Unit 5 Multiagency Coordination: Fill & Download for Free

The center has various manuals and communications abilities for different agencies so that they can talk to each other at different levels. In some areas, city, county and state emergency groups can talk to one center in times of a major disaster to better coordinate responding units.The manuals will tell the dispatch operators who does what and who goes where. They have it all down to a science in all those books. Need information on giving CPR? The center has it and can talk you through it over a phone. Need to know how to turn off a gas main? Yep, it’s in Manual #5 on page 47.In those centers, the various agency units will also show up on maps too and in assigned colors for what those units can do. An emergency center becomes a sort of controlled chaos that is run by people who can multi-task all day long.

To add to Colin Johnson’s excellent answer, let’s add some more meat on the bones of the answer. Since this IS Quora, there will undoubtedly be others who will provide more meat, both opinions and facts.EDIT ONE DAY AFTER: after reflection, I realized I should apologize up front to Quorans who might read this, because it IS a long read. As I started to answer the question based on the proposed scenario, my short answer just kept getting longer and longer as I added material, new links, learned new things, and began to synthesize some disparate threads that all seemed germane. So, forewarned is forearmed: it’s a long one! But hopefully useful.Let me add just a few more comments up front:SHORT ANSWER: Yes, the US military will restore order, but it will be split, i.e., not every member of the US military who owed allegiance to the Constitution at the beginning of “The Troubles” will still be there at the end. That’s just inevitable with human nature, loyalties, family, and other obligations both physical and of the conscience.The United States is more than just the Federal Government. It is a combined, overlapping, and interrelated federal republic, governed by the U.S. Constitution, containing:fifty states and a federal district;16 territories,500+ tribal areas,3000+ counties/boroughs/parishes,36,000+ cities/towns; andclose to 40,000 more more special districts, e.g., various governmental subdivisions performing specialized functions such as water districts, utilities, port authorities, parks, libraries, highways, mass transit authorities, cemeteries, and hospitals, among others.Federalism provides that jurisdiction and authority “begins at home,” i.e., at the lowest level. Thus, civil unrest and disorder that is severe enough to cause the imminent collapse of Federal governmental structures and authority, will most certainly have already been felt — more or less — at lower political subdivisions in the spectrum. The community and government leaders at these levels, from the levee district, port authority, small towns and great cities, counties, tribal areas, and states, would ALREADY HAVE BEEN FULLY INVOLVED AND AWARE OF THE PROBLEMS…and working together through both formal and informal Mutual Assistance Compacts and other arrangements, and when those begin to fail, calling for assistance from State(s) and the Federal Government.Most people think they know what “the US military” is. But the answer, as the following will show, is far, far more complex. Even military professionals with several decades of service often do not know the full extent: because it is just so complicated!the Armed Forces, including their respective Reserve Components and the National Guard of the United States (NGUS) —Army + Army Reserve + Army National Guard of the US (ARNGUS),Navy + Navy Reserve,Marines + Marine Reserve,Air Force + Air Force Reserve + Air Force National Guard of the US (AFNGUS),Coast Guard (c. 40,000) + Coast Guard Reserve (+ Coast Guard Auxiliary, if mobilized in time of war or national emergency as the “Temporary Coast Guard Reserve”).All of the nearly 500,000 National Guardsmen, both Army and Air Force, hold dual commissions/enlistments: as State AND Federal organized militia. When not “Federalized” pursuant to a Presidential or Congressionally-declared national emergency, or during war, the National Guard serves specifically as the organized militia forces available to each State Governor and the Governors of the 4 Territories with organized National Guard forces (District of Columbia, Guam, Puerto Rico, and the US Virgin Islands).the Uniformed Services, which include all of the above Armed Forces, PLUS —Public Health Service (6,700 commissioned officers) (+ PHS Reserve, authorized by Public Law 111–148, AKA “Obamacare,” on 23 March 2010, but as of late November 2016 has not been implemented),NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) (379 commissioned officers).The Commissioned Corps of both the PHS and NOAA, as uniformed services, may be militarized and considered a branch of the armed forces by an act of Congress, or by executive order by the President of the United States, not only in time of war, but in "an emergency involving the national defense proclaimed by the President." Major militarization of these agencies occurred during World War II and another later during the Korean War.In addition to the Armed Forces and Uniformed Services, which together are immediately available for military service in a national emergency or during time of war, there are “other” entities that have military roles:the US Maritime Service, AKA Maritime Administration (MARAD), an agency under the Department of Transportation, in conjunction with the DoD US Transportation Command, provides the following to national defense:The Voluntary Intermodal Shipping Agreement (VISA):The VISA program creates a partnership between the U.S. Government and the maritime industry to provide commercial sealift and intermodal shipping services and systems necessary to meet mobilization requirements.Through the VISA program, transportation solutions are developed in peacetime to anticipate emergency/wartime DoD requirements. The program provides for a seamless, time-phased transition from peacetime to wartime operations, while maintaining ongoing commercial arrangements during contingencies.The VISA program can be activated in three stages as determined by DoD, with each stage representing a higher level of capacity commitment. In Stage III, participants must commit at least 50 percent of their capacity. Dry cargo vessels enrolled in the MSP must commit 100 percent during Stage III. VISA participants get priority preference when bidding on DoD peacetime cargo.There is a clear link between VISA and the MSP (see following): more than 90% of the “militarily useful vessels” in the U.S.-flag merchant fleet are committed to the VISA program and over 75% of that capacity comes from MSP vessels.The Maritime Security Program (MSP):Participating MSP operators are required to make their ships and commercial transportation resources available upon request by the Secretary of Defense during times of war or national emergency.The MSP maintains a modern US-flag fleet providing military access to vessels and vessel capacity, as well as a total global, intermodal transportation network: vessels, logistics management services, infrastructure, terminals facilities and US-citizen merchant mariners to crew the government owned/controlled and commercial fleets.MSP ship crews are a major source of manpower for DoD surge maritime requirements. The MSP contributes approximately 2,400 US-citizen, qualified mariners to the US deepwater seafarer base.The MSP maintains a core fleet of 60 US-flag, privately-owned ships operating in international commerce which are also available under agreement to provide capacity needed to meet Department of Defense (DOD) requirements during war and national emergencies.“Without the VISA and MSP fleet, the United States would have assured access to very few U.S.-flag commercial vessels to support DoD operations.”US Merchant Marine Fleet - a combination of Government and civilian-owned US-flagged vessels that, in times of war, can be an auxiliary to the United States Navy, and can be called upon to deliver military personnel and materiel for the military.Merchant Marine Officers may also be designated as Military Officers by the Department of Defense. This is commonly achieved by commissioning unlimited tonnage Merchant Marine Officers as Strategic Sealift Officers in the Naval Reserves.the majority of the midshipmen graduated from the 7 USMS-approved training academies, including the US Merchant Marine Academy, accept commissions in the US Navy or US Coast Guard, or their reserve components, and serve aboard USN or USCG warships or US-flagged merchant vessels. The MARAD also maintains a large number of vessels, and as needed either personnel and/or vessels can be brought on-line to directly contribute to any national emergency or war.the State Defense Forces (c. 16,000): maintained by 15 States, although not dual State/Federal entities like the National Guard of the United States, these forces are components of the State militias like the individual state National Guards.State Militia/State Guard - generally organized similar to Army National Guard units, although there is considerable variation from State to State, authorized by 32 USC 109.Naval Militia - a few States maintain an active Naval Militia, which is different from a maritime component of the SDF, in that Naval Militia maintain a distinct Federal link; but in practice there is virtually no distinguishing between Naval Militia and maritime SDF in those States that maintain either.Both forms of SDF are usually folded under the command and operational control of the State Adjutant General (senior NGUS officer within each State, usually a one or two star general officer). Often specialized with emergency management, search and rescue, and other homeland defense and security training and equipment. Some SDF are permitted by State laws to be armed and/or trained with weapons.The SDF usually serve without any pay, typically in a manner similar to the National Guard, for two days a month and occasionally for longer periods of time for training and deployments.SDF are NOT eligible for mobilization under any DoD authority, as they are solely the resources of the State that created, organized, trained, and equipped them. States may call them up for duty under State laws collectively known as “State Active Duty,” where they fall under the disciplinary authority of State law, and generally earn pay and allowances similar or exactly the same as their NGAUS counterparts, although except in rare instances they will not accrue retirement credits and are covered by their State’s Workmen’s Compensation laws rather than traditional military medical coverage.Individual members of the SDF are often, but not always, prior service or retired military members of the Federal or NGUS military.While SDF organizations may not be mobilized under traditional Title 10 authorities as other NGUS and Federal Reserve forces, e.g., Navy Reserve, as INDIVIDUALS they may be subject to either recall by their parent military services (if they are retired, or have remaining obligated military service on their 8-year contracts), OR through either induction by the Selective Service in the event the draft was reinstated OR in the event the President or Congress calls forth the Militia under the Insurrection Act. (See below for more on the Militia and the Insurrection Act.)Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA): the agency's primary purpose is to coordinate the response to a disaster that has occurred in the United States and that overwhelms the resources of local and state authorities. The governor of the state or territory in which the disaster occurs must declare a state of emergency and formally request from the president that FEMA and the federal government respond to the disaster.FEMA (14,844 employees across the country – at headquarters, the ten regional offices, the National Emergency Training Center, Center for Domestic Preparedness/Noble Training Center and other locations),FEMA Reserve - The Reservist Program was established 1 October 2012, to build and sustain a robust, well-trained, deployable, and available corps of employees to support the needs of disaster survivors and their communities. Reservists are temporary intermittent employees who are hired into one of 21 incident workforce cadres to perform a specific job/function within a cadre. Reservists possess valuable skills, training, and experience, which assist FEMA in performing its survivor-centric duties to its fullest capability.FEMA National Response Coordination Center (NRCC) - a multiagency center located at FEMA HQ that coordinates the overall Federal support for major disasters and emergencies, including catastrophic incidents in support of operations at the regional-level.National Disaster Medical System (NDMS) - teams that provide medical and allied care to disaster victims, including doctors, nurses, pharmacists, etc., typically sponsored by hospitals, public safety agencies, or private organizations.Disaster Medical Assistance Teams (DMAT) - provide medical care at disasters and are typically made up of doctors and paramedics: National Nursing Response Teams (NNRT), National Pharmacy Response Teams (NPRT), Veterinary Medical Assistance Teams (VMAT), Disaster Mortuary Operational Response Teams (DMORT), and National Medical Response Teams (NMRT) equipped to decontaminate victims of chemical and biological agents.Urban Search and Rescue Task Forces - perform rescue of victims from structural collapses, confined spaces, and other disasters, for example mine collapses and earthquakes.Mobile Emergency Response Support (MERS) - these teams provide communications support to local public safety. For instance, they may operate a truck with satellite uplink, computers, telephone and power generation at a staging area near a disaster so that the responders can communicate with the outside world.FEMA vehicle provides communications support after a major hurricane.These teams provide communications support to local public safety. For instance, they may operate a truck with satellite uplink, computers, telephone and power generation at a staging area near a disaster so that the responders can communicate with the outside world.And here begins the LONG ANSWER, for those Quorans who want to know more, maybe even way more…Let’s start with some fundamental truths:Every single person who is currently serving in the US Government, all branches and agencies, AND all State and local governments, have sworn an oath to support and defend the U.S. Constitution against all enemies, foreign AND DOMESTIC. For those who hold office or otherwise work in any capacity for a governmental organization at the State or lower, they have ALSO sworn an oath to their respective State, City, County, etc.Those Oaths are loyalty oaths to the concept of a republican (little “r,” not the political party big “R”) form of government, laid out and executed for the common benefit of all Americans as prescribed in the wording (and subsequent US Supreme Court precedents that help implement obscure passages here and there) of the actual Constitution. The Oath of Office is not given to a piece of paper…and it’s not to be taken with any “mental reservations or purpose of evasion.”The Oaths of officers and employees of subordinate layers of government, say local city police officers or the local water district employees, will also require loyalty to their own jurisdictions, in addition to the U.S. Constitution.We know from the aftermath of our last civil war that States, while “sovereign” entities inside the republic, cannot simply secede. And we also know that the principle of federalism includes a provision that the Federal Government’s actions, when performed under the authorities provided in the U.S. Constitution, trump (not chosen as a pun, but a verb…) State and local authorities.The Constitution gives the President one fundamental responsibility: the preservation of the nation. It also gives the President the authority to “call forth” the militia of the “several states,” etc.Over the years since our Constitution was born and ratified, the Congress has assisted the President in defining just “how” the President could use the authority to call forth military forces to assist in preserving the nation. These laws have included variations of the “Militia Act” and the Insurrection Act, the “Selective Service Act,” the “Posse Comitatus Act,” even the “War Powers Act.”Here is the most relevant wording of the Insurrection Act; notice that the President may use the authority both to suppress insurrection against a State’s authority, OR anywhere that the authority of the United States (i.e., “Federal law”) is usurped or in danger:§ 331. Federal aid for State governmentsWhenever there is an insurrection in any State against its government, the President may, upon the request of its legislature or of its governor if the legislature cannot be convened, call into Federal service such of the militia of the other States, in the number requested by that State, and use such of the armed forces, as he considers necessary to suppress the insurrection.§ 332. Use of militia and armed forces to enforce Federal authorityWhenever the President considers that unlawful obstructions, combinations, or assemblages, or rebellion against the authority of the United States, make it impracticable to enforce the laws of the United States in any State or Territory by the ordinary course of judicial proceedings, he may call into Federal service such of the militia of any State, and use such of the armed forces, as he considers necessary to enforce those laws or to suppress the rebellion.Further, Section 333 permits the President to use the armed forces to suppress any “insurrection, domestic violence, unlawful combination, or conspiracy” if law enforcement is hindered within a state, and local law enforcement is unable to protect individuals, or if the unlawful action “obstructs the execution of the laws of the United States or impedes the course of justice under those laws.” This section was enacted to implement the Fourteenth Amendment and does not require the request or even the permission of the governor of the affected state. See: https://fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/RS22266.pdf8. Here is a good companion aid to the Posse Comitatus Act, aka “PCA.” Specifically, the PCA statutorily prevents the Army and the Air Force from engaging in law enforcement, even Federal laws (other than in the context of military discipline and in the execution of basing and military functions). The DoD has issued a regulation that applies the PCA to the USMC and the US Navy, as well, but theoretically the Secretary of Defense could void that regulation with a single word…and thus the USMC and USN could participate in any type of law enforcement as required (indeed, as they did when the USMC protected the mail trains in the 1920’s due to a rash of robberies). As noted below, the PCA does NOT apply to military operations taken pursuant to the Insurrection Act, nor does the PCA apply to the US Coast Guard at all, at any time or place, or to the National Guard when acting solely under State authority and command (i.e., not Federalized).9. The entire text of the Posse Comitatus Act, as amended in 1956, is as follows:18 U.S.C. § 1385 - Use of Army and Air Force as posse comitatus"Whoever, except in cases and under circumstances expressly authorized by the Constitution or Act of Congress, willfully uses any part of the Army or the Air Force as a posse comitatus or otherwise to execute the laws shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than two years, or both".Accordingly, actions taken under the Insurrection Act, as an "Act of Congress", have always been exempt from the Posse Comitatus Act.10. “The Constitution provides little guidance for the meaning of martial law, as it contains only one provision on point” (see page 50 of the paper), found at Article I, § 9, Clause 2:The Habeas Corpus Suspension Clause states that, "[t]e privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion the public Safety may require it."11. So, to combine the two above threads regarding the loyalty of those who serve the nation in a governmental capacity, and the authorities to preserve public order:Every Government employee, from top to bottom of every layer of Government in the country, has sworn a loyalty oath to an idea: the United States of America. This idea is manifested firstly in a piece of paper signed by a bunch of dead old men, whom we generally refer to as the “Founders” or the “Fathers” of our country. The piece of paper is titled “The Constitution of the United States of America.”The DoD has the authority to designate any DoD civilian employee, voluntarily or involuntarily, as “emergency-essential” and deploy them in support of various military contingency operations, or in time of declared war. See: 10 U.S. Code Chapter 81 - CIVILIAN EMPLOYEES. In the event civilians working with the DoD, even inside the US, commit offenses against the military Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ), they may be subject to military courts-martial or nonjudicial punishments. If habeas corpus has been suspended, and martial law instated, then there is by definition no civilian authority to otherwise hold them accountable…if there is sufficient civil authority remaining then they must be remanded to either local authorities (if a local crime), or the US Dept of Justice (otherwise).Even in retirement, those who swore an oath may continue to hold their office (military and law enforcement especially)…this manifests most relevantly here in the various authorities that the President (and Congress, and the “sovereign States”) can use to recall and/or mobilize (the wording can vary, but the idea is the same…) retirees to “support and defend” the Constitution.In the event of a threat to the national security, from within, as in the scenario proposed with this question, the President and the 50 State governors and Territories have Constitutional authority to “call forth” the militia, i.e., any and all required military force and the resources required to support, sustain, reinforce, and maintain those military forces.The Constitutional authority is such that any amount of force that is required, or other actions that may be deemed necessary, to put down the Insurrection can be used…i.e., similar to the “continuum of force” taught to all police officers where any resistance to a lawful command or action can be met by a greater force to ensure compliance, so that at the end of the scenario the police officer is in control. The amount of force that can be used will be enough greater to ensure control, so a failure to accept verbal control may be countered and raised to “hands-on” control, and a threat of a knife can be met with a gun, etc.12. The scenario proposes that the insurrection has already begun…or is well underway. I won’t try to modify the underlying premise of the question and “stop” the insurrection before it begins, but the question specifically asks:“Would the U.S. military restore order or would it also be split. (sic)”? 13. In any group of people, even the 5 or so million military personnel, and several million more Federal/State/Local government employees, i.e., “civil servants” including the roughly 1 million law enforcement officers in the US, of course some will be susceptible to the types of pressures listed in this scenario, and may choose to forsake their oaths of loyalty for whatever they believe to be a greater individual or societal “good.”14. Would enough of those 4–5+ million military personnel, up to 20 million military veterans, some 1 million law enforcement personnel, and a couple million more “non-sworn” civil servants, stay loyal to the concept that is the United States of America that when the President “calls forth” the militia and the full force of the Federal AND all the sovereign States through the Insurrection Act, and other associated war powers such as the Selective Service draft, that the US military could restore order…or would it be split?15. I submit that it WOULD BE SPLIT, to a degree. Precisely because there are always going to be those people who want something different…right or wrong, good, bad, or indifferent.16. BUT, I also submit that there would be sufficient cohesion and loyalty to the Nation, in the person of the Commander in Chief and President, that the combined resources and organizational expertise of several million military members, and their assisting police and civil servants, would restore order.17. Too many people have sworn the oath of office or enlistment, have bled and sweated and cried for our nation, and know many, many others who have paid the ultimate price for their loyalty, to strike out in violence, or even disobedience, to prevent a coherent and thoughtful response to any insurrection that threatened to tear the Nation apart.18. There are of course plans and strategies already in existence to address various forms of domestic insurrection, just as there are to address various foreign threats to national security.19. For two good examples, consider the way the various levels of government responded to the disorder caused during the Rodney King riots in LA in 1992, and Hurricane Katrina (interestingly, also in “LA” = Louisiana) in 2005.Under the federal system of government, sovereignty is vested at the lowest level of governmental organization, and then rises.Any threat to public order is first to be evaluated, and if possible, prevented, contained, or resolved, by the lowest governmental organization. This is usually a City or County (a la City and County of Los Angeles and surrounding areas, or City and Parish of New Orleans and surrounding smaller cities and parishes). When the local government is overwhelmed, they are to call upon higher authorities, so that County, State, regional, or Federal resources can be employed.In the LA riots, the local authorities quickly decided they would not be able to handle the threat to public order, and called upon the State of California, which immediately directed various National Guard (under State authority, not Federalized) units and other public safety employees (police, fire, emergency, utilities, etc., from other California jurisdictions outside the immediate danger zone) to the scene in what was actually quite a swift and fairly organized response. In the event, those assets were also overwhelmed and the Governor then called upon the President for assistance, and the Insurrection Act was called forth.The suspension of the writ of habeas corpus, as mentioned above, is the formal suspension of civil authority over an area. In the absence of civil authority, there can be only two remaining choices:Chaos, orMartial law.In effect, if not explicitly by its very definition, invoking the Insurrection Act is the imposition of martial law, because the local authorities cannot provide basic security and functioning of the police, courts, and other fundamental tasks of a government, at a minimum in a limited area and for a limited period of time. There is no statutory minimum “geographic area” or “time period” that is required, either that which is affected and requires assistance, or limitations upon the Act itself. President Bush the Elder declared the Insurrection Act only because the totality of California’s resources were declared insufficient to handle the crisis internally to the sovereign state of California.In the case of Hurricane Katrina, the local authorities, up to and including the State Governor, as well as FEMA, dilly-dallied and generally appeared incoherent as to their responsibilities under the various laws in their own jurisdictions, and essentially the US Government stepped in and seized control over the New Orleans area, with a US Army commander, Lieutenant General Honore, effectively assuming the role of a unified commander, under the Federal Response Plan then in effect in 2005. As soon as civil authority could be restored in various stricken areas (some areas of the greater New Orleans area were much more damaged than others, like the 9th Ward and the downtown area), and the civilian courts and law enforcement resumed functioning at even a minimal level (considering that the NOLA city jail and much of the court documents were flooded), military forces began fading into the background and departing the area. Of course arguments can, and were, and will continue to be in the future, be made that either or both the State and Federal Governments should have acted sooner, differently, with more organization and boots on the ground (whether State National Guard and law enforcement, Federalized National Guard, or Federal law enforcement and military Quora answer is that a response DID happen, martial law was de facto in at least some areas of New Orleans, and the “unlawful obstructions, combinations, or assemblages, or rebellion against the authority of the United States…” was relatively quickly resolved and handed back to the State and local authorities. This is what Federalism, the Insurrection Act, Habeas Corpus, the PCA, and the Federal Response Plan all require, indeed demand, under our federal republic.20. If you are still with me at the end of this rather lengthy monograph, let’s review again the original Quora question:“How would the US military function in the event of a 2nd American Civil War?”Scenario: Growing resentment at the economic, social and political disparity amongst rural, urban and ethnic populations leads to insurrection; causing the federal government’s collapse. Would the U.S. military restore order or would it also be split. *Read my comment for further info about scenario*The question assumes the federal government’s collapse, and asks whether the US military would restore order or “be split.”Answer: Yes. The US military would be split, but would still restore order, given time…if…if, the entire mechanisms of the federal government have collapsed, meaning civil authority and the courts no longer function, then of course there would be significant degradation of military command and control, desertions, questions about who is REALLY in control, where is the “nuclear football,” etc.But, at this point, the President (or whomever has lawfully succeeded through the Presidential Succession Act, and the Federal Vacancies Reform Act of 1998, as amended by multiple Executive Orders through late December 2016) should have declared an “Insurrection” if for no other reason than Federal laws and authority such as Equal Rights, taxation, safety, transportation, air traffic control, and commerce are no longer able to be enforced. I.e., if a “tipping point” of inability of the Federal and local law enforcement and court systems to function is reached, then an “Insurrection” has occurred.Of course, depending on how fast the US Federal Government has “collapsed,” the military response probably would be somewhat uncoordinated (at least at first), but once empowered to act by suspension of Habeas Corpus and released from the Constitutional shackles imposed by the Posse Comitatus Act to perform domestic law enforcement, the US military would operate in a “Homeland Defense” mode where the military takes charge, and is “supported” by all other agencies of the remaining US, State, Local, etc., governmental structures and corporate/business interests functioning as part of the “Total Force,” as defined most cogently under Joint Publication 4–05, Joint Mobilization Planning. (You could also, cynically, name the Total Force the “Military-Industrial-Complex” — as defined by President Obama’s Executive Order 13603 on NATIONAL DEFENSE RESOURCES PREPAREDNESS under the Defense Production Act of 1950.)See: Joint Publication 3–27, Homeland Defense, at https://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=742874:The Posse Comitatus Act (PCA) prohibits the use of military personnel from performing various functions within the homeland. However, when directed by the President, the use of military operations for HD is a constitutional exception to the PCA. When performing HD operations, Title 10, United States Code, forces are not subject to the restriction of the PCA.Homeland Defense kicks in when there is an existential threat to the Republic, and this scenario clearly posits an existential threat. The military would shift from a supporting role, i.e., “Homeland Security,” where all military actions are in support of civil authority — to “Homeland Defense” where military actions supersede (although are still going to be coordinated with, when possible) civil authority through enacting USNORTHCOM Concept Plan (CONPLAN) 2502. The name for this is “unified action,” as defined in JP 3–27:Unified action synchronizes, coordinates, and/or integrates joint, single-Service, and multinational operations with the activities of other interagency partners, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), intergovernmental organizations (IGOs), and the private sector to achieve unity of effort.Except it wouldn’t be a “Concept Plan” any longer…the US Northern Command (USNORTHCOM) must coordinate with the US Pacific Command (USPACOM), NORAD, and their various subordinate elements located around the nation to make the necessary changes to the “off the shelf” concept planning previously done, and begin executing Operational Plan 2502 by issuing various orders and commands in pursuit of Homeland Defense in the face of an existential crisis about to wipe out the United States as we know it.Page II-10 of JP 3–27 defines the US PACOM AOR, which is more than just Hawaii and Alaska, it includes the “Compact of Free Association” as well as various US territories and islands in the Pacific Ocean:USNORTHCOM covers all of the Continental US (CONUS), and the approaches thereto, so NORTHCOM must coordinate with PACOM (for all Pacific dependencies and HI/AK and the western approaches to CONUS by air/land/sea/etc.), SOUTHCOM for the approaches from the Caribbean and Latin America, CYBERCOM for information/cyber domain approaches and actions, TRANSCOM for military-grade heavy-lift transportation assets, STRATCOM (Strategic Command) for various warfighting functions including air assets and nuke stuff, and MORE!How confusing! But NORTHCOM will most likely be the “supported” command for any event happening in CONUS, the other Commands will be “supporting,” meaning they will be helping in any way they can as required by NORTHCOM.Additionally, we have a long-standing mutual defense treaty (since the 1940’s) with Canada which is personified in the bi-national NORAD command, where Canadian military officers are integrated into the Command structure providing air and space defenses over both the US and Canada. This mutual defense treaty goes further: it allows deployment of Canadian military assets into the US to assist the US military, if needed. This includes air, space, sea, and land assets of the Canadian military and government. See: The Canada-U.S. Defence RelationshipPermanent Joint Board on Defence (PJBD) – established in 1940 to discuss and advise on defence policy issues related to continental defence and security. Since, 2001 the Board’s membership has expanded to include representatives from Public Safety Canada and the Department of Homeland Security. The Canadian and U.S. co-chairs report the bi-annual discussions directly to the Prime Minister of Canada and the President of the United States.Military Cooperation Committee – established in 1946 and meets bi-annually as the primary strategic link between Canadian and U.S. joint military staffs.North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) – established in 1958 and based at Peterson Air Force Base in Colorado Springs, Colorado, NORAD is a Canadian and U.S. bi-national organization tasked with aerospace warning, aerospace control and maritime warning for North America. Traditionally, the Deputy Commander of NORAD has been a senior Canadian Armed Forces officer.The Combined Defence Plan – synchronizes military efforts from both countries into one coherent bilateral military defence plan.Tri-Command Framework – signed September 2009, outlines how NORAD, U.S. Northern Command (USNORTHCOM), and the Canadian Joint Operations Command (CJOC) operate and cooperate.The Canada-U.S. Civil Assistance Plan – signed February 2008, and renewed in January 2012, to facilitate the support of military members from one nation to the armed forces of the other nation in support of civilian authorities during an emergency such as a natural disaster.So, any scenario where the US Government has effectively collapsed will of course involve significant considerations by, at a minimum, these Governments (of which the first 8 are included in mutual defense treaties):Canada,NATO (United States, Albania, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Turkey, United Kingdom),Australia,New Zealand,Philippines,Thailand,Republic of Korea (South Korea),and the RIO Treaty (United States, Argentina, Bahamas, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Trinidad & Tobago, Uruguay, Venezuela),Plus Mexico, although the US has no formal mutual defense treaty, obviously anything that affects the US will affect Mexico!And…the United Nations…which surely will not sit by and idly let the world’s remaining superpower with thousands of nuclear weapons and over 300 million people and by far the largest economy go to ruin…easily imagine both General Assembly resolutions and Security Council diktats attempting to prevent the world’s nuclear mistakes, and the devastation of the world’s economy.By invoking Article 5 of NATO, we are also essentially calling out to the UN that at a minimum Chapter VI peacekeeping measures are needed, i.e., additional support, or Chapter VII peace enforcement, or even Chapter VIII regional measures whereby the Security Council has determined that the breach to international security and peace and order is so great as to require voluntary or involuntary introduction of UN resources, whether that is just food and housing, or military assets that would operate under a regional coalition simultaneously holding UN authority to act AND US (i.e., “regional”) Command, since it is difficult to envision that even in veritable death throes the remaining US authorities would permit “non-invited” UN military forces to the US…but as part of an overarching Chapter VIII Regional United Nations solution, in conjunction with the invocation of Article 5 of NATO collective self-defense, it IS conceivable to have a “coalition of the willing” comprised of many Nations helping to get the US back on its feet: the US and Canada form the core, adding NATO, and then remaining requirements brought to bear through Chapter VIII of the United Nations Charter…At the point where the US Govt is collapsing, the remaining Presidential authority will be used to not only call forth the national militia through the Insurrection Act, empower the US Armed Forces and the entire Total Force to support it through Homeland Defense operations, augment remaining Federal/State/Local authority through Defense Support to Civil Authorities operations (which is a simultaneous Homeland Security action occurring while Homeland Defense actions occur), AND invoke the Combined Defense Plan and Canada-US Civil Assistance Plans with Canada, AND invoke Article 5 of the NATO treaty, which would bring the resources of the entire NATO to support the remaining US Govt authorities and reinstate Federal controls. After all, what are our NATO friends for?!The actual “how” is far too complicated to explain here…massive and complex inter-organizational coordination (see Figure below), command structures, operations throughout the operational domains (land, sea, air, undersea, space, information/cyber, see Figure below), using the instruments of national power (diplomacy, information, military, economic), within and to protect the Homeland (and its approaches to continue to defend against anyone else trying to take advantage of our momentary weakness by flooding drugs, weapons, terrorism, etc., across our borders or against our interests and allies abroad).See Figure II-1 of JP 3–27:See figure I-3 of JP 3–27:

Anguilla (/ænˈɡwɪlə/ ann-GWIL-ə) is a British overseas territory in the Caribbean.It is one of the most northerly of the Leeward Islands in the Lesser Antilles, lying east of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands and directly north of Saint Martin.The territory consists of the main island of Anguilla, approximately 16 miles (26 kilometres) long by 3 miles (5 km) wide at its widest point, together with a number of much smaller islands and cays with no permanent population. The territory's capital is The Valley.The total land area of the territory is 35 square miles (91 km2), with a population of approximately 18,090 (July 2020 est.).Non-IndependentCountries and TerritoriesThere is limited information regarding the Prevalence andSectoral Distribution of the Worst Forms of Child Laborin non-independent countries and territories eligible for GSP,AGOA and CBTPA benefits.(1) Statistics on child work andschool attendance are often not available from the sourcesused in this report. In some cases, there is no evidence tosuggest that the worst forms of child labor exist in certain non-independent countries and territories. In these cases, when lawsappear to meet the guidelines called for in ILO Convention182 and embodied in the TDA, no recommendations foraction have been included.These non-independent countries and territories generally arenot eligible to become members of ILO, so the organization’sMinimum Age Convention (No. 138) and the Worst Formsof Child Labor Convention (No. 182) do not apply to themajority of them.(2, 3) Territories are generally subject to thelaws of the sovereign country.AssessmentsEvidence suggests that the worst forms of child labor are anissue in some non-independent countries and territories.These entities are assessed in the same manner that all othercountries included in this report are assessed. Other non-independent countries and territories do not appear to have aproblem with the worst forms of child labor. These entities fallinto three types.The first type of non-independent country and territoryinvolves one in which the population of children is either non-existent or extremely small (under 50). For this reason, OCFTdoes not write profiles on these territories. The three territoriesthat fit this category are Heard and McDonald Islands, thePitcairn Islands and the British Indian Ocean Territories/Chagos Archipelago. The Heard and McDonald Islands areuninhabited, and the population of the Pitcairn Islands is lessthan 50 people.(4) The British Indian Ocean Territories isinhabited by U.S. and U.K. military personnel.(5)The second type of non-independent country and territory isone with no evidence of a worst form of child labor problemand with a good legal and enforcement framework. Suchentities will be marked “No assessment”. Given the lack of ademonstrated problem, along with the presence of a preventivelegal and enforcement framework, OCFT does not includerecommendations for these territories. OCFT would likewisenot assess these territories’ efforts. (There are currently seventerritories that fit this category. If new evidence emerged thatshowed the worst forms of child labor had been eliminated incertain countries, it would be theoretically possible for suchcountries, as long as they had a good legal framework, to fitinto this category.)The third type of non-independent country and territory isone in which there is no evidence of a worst forms of childlabor problem, but that lacks a good legal and enforcementframework. The lack of such a framework is a gap in efforts toprevent the worst forms of child labor. For this reason, suchnon-independent countries and territories are assessed as “Noadvancement.”REFERENCES1. U.S. Government. Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (Rev. 1); 2010.http://www.usitc.gov/publications/docs/tata/hts/bychapter/1001gn.pdf.2. ILO. Constitution of the International Labour Organization; 1948. http://www.ilo.org/ilolex/english/constq.htm. Most of the areas covered in the summary reportare considered non-metropolitan territories and are therefore ineligible to becomemembers of ILO. While ILO still does not have an official definition for “non-metropolitan territory,” in earlier versions of the ILO Constitution, “colonies,protectorates and possessions which are not fully self governing” was used inplace of this term. An ILO member can submit a declaration to ILO requestingthat these conventions apply to their non-metropolitan areas. Please see the chartregarding ratifications of international conventions and selected non-independentcountry and territory laws at the end of this discussion.3. ILO official. E-mail communication. USDOL official. January 31, 2002.4. Central Intelligence Agency. Pitcairn Islands, [online] [cited Central Intelligence Agency - CIAlibrary/publications/the-world-factbook/.5. U.S. Embassy- London. E-mail communication. USDOL official. April 1, 2011.AnguillaIn 2011, Anguilla made a minimal advancement inefforts to eliminate the worst forms for child labor.Although evidence is limited, children are reportedlyinvolved in commercial sexual exploitation in Anguilla.As a result of the Child Protection National Action Plan,the Government published the Safeguarding and ChildProtection Protocols and Procedures, which designatesclear responsibilities for government agencies, serves as aguide for recognizing and referring child protection cases,and will assist in the development of future legislation.Despite these efforts, the Government appears to lack alist of hazardous work prohibited to children and doesnot have the institutional framework or any programs toaddress the commercial sexual exploitation of children.Prevalence and Sectoral Distribution of theWorst Forms of Child LaborSome children in Anguilla are engaged in the worst formsof child labor, specifically in commercial sexual exploitation.Reportedly, children perform sex acts in exchange for moneyand gifts.(1) In a number of cases, these transactions reportedlyoccur with the knowledge, consent and, sometimes, initiationof the child’s parent.(1) However, information about the natureand prevalence of the problem remains limited.Laws and Regulations on the Worst Formsof Child LaborThe Education Act prohibits children of compulsory schoolage (5 until the age of 17) from employment during the schoolyear, and children younger than age 14 from employment at alltimes.(2) The Employment of Children (Restriction) Act limitschildren younger than age 12 from working in any capacity,including light work.(3) Under the Restriction Act, childrenages 12 to 14 may not work during the school day, and thereare limitations on work times and the total number of hoursthey may work. In addition, they are prohibited from work thatmay be physically hazardous or that requires heavy lifting.(3)It is unclear whether the Education Act or the Employmentof Children (Restriction) Act takes precedence in regard towhether children ages 12 to 14 may engage in light work.The Employment of Women, Young Persons and Children Actprohibits all children younger than age 17 from working inindustrial undertakings or at night. This provision may leavechildren age 17 vulnerable to dangerous work in industrialundertakings or at night.(2) The Governor of the Territory hasthe authority to expand restrictions on child labor.(3) Researchdid not identify whether Anguilla has a comprehensive list ofhazardous work prohibited for children.The Constitution prohibits slavery and forced labor.(4) TheCriminal Code prohibits the prostitution and abductionof children, and the publishing or circulation of indecentmaterials. The Code also prohibits the use of children for illicitactivities.(2, 5)Defense in Anguilla is the responsibility of the UnitedKingdom and the minimum age for military recruitmentis 16.(6) The minimum age of 16 for military recruitmentappears to fall below the international standard of 18 yearsestablished in ILO Convention 182.The Education Act makes education compulsory to age17.(2, 7) The law also guarantees free education until age17.(8)Institutional Mechanisms for Coordinationand EnforcementAnguilla has formed a multiagency Child Protection SteeringCommittee to carry out the Child Protection National ActionPlan.(9) The Department of Social Development (DSD) isthe main coordinating agency responsible for child protectionin Anguilla. The DSD employs social workers to manageand investigate child protection cases.(10) It also works withthe Royal Anguilla Police Force to investigate cases involvingchild abuse, although what responsibility the Police Forcehas for enforcing laws against the worst forms of child labor,particularly commercial sexual exploitation, is not clear fromresearch.(11) However, research found no evidence thatthe Government of Anguilla has established a coordinatingmechanism to combat the commercial sexual exploitation ofchildren.The Employment of Children (Restriction) Act designates theLabor Commissioner as responsible for enforcing child laborlaws. The Act authorizes the Labor Commissioner to investigatework sites where children are believed to be employed, and toprosecute, conduct or defend any information, complaint orother proceeding arising under the Act.(3)Government Policies on the Worst Forms ofChild LaborThe Government has developed a Child Protection NationalAction Plan, which calls for the establishment of a childprotection protocol and the development of necessarylegislative and institutional frameworks to address issuesimpacting children and their families.(12) During the reportingperiod, the Government published the Safeguarding andChild Protection Protocols and Procedures to assist in thedevelopment of future legislation on child protection.(11, 13)The publication designates clear responsibilities for governmentagencies and serves as a guide for recognizing and referringchild protection cases.(11, 14) The question of whether thispolicy has had an impact on the commercial sexual exploitationof children does not appear to have been addressed.Social Programs to Eliminate or Prevent theWorst Forms of Child LaborThe Government of Anguilla participates in SafeguardingChildren in the Overseas Territories (SCOT) Program,which is sponsored by the United Kingdom’s Department forInternational Development.(9) Through the SCOT Program,participating governments receive capacity-building andadvisory support to implement policies, procedures and bestpractices to ensure children’s health and safety. In Anguilla,Christmas IslandNo AssessmentPrevalence and Sectoral Distribution of theWorst Forms of Child LaborThere is no evidence that children on Christmas Island areengaged in the worst forms of child labor.Laws and Regulations on the Worst Formsof Child LaborChristmas Island is subject to the child labor laws of the stateof Western Australia.(1) The Western Australia Children andCommunity Services Act 2004 prohibits the employment ofchildren younger than age 15 in a business, trade or for-profitoccupation.(2) The Department of Child Protection canissue an order to stop a child from working if there is a riskof harm.(1) No information was found on whether any lawsdefine hazardous work or establish a minimum age for it.Child prostitution is prohibited under the Western AustraliaProstitution Act of 2000.(1, 3) Both the Western AustraliaChildren and Community Services Act and the federallyenacted Commonwealth Criminal Code Act 1995 of Australiaproscribe the possession, production and distribution of childpornography.(2, 4, 5) The Commonwealth Criminal Code Act1995 of Australia also criminalizes all forms of slavery, forcedlabor, the use of children for illicit activities and trafficking inchildren.(4)Defense of Christmas Island is the responsibility of theAustralian Defense Force, which has a voluntary recruitmentage of 17 and a minimum combat age of 18.(6-8)Public education is free and education is compulsory until age17.(9-11)Institutional Mechanisms for Coordinationand EnforcementAs there is no evidence of a problem, there appears to be noneed for a coordinating mechanism to address the worst formsof child labor.The Australian Federal Police, the Department of Immigrationand Citizenship, and the Department of Regional Australiaenforce criminal laws related to the worst forms of childlabor.(1, 11)The Australian Federal Police is responsible for investigatingthe commercial sexual exploitation of children, such aspornography.(1)The Australian Federal Police has jurisdiction in traffickingmatters and its Human Trafficking Teams investigate humantrafficking for the purpose of transnational sexual and laborexploitation.(5) The Australian Federal Police Child ProtectionOperations Team performs an investigative and coordinationrole for multijurisdictional and international online child sexexploitation issues.(1, 5)Government Policies on the Worst Forms ofChild LaborAs there is no evidence of a problem, there appears to be noneed for policies to address the worst forms of child labor.Social Programs to Eliminate or Prevent theWorst Forms of Child LaborAs there is no evidence of a problem, there appears to be noneed for programs to address the worst forms of child labor.REFERENCES1. U.S. Embassy- Canberra. reporting, January 19, 2012.2. Government of Western Australia. Children and Community Services Act 2004,enacted October 20, 2004. Western Australian Current Actscacsa2004318/.3. Government of Western Australia. Prostitution Act 2000, enacted July 29, 2000.PROSTITUTION ACT 2000PROSTITUTION ACT 2000 Table of Provisions PART 1 -- Preliminary 1 Short title 2 Commencement 3 Terms used 4 Prostitution PART 2 -- General provisions about prostitution Division 1 -- Persons generally 5 Seeking prostitute in or in view or within hearing of public place 6 Seeking client in or in view or within hearing of public place 7 Seeking to induce person to act as prostitute 8 Prophylactic to be used 9 Promoting employment in prostitution industry 10 Prohibition of certain sponsorships 11 Hindering performance of functions 12 Contravening direction by police to move on 13 Failure to comply with certain police requirements Division 2 -- Prostitutes 14 Section 14 offence 15 Acting as prostitute for child PART 3 -- Other provisions about children 16 Causing, permitting, or seeking to induce child to act as prostitute 17 Obtaining payment for prostitution by child 18 Agreement for prostitution by child 19 Child not to seek services of prostitute 20 Prostitution at place where child present 21 Allowing child to be at place involving prostitution PART 4 -- Provisions for police 22 Terms used 23 Powers to obtain information 24 Police may direct person to move on 25 Detention, search and seizure without warrant 26 Entry of, and seizure at, place of business without warrant 27 Search and seizure with warrant 28 Warrant may be obtained remotely 29 Provisions about searching person 30 Retaining something seized but not forfeited 31 Forfeiture and delivery on conviction 32 Forfeiture and delivery other than on conviction 33 Disposal of thing forfeited 34 Powers to assist seizing things 36 Commissioner may delegate function PART 5 -- Restraining orders 37 Restraining order to prevent further offence 38 Restraining order against person who could be required to move on 39 Provisions about making order 40 Terms of restraining order 41 Duration of restraining order 42 Variation or cancellation 43 Court to notify parties of decision 44 When cancellation takes effect 45 Provisions about children 46 Breach of restraining order 47 Appeals 48 Order not to conflict with family order PART 6 -- Evidence 49 Accused presumed to know if person is a child 50 Person residing with child prostitute presumed to receive payment 51 Accused presumed to have allowed presence of child 52 Intention presumed in some cases 54 Averment that prostitution business carried on PART 7 -- Miscellaneous 55 Legal proceedings 56 Protection of certain persons 57 Exchange of information between State authorities 58 Confidentiality 59 Liability of managerial officer for offence by body corporate 61 Regulations 62 Regulations relating to restraining order applications http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/wa/consol_act/pa2000205/http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/wa/consol_act/pa2000205/.4. Government of Western Australia. The Criminal Code Act 1995, enacted 1995.http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/cca1995115/sch1.html.5. Government of Australia. Initial Report under the Optional Protocol to theConvention on the Rights of the Child on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution andChild Pornography. Canberra; 2008 December. Youth Law Australia+Australian+Report+under+OPCRC(SC)+-+Proofread+Version+-+May+2009.pdf.6. Central Intelligence Agency. “Christmas Island,” in The World Factbook.Washington, DC; 2012; https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/kt.html.7. Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers. “Australia,” in Child Soldiers GlobalReport 2008. London; 2008; http://www.childsoldiersglobalreport.org/preface.8. Australia. Canberra Act 2600, Amendment No 2, enacted April 22, 2008.9. U.S. Embassy- Canberra official. E-mail communication to official U. March 31,2011.10. Government of Western Australia. School Education Act 1999, enacted January 1,2001. SCHOOL EDUCATION ACT 1999.11. U.S. Embassy- Canberra. reporting, February 11, 2011.Cocos (Keeling) IslandsNo AssessmentPrevalence and Sectoral Distribution of theWorst Forms of Child LaborThere is no evidence that children on Cocos (Keeling) Islandsare engaged in the worst forms of child labor.