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Thanks for A2A!P-Type (and N-Type) Semiconductors (in conjunction) find a wide variety of applications in industries and research areas, and this includes but is not limited toLASER(s): -LASER is an ancronym which stands for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation, and its structural composition consists of both P and N type semiconductors (Extrinsic, means they are either doped with pentavalent or trivalent inpurity), based on this, a LASER can be categorised as either Homojunction LASER or Heterojunction LASER:Homojunction LASER: -In simple terms it's composed of a PN junction with one of the region doped with trivalent and other with pentavalent impurity (now you will appreciate why we have a P-Type water with N-Type one), in this LASER, we basically show band bending diagrams with Quasi Fermi levels [math]Ef_n [/math]and [math]Ef_p[/math] (when PN junction is Forward biased) shifted by the amount equal to the potential applied across the PN juction (just convert it into eV), here basically each wafer provides charge flow (Diffusion-->(due to concentration gradient) plus Drift--> (due to applied electric field)Note: - Here current density is very high ~ 10^9 A/m^2.2. Heterojunction LASER: -In this type of laser basically we deploy a low band gap material (for example GaAs either Nor P-Type) between two high band gap material (AlGaAs--> p+ and AlGaAs-- n-, where p+ and n- are highly doped P-Type and N-Type concentration.) So you would ask what is the use of this LASER?The ans lies in the fact that this laser has comparitively lower current density (~1mA/m^2) as opposed to homojuntion LASER, and this is because of high potential energy of those 2 wafers (N and P-Type tri-compunds).3. Solar cell's: -Same PN junction sandwiched layer concept and unserstood by same device physics.4. MOSFET's and BJT's: -MOSFET stands for Metal Oxide Field Effect Transistor and Transistor is in itself combined from two words i.e. Transfer (movement of charge carriers in either direction) + Resistance (Resistance encountered due to material properties and doping concentration), similarly BJT stands for Bipolar junction transistor and here bipolar stands for both charge carriers (holes from P-Type and electrons from N-Type wafer), I'm not going into the device physics of the above mentioned devices into how they work, just wanted to give you an idea that how both P-Type and N-Type contribute for the output you wish to desire either as an amplifier or as a switch.5. LED's: -Like LASER ( there is a difference b/w the two which I will cover shortly), LED stands for Light Emitting Diode, and it is also of two types, Heterojunction and Homojunction LED(s), and the principle that differs LED from LASER is the mechanism of radiation, what I mean to say is as stated previously, LASER uses Stimulated Emission for high intense coherent (crest to crest and trough to trough of incident and radiated photon due to de-excitation from the meta-stable state) monochromatic (single wavelength and single frequency (vice-versa).But in case of LED spontaneous emission takes place and thus light beam is not that coherent.And much more…So the infrence from the above device picture leads to he straight fact that P-Type provides charge carriers (holes) N-Type provides electrons and thus sometimes they both are used in conjunction with each other (like in BJT) or either one of them is used for doping purpose (like Mosfets, where only one type of charge carriers flows because of 3 stage process (Accumulation, Depletion and Inversion) to form an inversion layer which is just like a trapezoid highway for electrons if it is N-Mosfet or holes for P-Mosfet, Single Electron transistor (Concept of Quantum dots, where QD can be used as a control gate to pass electrons, similar approach can be used for holes also (since they are also charge carrier--> positive)Feel free to comment out anything not correct and to understand even more here are some links:I Hope this helps :)P Type SemiconductorTypes of Semiconductor Devices and ApplicationsSemiconductor materialsSemiconductor Materials | Types Groups Classifications | List[1] Go through this amazing source ( free downloadable PDF, but prior to that you need to create an account and it’s totally Worth it! )Footnotes[1] Electrons and “holes’’

Most other answers so far are false, relying on Old evolutionary arguments put forth by Richard Dawkins and others, but proven wrong by science. Richard Dawkins often uses the argument that human eyes are evidence of evolution... and evidence of a mistake. He claims that our eyes are wired backwards, with an inverted retina. He then goes on to say this is evidence against a Creator, because it is a sloppy design. Dawkins has been proven wrong, yet continues to use this argument. One ophthalmologist suggests that Dawkins argument comes from ignorance. The other option is deceitfulness. Ophthalmologist George Marshal wrote, “The idea that the eye is wired backward comes from a lack of knowledge of eye function and anatomy”The old argument about vertebrate eyes being wired backwards, often included the ‘reasoning’ that cephalopod eyes were wired correctly. (Yes… correct for an octopus… not for an eagle, nor a human). Research on the vertebrate retina shows that the inverted design in vertebrates is superior to the verted design, even compared to the most advanced cephalopods. The research has discovered that our retina has a neurological feedback system improving contrast and sharpening edges without sacrificing shadow detail. PLoS Biology May 2011. (S.L.Jackman) A Positive Feedback Synapse from Retinal Horizontal Cells to Cone PhotoreceptorsThe inverted retina design (Human eye) is superior to the simpler verted vision of cephalopods. (Faster response time for one thing). Researchers have found that the inverted retina uses glial cells which operates similar to fiber optic technology. Some researchers have called this system optimal. Researchers Amichai Labin and Erez Ribak, Physical Review Letters 104, 16 April 2010 wrote, “The retina is revealed as an optimal structure designed for improving the sharpness of images. … The fundamental features of the array of glial cells are revealed as an optimal structure designed for preserving the acuity of images in the human retina. It plays a crucial role in vision quality, in humans and in other species.”New York Times science ran an article several years ago that said “the basic building blocks of human eyesight turn out to be practically perfect. Photoreceptors operate at the outermost boundary allowed by the laws of physics, which means they are as good as they can be, period. Each one is designed to detect and respond to single photons of light — the smallest possible packages in which light comes wrapped" Optimization at the Intersection of Biology and PhysicsAnother Nifty feature of our eyes, is that there are ten million cells in the retina of the eye are interacting with each other in complex ways, and this is just part of the processing involved in sight. We have a system of processing sight that is far superior to man made technologies. Cells in our eyes start analyzing data, (operating similar to a computer) even before the information is sent to the brain. Here is part of an article from BYTE: John K Stevens wrote, “While today's digital hardware is extremely impressive, it is clear that the human retina's real-time performance goes unchallenged. Actually, to simulate 10 milliseconds (one hundredth of a second) of the complete processing of even a single nerve cell from the retina would require the solution of about 500 simultaneous nonlinear differential equations 100 times and would take at least several minutes of processing time on a Cray supercomputer. Keeping in mind that there are 10 million or more such cells interacting with each other in complex ways, it would take a minimum of 100 years of Cray time to simulate what takes place in your eye many times every second.”Another evolutionary argument proven false (by science) is that eyes evolved gradually. Science has shown that false on at least 2 fronts:(No evidence inverted vision evolved, and no evidence any vision system ever evolved)Lawrence Croft, biologist wrote, “precise origin of the vertebrate eye is still a mystery. The fascinating thing about the evolution of the eye is its apparent sudden appearance” System of ophthalmology : Duke-Elder, Stewart, Sir, 1898-1978 : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive P237,238 … or .Sir Steward Duke-Elder, ophthalmologist wrote, “The curious thing, however, about the evolution of the vertebrate eye is the apparent suddenness of its appearance and the elaboration of its structures in its earliest known stages. There is no long evolutionary story as we have seen among invertebrate eyes, whereby an intracellular organelle passes into a unicellular and then a multicellular eye, attaining by trial and error, along different routes an ever-increasing degree of complexity….”2. The fossil record shows complex sophisticated vision systems dated at 515 million years (according to evolutionary beliefs). This is baffling to evolutionists and the researchers discussing this find of Anomalocarus (a giant shrimp like creature). Dr John Patterson wrote in Nature “The latest find shows sophisticated vision had evolved very rapidly. It came with a bang, in a geological blink of an eye”. (PDF) Acute vision in the giant Cambrian predator Anomalocaris and the origin of compound eyes. That's more than a little funny… There is no evidence eyes evolved so explain away the evidence by saying ‘It happened in a bang’.Another example of how evolutionists often are unwilling to follow evidence no matter where it leads… This from Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences “...arthropod eye evolution has remained controversial, because one of two seemingly unlikely evolutionary histories must be true. Either compound eyes with detailed similarities evolved multiple times in different arthropod groups....or, compound eyes have been been lost in a Seemingly inordinate number of arthropod lineages” Molecular phylogenetic evidence for the independent evolutionary origin of an arthropod compound eye. Evolutionists often refuse the explanation that best fits the evidence... Sudden appearance, and sophisticated complex systems are evidence of a designer. Notice in the above article they are willing to consider only “unlikely evolutionary histories”.Another failed argument of evolutionists is that the way our eyes are wired causes a blind spot. The 'blind spot' is another myth created by evolutionists who did not understand the design of the eye. There are a couple reasons why there is no blind spot. One reason is that our eye sees clearly only through the fovea centralis. It allows us to focus. Anything outside the area of the fovea centralis is not what we are focusing on. That is one reason why the blind spot is a myth... It is outside the area of focus. Another reason is that the tiny 'blind spot' is only 1/4 of 1% and our one eye always compensates for the other eye... People with 2 eyes couldn't ever notice the 'spot'. Another reason why there is no blind spot is because of a super cool design... our eye has muscles that cause it to slightly oscillate at a high rate of speed. If the eye did not shimmer like this, we coudn't see anything unless it moved. (like cephalopods). But because the eye moves we do see everything that is not moving. The awesome part of this design is that we can not see the blood vessels or the blind spot... because they move with the eye... so the eye can not detect it.There are MORE reasons, other than those I mentioned that point to our Creator. But the point is that if you want to argue the bad design is evidence against the Creator (as evolutionists do)…. Then it is certainly fair and logical to argue that great design is evidence for our creator.

This is a pretty long answer, but I recommend to read it through as it is a very5 trends shaping innovation in ICTKeeping up with the relentless pace of change in the ICT industry is a daily challenge for modern tech companies. The key to long-term success lies in the ability to understand change almost before it occurs and seize the opportunity to shape evolving technologies.Tech companies often gain competitive advantage by causing market disruption through their ability to understand and act on technology trends. Like waves in the ocean, it’s much easier to ride these trends if you can see them coming and read them right. (But of course, true technology leadership happens when you start making your own waves.)As I see it, there are five key technology trends that will stimulate innovation within the ICT industry in the coming year, creating new value streams for consumers, industries and society. All five pivot around a technology-enabled business ecosystem made possible through a universal, horizontal and multipurpose communications platform.Download PDFErik Ekudden, Group CTO and Head of Technology & Architecture#1: Spreading intelligence throughout the cloudConnected smart machines, such as robots and autonomous vehicles, are fundamental to the evolving Networked Society. Enhanced cloud architecture that can distribute and share machine intelligence will enable smart connected machines to work on an increasingly higher level.Supported by advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) – particularly in the areas of big data analytics, machine learning and knowledge management – rapid progress has been made in terms of what smart machines can do. Developments in connectivity and cloud technologies are making it possible to distribute and share machine intelligence more easily, at a lower cost, and on a much wider scale than before.When connected to the cloud, smart machines will be able to use the powerful computational, storage and communication resources of state-of-the-art data centers. Today’s intelligent software robotics systems are capable of supporting repetitive administrative tasks with current development pushing toward advisory tasks. Cloudification shifts the capabilities of these systems into a new sphere that includes complex problem-solving and decision-making on a mass-market scale.Connect, store, compute... and shareShifting systems into the cloud enables communities of collaborating robots, machines, sensors and humans to process and share information. Each new insight collected within a community can be shared instantly, which increases the effectiveness of collaborative tasks, and improves performance throughout the system, with a common awareness of system state shared by all participants, as well as a shared knowledge base.A distributed machine intelligence architecture offers lower implementation costs. Sharing a backbone of almost unlimited computational power makes it possible to build lightweight, low-cost robots and smart machines that require a low level of control and a minimum amount of sensors and actuators. Application-specific requirements related to responsiveness and speed will determine whether a local or global cloud is most suitable, and how much intelligence can be distributed.Smart and mobile capabilities virtually everywhereIntelligent clouds will create new value chains in many industry segments, but some of the forerunners include mining, agriculture, forestry and health care. New opportunities will open up for all organizations and people involved in the supply chain from the manufacturer to the customer. Consider an automated agriculture application. The application remotely controls farm machines to carry out various farming tasks. To harvest mature crops, for example, the system will control the necessary machines to cut, gather and transport them. Each individual machine will take local decisions to ensure secure completion of its set tasks, working in conjunction with all the machines involved in the harvesting. Weather reports gathered from another distributed cloud application are used by the system to carry out harvesting in an optimal way. Contact with the farmer occurs only when participating machines cannot resolve issues themselves.The harvesting example highlights just one of the many coming applications that will rely on multiple information sources, cloud, and distributed machine intelligence. To ensure scalability and widespread uptake of such applications, the challenge lies in the rapid development and proliferation of universally accessible mobile capabilities. 5G will provide a resilient, high-availability, low-latency network that offers applications with integrated computing and storage resources that are ideally placed to meet latency requirements. 5G is well matched to industrial robotics applications because, like other radio technologies, it removes the need for cabling and minimizes infrastructure adaptions, but it also offers identity management, optimum placement of resources, and encryption for security and privacy."Sharing a backbone of almost unlimited computational power makes it possible to build lightweight, low-cost robots and smart machines"#2: Self-managing devicesCombining sensory data with AI techniques enables the data from massive numbers of sensors to be merged and processed to create a higher-level view of a system.Connected smart devices will change our lives in many ways. These range from simple services that open your garage door as your car approaches, for example, to radically new business opportunities involving services yet to be invented and markets yet to be discovered. Combined with intelligent handling of data, smart devices can boost the productivity and profitability of any business. But to enable the deployment of billions of smart devices, the cost of managing and monitoring them needs to be low. Evolving software and communications technology are shifting toward the creation of autonomous and self-managing devices.The Internet of Things (IoT) means automation and intelligence in everything that is connected. This implies that a collective intuitive behavior among a wide range of devices for a wide range of applications is possible in the future. The connectivity allows objects to be sensed and actuated remotely, creating a bridge between the physical and digital world.It’s the combination that triggers the effectBeyond the physical devices embedded with processors, software, sensors, actuators, and connectivity, it is the combination of sensory data and AI that enables more effective and accurate interactions. It is by merging data from a multitude of sensors that a superior baseline for intelligent processing is created. These are the common denominators that push IoT development further.From a connectivity perspective, two distinct and different use cases emerge. One extreme is the massive machine-type communication (massive MTC) that can support millions of connected devices such as energy meters and logistics tracking. Here, we are looking at device battery lifetimes beyond 10 years and cost reduction in the order of 80 percent as well as 20dB better coverage compared with present state-of-the-art solutions.The other extreme is the critical machine-type communication (critical MTC), which entails real-time control and automation of dynamic processes in various fields such as vehicle-to-vehicle, vehicle-to-infrastructure, high-speed motion, and process control. Critical parameters to enable the performance required are network latency below milliseconds, ultra-high “five nines” (99.999 percent) reliability. The future network architecture needs to cater for both MTC scenarios.Key technology advancementsThe 2016 Ericsson Mobility Report predicts that there will be 28 billion connected devices by 2021. On the device side, the key technology driver is the evolution of sensors, actuators, processors, memories, and batteries. Beyond conventional electronics, we will see implementations of nanoscale technologies based on thin-film, graphene, and quantum sensors. We can expect any size and shape of device in the future.Another emerging key technology is that of an advanced software toolbox leveraging advanced analytics, machine learning, and knowledge management with processing capabilities of real-time streaming data. Intelligent control logic is another interesting area. There is an increasing need for standardized platforms and software protocols. These will inevitably drive market consolidation, with massive cost savings and productivity gains as a result.Effective connectivity and identity management are fundamental to the future network. These imply automated deployments, aggregated subscription management as well as embedded provisioning and control through the whole life span of the device.What does this mean for the future role of networks?IoT devices enable us to monitor sensors and automate a lot of processes. The added intelligence needed is a feature that will mainly be embedded in the network itself.For IoT technology to live up to its promise and be applied on a massive scale throughout society, it must be built on a secure, global, telecom-grade network that is based on common standards. This will also ensure a healthy competitive and innovative ecosystem.In terms of 5G, such an underlying network infrastructure is already in place – ready to show how well it is scaling and how its cost-efficiency properties support IoT applications. 5G offers both super-high bandwidth with ultra-low latency and extreme battery life for devices. By combining cloud intelligence with a powerful but energy-efficient wireless connection, even very simple and inexpensive devices can be made smart and generate great business value."The connectivity allows objects to be sensed and actuated remotely, creating a bridge between the physical and digital world"#3: Communication beyond sight and soundCommunication will evolve in a highly remarkable way over the coming years, as interaction between human beings and machines evolves to include additional experiences and senses. The internet you can feel is on the horizon.Today, 2D video is the most advanced form of communication people use to connect with each other. In the future, people will be able to participate in distant business meetings or attend a family gathering by sending an augmented 3D selfie. I am sure that many people are looking forward to the day it will be possible to attend events such as Mobile World Congress, the FIFA World Cup, or the Super Bowl virtually.Emerging technologies in the fields of the tactile internet, virtual reality and augmented reality – supported by 5G network evolution – are showing signs that the ability to experience an event virtually is no longer science fiction, but a feasible reality, and indicate a giant step forward in innovation.The tactile internet is founded on the visionary principle that all of our human senses can be embedded in human-machine interaction. Using haptics (interaction involving touch), remote experiences can be a near real-time representation of reality. To accomplish such realistic remote experiences, however, the loop connecting the disciplines of robotics, AI, and communications needs to be closed and near-zero latency requirements will need to be met.Virtual and augmented reality (VR and AR) are expected to become integral technologies of the Networked Society, potentially disrupting the consumer electronics market.Pushing the boundaries of traditional physicsTo close the robotics, AI, and communications loop quickly, Ericsson has started a collaboration on the tactile internet with King’s College London. As the research team puts it, “We need to beat the limits of the traditional laws of physics, as even the speed of light is not fast enough to enable these kinds of applications.”In this context, tactile communication enables haptic interaction between control and machine with visual feedback. Technical systems will need to support audiovisual interaction, and enable remote robotic systems to be controlled with an unnoticeable time lag. End-to-end, components other than the physical distance separating control from machine add to the total system delay. For instance, video coding and rendering requires a substantial amount of computational power, and so these components increase overall system delay.This type of next-generation communication will contribute to the resolution of complex challenges that arise in many sectors such as education, health care, personal safety, smart city, traffic management and energy consumption. Some business-related examples include virtual stores, interactive 3D design labs, training, interactive entertainment, and enterprise communication. Presently, the gaming industry is the primary incubator for AR and VR.Not just raw speed – some intelligence tooHuman-to-human and human-to-machine communications will put high demands on future networks. Solutions supporting high capacity and extremely low latency in combination with high availability, reliability, and security will define the characteristics of the network. In massive video distribution, for example, the need for capacity is created by certain application needs for high resolution, high dynamic range, and high frame rate, which in turn necessitate link speeds in gigabits per second. But it’s not just about raw speed. Our research in this area has, for instance, investigated the idea of dividing the amount of transmitted data into priority hierarchies with different time requirements, transmitting only data that has been modified and anticipating changes."The tactile internet is founded on the visionary principle that all of our human senses can be embedded in human-machine interaction"#4: Fundamental technologies reshaping what networks can doThe laws of physics are the only real restriction on the development of communication networks. Ericsson is firmly committed to pursuing innovations that challenge present system limitations to help us reach beyond what is possible today.While becoming increasingly versatile, the network’s fundamental building blocks are also becoming much smaller, mimicking the way living things have evolved. The network of the future will be akin to the digital embodiment of an intuitive organism that is able to handle vast amounts of consciously intelligent automated resources. New materials in combination with innovative manufacturing technologies promise to radically enhance network capabilities.Which technologies have the greatest potential to spur network evolution in the near future?In the semiconductor area, a wide range of new materials and manufacturing technologies will soon become mainstream. New packaging and integration technologies offer substantially increased bandwidth in addition to power reductions.The semiconductor industry is also at the cusp of leveraging new memory technologies that will be able to take on different roles in the system memory hierarchy, as well as offering substantial improvements in system input and output performance.The semiconductor industry advances through continuous scaling of traditional CMOS. Major players are working on the 10nm node, and industry roadmaps include 7nm and 5nm manufacturing technologies. Advanced 2.5D/3D integration techniques for non-monolithic integration have the capability to offer a whole system function integrated on a single chip. These solutions are both cost and energy efficient. The introduction of multicore central processing unit solutions at equal or lower power consumption than their predecessors is a predominant trend. Other trends include the development of various types of architectures aimed at significantly accelerating processing speed, such as massive parallel computing.Electrons and light blending in new waysAdvances in silicon photonics allow for optical integration directly into the processing unit and other vital components in a communication network. Photonics will add properties such as low propagation loss, high data-transfer density, and excellent signal integrity. Bridging the gap between optical and electronic components, silicon photonics will shrink everything including the footprint, power consumption, and cost of high-speed network applications. Furthermore, silicon photonics will allow for greater disaggregation of functions, which opens up for more efficient hardware architectures, while enabling more aggregated data traffic.Qubits – small but powerfulSlightly further into the future, quantum computing promises to bring about an exponential increase in computational power. Quantum computing is a technology that builds on the quantum properties of elementary particles (qubits). Qubits can be entangled with each other and can take on intermediate values compared with ordinary bits, which can only be either 1 or 0. This way, a quantum computer can increase parallelism and radically reduce the computing efforts needed to address certain types of problems. Researchers have already succeeded in creating qubits within a semiconductor, and the first fully operational quantum computer was displayed at the end of 2015. One of the main challenges is to keep the quantum state unperturbed, which requires extremely low temperatures and very good insulation from the surrounding environment.By matching the exponential expansion of the digital universe with computational power that also grows exponentially, we are confident that we will be able to continue to stay on top of future demands for communication."New materials in combination with innovative manufacturing technologies promise to radically enhance network capabilities"#5: Weaving security and privacy into the IoT fabricIn a world where everyone’s personal and financial information is available online, cyber security and privacy are very serious issues for consumers, corporations and governments alike. And the rapid rise of wearables, smart meters, and connected homes and vehicles makes security and privacy more vital than ever.The complexity and heterogeneous nature of future networks and connected devices will require security and privacy controls to be made an intrinsic part of every device, network, cloud and application. However, controls are only valuable if they can be managed in a fast and coordinated manner across all layers – preferably in an automated fashion, steered by policies and analytical insights rather than by the choices of an individual. Automated security and privacy management that is pervasive yet observable and auditable are the core characteristics that can enable the future Networked Society.Weaving intelligence on three levelsThree layers of technology make it possible to weave security and privacy protection into every layer of ICT: actual security controls, security analytics, and an adaptive security posture.Over the next decade, key security controls will include data sovereignty and novel identity management controls that are tailored for people and devices, as well as encryption technologies. Some encryption technologies are in the early phases of development but will begin to appear on the market in the next three to five years, as the underlying technologies mature. New root-of-trust technologies that are applicable to both physical and virtual environments also show great promise, and significant effort will be put into making them a reality.Novel security analytics technologies can now provide insights that make it possible to create predictive security systems as opposed to reactive ones. These technologies could be used to create disruptive data management solutions in the near future, but for this to happen, we need to have context-aware security feeds and security analytics algorithms that correlate these feeds, often across multiple domains.The third technology layer, the adaptive security posture, is achieved through automation, based on security analytics insights and policy-based automated orchestration of security controls.It will all be built on trusted networksNo single industry player will be able to address all of these challenges on its own. Industry-wide collaboration, joint development, and standardization – including vendors, service providers, and users – will be essential in order to realize the vision of a secure Networked Society that protects business assets and everyone’s privacy.Traditionally, network service providers rank among the most trusted industry players. With this in mind, I believe that network service providers and their networks will be the foundation upon which the trust for everything else – devices, clouds, communications and applications – is built. At Ericsson, our focus is on enabling networks to play this key role across multiple industries."Over the next decade, key security controls will include data sovereignty and novel identity management controls that are tailored for people and devices"Information source:https://www.ericsson.com/en/ericsson-technology-review/archive/2016/technology-trends-2016