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This is a good question, let's enumerate some important laws which came in the newspapers in the past 12 months.We shall make this post crowd-sourced. And we are planning to reward our contributors by giving them credits* -Detailed Well Presented 100 word Explanation - 2000Giving Valid Links and a Small Brief - 1000Giving Names of New Laws - 500Contributors (As of now) - Jai Parimi, Divya Malika, Prasanna, Ashutosh Pandey, Arihant Pawariya (अरिहंत पावङिया), Divya Choudhary (दिव्या चौधरी), Varsha Singh, Priyanka Peeramsetty, User, Gaurav Kumar, Jagannadh, Arpit Pareek, Nikhil Deshmukh, Harshit Ladva1) The National Judicial Appointments Commission Bill, 2014 and the 99th Constitutional AmendmentA bill to provide for the composition of the Judicial Appointments Commission for the purpose of recommending persons for appointment as Chief Justice of India and other Judges of the Supreme Court, Chief Justices and other Judges of High Courts, its functions, procedure to be followed by it and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.Key Issues and AnalysisThe current method of appointments has been examined by various bodies including the Law Commission and the Parliamentary Standing Committee. They vary in the role of the executive and judiciary in making appointments of judges.The composition of the JAC has not been included in the Constitution, but has been left for Parliament to decide by law. This implies that modifying the composition of the JAC would not require a constitutional amendment, but may be altered by a simple majority in Parliament.The Standing Committee examining the JAC Bill has recommended that (i) the JAC be composed of three eminent persons, (ii) the broad parameters for short listing of candidates for HC appointments be laid down in the Bill, and (iii) the center also consider the setting up of state level appointments commissions comprising the Chief Minister, the Chief Justice of HC and the Leader of Opposition.2) Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Reservation Act, 2013Objective - The principle objective of the new bill is fair compensation, thorough resettlement and rehabilitation of those affected, adequate safeguards for their well-being and complete transparency in the process of land acquisition. The title has been amended to reflect this.Need - There is unanimity of opinion across the social and political spectrum that the Old Law (The Land Acquisition Act 1894) suffers from various shortcomings and is outdated. Some of these include Forced acquisitions, No safeguards, Silent on resettlement and rehabilitation of those displaced, Urgency clause, Low rates of compensation, Litigation. To say the least, the Old Act needs to be replaced at the earliest by fair, reasonable and rational enactment in tune with the constitutional provisions, particularly, Article 300A of the Constitution.Link - Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 20133) Companies Act, 2013 (CSR Pref)Objective - Effective from financial year 2014-15, every company, private limited or public limited, which either has a net worth of Rs 500 crore or a turnover of Rs 1,000 crore or net profit of Rs 5 crore, needs to spend at least 2% of its average net profit for the immediately preceding three financial years on corporate social responsibility activities.Impact - The CSR activities undertaken by the companies will benefit hunger and poverty eradication, promoting preventive healthcare, promoting education and promoting gender equality, setting up homes for women, orphans and the senior citizens, measures for reducing inequalities faced by socially and economically backward groups, ensuring environmental sustainability and ecological balance, animal welfare, protection of national heritage and art and culture and many more.Link - Companies Act, 2013, Companies - It's a good articlePRSIndia– This describes the whole of companies act – Checkpoint 135 for CSR4) Right to Information Act (RTI), 2005Objective - Landmark bill, which realized the Right to seek and access Information in line with the interpretation of Art.19(1)(a) of our constitution.Impact - Champion to ensure Transparency and accountability in the governance procedures. it enforces the right of every citizen of India to have an access to the information regarding any money given by the State to any authority, thereby causing such authority to utilize such money reasonably and judiciously and also for keeping a check over their conduct and indulgence in corrupt activities. In 2002, SC’s verdict gave the citizens have a right to know about charges against candidates for elections as well as details of their assets, since they desire to offer themselves for public service and public servants cannot claim exemption from disclosure of charges against them or details of their assets. It is a powerful tool which can be realised in changing social dynamics and needs.Criticism - Debates regarding the ambit of RTI’s scope have been articulated, to be extended, say to the political parties, temples, schools and also privatized public utility companies. Evidences of misusage have come to the limelight, say Naxalites using RTI’s to check the assets of local landlords to loot themGuide to RTI : Page on rti.gov.in5) Special Economic Zones (SEZ) Act, 2005Objective - The SEZ Act is expected to give a big thrust to exports and consequently to the foreign direct investment (“FDI”) inflows into India, and is considered to be one of the finest pieces of legislation that may well represent the future of the industrial development strategy in India. The new law is aimed at encouraging PPP to develop world-class infrastructure and attract private investment (domestic and foreign), boosting economic growth, exports and employmentImpact - The government gets the capital needed to establish the required infrastructure and also the expertise. SEZ’s with relaxed import tariffs help the Import dependent and export driven industries to flourish. SEZ’s create immense employment opportunities and improve the country’s foreign export.Criticism - Practical implementation witnesses several backlogs ranging from regional disparities, grabbing arable land, labour laws issues and supply chain management which fail to be addressed effectively through the bill6) Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013Objective -The government introduced the Bill to redefine the offence of rape and amend the penal laws in line with the recommendations of the Law Commission and the National Commission for Women. The government withdrew the previous Bill and Ordinance, and introduced the Criminal Law (Amendment) Bill, 2013. The changes wrt the ordinance in the act are:Impact - Popularly known as the Anti-rape bill, this came out of the protests of 2012 Delhi Gang rape case.Criticism - For not including certain suggestions recommended by the Verma Committee Report like, marital rape, reduction of age of consent, amending Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act.Some detailed work: http://www.atimysore.gov.in/workshops/wppts/gender_issues/crim_law_amnd_2013_drjagadeesh_jsslaw_college.pdf7) Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace Act, 2013Objective - To provide protection against sexual harassment of women at workplace and for the prevention and redressal of complaints of sexual harassment and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto. the protection against sexual harassment and the right to work with dignity are universally recognized human rightsImpact - On a broader line, this ensures safe work environment for women against sexual abuse at work place and is capable of garnering a greater female work force and these are the Major features the act provides for.Criticism - It does not cover women in the armed forces and excludes women agricultural workers, "a gross injustice to agricultural workers. The burden of proof is on the women who complain of harassment. If found guilty of making a false complaint or giving false evidence, she could be prosecuted, which has raised concerns about women being even more afraid of reporting offences. Furthermore, the law requires a third-party NGO to be involved, which could make employers less comfortable in reporting grievances, due to confidentiality concerns.8) DNA Profiling Bill, 2012Purpose - DNA analysis makes it possible to determine whether the source of origin of one body substance is identical to that of another, and further to establish the biological relationship, if any, between two individuals, living or dead without any doubt.Tip - Lawful purposes of establishing identity in criminal or civil proceedings.Impact - It will be essential to establish standards for laboratories, staff qualifications, training, proficiency testing, collection of body substances, custody trail from collection to reporting and a Data Bank with policies of use and access to information therein, its retention and deletion.DNA Data Bank Manager will supervise, execute and maintain this system and a DNA Profiling Board of eminent scientists, administrators and Law enforcement officers will administer and carry out other functions assigned to it under this Act.Link - DNA Profiling Bill - PDF9) Nuclear Safety Regulatory Authority Bill, 2011Purpose - So far, India has excellent record in nuclear safety and radiation safety; but the Central Government intends to promote nuclear energy to meet shortfall in total energy requirement of the country; and whereas such excellent safety record in nuclear safety and radiation safety is required to be sustained for growth in the nuclear energy sector.Impact - Now, therefore, it has been considered necessary and expedient to establish regulators to ensure continued excellence in nuclear safety and radiation safety in all applications of radiation and atomic energy on a large scale.10) Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Bill, 2010Purpose - As the name itself indicates that it is an Act to provide for civil liability for nuclear damage and prompt compensation to the victims of a nuclear incident through a no-fault liability regime channeling liability to the operator.Impact - Appointment of Claims Commissioner, establishment of Nuclear Damage Claims Commission connected there with.11) IT Act, 2000 and IT (Amendment) Bill, 2006Purpose - It is an Act to provide legal recognition for the transactions carried out by means of electronic data interchange and other means of electronic communication, commonly referred to as "Electronic Commerce", which involve the use of alternatives to paper based methods of communication and storage of information, to facilitate electronic filings of documents with the Government and other related agencies.Tip - It is renamed as the Information Technology Act, 2008Impact - To promote efficient delivery of Government services by means of reliable electronic records.12) National Green Tribunal Bill, 2009Purpose - For the effective disposal of cases relating to environmental protection and conservation of forests and other natural resources including enforcement of any legal rights relating to environment and giving relief and compensation for damages to persons and property.Impact - National Green Tribunal law is enacted in view of the involvement of multi-disciplinary issues relating to the environment and also to implement the decisions taken at Rio de Janeiro and Stockholm Conferences.Link - NGT Bill - PDF13) Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act, 1969Objective - It is designed to ensure that the operation of the economic system does not result in concentration of the economic power to the common detriment.The act also provides for probation of monopolistic, unfair and restrictive trade practices.Impact - The MRTP Commission if on enquiry concludes that the practice under consideration is of restrictive or unfair in nature , it may:Order discontinuation of the practice and restrict its repetition (cease and desist order ), the agreement shall be void and shall stand modified as may specified in the order. It extends to the whole of India except the State of Jammu and Kashmir.Link - MRTP Act, 196914) Mines and Minerals (Development & Regulation) Amendment Bill, 2008(Coal scam and SC verdict, so important)Objective - To develop and regulate mining & mineral industries and bring it under the control of one union by setting up mineral funds on National level, granting concessions, share benefit schemes while preventing illegal mining.Impact - Safeguards on regulating and safe disposal of waste in consonance with environmental norms will be incorporated. Through implementation of proper taxing and speedy approvals on action against violations illegal mining will be preventedLink - Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Amendment Bill 200815) Whistleblower Protection Bill, 2011It seeks to establish a mechanism to register complaints on any allegations of corruption or wilful misuse of power against a public servant. The Bill also provides safeguards against victimisation of the person who makes the complaint.Highlights of the BillThe Bill seeks to protect whistleblowers, i.e. persons making a public interest disclosure related to an act of corruption, misuse of power, or criminal offence by a public servant.The Vigilance Commission shall not disclose the identity of the complainant except to the head of the department if he deems it necessary. The Bill penalises any person who has disclosed the identity of the complainant.Key Issues and AnalysisThe Bill aims to balance the need to protect honest officials from undue harassment with protecting persons making a public interest disclosure. It punishes any person making false complaints. However, it does not provide any penalty for victimizing a complainant.16) Juvenile Justice(Care and Protection) Bill 2014Objectives: The Bill seeks to achieve the objectives of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Children. It specifies procedural safeguards in cases of children in conflict with law. It seeks to address challenges in the existing Act such as delays in adoption processes, high pendency of cases, accountability of institutions, etc. The Bill further seeks to address children in the 16-18 age group, in conflict with law, as an increased incidence of crimes committed by them have been reported over the past few years.Coverage: The Bill defines a child as anyone less than 18 years of age. However, a special provision has been inserted for the possibility of trying 16-18 year old committing heinous offenses, as adults. A heinous offense is defined as one for which the minimum punishment under the Indian Penal Code is seven years.17) Citizens Charters & Grievance Redressal Bill, 2011. (CCGR)The Citizen's Charter and Grievance Redressal Bill 2011 also known as The Right of Citizens for Time Bound Delivery of Goods and Services and Redressal of their Grievances Bill, 2011 or Citizens Charter Bill was a proposed in Lok Sabha in December 2011. The bill lapsed due to dissolution of the 15th Lok Sabha.The Right of Citizens for Time Bound Delivery of Goods and Services and Redressal of their Grievances Bill, 2011 lays down obligations of every public authority towards citizens, specifying delivery of goods and services in a time-bound manner and providing for a grievance redressal mechanism for non-compliance of citizens charter.Highlights :The Bill makes it mandatory for every public authority to publish a Citizen’s Charter within six months of the commencement of the Act.The Citizen’s Charter shall list the details of the goods and services provided by a public authority; the name of the person or agency responsible for providing the goods or services; the time frame within which such goods or services have to be provided; the category of people entitled to the goods and services; and details of the complaint redressal mechanism.Grievance redress officer : It requires every public authority to designate grievance redress officers in all public offices to enquire into and redress any complaints from citizens in a timeframe not exceeding 30 days from the date of receipt of the complaint.Public Grievance Redressal Commissions : The Bill provides for constitution of the state public grievance redressal commission and the central public grievance redressal commission consisting of chief commissioners and other commissioners.Penalty : DA and Commission can impose fine of Max. Rs 50000 to concerned officials/GRO. The penalty shall be recovered from the salary of the official. Such penalty may be awarded as compensation to the appellant.Corruption Prevention : The Designated Authority and the Commissions may refer a matter to the appropriate authorities if there is prima facie evidence of a corrupt act under the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988. An appeal against the decision of the Central Commission shall be filed before the Lokpal. An appeal against the decision of the State Commission shall be filed before the Lokayukta.Criticism :Against federal Spirit : Citizens’ charter bill provides for GRO and Grievances Commission at state and central level, but Parliament doesn’t not have jurisdiction to enact such law. Only State legislature has jurisdiction to make laws regarding state public services.More than ten states have already enacted a Citizen Charter Act or Public Services Guarantee Act in their respective states. Many of these state laws have provisions that are much better than the proposed Bill.Lack of Autonomy : According to the bill, the commissioners may be removed without judicial inquiry.Duplication of work : Several states have their own grievance redressal laws, The mechanism provided under these laws is different from that provided under the Bill. This will lead to duplication of work and organizations.MNREGA Act, RTE Act, National Food Security Bill, and the Public Procurement Bill also have their own grievances redressal forums. This will again lead to more duplication.Sources :Copy of Bill : Page on prsindia.orgSummery of Bill : Page on prsindia.orgWiki Page : Citizen's Charter and Grievance Redressal Bill 2011Mrual Page : Citizens Charter Bill 2011: Salient Features, Issues, CriticismRediff Page : All you need to know about the Citizen's Charter Bill18) Right to Education Act, 2009The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act or Right to Education Act (RTE), was enacted on 4 August 2009, which describes the rules and regulations for free and compulsory education of children between 6 and 14 under Article 21A of Constitution. India became one of 135 countries to make education a fundamental right of every child when the act came into force on 1 April 2010.Highlights :The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education (RTE) Act 2009 stipulates that private schools reserve 25 per cent of seats at the entry level for children belonging to ‘disadvantaged groups’ and ‘weaker sections’.The Act also provides that no child shall be held back, expelled, or required to pass a board examination until the completion of elementary education. There is also a provision for special training of school drop-outs to bring them up to par with students of the same age.Mentally and physically challenged children, entitled to free education in special schools, were included in the definition through an amendment in 2012.It also prohibits all unrecognised schools from practice, and makes provisions for no donation or capitation fees and no interview of the child or parent for admissions.Criticism :The act has been criticised for being hastily-drafted, not consulting many groups active in education, not considering the quality of education, infringing on the rights of private and religious minority schools to administer their system, and for excluding children under six years of age.Problems faced :Poor Response : Lack of awareness about the Act, inability to meet the distance criteria and difficulty in obtaining necessary certificates from government authorities could be some of the reasons for this.The Act provides for admission of children without any certification. However, several states have continued pre-existing procedures insisting that children produce income and caste certificates, BPL cards and birth certificates.The Act is not applicable to private minority schools and boarding schools.Report on the status of implementation of the Act released by the Ministry of Human Resource Development admits that 8.1 million children in the age group six-14 remain out of school and there’s a shortage of 508,000 teachers country-wide.Conclusion :For all its flaws, the RTE Act is a progressive piece of legislation that aims to take education to the masses and fill the gaps in the social system.Sources :Copy of Act : Page on ssa.nic.inWiki page : Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education ActHindu Article : Advantages and disadvantages of RTE Act19) Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2013 (POSCO)Objective – The act aims at ensuring protection of children from sexual abuse.Pros –1. Gender Neutral bill. 53% victims of children are victims.2. Stringent punishment (upto life imprisonment)3. Covers broad range of sexual crimes such as non-penetrative sexual assault, sexual harassment, and the use of children for pornography4. Includes special procedures to prevent the re-victimisation of children at the hands of an insensitive justice delivery system5. Protects victims identity and provides assisting legal, medical and psychological facilitiesCons –1. Criminalises all consensual sexual contact below 18 years age.2. The age provision is not in consonance with other acts.3. Regressive and draconian considering today’s social realities. Children are increasingly aware of each others sexualities at early age.4. Child marriage is prevalent on large scale. The age provision ignores this reality. Liable to bogus and unjustified complaints.Source – The Hindu : Good Act, bad provision20) The Prevention of Corruption (Amendment) Bill, 2013Objective – The act aims to combat corruption in government agencies and public sector businesses in India.Pros -1. Covers the offence of giving a bribe to a public servant under abetment. Specific provisions related to giving a bribe to a public servant, and giving a bribe by a commercial organisation.2. Redefines criminal misconduct to only cover misappropriation of property and possession of disproportionate assets.3. Modifies the definitions and penalties for offences related totaking a bribe, being a habitual offender and abetting an offence.4. Introduces Powers and procedures for the attachment and forfeiture of property of public servants accused of corruption.5. The Act requires prior sanction to prosecute serving public officials. The Bill extends this protection to former officials.Cons -1. The Bill makes giving a bribe a specific offence. There are diverging views on whether bribe giving under all circumstances must be penalised. Some have argued that a coerced bribe giver must be distinguished from a collusive bribe giver.2. The Bill has deleted the provision that protects a bribe giver from prosecution, for any statement made by him during a corruption trial. This may deter bribe givers from appearing as witnesses in court.3. The Bill has replaced the definition of criminal misconduct. It now requires that the intention to acquire assets disproportionate to income also be proved, in addition to possession of such assets. Thus, the threshold to establish the offence of possession of disproportionate assets has been increased by the Bill.4. By redefining the offence of criminal misconduct, the Bill does not cover circumstances where the public official: (i) uses illegal means, (ii) abuses his position, or (iii) disregards public interest and obtains a valuable thing or reward for himself or another person.5. Under the Act, the guilt of the person is presumed for the offences of taking a bribe, being a habitual offender or abetting an offence. The Bill amends this provision to only cover the offence of taking a bribe.Source - The Prevention of Corruption (Amendment) Bill, 201321) Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART) (Regulation) Bill 2010Objective – The bill aims at legalizing (commercial) surrogacy.Pros –1. Offers legal protection to child and surrogate mothers.2. Regulation of IVF/ART clinics and holding them Accountable for ensuring best medical practices.3. Curbs exploitation of mother. Limits number of child births per mother to five.4. Introduces age limit for surrogate mother – 21 to 35.5. Ensures Child’s citizenship to be same as parents.Cons –1. Legal back up will lead to widespread commercialization of surrogacy, posing serious ethical, moral and philosophical questions.2. Mandatory certificate ensuring legality of surrogacy in foreign couple’s home country needed. Impediments in smooth commercial functioning.3. No provision in the bill if parent’s change their mind or die. Child’s responsibility in this case is debatable.4. Plethora of in-genuine clinics in India. Exploitation of poor and illiterate mothers because of their incapability to understand legalities involved.Source - Issues of surrogacy, PIB English Features22) Biotechnology Regulatory Authority Bill, 2013Objective - The Bill sets up an independent authority, the Biotechnology Regulatory Authority of India (BRAI), to regulate organisms and products of modern biotechnology.Pros –1. BRAI will regulate the research, transport, import, containment, environmental release, manufacture, and use of biotechnology products.2. Regulatory approval by BRAI will be granted through a multi-level process of assessment undertaken by scientific experts.3. BRAI will certify that the product developed is safe for its intended use. All other laws governing the product will continue to apply.4. A Biotechnology Regulatory Appellate Tribunal will hear civil cases that involve a substantial question relating to modern biotechnology and hear appeals on the decisions and orders of BRAI.5. Penalties are specified for providing false information to BRAI, conducting unapproved field trials, obstructing or impersonating an officer of BRAI and for contravening any other provisions of the Bill.Cons -1. The Tribunal has jurisdiction over a ‘substantial question relating to modern biotechnology’ – An ambiguous term.2. The Tribunal will consist of one judicial member and five technical members. This is not in conformity with a SC decision that the number of technical members on a bench of a Tribunal cannot exceed the number of judicial members.3. The Tribunal’s technical members shall be eminent scientists or government officials with experience in the field. It is unclear whether the technical expertise of the latter can be equated with the former.4. The Bill does not specify any liability for damage caused by a product of biotechnology. Therefore, it will remain open to the courts to determine liability arising out of any adverse impact of modern biotechnology.5. Tribunal will not accept complaints from civil society, in spite of the fact that the Bill directly or indirectly affects every citizen. No public consultation done.6. Non clarity over Dept of GoI that will service BRAI. No mention of mandatory labelling of GM crops.7. Takes away rights of states to decide on Agriculture, which is state subject.8. The Convener of the Selection Committee for members of BRAI will be from the Department of Biotechnology (DBT), which is a vendor of genetic engineering (the technology that BRAI is supposed to regulate) in the country. Conflict of Interest will arise.Source - The Biotechnology Regulatory Authority of India Bill, 2013Unconstitutional, unethical, unscientific23) Coal Regulatory Authority Bill, 2013ObjectiveTo set up an independent regulatory body for the coal sector that shall help in the regulation and conservation of coal resources and will benefit all stakeholders i.e. - coal companies, coal consuming industries such as power, steel, cement and coal bearing States and people, directly or indirectly associated with the coal industry.A fund called ‘The Coal Regulatory Authority Fund” is created to credit all the receipts and fees received.Constituents1 chairperson + 4 members. One each from legal , technical , administrative and financial wings. All to be selected by a committee of Group of Ministers (GoM) headed by Cabinet Secretary.What will it do ?Inject transparency in allocation of coal blocks.Decide and Monitor operational norms and mining closure compliances and such.Determine pricing of the fuel and publishing surveys, information, statistics, etc related to coal sector and coal quality.Adjudicate disputes between entities and between entities and other persons.Advise government on technologies, policy, promotion, investment etc.Ref :- The Coal Regulatory Authority Bill, 2013,Coal Regulatory Authority Bill likely in Winter session24) eWaste (Management and Handling) Act, 2011What is it ?E-waste has beendefined as “waste electrical and electronic equipment, whole or in part or rejects from their manufacturing and repair process, which are intended to be discarded”.AIM :-Reduction in the use of hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment.Specifying threshold for use of hazardous material including lead, mercury and cadmium.Ministry of Environment & Forest (MoEF) thus introduces the concept of "Extended Producer Responsibility".How will it work ?It fixes responsibilities on every producer, seller, consumer or bulk consumer, collection centre, dismantler and recycler of e-waste involved in the manufacture, sale, purchase and processing of electrical and electronic equipment or components.E.g. :Recycling of E-Waste generated during manufacturing and "End of Life" of electronic and electrical equipments.Setting up of collection centres by companies or individuals to collect E-waste and discard them.Setting up of funds by corporate to boost scientific and eco-friendly disposal of E-waste.CritiqueNo accountability set on anyone.E-Industry remains skeptical of the efficacy of this act.No specific targets set.Ref :- @E-waste management rules kick in today@Page on moef.nic.in25) Prevention of Communal and Targeted Violence Bill, 2011What is it ?The bill is intended to prevent “any act or series of acts, whether spontaneous or planned, resulting in injury or harm to the person and or property, knowingly directed against any person by virtue of his or her membership of any group."How ?The billAddresses identity-based or targeted crimes and organised mass violence as special offences.Places accountability of public officers with varying penalties for dereliction of duty it.Provides for the creation of a National Authority and the State authorities to ensure justice and reparation.Addresses issues faced by specific communities like economic boycott, denial of public service, forced migration , hostile environment etc.Empowers state and center government to intercept any messages and communication that it feels might lead to communal violence.Sets up district level authorities to assess compensation.CritiquesCurbing freedom of expression by terming it as Hate propaganda.Presumption of guilt and burden of proof on the accused – The accused will have to prove innocence.All the persons acting under this Act will have blanket of protection of action taken in good faith.Brings civil servants in direct line of fire by vaguely defining "dereliction of duty".26) Competition Act, 2002The Competition Act was passed in 2002Competition Commission of India (CCI) was established on March 1, 2009 as an autonomous body comprising of a Chairperson and six members.CCI not only hears and investigates cases based on the information received by it, but it also takes suo moto action wherever it finds that a prima facie violationCommission had taken suo-moto cognizance of the reported manipulation of the bids by manufacturers of LPG cylinders for supplying cylinders to the Indian Oil CorporationMany more such notices have been sent by CCI in the Petroleum sector, Agricuture sector etc. taking cognisance suo-moto.Role of trade associationsCompetition law treats the activities of trade associations much like any other form of cooperation between competitors.decisions or recommendations of trade associations are treated as agreements between its members and law may be breached even when they are not binding on the members.CCI imposed a nominal penalty of Rs. 1 lakh each on 27 film producers on charges of colluding through an association to exploit multiplex owners.number of cases involving the associations in the Pharmaceutical sector/Film production etc where CCI has passed orders against the associations and asked them to “cease and desist” from activities that may be anti-competitive in nature.Public Procurement and Competition LawPublic procurement is a contentious issue vis-à-vis application of competition lawpublic enterprises, which are generally the big procurers, are subject to competition assessment.Commission has decided a number of matters, including cartelization in government contracts. Penalties have been imposed on firms to discourage the anti-competitive practices and abuse of dominanceCompetition Commission of India is set to change the rules of the game and play the role of a watchdog to check anti-competitive practices in the markethttp://echoofindia.com/reflex-action/competition-commission-india-4-years-enforcement-competition-law-3216927) Prasar Bharati (Amendment) Bill, 201028) Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 200229) Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and their Rehabilitaion Act, 2013. (Important, Swachh Bharat Abhiyan)30) Child Labour (Prohibition) Act, 198631) Scheduled Tribes and Recognition of Forest Rights Bill, 200632) Environment Protection Law, 198633) Wildlife Protection Act, 197234) The Electricity Act, 200335) Panchayat Extension to Scheduled Areas Act, 199636) Securities and Exchange Board of India Act, 199237) Factories Act 1948/Amendment Bill 201438) Apprentice Act 1961/ Amendment Bill 201439) The Pension Fund Regulatory And Development Authority Act, 201340) The Real Estate (Regulation and Development) Bill, 201341) Benami Transaction (Prohibition )Act, 198842) The National Food Security Act, 201343) Pesticides Management Bill, 2008*Maximum Credits per Person - 5000**Contributors earning more than 1000 credits <must> -a) Promote to at least 100 people.b) Share this list everywhere. :P :P LOL !Thank you all. :)Thanks for the A2A Anon. :)

Maria Eleonore of Brandenburg (Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg - Wikipedia)Like Mother, like daughter. In many ways Maria Eleanora's life is just as fascinating, if not more so, than that of her unorthodox daughter, Queen Christina of Sweden.Beautiful. Immature. Fashionable. Jealous. Tempestuous. Unstable. Stupid.Just a few of the adjectives that have been used to describe Maria Eleonore of Brandenburg (1599-1655), a German princess who became queen consort of Sweden. Hers was a life that was equal parts melodrama, tragedy, mystery, and adventure, with a bit of unintentional humor.This was a woman who adored her husband, Gustavus Adolphus, the King of Sweden beyond death; despised her only daughter Christina, who would come to inherit the throne, to such a degree that many believe she tried to engineer her demise; and, basically, sent no less than three countries into turmoil with her mercurial personality and entitled demands. As later sources attest, her daughter Christina would continue the family drama, with scandals, adventures and poor judgement.Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg (1599-1655) was born into the Hohenzollern family on November 11, 1599. Her father was Elector Johann Sigismund of Brandenburg (1572-1619), and her mother was Anna (1576-1625), heiress of Prussia. Maria Eleonore's maternal grandfather was the last mad Duke of Prussia and her maternal grandmother was a sister of the last mad Duke of Cleves. Maria Eleonore's brother, George Wilhelm (1595-1640), suffered from melancholy and repeatedly lost his consciousness.[1][1][1][1]Marua Eleonore's father, Johann Sigismund of Brandenburg, was an indolent glutton and drunk.[2][2][2][2] Due to his corpulence he was often short of breath, and his action radius was further reduced by gout. Still, his reign was a fairly happy one. In 1614, he issued an Edict of Tolerance to uphold religious freedom.[3][3][3][3] He converted from Lutheranism to Calvinism, but pallowed his wife and children to remain Lutherans.[4][4][4][4] Near the end of his life, he suffered several strokes that left him increasingly debilitated.[5][5][5][5]Duchess Anna of Prussia - WikipediaMaria Eleonore's mother, Anna of Prussia, was as dominant and energetic, as her husband was indolent. Anna was married to John Sigismund on 30 October 1594. Before the marriage, his mother, Catherine of Brandenburg-Küstrin,[6][6][6][6] pointed out that Anna was not beautiful, but the marriage was arranged in order to secure the incorporation of the Duchy of Prussia into the Electorate of Brandenburg through Anna, whose father had no surviving male heirs. This was a political match of exceptional importance, since Anna was not only heir to Prussia, but also the expected heir of Cleves Jülich and Berg, as well as Mark and Ravensberg.[7][7][7][7]Anna was described as intellectually superior to her spouse, temperamental and strong-willed. She fought on her own to secure her succession rights to various fiefs and handled negotiations with her competitors.[8][8][8][8] In 1612, she placed her demands before the Emperor. When the Hohenzollern couple had a row, plates and grass were often broken.[9][9][9][9] The Elector Johann (1585-1656), who had married Anna's sister, once wrote to Johann Sigismund that, “if his wife would vex him as Johann Sigismund's did off and on, he would surely hit her.”[10][10][10][10]Due to her father’s somewhat strained finances and her mother’s very strict Lutheran approach to life, Maria Eleonore’s education was not the best, restricted to practical skills and Bible studies, instead of French, Latin or the like.[11][11][11][11]The drama and love affair began in 1616, when 22-year-old Gustavus II Adolphus, heir apparent to the Swedish throne, entered the marriage market, seeking a suitable Protestant bride.[12][12][12][12] Gustavus II Adolphus needed a dynastic marriage. Had he been allowed to choose, he would have married Ebba Brahe, a Swedish noblewoman with whom he was head over heels in love with[13][13][13][13]. But Gustavus II Adolphus’ mother declined the match and being a dutiful son – or a pragmatic young king – Gustavus II Adolphus bid his beloved Ebba farewell and set off to tour Europe in search of other candidates.https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/22804847/johann-sigismund-von_brandenburgElector Johann Sigismund was well inclined towards the Swedish King, but he had become very infirm.[14][14][14][14] His determined Prussian wife showed a strong dislike for this Swedish suitor, because Prussia was a Polish fief and the Polish King still resented that he had lost Sweden to Gustavus II Adolphus father.[15][15][15][15]An intelligent, stunningly beautiful young woman, Maria Eleonore had other suitors - young William of Orange, Wladislaw Wasa of Poland, Adolph Friedrich of Mecklenburg and even the Prince of Wales.[16][16][16][16] The lack of consensus between her parents left Maria Eleonore in limbo for nearly two years.But not everyone was in favor of the union, particularly the princess’s brother, George William, Duke of Prussia, who feared it would lead to conflicts with neighboring Poland, which was at odds with Sweden at the time.[17][17][17][17] George William wrote to Gustavus II Adolphus refusing his consent to the marriage.Having decided upon Maria Eleanore, Gustavus II Adolphus had the rooms of his castle in Stockholm redecorated and started making preparations to leave for Berlin to press his suite in person, when a letter arrived from Maria Eleonore's mother to his mother.The Electress demanded in no uncertain terms that the Queen Dowager should prevent her son's journey, as"being prejudicial to Brandenburg's interests in view of the state of war existing between Sweden and Poland". “Her husband”, she wrote, was "so enfeebled in will by illness that he could be persuaded to agree to anything, even if it tended to the destruction of the country". It was a rebuff that verged on an insult.[18][18][18][18]No matter. Gustavus II Adolphus would not be deterred, and in 1620 he traveled to Berlin to plead his case with the Duchess and her daughter.[19][19][19][19]Maria Eleanora's father died on December 23, 1619.[20][20][20][20] In the spring of 1620, however, stubborn Gustavus II Adolphus arrived in Berlin. The Electress Dowager maintained an attitude of reserve and even refused to grant the Swedish King a personal meeting with Maria Eleonore.[21][21][21][21] All those who were present, however, noticed the Princess's unconcealed interest in the young King. Afterwards, Gustavus II Adolphus made a round of other Protestant German courts with the professed intention of inspecting a few matrimonial alternatives.[22][22][22][22]On his return to Berlin, however, the Electress Dowager seems to have become completely captivated by the charming Swedish King. After plighting his troth to Maria Eleonore, Gustavus II Adolphus hurried back to Sweden to make arrangements for the reception of his bride.[23][23][23][23]The Renegade Queen of Sweden who was Banned from Raising her own DaughterGeorge William, who had just succeeded his father, was dumbfounded upon learning of his mother’s interference.[24][24][24][24] Despite his protests, Maria Eleonore was smuggled onto a Swedish ship, which took her to Brunswick territory[25][25][25][25], before heading for Stockholm out of George Wilhelm's reach.Anna of Prussia provided herself with a selection of objects of value from the exchequer, before she joined Maria Eleonore in Brunswick.[26][26][26][26] A detachment of the Swedish fleet took the women over to Kalmar, where Gustavus II Adolphus was impatiently awaiting them. [27][27][27][27] The wedding took place in Stockholm on November 25, 1620. Three days later 21-year-old Maria Eleonore was crowned Queen in the Great Church.[28][28][28][28]Reel Norden: King Gustav II Adolf and Maria EleonoraAt first, nothing seemed amiss. Foreign ambassadors found the new queen charming and applauded her exquisite taste. Gustavus II Adolphus shared Maria Eleonore's interest in architecture and her love of music.[29][29][29][29] She was pretty and her manner was lively, giving an impression of girlish gaiety.But there were signs of trouble to come. Maria Eleonore despised Stockholm, considering it an uncultured country lacking the culture, history and vibrancy of Berlin.[30][30][30][30] She found the Swedish people boorish and lacking refinement, as well as the frigid climate and barren landscape. Still, she tried to find ways to adapt, creating her own entertainment (she frequently brought buffoons and dwarfs to court). [31][31][31][31] Goldsmiths, musicians, and ballet dancers were imported from Germany and France.Maria Eleonore was moody, often peppering her speech with inappropriate language and profanities. More often than not, she directed her anger at her husband, the king. Maria Eleonore described herself as "hysteric", because she couldn't cope with her husband's long absences.[32][32][32][32] It soon became very apparent that Maria Eleonore’s passionate love for her husband bordered on mental instability.[33][33][33][33] In his presence, she glowed like the sun. In his absence, she was depressed and fearful, going into hysterics if he was delayed in returning home or was wounded.[34][34][34][34] Given that Gustavus II Adolphus spent most of his time away from home, and most of that time embroiled in one battle or the other, poor Maria Eleonore led a dark, difficult and mentally unstable life.Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg - WikipediaWithin six months of their marriage, Gustavus II Adolphus left to command the siege of Riga, leaving Maria Eleonore in the early stages of her first pregnancy.[35][35][35][35] She lived exclusively in the company of her German ladies-in-waiting and had difficulty in adapting herself to the Swedish people, countryside and climate.[36][36][36][36]Maria Eleonore's behaviour now became increasingly eccentric. She indulged in sweet foods, and spend lavish gifts on her favorites that the treasure could not affort.[37][37][37][37] She spoke French, the court language of the age, but never bothered to learn to write Swedish correctly, and even became incapable of speaking her native German correctly.[38][38][38][38] She confused syllables and made up strange concoctions of words. This unusual difficulty with language suggests a possible neurologial problem. During one of her confinements, she may have suffered some kind of stroke.[39][39][39][39] Whatever the reason, her muddled speech no doubt added to Maria Eleonore's growing sense of desperation and isolation.Maria Eleonore was regarded as neither intelligent nor mentally stable. Gustav referred to Maria as his malum domesticum (domestic evil).[40][40][40][40] European society at the time claimed that the German princess was not on Gustav’s intellectual level, stating, “Maria Eleonora’s letters do indeed give a depressing impression. We expect to find bad handwriting and gross spelling mistakes in the manuscripts of the seventeenth century, but the Queen of Sweden wrote like an ignorant housemaid; she had no idea of the logic of syntax and her letters often reveal a condition of utter mental confusion.”[41][41][41][41]Maria Eleonore responded to her husband's frequent absences by sinking into a deep depression, often refusing to eat and sleep. With the king so frequently risking his life in battle, it became imperative that Maria Eleanore produce a male heir to the throne. A year after her marriage to Gustav II Adolf in 1620, Maria became seriously ill and miscarried.[42][42][42][42] She gave birth to a daughter, baptized in 1623 as Christina Augusta to honor Gustav and his officious mother, Dowager Queen Christina, but the baby died before her first birthday.[43][43][43][43]In May 1625, the king and his pregnant queen were reviewing warships at Skeppsholmen, when a sudden wind nearly caused the royal yacht to capsize. After the accident Maria noticed that her child was no longer moving and she delivered a stillborn son. [44][44][44][44]In 1626, during a rare break in battle, Gustavus II Adolphus returned to Stockholm to attend what everyone hoped would be a successful royal birth.[45][45][45][45] Everyone was sure it was a boy. The king, his Lord Chancellor, the queen herself, the court astrologers, the queen’s dwarfs, her ladies-in-waiting – all of them were quite convinced that this time the queen would be delivered of the male heir the kingdom so desparately desired.[46][46][46][46]On December 7th, Maria Eleonore gave birth for the fourth time. The baby was healthy, though had fleece lanugo (a condition where soft, downy, unpigmented hair covers the body of a newborn). In this instance, the infant was enveloped from its head to its knees, leaving only its face, arms and lower legs visible.[47][47][47][47]At first, it was assumed that the baby was a boy, but upon closer inspection, it became clear: It was a little girl. Historical records reveal that at the time of Christina’s birth there was a concurrent rare astrological conjunction. [48][48][48][48] This was taken to be an omen that this child would have some great effect on worldly matters. However, Gustavus II Adolphus’ half-sister Catherine, afraid of the king’s reaction, carried the baby to him “in a condition for him to see and to realize for himself what she dared not tell him.”[49][49][49][49]Engraving of Maria Eleonore (Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg - Wikipedia)True to form, Gustavus II Adolphus shocked both the Swedish aristocracy and foreign courts. Unlike England’s Henry VIII, Gustavus Adolphus revealled in the birth of his daughter, remarking, “She is going to be clever, for she has taken us all in.” [50][50][50][50] He named her Christina, after his mother, and ordered that her arrival be announced with all the pageantry accorded to that of a male heir.[51][51][51][51] His wife, however, would have a different reaction.The court waited several days before breaking the “It’s a girl!” news to the Queen. Upon learning the truth, Maria Eleonore shouted, “Instead of a son, I am given a daughter, dark and ugly, with a great nose and black eyes. Take her from me, I will not have such a monster!”[52][52][52][52]Shocking, to be sure. Such sentiments were widely known but never expressed in so public a manner. And then, peculiar things began to happen. A beam from the ceiling mysteriously fell on the cradle, coming close to crushing the infant. The one time Christina was not surrounded by nannies and retainers, she mysteriously toppled down a flight of stairs. A nursemaid was blamed for dropping the baby onto a stone floor, resulting in an injury that would leave Christina with a crooked shoulder for the remainder of her life.[53][53][53][53]Gustavus II Adolphus described his wife as being “a very sick woman”[54][54][54][54], and unfortunately distanced himself from the court, leaving Christina defenseless against her mother's physical and emotional attacks. She may have suffered from a post-natal depression[55][55][55][55], because in her madness,the Queen tried to hurt her own child.Before he left to join the Thirty Years War, he discussed a possible regency with members of the government and admitted to them that his wife was"a miserable woman".[56][56][56][56] Even so, Gustavus II Adolphus could not bring himself to nominate a regency council in which her name did not appear. To Chancellor Axel Oxenstierna, he confessed:"If anything happens to me, my family will merit your pity [..], the mother lacking in common sense, the daughter a minor - hopeless, if they rule, and dangerous, if others come to rule over them."[57][57][57][57]Gustavus II Adolphus was devoted to his daughter and reared Christina as a boy. At the age of two, she clapped her hands and laughed with joy when the great cannons of Kalmar Castle boomed out the royal salute.[58][58][58][58] Afterwards, Gustavus II Adolphus often took his little daughter with him to military reviews. Maria Eleonore showed little affection for her daughter and was not allowed any influence in Christina's upbringing. The Princess was placed in the care of Gustavus II Adolphus' half-sister, Katharina, and the Chancellor, Axel Oxenstierna.[59][59][59][59]Gustavus II Adolphus restricted Maria Eleanore's access to their daughter, preventing her from having any involvement in their daughter’s upbringing.[60][60][60][60] Gustavus II Adolphus himself was determined to raise Christina as he would a boy, taking her to military reviews, teaching her to ride, shoot, and hunt. Soon, she was swearing a blue streak and even appreciated a good dirty joke.[61][61][61][61]The Battle of Lutzen by Jan Asselijn (The Death of King Gustavus Adolphus at the Battle of Lutzen)Meanwhile, the king's life was constantly in peril on and off the battlefield. After years of pleading, Gustavus II Adolphus allowed Maria Eleanore to be with him in Germany, moving into Wolgast Castle.[62][62][62][62]In the battle of Lützen, 39-year-old Gustav II Adolph was shot in the back. He fell and was dragged for some distance by his horse. He managed to free himself from the stirrup, but while lying on the ground "The Lion of the North" was killed by another shot through his head. By nightfall, both armies were exhausted, but Bernard of Saxe-Weimar (1604-1639) and the Swedes had captured all the Imperial artillery and were in possession of the key position. The King's body was found, lying face downwards in the mud, plundered of everything but his shirt.[63][63][63][63]Contrary to Maria Eleonora’s apparent belief that she also inherited power, the dowager queen was kept from any real authoritative role. She insisted on organizing Gustav’s funeral arrangements, but her ideas were deemed so flippant and ostentatious by the Riksdag that legislation had to be introduced to limit her planning.[64][64][64][64]Maria commissioned a funeral at Uppsala Cathedral in October 1633, but then changed her mind and wanted Gustav placed in the chapel at Strömsholm Castle. In February 1634, she proposed renaming Strömsholm in memory of her husband. By 1634 the Council of State contended that Maria Eleonora had taken enough time to plan and made independent arrangements to follow Gustav II Adolf’s wishes and entomb him with his infant children at the Riddarholmskirche.[65][65][65][65]In 1633, Maria Eleonora returned to Sweden with her beloved’s embalmed body. She refused to bury Gustavus II Adolphus’ body for more than a year and forced Christina to live in seclusion in rooms draped in funereal black, blocking out the light of day.[66][66][66][66]Seeing his lifeless form, Maria Eleonore gave way to enormous grief. She clung, often literally, to her husband's remains, and her attendants began to fear for her reason. She wrote: "Since We, God pity Us, were so rarely granted the pleasure of enjoying the living presence of His Majesty, Our adored, dearest master and spouse, of blessed memory, it should at least be granted to Us to stay near his royal corpse and so draw comfort in Our miserable existence".[67][67][67][67]Category:Gustav II Adolf of SwedenShe tore her clothes, she wept some more. She shrieked in despair, she was inconsolable, lamenting her cruel fate, to be robbed of the light of her life when they were still both so young. At the time of his death, Maria Eleonore had been in Germany, and so she hastened to kneel by her husband’s body, insisting it was her right as his wife to see to his body. She had him embalmed (very much against his will), selected the clothes the corpse was clad in, the fabrics for his bier. [68][68][68][68] All the while she wept and moaned, embracing her dead husband as if he were still alive. Most uncomfortable for the Swedish nobles who witnessed all this – such excessive grief was frowned upon, very far from the Lutheran ideal of silent stoicism in the face of adversity.[69][69][69][69]Gustavus II Adolphus' heart had already been taken out to be seperately preserved; Maria Eleonore kept it with her constantly. At night, it hung above her bed, while she continued weeping for months.[70][70][70][70]It wasn't until August 1633 that the King's body finally returned to Sweden. In Nyköping, 7-year-old Queen Christina came in solemn procession to the ship to receive her mother. Later she wrote:"I embraced the Queen my mother, she drowned me with her tears and practically smothered me in her arms."[71][71][71][71]Maria Eleonore had her husband's coffin placed in her own bedroom. It remained unsealed, and it seems that it was regularly opened.[72][72][72][72] For more than a year, Maria Eleonore condemned her active, spirited little daughter to an appalling mourning seclusion, in rooms draped with black and lit by candles day and night, from which every ray of light was excluded.[73][73][73][73]Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden - WikipediaShe made her daughter sleep with her in a bed over which her father's heart was hung in a golden casket.[74][74][74][74] Sermons and pious orations continued endlessly. Things were made worse by Maria Eleonore's continual weeping. She smothered her once rejected daughter with affection, and scarcely let her out of her sight. Christina, who was herself somewhat malformed with one shoulder higher than the other, also detested her mother's dwarfs, buffoons and hunchbacks, later writing that her mother had “an uncommon amount of pleasure from these pygmies.”[75][75][75][75] The little Queen became seriously ill; an ulcer appeared on her left breast, causing her terrible pain and a high fever - until it burst.[76][76][76][76]In 1634, 19 months after his death, Gustavus II Adolphus was at last buried – despite his widow’s protests.[77][77][77][77] Maria Eleonora agreed to allow a state funeral and place Gustav in the Riddarholmskirche, but then proposed other memorials throughout the next decade. In January 1635 she aspired to construct a pleasure palace in Gustav’s honor as her personal residence on the Kungsholmen island of Stockholm. In 1636, she undertook the construction of a monumental home near Konigsberg Castle in Prussia because she did not succeed in getting anything built to her satisfaction in Sweden. She then commissioned Jacob Elbfas to design a renovation of Omberg Castle and rename the surrounding city Gustavburg. All of the queen’s proposals were too complicated and expensive, and were never realized.[78][78][78][78]Marie Eleonore developed a sudden fondness for her daughter and insisted she was to have a major say in her daughter’s upbringing and future marriage. Not at all in line with Gustavus II Adolphus’ instructions – he had little confidence in his wife’s capabilities.[79][79][79][79] The council and the queen mother were in constant conflict, poor little Christina being the object of this lethal tug-of-war. When Maria Eleonora had the bad taste to offer Christina as a bride to Christian IV of Denmark[80][80][80][80] Sweden’s archenemy, things went from bad to worse.The Council had had enough; in 1636, Christina was removed from her mother’s custody and returned to the safety of her aunt’s household.[81][81][81][81]Her mental instability might have been a factor, but there were other reasons for her exclusion. For one thing, Maria Eleonore invited several prominent Danish courtiers and ambassadors to court, at a time when Denmark was Sweden's greatest adversary. She even attempted to arrange a potential marriage between Christina and Danish prince Ulrik.[82][82][82][82]A Visit to Gripsholm Castle, Sweden's Most Prominent EstateThe Council of State convened on 26 August 1636 to finalize a resolution to separate their majesties, Queen Christina and her mother the Dowager Queen Maria Eleonora. [83][83][83][83]. She was taken to Gripsholm castle, a fortress perched on an island in a lake. Nearing 40, she remained pretty with a "truly royal figure".[84][84][84][84]In 1639, a letter written by her and intended for Sweden's archenemy, the King of Denmark, was intercepted. After a summons, Maria Eleonore appeared at her daughter's court in a flood of tears in the summer of 1640. Queen Christina, 13 years old, reasoned with her mother and dissuaded her from taking up residence at Nyköping near Denmark.[85][85][85][85]Afterwards, Maria Eleonore returned to Gripsholm. To undertake one of her periodic fasts, she retired to the seclusion of her own apartment, accompanied by only one of her ladies.[86][86][86][86] That night, dressed in disguise, the two ladies let themselves down from a window and were rowed in a boat to the other side of the nearby lake, where a carriage was waiting for their arrival.[87][87][87][87] They drove to Nyköping, where they boarded a Danish ship. The plan was for the crew to bring Marie Eleanore to Brandenburg, but she persuaded the captain to deliver her to Denmark instead.Maria Eleonora av Brandenburg attributed to Hendrik MunnichhovenKing Christian was less than thrilled with his surprise guest, but allowed her to remain at court as George William, her brother, refused to receive his sister.[88][88][88][88] Maria Eleonore was unable to enter Germany until after his death in December of that year. But there was a catch: The new Elector insisted that Sweden provide for her upkeep and expenses.[89][89][89][89] She received a small pension of 30,000 écus a year. Teenage Queen Christina negotiated a pension, adding to it from her own purse.Just a few years later, Maria Eleonore began to miss Sweden, and in 1648, petitioned her daughter Queen Christina, now aged 22 for permission to return to Sweden.[90][90][90][90] Christina, despite her traumatic childhood, made arrangements for her to return to Stockholm. Christina waited to greet the ship carrying her mother, and when its arrival was delayed, camped outside for two nights, falling ill in the process.[91][91][91][91]Christina, Queen of Sweden - WikipediaIn 1650, Marie Eleonorr attended her daughter’s coronation.[92][92][92][92] Christina bought a castle for her, close to her own royal residence in Stockholm, in order to maintain a healthy distance between herself and her mother.[93][93][93][93]Four years later, in early 1564, Christina abdicated her throne to her cousin Charles Gustav (1622-1660). She offered an array of explanations: a man was better suited to rule the Swedish army, she was exhausted by her many duties and needed a rest. What she failed to mention was her recent conversion to Roman Catholicism, which was banned in Lutheran Sweden.[94][94][94][94]Maria Eleonore couldn't understand her daughter's action and had grave doubts about its possible effect upon her own finances.[95][95][95][95] She was miserable about the whole situation, and when the cousins visited her in her residence at Nyköping in April, Christina and Charles Gustav promised the Queen Dowager that she would be provided for.[96][96][96][96]Maria Eleanor's coffin at Riddarholm Church[97][97][97][97]Christina’s last official act was to write her mother in a letter. This was also the last known form of correspondence between the two women.“As fate compels me to depart forever from the city in which I was born, I shall thus be deprived of the honor of conveying my submission and reverence to your Majesty… I know, Madam, that my final result will not please you, but the destiny that has elected to make me the happiest of all mankind requires that I accept my happiness at the cost of your disapproval… Pray be satisfied with the reparation for my faults and spare me the distastefulness of your censure. Whatever your Majesty may elect to do, I shall always bear in mind what I owe to you. I shall never indulge in any feeling that might cause your Majesty to regret having given birth to me. In conclusion, Madam, I venture to assure you that I shall never commit any act unworthy of the daughter of the great Gustavus.’ [98][98][98][98]The Queen Dowager was provided for until her death in 1655. At the time, ex-Queen Christina was touring across Europe, wearing a man's suit.[99][99][99][99] She was laid to rest in the Riddarholm Church, in peace at last, beside her husband and two of their children.In fairness to Maria Eleonore, she appears to us today as depicted in her husband’s letters to his Lord Chancellor and best friend, Axel von Oxenstierna, and the minutes of the Swedish Council’s meetings. The king was frustrated by his overly devoted and unstable wife, Axel didn’t like her, and the Council found her a meddling woman with a negative influence on her daughter. Is this a fair depiction of Maria Eleonorr? Probably not. Was she an entirely stable and supporting wife & mother? Not likely. In retrospect, maybe it was unfortunate that Maria Eleonore’s mother succumbed to young Gustavus II Adolfus' charms and gave him her daughter’s hand in marriage. On the other hand, no Maria Eleonore, no Christina, and I am reluctant to say farewell to Christina.Footnotes[1] Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg - A Queen on the loose - History of Royal Women[1] Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg - A Queen on the loose - History of Royal Women[1] Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg - A Queen on the loose - History of Royal Women[1] Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg - A Queen on the loose - History of Royal Women[2] "John Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg" on Revolvy.com[2] "John Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg" on Revolvy.com[2] "John Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg" on Revolvy.com[2] "John Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg" on Revolvy.com[3] Brandenburg | historical margravate, Germany[3] Brandenburg | historical margravate, Germany[3] Brandenburg | historical margravate, Germany[3] Brandenburg | historical margravate, Germany[4] https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/22804847/johann-sigismund-von_brandenburg[4] https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/22804847/johann-sigismund-von_brandenburg[4] https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/22804847/johann-sigismund-von_brandenburg[4] https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/22804847/johann-sigismund-von_brandenburg[5] "John Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg" on Revolvy.com[5] "John Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg" on Revolvy.com[5] "John Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg" on Revolvy.com[5] "John Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg" on Revolvy.com[6] Catherine of Brandenburg-Küstrin - Wikipedia[6] Catherine of Brandenburg-Küstrin - Wikipedia[6] Catherine of Brandenburg-Küstrin - Wikipedia[6] Catherine of Brandenburg-Küstrin - Wikipedia[7] Duchess Anna of Prussia - Wikipedia[7] Duchess Anna of Prussia - Wikipedia[7] Duchess Anna of Prussia - Wikipedia[7] Duchess Anna of Prussia - Wikipedia[8] Duchess Anna of Prussia - Wikipedia[8] Duchess Anna of Prussia - Wikipedia[8] Duchess Anna of Prussia - Wikipedia[8] Duchess Anna of Prussia - Wikipedia[9] Anna of Prussia[9] Anna of Prussia[9] Anna of Prussia[9] Anna of Prussia[10] "Duchess Anna of Prussia" on Revolvy.com[10] "Duchess Anna of Prussia" on Revolvy.com[10] "Duchess Anna of Prussia" on Revolvy.com[10] "Duchess Anna of Prussia" on Revolvy.com[11] Reel Norden: King Gustav II Adolf and Maria Eleonora[11] Reel Norden: King Gustav II Adolf and Maria Eleonora[11] Reel Norden: King Gustav II Adolf and Maria Eleonora[11] Reel Norden: King Gustav II Adolf and Maria Eleonora[12] Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg - A Queen on the loose - History of Royal Women[12] Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg - A Queen on the loose - History of Royal Women[12] Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg - A Queen on the loose - History of Royal Women[12] Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg - A Queen on the loose - History of Royal Women[13] Ebba Brahe - Wikipedia[13] Ebba Brahe - Wikipedia[13] Ebba Brahe - Wikipedia[13] Ebba Brahe - Wikipedia[14] https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/22804847/johann-sigismund-von_brandenburg[14] https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/22804847/johann-sigismund-von_brandenburg[14] https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/22804847/johann-sigismund-von_brandenburg[14] https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/22804847/johann-sigismund-von_brandenburg[15] Anna of Prussia[15] Anna of Prussia[15] Anna of Prussia[15] Anna of Prussia[16] Biography of Maria Eleonore of Brandenburg (1599-1655), Queen of Sweden[16] Biography of Maria Eleonore of Brandenburg (1599-1655), Queen of Sweden[16] Biography of Maria Eleonore of Brandenburg (1599-1655), Queen of Sweden[16] Biography of Maria Eleonore of Brandenburg (1599-1655), Queen of Sweden[17] About George William, Elector of Brandenburg [17] About George William, Elector of Brandenburg [17] About George William, Elector of Brandenburg [17] About George William, Elector of Brandenburg [18] The Renegade Queen of Sweden who was Banned from Raising her own Daughter[18] The Renegade Queen of Sweden who was Banned from Raising her own Daughter[18] The Renegade Queen of Sweden who was Banned from Raising her own Daughter[18] The Renegade Queen of Sweden who was Banned from Raising her own Daughter[19] Gustavus Adolphus | Biography, Thirty Years’ War, & Death[19] Gustavus Adolphus | Biography, Thirty Years’ War, & Death[19] Gustavus Adolphus | Biography, Thirty Years’ War, & Death[19] Gustavus Adolphus | Biography, Thirty Years’ War, & Death[20] John Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg[20] John Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg[20] John Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg[20] John Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg[21] Anna of Prussia[21] Anna of Prussia[21] Anna of Prussia[21] Anna of Prussia[22] Prabook[22] Prabook[22] Prabook[22] Prabook[23] Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg - A Queen on the loose - History of Royal Women[23] Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg - A Queen on the loose - History of Royal Women[23] Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg - A Queen on the loose - History of Royal Women[23] Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg - A Queen on the loose - History of Royal Women[24] About George William, Elector of Brandenburg [24] About George William, Elector of Brandenburg [24] About George William, Elector of Brandenburg [24] About George William, Elector of Brandenburg [25] Biography of Maria Eleonore of Brandenburg (1599-1655), Queen of Sweden[25] Biography of Maria Eleonore of Brandenburg (1599-1655), Queen of Sweden[25] Biography of Maria Eleonore of Brandenburg (1599-1655), Queen of Sweden[25] Biography of Maria Eleonore of Brandenburg (1599-1655), Queen of Sweden[26] Anna of Prussia[26] Anna of Prussia[26] Anna of Prussia[26] Anna of Prussia[27] Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg[27] Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg[27] Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg[27] Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg[28] The Renegade Queen of Sweden who was Banned from Raising her own Daughter[28] The Renegade Queen of Sweden who was Banned from Raising her own Daughter[28] The Renegade Queen of Sweden who was Banned from Raising her own Daughter[28] The Renegade Queen of Sweden who was Banned from Raising her own Daughter[29] Gustavus Adolphus | Biography, Thirty Years’ War, & Death[29] Gustavus Adolphus | Biography, Thirty Years’ War, & Death[29] Gustavus Adolphus | Biography, Thirty Years’ War, & Death[29] Gustavus Adolphus | Biography, Thirty Years’ War, & Death[30] Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg - A Queen on the loose - History of Royal Women[30] Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg - A Queen on the loose - History of Royal Women[30] Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg - A Queen on the loose - History of Royal Women[30] Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg - A Queen on the loose - History of Royal Women[31] The Renegade Queen of Sweden who was Banned from Raising her own Daughter[31] The Renegade Queen of Sweden who was Banned from Raising her own Daughter[31] The Renegade Queen of Sweden who was Banned from Raising her own Daughter[31] The Renegade Queen of Sweden who was Banned from Raising her own Daughter[32] Wonderful Characters[32] Wonderful Characters[32] Wonderful Characters[32] Wonderful Characters[33] Gustavus Adolphus | Biography, Thirty Years’ War, & Death[33] Gustavus Adolphus | Biography, Thirty Years’ War, & Death[33] Gustavus Adolphus | Biography, Thirty Years’ War, & Death[33] Gustavus Adolphus | Biography, Thirty Years’ War, & Death[34] Reel Norden: King Gustav II Adolf and Maria Eleonora[34] Reel Norden: King Gustav II Adolf and Maria Eleonora[34] Reel Norden: King Gustav II Adolf and Maria Eleonora[34] Reel Norden: King Gustav II Adolf and Maria Eleonora[35] The Renegade Queen of Sweden who was Banned from Raising her own Daughter[35] The Renegade Queen of Sweden who was Banned from Raising her own Daughter[35] The Renegade Queen of Sweden who was Banned from Raising her own Daughter[35] The Renegade Queen of Sweden who was Banned from Raising her own Daughter[36] Biography of Maria Eleonore of Brandenburg (1599-1655), Queen of Sweden[36] Biography of Maria Eleonore of Brandenburg (1599-1655), Queen of Sweden[36] Biography of Maria Eleonore of Brandenburg (1599-1655), Queen of Sweden[36] Biography of Maria Eleonore of Brandenburg (1599-1655), Queen of Sweden[37] The Renegade Queen of Sweden who was Banned from Raising her own Daughter[37] The Renegade Queen of Sweden who was Banned from Raising her own Daughter[37] The Renegade Queen of Sweden who was Banned from Raising her own Daughter[37] The Renegade Queen of Sweden who was Banned from Raising her own Daughter[38] Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg - A Queen on the loose - History of Royal Women[38] Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg - A Queen on the loose - History of Royal Women[38] Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg - A Queen on the loose - History of Royal Women[38] Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg - A Queen on the loose - History of Royal Women[39] Biography of Maria Eleonore of Brandenburg (1599-1655), Queen of Sweden[39] Biography of Maria Eleonore of Brandenburg (1599-1655), Queen of Sweden[39] Biography of Maria Eleonore of Brandenburg (1599-1655), Queen of Sweden[39] Biography of Maria Eleonore of Brandenburg (1599-1655), Queen of Sweden[40] Sweden in the Seventeenth Century (European History in Perspective) - PDF Free Download[40] Sweden in the Seventeenth Century (European History in Perspective) - PDF Free Download[40] Sweden in the Seventeenth Century (European History in Perspective) - PDF Free Download[40] Sweden in the Seventeenth Century (European History in Perspective) - PDF Free Download[41] Queen Christina of Sweden and her Circle[41] Queen Christina of Sweden and her Circle[41] Queen Christina of Sweden and her Circle[41] Queen Christina of Sweden and her Circle[42] Gustavus Adolphus | Biography, Thirty Years’ War, & Death[42] Gustavus Adolphus | Biography, Thirty Years’ War, & Death[42] Gustavus Adolphus | Biography, Thirty Years’ War, & Death[42] Gustavus Adolphus | Biography, Thirty Years’ War, & Death[43] Wonderful Characters[43] Wonderful Characters[43] Wonderful Characters[43] Wonderful Characters[44] Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg[44] Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg[44] Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg[44] Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg[45] Reel Norden: King Gustav II Adolf and Maria Eleonora[45] Reel Norden: King Gustav II Adolf and Maria Eleonora[45] Reel Norden: King Gustav II Adolf and Maria Eleonora[45] Reel Norden: King Gustav II Adolf and Maria Eleonora[46] The Renegade Queen of Sweden who was Banned from Raising her own Daughter[46] The Renegade Queen of Sweden who was Banned from Raising her own Daughter[46] The Renegade Queen of Sweden who was Banned from Raising her own Daughter[46] The Renegade Queen of Sweden who was Banned from Raising her own Daughter[47] Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg[47] Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg[47] Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg[47] Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg[48] Famous Queen Christina[48] Famous Queen Christina[48] Famous Queen Christina[48] Famous Queen Christina[49] History Lesson: The Queer Queen Christina[49] History Lesson: The Queer Queen Christina[49] History Lesson: The Queer Queen Christina[49] History Lesson: The Queer Queen Christina[50] 'Christina, Queen of Sweden': A Royal Mess[50] 'Christina, Queen of Sweden': A Royal Mess[50] 'Christina, Queen of Sweden': A Royal Mess[50] 'Christina, Queen of Sweden': A Royal Mess[51] Queen Christina's autobiography[51] Queen Christina's autobiography[51] Queen Christina's autobiography[51] Queen Christina's autobiography[52] Queen Christina's autobiography[52] Queen Christina's autobiography[52] Queen Christina's autobiography[52] Queen Christina's autobiography[53] Christina Queen of Sweden by Veronica Buckley[53] Christina Queen of Sweden by Veronica Buckley[53] Christina Queen of Sweden by Veronica Buckley[53] Christina Queen of Sweden by Veronica Buckley[54] Gustavus Adolphus Quotes[54] Gustavus Adolphus Quotes[54] Gustavus Adolphus Quotes[54] Gustavus Adolphus Quotes[55] Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg - A Queen on the loose - History of Royal Women[55] Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg - A Queen on the loose - History of Royal Women[55] Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg - A Queen on the loose - History of Royal Women[55] Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg - A Queen on the loose - History of Royal Women[56] Queen Christina of Sweden: Why She Was Called the Minerva of the North[56] Queen Christina of Sweden: Why She Was Called the Minerva of the North[56] Queen Christina of Sweden: Why She Was Called the Minerva of the North[56] Queen Christina of Sweden: Why She Was Called the Minerva of the North[57] The Uncrowned King: Axel Oxenstierna and Sweden's Rise to Power During the Thirty Years War[57] The Uncrowned King: Axel Oxenstierna and Sweden's Rise to Power During the Thirty Years War[57] The Uncrowned King: Axel Oxenstierna and Sweden's Rise to Power During the Thirty Years War[57] The Uncrowned King: Axel Oxenstierna and Sweden's Rise to Power During the Thirty Years War[58] Christina of Sweden[58] Christina of Sweden[58] Christina of Sweden[58] Christina of Sweden[59] 'Christina, Queen of Sweden': A Royal Mess[59] 'Christina, Queen of Sweden': A Royal Mess[59] 'Christina, Queen of Sweden': A Royal Mess[59] 'Christina, Queen of Sweden': A Royal Mess[60] The Renegade Queen of Sweden who was Banned from Raising her own Daughter[60] The Renegade Queen of Sweden who was Banned from Raising her own Daughter[60] The Renegade Queen of Sweden who was Banned from Raising her own Daughter[60] The Renegade Queen of Sweden who was Banned from Raising her own Daughter[61] Christina of Sweden[61] Christina of Sweden[61] Christina of Sweden[61] Christina of Sweden[62] Reel Norden: King Gustav II Adolf and Maria Eleonora[62] Reel Norden: King Gustav II Adolf and Maria Eleonora[62] Reel Norden: King Gustav II Adolf and Maria Eleonora[62] Reel Norden: King Gustav II Adolf and Maria Eleonora[63] The Death of King Gustavus Adolphus at the Battle of Lutzen[63] The Death of King Gustavus Adolphus at the Battle of Lutzen[63] The Death of King Gustavus Adolphus at the Battle of Lutzen[63] The Death of King Gustavus Adolphus at the Battle of Lutzen[64] https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://ir.uiowa.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D6354%26context%3Detd&ved=2ahUKEwjFze_1tI7gAhWmx4MKHawwAA4QFjAKegQIBhAB&usg=AOvVaw35I83NfgrB2X3QsfP2Ebii&cshid=1548612039612[64] https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://ir.uiowa.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D6354%26context%3Detd&ved=2ahUKEwjFze_1tI7gAhWmx4MKHawwAA4QFjAKegQIBhAB&usg=AOvVaw35I83NfgrB2X3QsfP2Ebii&cshid=1548612039612[64] https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://ir.uiowa.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D6354%26context%3Detd&ved=2ahUKEwjFze_1tI7gAhWmx4MKHawwAA4QFjAKegQIBhAB&usg=AOvVaw35I83NfgrB2X3QsfP2Ebii&cshid=1548612039612[64] https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://ir.uiowa.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D6354%26context%3Detd&ved=2ahUKEwjFze_1tI7gAhWmx4MKHawwAA4QFjAKegQIBhAB&usg=AOvVaw35I83NfgrB2X3QsfP2Ebii&cshid=1548612039612[65] Gustavus Adolphus – Battle of Lützen[65] Gustavus Adolphus – Battle of Lützen[65] Gustavus Adolphus – Battle of Lützen[65] Gustavus Adolphus – Battle of Lützen[66] Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg - A Queen on the loose - History of Royal Women[66] Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg - A Queen on the loose - History of Royal Women[66] Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg - A Queen on the loose - History of Royal Women[66] Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg - A Queen on the loose - History of Royal Women[67] Holding on to his heart - of grief and crazy queens - Anna Belfrage[67] Holding on to his heart - of grief and crazy queens - Anna Belfrage[67] Holding on to his heart - of grief and crazy queens - Anna Belfrage[67] Holding on to his heart - of grief and crazy queens - Anna Belfrage[68] Holding on to his heart - of grief and crazy queens - Anna Belfrage[68] Holding on to his heart - of grief and crazy queens - Anna Belfrage[68] Holding on to his heart - of grief and crazy queens - Anna Belfrage[68] Holding on to his heart - of grief and crazy queens - Anna Belfrage[69] Patterned Lives: The Lutheran Funeral Biography in Early Modern Germany (review)[69] Patterned Lives: The Lutheran Funeral Biography in Early Modern Germany (review)[69] Patterned Lives: The Lutheran Funeral Biography in Early Modern Germany (review)[69] Patterned Lives: The Lutheran Funeral Biography in Early Modern Germany (review)[70] Holding on to his heart - of grief and crazy queens - Anna Belfrage[70] Holding on to his heart - of grief and crazy queens - Anna Belfrage[70] Holding on to his heart - of grief and crazy queens - Anna Belfrage[70] Holding on to his heart - of grief and crazy queens - Anna Belfrage[71] Queen Christina of Sweden (1626-1689)[71] Queen Christina of Sweden (1626-1689)[71] Queen Christina of Sweden (1626-1689)[71] Queen Christina of Sweden (1626-1689)[72] Holding on to his heart - of grief and crazy queens - Anna Belfrage[72] Holding on to his heart - of grief and crazy queens - Anna Belfrage[72] Holding on to his heart - of grief and crazy queens - Anna Belfrage[72] Holding on to his heart - of grief and crazy queens - Anna Belfrage[73] Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg - A Queen on the loose - History of Royal Women[73] Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg - A Queen on the loose - History of Royal Women[73] Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg - A Queen on the loose - History of Royal Women[73] Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg - A Queen on the loose - 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Wikipedia[87] Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg - Wikipedia[87] Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg - Wikipedia[87] Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg - Wikipedia[88] About George William, Elector of Brandenburg [88] About George William, Elector of Brandenburg [88] About George William, Elector of Brandenburg [88] About George William, Elector of Brandenburg [89] Christina | queen of Sweden[89] Christina | queen of Sweden[89] Christina | queen of Sweden[89] Christina | queen of Sweden[90] Original Memoirs of the Sovereigns of Sweden and Denmark from 1766 to 1818[90] Original Memoirs of the Sovereigns of Sweden and Denmark from 1766 to 1818[90] Original Memoirs of the Sovereigns of Sweden and Denmark from 1766 to 1818[90] Original Memoirs of the Sovereigns of Sweden and Denmark from 1766 to 1818[91] Queen Christina, Who Ruled as a King[91] Queen Christina, Who Ruled as a King[91] Queen Christina, Who Ruled as a King[91] Queen Christina, Who Ruled as a King[92] History’s grandest coronation procession[92] History’s grandest coronation procession[92] History’s grandest coronation procession[92] History’s grandest coronation procession[93] 'Christina, Queen of Sweden': A Royal Mess[93] 'Christina, Queen of Sweden': A Royal Mess[93] 'Christina, Queen of Sweden': A Royal Mess[93] 'Christina, Queen of Sweden': A Royal Mess[94] Vatican Secret Archives reveal abdication letter of 'hermaphrodite' Swedish queen [94] Vatican Secret Archives reveal abdication letter of 'hermaphrodite' Swedish queen [94] Vatican Secret Archives reveal abdication letter of 'hermaphrodite' Swedish queen [94] Vatican Secret Archives reveal abdication letter of 'hermaphrodite' Swedish queen [95] Queen Christina, Who Ruled as a King[95] Queen Christina, Who Ruled as a King[95] Queen Christina, Who Ruled as a King[95] Queen Christina, Who Ruled as a King[96] Queen Christina of Sweden, Lesbian Troublemaker - HeadStuff[96] Queen Christina of Sweden, Lesbian Troublemaker - HeadStuff[96] Queen Christina of Sweden, Lesbian Troublemaker - HeadStuff[96] Queen Christina of Sweden, Lesbian Troublemaker - HeadStuff[97] Riddarholm Church - Wikipedia[97] Riddarholm Church - Wikipedia[97] Riddarholm Church - Wikipedia[97] Riddarholm Church - Wikipedia[98] Queen Christina of Sweden and her Circle[98] Queen Christina of Sweden and her Circle[98] Queen Christina of Sweden and her Circle[98] Queen Christina of Sweden and her Circle[99] 11 Monarchs Who Went Insane[99] 11 Monarchs Who Went Insane[99] 11 Monarchs Who Went Insane[99] 11 Monarchs Who Went Insane

The LDS Temple Endowment, one of the main activities at LDS Temples, along with Temple Sealings and Marriages, was beautifully crafted by Joseph Smith, before being overridden by false teachings of Brigham Young and others.New this year, the First Presidency includes an introduction which states:“Before beginning the endowment session, we share the following statement from the first Presidency of the church: Brothers and sisters, since the temple endowment was first administered in this dispensation occasional adjustments have been made by the First Presidency and the quorum of the Twelve Apostles, acting unitedly in their capacity as prophets, seers, and revelators.“Upon seeking the will of the Lord and after solemn prayer in the upper room of the Salt Lake Temple, the Lord has again revealed inspired adjustments to the temple ceremonies. These adjustments, which you will notice during your worship experience in the temple today, will bring harmony to the way men and women make covenants with God. They deepen our understanding of His will and His relationship with his daughters and sons.“These modifications do not affect the sacred and eternal covenants associated with the saving and exalting ordinances of the temple. As a reminder, due to the sacred nature of all temple ordinances, the fact and content of these changes should not be discussed outside the temple.”WHOOPS!! I’m treating the Mormon Temple experience as sacred, but not secret’ but Joseph Smith never intended that the ceremony would be kept secret and require tithes and offerings to be extracted from members, before they can participate. The following book explains it all:(Click here to download a free PDF.)The false prophets, seers and revelators of the LDS/Mormon Church are taking members farther away from the real truth, with their uninspired changes—it’s getting more and more confusing—and expensive—to experience the endowment the way that Joseph Smith intended.