshayarshan-, lit. "male (i.e. 'hero') among kings," from Kshaya- "king" (cf. shah) + arshan "male, man."YYarakEtymology: From Persian یارِگی yaraki power, strength. good flying condition: FETTLE – used of a hawk or other bird used in hunting eagles ... are difficult to get into yarak – Douglas Carruthers.[368]YashtModern Persian یشت from Avesta. Avestan yashtay adoration. one of the hymns to angels or lesser divinities forming part of the Avesta.[369]YuftEtymology: Russian Йуфт, Йухт yuft', yukht', perhaps from Persian جفت juft pair.[370]ZZamindarEtymology: zamindar, from Persian, from زمین zamin land + دار -dar holder meaning "Possessor of real estate" in Persian. A collector of revenues from the cultivators of the land of a specified district for the government of India during the period of Muslim rule[371]ZamindariEtymology: from Persian, from زمیندار zamindar.[372]ZanzaEtymology: Arabic سنج sanj castanets, cymbals, from Persian سنج sanj. an African musical instrument consisting of graduated sets of tongues of wood or metal inserted into and resonated by a wooden box and sounded by plucking with the fingers or thumbs.[373]Zarathushtra or Zarathustrathe Persian prophetZedoaryEtymology: Middle English zeduarie, from Medieval Latin zeduria, from Arabic زادور zadwr, from Persian. an East Indian drug consisting of the rhizome of either of two species of curcuma, Curcuma zedoaria or C. aromatica, used as a stimulant.[374]ZenanaEtymology: From Persian زن zan woman. The literal meaning is Women-related. The part of a dwelling in which the women of a family are secluded in India and Persian.[375]Zenafeminine given name from Persian زن Zan (woman).ZerdaEtymology: Arabic زيرداو zerdaw, probably of Persian origin. Fennec.[376]ZirconVia German Zirkon and Arabic ئشقنعى zarkûn; ultimately from Persian زرگون zargun, "gold-colored" or from Syriac ܙܐܪܓܥܢܥ Zargono.[377]Zirconatezircon + the suffix -ate, from Latin -atusZirconiazircon + the New Latin -ia suffixZirconiumzircon + the New Latin suffix -iumZoroasterfrom Persian ZarathushtraZoroastrianismThe religion brought forth by Zoroaster.Zumboorukfrom Persian زنبوره zanburah.[378]Primevally common or similar words with undetermined originAmassAmaas[379]BabyBebeBadBad[380]Band (belt, cord)Band[381]BottomBoniad, bon[382]BodyBadan[383]BronzeBerenj;[384]berenjy (the color)Brother/SisterBaradar/khaahar, also pronounced as -er in some dialectsBussBooss, boosehCanaryGhanaryCarcassWhat karkas (=vulture) eatsChemistryKimiaChild, kldBacheh, kudakColdSard (sarma is used for "cold: the disease")CowGaavDaughterDokhtar, also pronounced as -er in some dialectsDentefrom Old Portuguese dente, from Latin dente[385]but similar to Persian word dandanDevilDeeveDivineDivaan (=supreme court)DogSagElephantSimilar to al-feel (Arabic) from peel (Persian)EyebrowAabroo similar to German word augenbraue[386]FamilyFaamilFatherPedar, also pronounced as -er in some dialectsGangJangGiantJiaan (=huge, fearless)GiraffeZerraffeh, ZarraffehGoRo (went becomes raft in Persian)GodKhodaGood, betterKhoob, behtar (also pronounced as -er in some dialects) respectivelyGhoulGhoul (=beast)Grand, greatGeraanHey, hiHaai, ahai (non-respectful)HonorAarya; this was one of the bases of a theory by Friedrich Schlegel that connected it with German Ehre (“honor”) and some older Germanic names[387]HorseAasbImmuneImeneiIsAstJuvenilejavaniKingKay, kavi (Avestan words)KissBoosKneesimilar to word za-noo also pronounced za-nee in some dialectsMahi-mahiHawaiian[388]but the same as the word mahi (fish) in PersianMansimilar to Persian word man (= I, me)MonthMaahMotherMaadar, also pronounced as -er in some dialectsMouseMooshMurderMordeh[389]MuscleMahicheh (=something that looks like fish)NameNaamNanaNaneh (= mother or grandma); similar to Greek word nanna[390]NannyNaneh (= mother or grandma); similar to Greek word nannaNavyNaavNewNowNo (not any)NaNumbersOne/first become Yak/NakhostNumbers2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, etc.: are pronounced: dow, sei, chahar, panj, shish, haft, hasht, nouh, dah, dwazdah, sizdah (which has been the unlucky number from Achaemenid era[391][better source needed]), chaardah, and so on.OrangeNaaranji[392](color); naaranj (fruit)Quest and the family of the word (request, question,...)Khuast, dar-khuast, Khuastan,...RightRaast with all meanings of right side, straight, correct, entitlement, upright, and even (just)[393]RoadRaah[394]RoseRoze[395]ShameSharmSmoochMaach, moochSoupSoupSpearSeparSphereSepehr[394]SpinachEspanaj, EsfanajSpongeEsfanjStandEstadanStarsetare[396]StateEstaan or ostaan; also suffix -stan as in Pakistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, AfghanistanSteadyestadeh or istadehSuffix -edSuffix -d or -t in Persian to form past tense of verbsSuffix -ing-an (e.g. didan, raftan, avardan)Suffix -manSuffix -man as in Turkman, ahriman, Arman (=Armenian)Suffix -ySuffix -y or -i in Persian; meaning "made up of" or "characterized by"TuftTaafteh (=woven, bunch)TyphoonTufaanTail (end)TahTesticleTokhmThou (you)TouWarmGarmWormKerm

Laziness Does Not ExistBut unseen barriers doI’ve been a psychology professor since 2012. In the past six years, I’ve witnessed students of all ages procrastinate on papers, skip presentation days, miss assignments, and let due dates fly by. I’ve seen promising prospective grad students fail to get applications in on time; I’ve watched Ph.D. candidates take months or years revising a single dissertation draft; I once had a student who enrolled in the same class of mine two semesters in a row, and never turned in anything either time.I don’t think laziness was ever at fault.Ever.In fact,I don’t believe that laziness exists.I’m a social psychologist, so I’m interested primarily in the situational and contextual factors that drive human behavior. When you’re seeking to predict or explain a person’s actions, looking at the social norms, and the person’s context is usually a pretty safe bet. Situational constraints typically predict behavior far better than personality, intelligence, or other individual-level traits.So when I see a student failing to complete assignments, missing deadlines, or not delivering results in other aspects of their life, I’m moved to ask: what are the situational factors holding this student back? What needs are currently not being met? And, when it comes to behavioral “laziness,” I’m especially moved to ask: what are the barriers to action that I can’t see?There are always barriers. Recognizing those barriers— and viewing them as legitimate — is often the first step to breaking “lazy” behavior patterns.It’s really helpful to respond to a person’s ineffective behavior with curiosity rather than judgment. I learned this from a friend of mine, the writer and activist Kimberly Longhofer (who publishes under the name Mik Everett). Kim is passionate about the acceptance and accommodation of disabled people and homeless people. Their writing about both subjects is some of the most illuminating, bias-busting work I’ve ever encountered. Part of that is because Kim is brilliant, but it’s also because, at various points in their life, Kim has been both disabled and homeless.Kim is the person who taught me that judging a homeless person for wanting to buy alcohol or cigarettes is utter folly. When you’re homeless, the nights are cold, the world is unfriendly, and everything is painfully uncomfortable. Whether you’re sleeping under a bridge, in a tent, or at a shelter, it’s hard to rest easy. You are likely to have injuries or chronic conditions that bother you persistently, and little access to medical care to deal with them. You probably don’t have much healthy food.In that chronically uncomfortable, over-stimulating context, needing a drink or some cigarettes makes fucking sense. As Kim explained to me if you’re laying out in the freezing cold, drinking some alcohol may be the only way to warm up and get to sleep. If you’re under-nourished, a few clouds of smoke may be the only thing that kills the hunger pangs. And if you’re dealing with all this while also fighting an addiction, then yes, sometimes you just need to score whatever will make the withdrawal symptoms go away, so you can survive.Kim’s incredible book about their experiences being homeless while running a bookstore.Few people who haven’t been homeless think this way. They want to moralize the decisions of poor people, perhaps to comfort themselves about the injustices of the world. For many, it’s easier to think homeless people are, in part, responsible for their suffering than it is to acknowledge the situational factors.And when you don’t fully understand a person’s context — what it feels like to be them every day, all the small annoyances and major traumas that define their life — it’s easy to impose abstract, rigid expectations on a person’s behavior. All homeless people should put down the bottle and get to work. Never mind that most of them have mental health symptoms and physical ailments, and are fighting constantly to be recognized as human. Never mind that they are unable to get a good night’s rest or a nourishing meal for weeks or months on end. Never mind that even in my comfortable, easy life, I can’t go a few days without craving a drink or making an irresponsible purchase. They have to do better.But they’re already doing the best they can. I’ve known homeless people who worked full-time jobs, and who devoted themselves to the care of other people in their communities. A lot of homeless people have to navigate bureaucracies constantly, interfacing with social workers, caseworkers, police officers, shelter staff, Medicaid staff, and a slew of charities both well-meaning and condescending. It’s a lot of fucking work to be homeless. And when a homeless or poor person runs out of steam and makes a “bad decision,” there’s a damn good reason for it.If a person’s behavior doesn’t make sense to you, it is because you are missing a part of their context. It’s that simple. I’m so grateful to Kim and their writing for making me aware of this fact. No psychology class, at any level, taught me that. But now that it is a lens that I have, I find myself applying it to all kinds of behaviors that are mistaken for signs of moral failure — and I’ve yet to find one that can’t be explained and empathized with.Let’s look at a sign of academic “laziness” that I believe is anything but procrastination.People love to blame procrastinators for their behavior. Putting off work sure looks lazy, to an untrained eye. Even the people who are actively doing the procrastinating can mistake their behavior for laziness. You’re supposed to be doing something, and you’re not doing it — that’s a moral failure, right? That means you’re weak-willed, unmotivated, and lazy, doesn’t it?For decades, psychological research has been able to explain procrastination as a functioning problem, not a consequence of laziness. When a person fails to begin a project that they care about, it’s typically due to either a) anxiety about their attempts not being “good enough” or b) confusion about what the first steps of the task are. Not laziness. In fact, procrastination is more likely when the task is meaningful and the individual cares about doing it well.When you’re paralyzed with fear of failure, or you don’t even know how to begin a massive, complicated undertaking, it’s damn hard to get shit done. It has nothing to do with desire, motivation, or moral upstandingness. Procrastinators can themselves work for hours; they can sit in front of a blank word document, doing nothing else, and torture themselves; they can pile on the guilt again and again — none of it makes initiating the task any easier. In fact, their desire to get the damn thing done may worsen their stress and make starting the task harder.The solution, instead, is to look for what is holding the procrastinator back. If anxiety is the major barrier, the procrastinator actually needs to walk away from the computer/book/word document and engage in a relaxing activity. Being branded “lazy” by other people is likely to lead to the exact opposite behavior.Often, though, the barrier is that procrastinators have executive functioning challenges — they struggle to divide a large responsibility into a series of discrete, specific, and ordered tasks. Here’s an example of executive functioning in action: I completed my dissertation (from proposal to data collection to final defense) in a little over a year. I was able to write my dissertation pretty easily and quickly because I knew that I had to a) compile research on the topic, b) outline the paper, c) schedule regular writing periods, and d) chip away at the paper, section by section, day by day, according to a schedule I had pre-determined.Nobody had to teach me to slice up tasks like that. And nobody had to force me to adhere to my schedule. Accomplishing tasks like this is consistent with how my analytical, Autistic, hyper-focused brain works. Most people don’t have that ease. They need an external structure to keep them writing — regular writing group meetings with friends, for example — and deadlines set by someone else. When faced with a major, massive project, most people want advice on how to divide it into smaller tasks, and a timeline for completion. In order to track progress, most people require organizational tools, such as a to-do list, calendar, datebook, or syllabus.Needing or benefiting from such things doesn’t make a person lazy. It just means they have needs. The more we embrace that, the more we can help people thrive.I had a student who was skipping class. Sometimes I’d see her lingering near the building, right before class was about to start, looking tired. The class would start, and she wouldn’t show up. When she was present in class, she was a bit withdrawn; she sat in the back of the room, eyes down, energy low. She contributed during small group work but never talked during larger class discussions.A lot of my colleagues would look at this student and think she was lazy, disorganized, or apathetic. I know this because I’ve heard how they talk about under-performing students. There’s often rage and resentment in their words and tone — why won’t this student take my class seriously? Why won’t they make me feel important, interesting, smart?But my class had a unit on mental health stigma. It’s a passion of mine because I’m a neuroatypical psychologist. I know how unfair my field is to people like me. The class & I talked about the unfair judgments people levy against those with mental illness; how depression is interpreted as laziness, how mood swings are framed as manipulative, how people with “severe” mental illnesses are assumed incompetent or dangerous.The quiet, occasionally-class-skipping student watched this discussion with keen interest. After class, as people filtered out of the room, she hung back and asked to talk to me. And then she disclosed that she had a mental illness and was actively working to treat it. She was busy with therapy and switching medications, and all the side effects that entail. Sometimes, she was not able to leave the house or sit still in a classroom for hours. She didn’t dare tell her other professors that this was why she was missing classes and late, sometimes, on assignments; they’d think she was using her illness as an excuse. But she trusted me to understand.And I did. And I was so, so angry that this student was made to feel responsible for her symptoms. She was balancing a full course load, a part-time job, and ongoing, serious mental health treatment. And she was capable of intuiting her needs and communicating them with others. She was a fucking badass, not a lazy fuck. I told her so.She took many more classes with me after that, and I saw her slowly come out of her shell. By her Junior and Senior years, she was an active, frank contributor to class — she even decided to talk openly with her peers about her mental illness. During class discussions, she challenged me and asked excellent, probing questions. She shared tons of media and current-events examples of psychological phenomena with us. When she was having a bad day, she told me, and I let her miss class. Other professors — including ones in the psychology department — remained judgmental towards her, but in an environment where her barriers were recognized and legitimized, she thrived.Over the years, at that same school, I encountered countless other students who were under-estimated because the barriers in their lives were not seen as legitimate. There was the young man with OCD who always came to class late because his compulsions sometimes left him stuck in place for a few moments. There was the survivor of an abusive relationship, who was processing her trauma in therapy appointments right before my class each week. There was the young woman who had been assaulted by a peer — and who had to continue attending classes with that peer, while the school was investigating the case.These students all came to me willingly, and shared what was bothering them. Because I discussed mental illness, trauma, and stigma in my class, they knew I would be understanding. And with some accommodations, they blossomed academically. They gained confidence, made attempts at assignments that intimidated them, raised their grades, started considering graduate school and internships. I always found myself admiring them. When I was a college student, I was nowhere near as self-aware. I hadn’t even begun my lifelong project of learning to ask for help.Students with barriers were not always treated with such kindness by my fellow psychology professors. One colleague, in particular, was infamous for providing no make-up exams and allowing no late arrivals. No matter a student’s situation, she was unflinchingly rigid in her requirements. No barrier was insurmountable, in her mind; no limitation was acceptable. People floundered in her class. They felt shame about their sexual assault histories, their anxiety symptoms, their depressive episodes. When a student who did poorly in her classes performed well in mine, she was suspicious.It’s morally repugnant to me that any educator would be so hostile to the people they are supposed to serve. It’s especially infuriating, that the person enacting this terror was a psychologist. The injustice and ignorance of it leaves me teary every time I discuss it. It’s a common attitude in many educational circles, but no student deserves to encounter it.I know, of course, that educators are not taught to reflect on what their students’ unseen barriers are. Some universities pride themselves on refusing to accommodate disabled or mentally ill students — they mistake cruelty for intellectual rigor . And, since most professors are people who succeeded academically with ease, they have trouble taking the perspective of someone with executive functioning struggles, sensory overloads, depression, self-harm histories, addictions, or eating disorders. I can see the external factors that lead to these problems. Just as I know that “lazy” behavior is not an active choice, I know that judgmental, elitist attitudes are typically borne out of situational ignorance.And that’s why I’m writing this piece. I’m hoping to awaken my fellow educators — of all levels — to the fact that if a student is struggling, they probably aren’t choosing to. They probably want to do well. They probably are trying. More broadly, I want all people to take a curious and empathic approach to individuals whom they initially want to judge as “lazy” or irresponsible.If a person can’t get out of bed, something is making them exhausted. If a student isn’t writing papers, there’s some aspect of the assignment that they can’t do without help. If an employee misses deadlines constantly, something is making organization and deadline-meeting difficult. Even if a person is actively choosing to self-sabotage, there’s a reason for it — some fear they’re working through, some need not being met, a lack of self-esteem being expressed.People do not choose to fail or disappoint. No one wants to feel incapable, apathetic, or ineffective. If you look at a person’s action (or inaction) and see only laziness, you are missing key details. There is always an explanation. There are always barriers. Just because you can’t see them, or don’t view them as legitimate, doesn’t mean they’re not there. Look harder.Maybe you weren’t always able to look at human behavior this way. That’s okay. Now you are. Give it a try.