Oscilloscope Function Generator And Voltage Division: Fill & Download for Free

“How frequencies are generated on oscilloscope?”Although many modern oscilloscopes have a built-in function generator, the primary purpose of an oscilloscope is to provide a graphical representation of the voltage or waveform being measured. Its display has vertical and horizontal lines to create divisions on the vertical and horizontal axes. It's capable of measuring AC or DC voltages.The vertical axis represents the amplitude of the signal. Its scale can be adjusted to represent a wide range of volts/division. Using a 0 volt reference, it can display positive and negative values.The horizontal axis represents time. Its scale can be adjusted to represent a wide range of time/division.Putting both together allows the user to see changes in amplitude over time.

In a Cathode Ray oscilloscope, it develops the horizontal sweep voltage that deflects the beam left to right to represent the time axis.It repeats a sawtooth waveform at a rate that determines the time per division on the screen. The voltage will be at the lowest the voltage that puts the beam on the left of the screen and at the highest puts the beam on the right hand side of the screen.

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Precision rectifier. V-to-I and I-to-V converter. Op-Amp based active filters. Oscillators and signal generators.Digital Electronics: Combinational logic circuits, minimization of Boolean functions. IC families, TTL, MOS and CMOS. Arithmetic circuits. Comparators, Schmitt trigger, timers and mono-stable multi-vibrator. Sequential circuits, flip-flops, counters, shift registers. Multiplexer, S/H circuit.Analog-to-Digital and Digital-to-Analog converters.Basics of number system.Microprocessor applications, memory and input-output interfacing. Microcontrollers.Signals, Systems and Communications: Periodic and aperiodic signals. Impulse response, transfer function and frequency response of first- and second order systems. Convolution, correlation and characteristics of linear time invariant systems.Discrete time system, impulse and frequency response. Pulse transfer function. IIR and FIR filters. Amplitude and frequency modulation and demodulation.Sampling theorem, pulse code modulation.Frequency and time division multiplexing. Amplitude shift keying, frequency shift keying and pulse shift keying for digital modulation.Electrical and Electronic Measurements: Bridges and potentiometers, measurement of R,L and C. Measurements of voltage, current, power, power factor and energy. A.C & D.C current probes. Extension of instrument ranges. Q-meter and waveform analyzer. Digital voltmeter and multi-meter. Time, phase and frequency measurements. Cathode ray oscilloscope. Serial and parallel communication. Shielding and grounding.Control Systems and Process Control: Feedback principles. Signal flow graphs. Transient Response, steady-state-errors. Routh and Nyquist criteria. Bode plot, root loci. Time delay systems. Phase and gain margin. State space representation of systems. Mechanical, hydraulic and pneumatic system components. Synchro pair, servo and step motors. On-off, cascade, P, P-I, P-I-D, feed forward and derivative controller, Fuzzy controllers.Analytical, Optical and Biomedical Instrumentation: Mass spectrometry. UV, visible and IR spectrometry. X-ray and nuclear radiation measurements. Optical sources and detectors, LED, laser, Photo-diode, photo-resistor and their characteristics. Interferometers, applications in metrology. Basics of fiber optics. Biomedical instruments, EEG, ECG and EMG. Clinical measurements. Ultrasonic transducers and Ultrasonography. Principles of Computer Assisted Tomography.Electronics and Communication :Networks, Signals and SystemsNetwork solution methods: nodal and mesh analysis; Network theorems: superposition,Thevenin and Norton’s, maximum power transfer; Wye‐Delta transformation; Steady statesinusoidal analysis using phasors; Time domain analysis of simple linear circuits; Solution ofnetwork equations using Laplace transform; Frequency domain analysis of RLC circuits;Linear 2‐port network parameters: driving point and transfer functions; State equations fornetworks.Continuous-time signals: Fourier series and Fourier transform representations, samplingtheorem and applications; Discrete-time signals: discrete-time Fourier transform (DTFT),DFT, FFT, Z-transform, interpolation of discrete-time signals; LTI systems: definition andproperties, causality, stability, impulse response, convolution, poles and zeros, parallel andcascade structure, frequency response, group delay, phase delay, digital filter designtechniques.Section 3: Electronic DevicesEnergy bands in intrinsic and extrinsic silicon; Carrier transport: diffusion current, driftcurrent, mobility and resistivity; Generation and recombination of carriers; Poisson andcontinuity equations; P-N junction, Zener diode, BJT, MOS capacitor, MOSFET, LED, photodiode and solar cell; Integrated circuit fabrication process: oxidation, diffusion, ionimplantation, photolithography and twin-tub CMOS process.Analog CircuitsSmall signal equivalent circuits of diodes, BJTs and MOSFETs; Simple diode circuits:clipping, clamping and rectifiers; Single-stage BJT and MOSFET amplifiers: biasing, biasstability, mid-frequency small signal analysis and frequency response; BJT and MOSFETamplifiers: multi-stage, differential, feedback, power and operational; Simple op-ampcircuits; Active filters; Sinusoidal oscillators: criterion for oscillation, single-transistor and op-amp configurations; Function generators, wave-shaping circuits and 555 timers; Voltagereference circuits; Power supplies: ripple removal and regulation.Section 5: Digital CircuitsNumber systems; Combinatorial circuits: Boolean algebra, minimization of functions usingBoolean identities and Karnaugh map, logic gates and their static CMOSimplementations, arithmetic circuits, code converters, multiplexers, decoders and PLAs;Sequential circuits: latches and flip‐flops, counters, shift‐registers and finite state machines;Data converters: sample and hold circuits, ADCs and DACs; Semiconductor memories:ROM, SRAM, DRAM; 8-bit microprocessor (8085): architecture, programming, memory andI/O interfacing.Section 6: Control SystemsBasic control system components; Feedback principle; Transfer function; Block diagramrepresentation; Signal flow graph; Transient and steady-state analysis of LTI systems;Frequency response; Routh-Hurwitz and Nyquist stability criteria; Bode and root-locus plots;Lag, lead and lag-lead compensation; State variable model and solution of stateequation of LTI systems.Section 7: CommunicationsRandom processes: autocorrelation and power spectral density, properties of white noise,filtering of random signals through LTI systems; Analog communications: amplitudemodulation and demodulation, angle modulation and demodulation, spectra of AM andFM, superheterodyne receivers, circuits for analog communications; Information theory:entropy, mutual information and channel capacity theorem; Digital communications:PCM, DPCM, digital modulation schemes, amplitude, phase and frequency shift keying(ASK, PSK, FSK), QAM, MAP and ML decoding, matched filter receiver, calculation ofbandwidth, SNR and BER for digital modulation; Fundamentals of error correction,Hamming codes; Timing and frequency synchronization, inter-symbol interference and itsmitigation; Basics of TDMA, FDMA and CDMA.Section 8: ElectromagneticsElectrostatics; Maxwell’s equations: differential and integral forms and their interpretation,boundary conditions, wave equation, Poynting vector; Plane waves and properties:reflection and refraction, polarization, phase and group velocity, propagation throughvarious media, skin depth; Transmission lines: equations, characteristic impedance,impedance matching, impedance transformation, S-parameters, Smith chart;Waveguides: modes, boundary conditions, cut-off frequencies, dispersion relations;Antennas: antenna types, radiation pattern, gain and directivity, return loss, antennaarrays; Basics of radar; Light propagation in optical fibers.