Internal External Mark List For April 2013: Fill & Download for Free

A2AIndians Who made History From 2010–2019, I'm including Some Historical Events too.2010:India achieved the 100-mark in the medals tally of the event in the latest edition of CWG to occupy the second position in the overall standings. This will have a great impact on India.2. Indian Rupee Symbol Got Recognition.Designed By Mr Udaya Kumar Dharmalingam. Uday Kumar's design was chosen from a shortlist of five and he was awarded around 3,500 in prize money.3. Obama's Visit to India - American President met Prime Minister Manmohan SinghA few days ahead of the G20 summit. The main agenda of the much-hyped visit was to create jobs in the recession-hit USA.4. Saina Nehwal Won Hong Kong Open series beating her Chinese opponent Wang Shixian, Asian Games 2010 Gold Medalist.5. A.Raja - 2G Spectrum Scam - Be it in 1700s Robert Clive or A.Raja in 2010, Scam and Corruption have its place in History.One of India's biggest scam in 2010 was the 2G spectrum allocation scam. Then Telcom Minister A Raja was allegedly involved in the scam that made revenue loss of Rs. 1.76 lakh crores, according to the report of the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG).2011:Indian Anti-Corruption Movement led by Anna Hazare: Lokpal BillThe time when the Hashtag Trent Started on Twitter when Anna Hazare led the fight against Corruption and made the Whole nation to look at him. #Anna hashtag trended throughout India for many days awakening Indians to join hands and fight corruption together.But in Vain :(2. India won the Cricket World Cup. And this World Cup match Went Live on the Internet for free.one of the most unforgettable moments of 2011 isIndiawinning the ICC 2011 Cricket World Cup after 28 long years. The whole nation stood united again and celebrated the victory against Sri Lanka in finals and against Pakistan in semi-finals.3. German Chancellor Angela Merkel conferred Jawaharlal Nehru Award for International Understanding for 2009 by President Pratibha Patil.The External Affairs Ministry release revealed that that the jury chaired by Vice-President Mohammad Hamid Ansari, has decided to confer the award for 2009 on Dr Merkel.4. Mamata Banerjee was sworn in as the first woman and 11th Chief Minister of West Bengal.In May 2011 she made History by ending the uninterrupted 34-year reign of the Left in West Bengal.2012:Agni-V, India's first intermediate-range ballistic missile (ICBM) test-firedIndia on April 19 test-fired for the first time its most-ambitious strategic missile, the over 5,000-km range Agni-V, in a bid to join the super exclusive ICBM (intercontinental ballistic missile) club that counts just US, Russia, China, France and UK as its members.2. Terrorist - Ajmal Kasab hanged.Pakistani terrorist Ajmal Kasab caught alive after the 26/11 Mumbai terror attacks, was hanged to death at the Yerawada central prison on Nov 21 morning, less than a week before the fourth anniversary of the carnage.Well, ThisTerroist’s hanging news is a History finally those Brave souls who caught this Killer Alive got justice and would have rest In Peace.3. Modi becomes Gujarat CM for the third timeGujarat Chief Minister Narendra Modi led his party BJP to another landslide win, securing 115 seats in the assembly elections, two less than the 117 seats he had won last time.4. Pranam Mukerji became The 13Th President of India.One of India's most experienced and canny politicians, Mukherjee, the ruling United Progressive Alliance (UPA) candidate, won the sweepstakes with a massive margin, bagging 713,763 votes, about 70%, leaving Sangma way behind with 315,887 votes.2013:Mangalyaan - India Mars MissionThe Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM), informally called Mangalyaan is a Mars orbiter launched into Earth orbit on 5 November 2013 by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO).The mission is a "technology demonstrator" project aiming to develop the technologies required for design, planning, management and operations of an interplanetary mission.It was a proud moment of all Indians as this space-ship was conceptualized and developed by our very own ISRO (Indian Space Research Organization). It exhibited the expertise and command we Indians have over science and technology.2. Raghuram Rajan took over as the 23rd Governor of The Reserve Bank Of India (RBI)An economics professor who also served as chief economist at the International Monetary Fund succeeded D.Subbarao.3. President Pranab Mukherjee signed the Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013The Criminal Law [Amendment] Bill, 2013 was passed by the Lok Sabha on 19th March 2013, and by the Rajya Sabha on 21st March 2013. The President of India has accorded his assent to the Bill on 2nd April 2013 hence called as Criminal Law [Amendment] Act, 2013,”2014:India’s 29Th State Telengana was Born.Indian parliament passed a bill to create 29th state, dividing the southern state of Andhra Pradesh into two.The northern area was carved out to create Telangana, after decades of protests. K Chandrasekhar Rao, of the Telangana Rashtra Samithi party (TRS), which for 14 years spearheaded the movement for separation, was later sworn in as chief minister of the state.2. The Narendra Modi WaveThe BJP rose to power in May this year when they won the national elections with a sweeping majority.Led by Narendra Modi's election campaign, the party won 282 of the 543 seats in the Indian Parliament.3. India's Mars MissionPicture Speaks <3India Created History when ISRO’s Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM) Aka Mangalyaan entered the Mars orbiter in its First Attempt.And Most importantly It was the Contribution of our Indian SheroesRitu Karidhal - Was a Deputy Operations Director to India’s Mars Orbital Mission. also Referred to as “Rocket Woman of India”Nandini Harinath - rocket scientist at ISRO’s Satellite Centre in Bengaluru. She was a part of the Mars Orbiter Mission, Maangalyaan.Minal Rohit - Minal Rohit is an Indian scientist and systems engineer with the Indian Space Research Organisation. She helped send the Mangalyaan space probe to Mars.Moumita Dutta - an Indian Physicist working at the Space Applications Centre, Indian Space Research Organisation - Ahmedabad, She was part of the team Mangalyaan 20144. Kailash Satyarthi - First Indian Citizen who won the Nobel Peace Award 2014The only Indian to have won the award earlier is Mother Teresa, who became a naturalised Indian citizen in 1948.5. Sampoorna Singh Kalra popularly know as Gulzar Won Dadasaheb Phalke AwardVeteran lyricist received the Dadasaheb Phalke Award, India's highest award in cinema2015:End Of An Era - India’s 11th President APJ Abdul Kalam died on 27th July at a hospital in Shillong, Meghalaya.He had gone to deliver a lecture at the age of 83. He was delivering a lecture at the Indian Institute of Management in Shillong when he collapsed and suffered cardiac arrest.You will remain in our Hearts Sir, This Legends History will always be remembered.2. Rise Of AAP and Arvind Kejriwal.The Aam Aadmi Party led by Arvind Kejriwal wins the Delhi Assembly Election, The party won 67 out of the 70 seats.3. Saina Nehwal became the first Indian woman shuttler to attain world number one rank.She created history as she became the First Indian Woman Shuttler to attain the World number One Ranking.4. PSLV Successfully Launches India's Multi Wavelength Space Observatory ASTROSATIndia's first space observatory Astrosat was launched on PSLV-XL.2016:Mariappan Thangavelu Won Gold Medal - India’s First Paralympian Gold MedalistAn Indian Paralympics high jumper. He represented India in 2016 summer Paralympic games held in Rio De Janeiro. In the men’s high jump T-42 category, he won the gold medal in the finals.2. India’s Surgical Strike Against PakistanLt Gen Ranbir Singh (DGMO) said that it had received “very credible and specific information” about “terrorist teams” who were preparing to “carry out infiltration and conduct terrorist strikes inside Jammu and Kashmir and in various metros in other states”.India Conducted “Surgical Strikes against suspected militants in Pakistani-administered Kashmir on 29 September 2016.3. PSLV-C34 - A historic satellite Launch by ISROIndian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) launched 20 satellites through a single rocket, breaking its 2008 record of launching 10 satellites in a single mission.Cartosat-2 Series satellite, the PSLV C-34 rocket blasted off from Sriharikota, carrying satellites mainly for international customers including the US, Germany and a Google-owned company.Most of the satellites entered orbit to observe and measure the Earth's atmosphere, while another aimed to provide service for amateur radio operators.4. PV Sindhu - First Indian Woman to Win an Olympic Silver Medal - Rio OlympicsPusarla Venkata Sindhu fought with tenacity, lost the finals, but created History with a stunning display of talent, power and grace.5. Sakshi Malik - Gold Medal - Rio OlympicsAnother Shero who got India it's Gold Medal, After a gritty performance at the 58kg women's wrestling category she won bronze, becoming the first Indian female wrestler and the fourth Indian woman to win an Olympic medal.2017:Manushi Chillar Crowned Miss WorldShe's the sixth Indian woman to win the crown. Born in Rohtak, she is pursuing a medical degree from a medical college in Sonipat.She was made brand ambassador for Anaemia Free Haryana, and her 'Beauty with a Purpose campaign Project Shakti' was given government support of Rs 18 crore, by Harayana CM.2. Ram Nath Kovind becomes PresidentGovernor of Bihar From 2015–2017Rajya Sabha MP from 1994–2006Ram Nath Kovind was sworn in as the 14th President of India on June 25, 2017.3. ISRO launched a record 104 satellites - February 2017India created history by successfully launching a record 104 satellites by Indian Space Research Organisation's (ISRO) reliable vehicle, the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV).In its 39th flight, the PSLV-C37 took off from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota and placed the satellites into the orbit.Out of the 104 satellites, 101 belonged to foreign countries. 96 were from the US and one each from Israel, UAE, Netherlands, Switzerland and Kazakhstan respectively.4. Pritika Yashini - India’s First transgender sub-inspector appointed in Tamil NaduPrithika, who was born as Pradeep, applied for recruitment to the Tamil Nadu Uniformed Services Recruitment Board (TNUSRB), but her application was rejected as she didn't belong to the specified gender categories.She challenged this decision in different courts, and the High Court of Madras ordered for conducting a test for her. She cleared all her tests, and the judge asked the TNUSRB to appoint her as she was "entitled to the job". She took charge as the sub-inspector in Dharmapuri district on April 2.5. Anny Divya - World’s Youngest Female Commander to Fly Boeing 77730-year-old Air India pilot became the world's youngest female captain of a Boeing 777.She flew the world's largest twinjet during advanced training in London.2018:ISRO launched 31 satellites along with Cartosat-2The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) on 12 January 2018 launched 31 satellites along with Cartosat-2 satellite on its 44.4-metre tall Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV-C40) rocket.The 320-tonne rocket will place the satellites one-by-one and deploy them into the earth's lower orbit.2. `Gaganyaan - India's maiden human spaceflight programme'The Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) on August 28, 2018, unveiled the details of the Gaganyaan mission for manned space flight before 2022.The Gaganyaan mission was announced by Prime Minister Narendra Modi during his 72nd Independence Day speech. PM Modi announced that this manned space mission will take Indian astronauts to space on board 'Gaganyaan' by 2022.ISRO Chairman, Dr K. Sivan said that the programme will make India the fourth nation in the world to launch a Human Spaceflight Mission. So far, only the USA, Russia and China have launched human spaceflight missions.3. India records best-ever performance at Asian Games 2018India with a haul of 69 medals including 15 gold recorded its best-ever performance in the history of Asian Games at the 2018 edition held in Jakarta and Palembang in Indonesia.India maintained its top-10 rank by finishing eighth yet again.2019:AF Wing Commander Abhinandan Varthaman gets Vir ChakraVir Chakra - India's third-highest gallantry medalIAF Wing Commander Abhinandan Varthaman awarded with the Vir Chakra, on the occasion of Independence Day, while five other IAF pilots honoured with Vayu Seva Medal.IAF Wing Commander Abhinandan Varthaman spent almost 60 hours in Pakistani custody after his MiG-21 Bison jet was shot down during aerial combat with Pakistani jets on February 27, just a day after the Balakot airstrike by India. The 36-year-old IAF pilot had suffered injuries while ejecting from his MiG-21 Bison.2. Chandrayaan 2 - ISRO makes us Proud Again and Again.Chandrayaan 2, India’s second lunar mission, was launched on July 22. It was scheduled to be launched on July 15, but it was aborted 56 minutes before lift-off due to a technical snag.The mission was successful, but it could not achieve one aspect -- to land its lander (Vikram) on the moon. Vikram carried the rover (Pragyan), which was expected to carry out various experiments on the moon's surface.On September 7, during the last minutes of descent, the communication link with Vikram snapped when it was about 2.1 km from the surface of the moon.After three days, the ISRO confirmed the sighting of Vikram through images beamed by the Orbiter. Even after 14 days ( 1 lunar day), communications could not be re-established. On December 3, NASA confirmed that its satellite had found the debris of Vikram lander.3. Jammu & Kashmir loses special statusIn August the Central Government announced the scrapping of Article 370 which gave special status to Jammu and Kashmir. In addition to scrapping the Article government also announced Split sate into two Union TerritoriesOne was Jammu and Kashmir With a Legislature and another Ladakh without Legislature.Thank You!!!Jai Hind!!Image Source: GoogleFootnotes:Saina Nehwal wins Hong Kong Open SeriesObama's trip to be biggest everIndia unveils new rupee symbolAngela Merkel chosen for Jawaharlal Nehru Award for International Understanding for 2009West Bengal's first woman CMAnna Hazare's anti-corruption protest sees Delhi signal compromiseIndia Wins 2011 Cricket World CupBJP's big Gujarat win; Narendra Modi to get third term as chief ministerPranab Mukherjee is the next President of IndiaAjmal Kasab hanged, buried at Pune's Yerwada JailIndia to test nuclear-capable Agni-I missile on WednesdayStringent anti-rape laws get President’s nodRaghuram Rajan takes over as 23rd Governor of Reserve Bank of IndiaMars Orbiter Mission Completes 1000 Days in Orbithttps://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/veteran-poet-and-film-lyricist-gulzar-to-be-honoured-with-dadasaheb-phalke-award/articleshow/33656215.cmsChildren’s rights activist Kailash Satyarthi awarded 2014 Nobel Peace Prize | Commonwealth Foundationhttps://www.narendramodi.in/namo-wave-during-rallies-as-lakhs-thronged-to-rally-venues-3147India's Mars mission: Picture that spoke 1,000 wordsTelangana is bornPresident APJ Abdul Kalam Dies at 83Reaching for the Stars: The Incredible Rise of Arvind KejriwalPSLV Successfully Launches India's Multi Wavelength Space Observatory ASTROSATSuperb Saina Nehwal is first Indian woman shuttler to be world number oneThe female wrestler who won India's first Rio medalISRO launches PSLV-C34 carrying 20 satellitesPV Sindhu is the first Indian woman to win an Olympic silver medal after a heartbreakingly close badminton finalIndia Claims ‘Surgical Strikes’ Across Line of Control in KashmirRio Paralympics: Mariyappan Thangavelu wins gold medal in men's high jumpWorld's youngest female Boeing 777 pilot, Anny Divya, joins elite list of LinkedIn InfluencersPSLV-C37 Successfully Launches 104 Satellites in a Single FlightIndia's first transgender police officer appointed in Tamil NaduManushi Chhillar from India wins the title of Miss World 2017Ram Nath Kovind elected India's 14th President, to take oath on July 25India records best-ever performance at Asian Games 2018: In DetailISRO unveils Gaganyaan Mission to put Indians in space before 2022ISRO launches 31 satellites along with Cartosat-2IAF Wing Commander Abhinandan gets Vir Chakrahttps://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/chandrayaan-2-mission-has-achieved-98-per-cent-objectives-isro-chief-k-sivan/article29476059.ecehttps://www.thehindu.com/news/national/chandrayaan-2-mission-a-huge-success-isro-chief-k-sivan/article29476025.ece

This is the timeline of the English, later British colonisation of the Falklands Islands. They were never forced off or gave up sovereignty they had to withdraw troops to fight the French and Spanish.1592 First recorded sighting on August 14, by English sea captain John Davis in the ship ‘Desire’.1594 First recorded claim on February 2, by Richard Hawkins for Queen Elizabeth I1690 First recorded landing made by English navigator, Captain John Strong in his ship the ‘Welfare’. He named the channel dividing the two main islands ‘Falkland Sound’ after Viscount Falkland, then Treasurer of the Royal Navy.Over the years several French ships visited the Islands, which they called Les Iles Malouines after the French port of St. Malo.1740 Lord Anson passed the Islands on an exploration voyage and urged Britain to consider them as a preliminary step to establishing a base near Cape Horn.1764 The French diplomat and explorer, Louis Antoine de Bougainville, established a settlement at Port Louis on East Falkland.1765 Unaware of the French settlement, Commodore John Byron landed at Port Egmont on West Falkland and took possession of the Islands for the British Crown.1766 Captain John MacBride established a British settlement at Port Egmont.The Spanish Government protested about the French settlement and Bougainville was forced to surrender his interests in the Islands in return for an agreed sum of money. A Spanish Governor was appointed and Port Louis was renamed Puerto de la Soledad, and placed under the jurisdiction of the Captain-General of Buenos Aires; then a Spanish colony.1770 British forced from Port Egmont by the Spanish.1771 Serious diplomatic negotiations involving Britain, Spain and France produce the Exchange of Declarations, whereby Port Egmont was restored to Britain.1774 Britain withdrew from Port Egmont on economic grounds as part of a redeployment of forces due to the approaching American War of Independence, leaving behind a plaque as the mark of continuing British sovereignty.1786 Lieutenant Thomas Edgar RN charts West Falkland island.1811 The Spanish garrison withdrew from Puerto de la Soledad. At this time, South American colonies were in a state of revolt against Spain.1816 The provinces which constituted the old Spanish vice-royalty declared independence from Spain as the United Provinces of the River Plate. Spain refused to recognise any such independence.1820 A Buenos Aires privateer claimed the Falkland Islands in what was probably an unauthorised act – which was never reported to the Buenos Aires government. No occupation followed this.1823 A private attempt was made to establish a settlement on the Islands, but this failed after a few months. The organisers requested the Buenos Aires government to appoint one of their employees the unpaid ‘Commander’ of the settlement.1825 Britain and the Government of Buenos Aires signed a Treaty of Amity, Trade and Navigation without including a recognition of territory or legal rights.1826 Louis Vernet, a naturalised citizen of Buenos Aires (originally French with German connections), undertook a private venture and established a new settlement at Puerto de la Soledad, having first informed the British Consul.1829 Buenos Aires announced a claim to the Falkland Islands based on inheritance from Spain. Luis Vernet was appointed unpaid Commander of Soledad and Tierra del Fuego. Britain registered a formal protest, asserting her own sovereignty over the Falkland Islands.Vernet made the first of several approaches to Britain then to re-assert its sovereignty over the Islands. Earlier he had got the British Consul in Buenos Aires to countersign his land grants.1831 Vernet seized three American sealing ships, in an attempt to control fishing in Falkland waters. In retaliation, the US sloop ‘Lexington’ destroyed Puerto de la Soledad, and proclaimed the Islands ‘free of all government’. Most of the settlers were persuaded to leave on board the ‘Lexington’.1832 Diplomatic relations between the US and Argentina broke down until 1844. Supporting Britain, the US questioned the claim that all Spanish possessions had been transferred to the Government of Buenos Aires and confirmed its use of the Falklands as a fishing base for over 50 years. The US declared that Spain had exercised no sovereignty over several coasts to which Buenos Aires claimed to be heir, including Patagonia.Buenos Aires appointed an interim Commander to the Islands, Commander Mestivier, who arrived in October (with a tiny garrison and some convicts). Britain’s Minister protested once more.December 20, Commander Onslow, aboard Clio, returned to Port Egmont and rebuilds the fort.1833 Commander Mestivier had been murdered by his own men by the time Captain Onslow sailed from Port Egmont in the warship ‘Clio’ and took command of Port Louis for Britain. The remains of the garrison from Buenos Aires left peacefully.Buenos Aires protested, only to be told: “The British Government upon this occasion has only exercised its full and undoubted right … The British Government at one time thought it inexpedient to maintain any Garrison in those Islands: It has now altered its views, and has deemed it proper to establish a Post there.”Since this time, British administration has remained unbroken apart from a ten week Argentine occupation in 1982.1845 Stanley officially became the capital of the Islands when Governor Moody moved the administration from Port Louis. The capital was so named after the Colonial Secretary of the day, Edward Geoffrey Smith Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby.1914 Battle of the Falkland Islands, one of the major naval engagements of the First World War in which British victory secured the Cape Horn passage for the remainder of the war.1947 The Falkland Islands are listed at the United Nations as a Non-Self Governing Territory (NSGT) subject to the UN’s decolonisation process.1960 UN Resolution 1514 grants the right of Self-Determination to all peoples of NSGTs.1965 United Nations Assembly passed Resolution 2065, following lobbying by Argentina. This reminded members of the organisation’s pledge to end all forms of colonialism. Argentine and British Governments were called upon to negotiate a peaceful solution to the sovereignty dispute, bringing the issue to international attention formally for the first time.1966 Through diplomatic channels, Britain and Argentina began discussions in response to UN Assembly pressure.1967 The Falkland Islands Emergency Committee was set up by influential supporters in the UK to lobby the British Government against any weakening on the sovereignty issue. In April, the Foreign Secretary assured the House of Commons that the Islanders’ interests were paramount in any discussions with Argentina.1971 Communications Agreement was signed by the British and Argentine governments whereby external communications would be provided to the Falkland Islands by Argentina.1982 On 2 April Argentina invaded the Falkland Islands and diplomatic relations between the two nations were broken off. Argentine troops occupied the Islands for ten weeks before being defeated by the British. The Argentines surrendered on 14 June, now known as Liberation Day.1990 Diplomatic relations between Britain and Argentina were restored.1999 At the instigation of, and with the involvement of, Falkland Islands Councillors, a Joint Statement was signed between the British and Argentine Governments on 14 July. This was designed ‘to build confidence and reduce tension’ between the Islands and Argentina. Two Councillors from the Islands witnessed the signing on behalf of the Falkland Islands Government.2009 Following almost ten years of discussion and negotiation, a new Constitution for the Falkland Islands took effect on 1 January 2009. Marking an important milestone in the history of the Falkland Islands, the new Constitution provides enhanced local democracy and internal self-government, and enshrines the right of self-determination.2013 Referendum held in March, overseen by international observers. Falkland Islanders voted to determine their future, 99.8% of the electorate voted YES to maintaining current political status as a British Overseas Territory.There is also a doctrine accepted by the UN that when a country wages war the victors gain control of the disputed territories so after the unlawful invasion in 1982 you confirmed your lack of sovereignty over the Islands

Psychopathy and sociopathy share traits, but may have different origins. Hare (1993) indicated that for some researchers the term sociopath infers the possession of psychopathic personality traits, but those traits are derived only from social influences, as opposed to genetic predisposition, physical, or biochemical origins. Hare went on to state that one could be diagnosed as either psychopathic or sociopathic, depending on the subjective opinion of the examiner. Hare, Neumann, and Mokros (2015) stated that the term “primary psychopathy” has been used to indicate genetic predisposition biologically, in personality, and in innate behavior; and “secondary psychopathy” is a survival strategy brought on by social and environmental conditions.An example of sociopathy or secondary psychopathy may be someone raised in a gang-infested area. They join the local gang in self-defense and adopt psychopathic traits. However, social factors are also theorized to be contributing factors in the creation of a psychopath (Hare). This is consistent with evidence that genetic predisposition for behavior can be altered by epigenetic factors (physical and psychological activity-dependent learning), which can alter the effects genes would have on behavior (Gazzaniga, 2011). This indicates that one genetically predisposed to psychopathy may not become psychopathic, and one not genetically predisposed to psychopathy can become a sociopath due to experiences. Further, in citing differences, if two criminal gang members are arrested, one psychopathic and one sociopathic, the psychopath would likely inform on other gang members to save themselves, while the sociopath would likely remain loyal and accept punishment rather than inform on gang members.Sociopathy as a socially induced phenomenon seems consistent with the criminological theory of alienation. Henderson and Simon (1994) indicated that on a micro level this includes a defense mechanism to internal and external stressors, through the dehumanization of members of an out-group. This reduces internal conflict when oppressing members of the out-group (group-think). “In-group” refers to any group an individual identifies with, as opposed to an “out-group,” a significantly distinct group with which an individual has no affiliation. The two types of dehumanization are self-directed, which mutes emotion, and leads to adherence to bureaucratic demands (as seen in well-documented research of Zimbardo and Milgram); and, object-directed, characterized by negative labeling and stereotyping, as self-protection against guilt and shame. Group-think leads to poor decision making, due to belief in group morality, illusion of invulnerability, illusion of unanimity, intimidation of dissent, self-censorship, diffusion of responsibility, collective rationalization, and poor risk assessment (Myers, 2012).Group-think leads to poor decision making, due to belief in group morality, illusion of invulnerability, illusion of unanimity, intimidation of dissent, self-censorship, diffusion of responsibility, collective rationalization, and poor risk assessment (Myers, 2012). However, this propensity has evolved due to the positive effect on group cohesion; which enhances survival.Hare, Neumann, and Mokros reported that there is ample evidence that Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD) is more prevalent than psychopathy in criminal offenders, forensic psychiatric patients, and adults in the general population. They also reported that psychopaths with comorbid ASPD engage in more severe criminal behavior, and that they display anomalous cognitive processing and frontal lobe abnormalities.The American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fifth Edition (DSM) identified ASPD as essentially “a pervasive pattern of disregard for, and violation of the rights of others that begins in childhood or early adolescence and continues into adulthood. This pattern has also been referred to as psychopathy, sociopathy, or dissocial personality disorder” (2013, p. 659). ASPD symptoms are identified as:“A. A pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others occurring since the age of fifteen, as indicated by three (or more) of the following:1. Failure to conform to social norms with respect to lawful behaviors, as indicated by repeatedly performing acts that are grounds for arrest.2. Deceitfulness, as indicated by repeated lying, use of aliases, or conning others for personal profit or pleasure.3. Impulsivity or failure to plan ahead.4. Irritability and aggressiveness, as indicated by repeated physical fights or assaults.5. Reckless disregard for safety of self or others.6. Consistent irresponsibility, as indicated by repeated failure to sustain consistent work behavior or honor financial obligations.7. Lack of remorse, as indicated by being indifferent to or rationalizing having hurt, mistreated, or stolen from another.B. The individual is at least age 18 years.C. There is evidence of a Conduct Disorder, with onset before age 15 years.D. The occurrence of antisocial behavior is not exclusively during the course of Schizophrenia or a Manic Episode. …The essential feature of antisocial personality disorder is a pervasive pattern of disregard for, and violation of, the rights of others that begins in childhood or early adolescence and continues into adulthood. This pattern has also been referred to as psychopathy, sociopathy, or dissocial personality disorder. (2013, p. 659)”The conduct disorder element of onset before the age of 15 can consist of four types of persistent behavior: Aggression (to include toward animals), vandalism, deceit or theft, or serious rule violation.Hare, a clinical and forensic psychologist, originated the Psychopathy Checklist, now in use as the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) introduced in 1991, and the DSM has evolved in a similar manner in that disorders are diagnosed based on a list of symptoms. Hare, Neumann, and Mokros indicated that numerous researchers have recognized the PCL-R as the international standard for clinical and forensic applications. PCL-R results have been found reliable for clinical assessment, as well as for assessment of risk for antisocial and criminal activities, based on several meta-analyses, making it “one of the two most frequently used instruments for risk assessment, risk management, and risk monitoring” (p, 7). And, “PCL-R scores are reliably predictive of aggressive behavior and violent recidivism in criminal offenders” (p. 29).Hare and Neumann (2008) stated that the PCL-R “combined personality traits and antisocial behaviors, whereas the emphasis in APD was, and continues to be, antisocial behavior” (p. 219). Psychopathy is also marked by a lack of anxiety, delusions, and irrational thinking; and, any tension experienced is externally induced, as opposed to being the result of personal responsibility, remorse, or insecurity. They described the PCL-R four-factor model of psychopathy, consisting of the categories of: Interpersonal, Affective, Lifestyle, and Antisocial; with 18 traits among them. Sexual promiscuity and multiple short-term relationships are also examined through the PCL-R, but are not associated with the four factors.The traits within Interpersonal are:· Glib/superficial charm;· Grandiose self-worth;· Pathological lying; and· Conning and manipulative.Affective consists of:· Lack of remorse;· Shallow affect;· Callousness/lack of empathy; and,· Failure to accept responsibility.Lifestyle traits are:· Stimulation seeking/prone to boredom;· Impulsivity;· Denial of personal responsibility;· Parasitic; and,· Lacking in realistic goals.Relevant Antisocial traits are:· Poor behavior controls;· Early behavior problems;· Juvenile delinquency;· Revocation of probation; and· Criminal versatility.The PCL-R consists of 20 items rated as absent, moderate, or fully present (0, 1, or 2), with 30 points being considered the threshold for psychopathy, from a possible score of 40; although the range between 20 and 30 can be considered to be indicative of psychopathic tendencies; and some European researchers employ a threshold of 25, based on differing population samples (Hare, Neumann, & Mokros). Hare emphasized that one “not use these symptoms to diagnose themselves or others” (1993, p. 34). The traits are not unique to psychopaths, it is the combination and degree of the traits that indicate the diagnosis. Hare also indicated that many, but not all children meeting the definition of a Conduct Disorder as defined by the DSM become adult psychopathsHare and Neumann indicated that a two-factor model can be based on the combination of the traits within Interpersonal with those of Affective (Factor 1), and Lifestyle with Antisocial (Factor 2). Factor 1 scores are more indicative of latent psychopathy than Factor 2 (Hare, Neumann, & Mokros). Despite the indications that psychopathy is persistent and treatment may result in conning of the therapist, there is evidence that PCL-R Factor 2 scores may lower with advancing age.Personality disorders in general are dimensional in nature, and “psychopathic (or sociopathic) personality traits in adults and adolescents are best viewed as existing on a continuum” (Hare & Neumann, p. 234). Moreover, normal-range behaviors are correlated with those of psychopathic behaviors. And traits attributed to psychopaths are usually only significant indicators of psychopathy based on the synergistic effect of being present in combination.Hare (1993) wrote that criminal psychopaths have a recidivism rate twice that of other offenders, and their violent recidivism rate is three times higher. However, his work also indicated that not all psychopaths or sociopaths are criminals or evil people (there is a continuum of effect, minimum to maximum), and some can become very successful. But there is a consistent disregard for the feelings and welfare of others. And, they have an ability to mimic socially acceptable behavior when it suits their interests, as an element of the deceitfulness indicated in the above diagnostic material.An ability to mimic socially acceptable behavior does not necessarily mean they understand emotion. Psychopaths may have a disability when it comes to normal affect and emotions, and may have what has been described as proto-emotions (shallow and primitive). Fear is lacking, to include fear of consequences, and anger becomes primary.Hare (1993, p.102-107) described the “White-Collar Psychopaths” and “Trust-Mongers” who have gained and used professional positions; not only through masquerade, cunning, and conning, but through genuine accumulation of credentials. Cleckley, who began research on psychopathy in the first half of the 20th Century, wrote of a case study of a psychiatrist who used his social capital to sexually assault patients. Hare refers to this type as the “successful psychopath” and “subcriminal psychopaths:” to include lawyers, doctors, academics, business professionals, police, writers, and artists, among others. They are as capable of ignoring social norms as common psychopaths, and likewise succeed at the expense of others, but are better at covering transgressions. They function at the edge of illegality and “if they lie and cheat on the job—and get away with it or are even admired for it—they will lie and cheat in all areas of their lives” (p. 114). When life is pleasant, or when that is the easiest way to control another's behavior, successful psychopaths are pleasant; although they are capable of, and likely to, disguise their motives. When stressed, their proclivity for deviant behavior emerges. Clay (2013) listed that top 10 professions attracting those with psychopathic traits:1. CEO2. Lawyer3. Media (Television/Radio)4. Salesperson5. Surgeon6. Journalist7. Police officer8. Clergy person9. Chef10. Civil servantFunctional Magnetic Resonance Imaging examination has shown firing neurons in the brains of psychopaths watching both inflicted pain on others and when personally experienced; from which it was concluded that psychopaths are not lacking in empathy, rather that empathy can be turned on at will (Meffert, Gazzola, den Boer, Bartels, Keysers, 2013). Hogenboom (2013) also reported evidence that psychopaths do not lack empathy, they can activate or inactivate those neural pathways if desired. This indicates that psychotherapy may be able treat psychopathy; although there is the possibility of psychopathic manipulation of the therapist, as well as the potential for recidivism if successful in receiving a favorable forensic recommendation.As stated above, multiple negative psychological traits can co-exist in various combinations; and the concept of comorbity of diagnostic consideration must incorporate the reality that an individual may have symptoms, behaviors, and traits that include criteria of other mental disorders. Another relevant syndrome is that of Narcissistic Personality Disorder; which, like all syndromes, exists on a continuum, from being a dominant trait to being muted. “The Dark Triad—Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy—correlates with effective adornment. This effect was also evident for psychopathy measured alone. This study provides the first experimental evidence that dark personalities construct appearances that act as social lures—possibly facilitating their cunning social strategies” (Holtzman & Strube, 2013, Abstract). Hare, Neumann, and Mokros indicated that PCL-R Factor 1 has been empirically found to overlap The Dark Triad.In the extreme, there are malignant narcissists, who are primarily male and make up about 1% of the population. Malignant narcissism is characterized by mental and emotional abuse, and violence. They see themselves as victims and seek total control by any means necessary, are subject to feelings of inferiority and paranoia, and are hyper-sensitive to criticism. And, as with psychopaths, they can feign positive character traits when it is advantageous to them (Kulbarsh, 2008). Ackley (2009) a retired FBI profiler, indicated that common among serious offenders is narcissistic personality disorder of the hypervigilant/vulnerable type, characterized by shyness, emotional sensitivity, and vigilance for being offended by others. School shooters have been frequently included in this category.It bears repeating that the psychopathic personality traits exist on a continuum, and normal-range behaviors are consistent with those of psychopathic behaviors; except that the synergistic effect of the identified traits being present in combination is the diagnostic criteria for identification of a psychopath. Hare (1993) warned that one should not judge based on the presence of some of the listed symptoms; and an expert opinion of a psychologist or psychiatrist with appropriate clinical and forensic experience who has been trained in the interpretation of the PCL-R results is required for an accurate diagnosis.References:Ackley, C. N. (2009, March 3). Sexual assault and offender characteristics. Behavioral Science Education and Consultation Services. Presented at the Conference on Crimes Against Women, Dallas, Texas.American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, D.C.: Author.Clay, K. (2013, May 5). The Top 10 Jobs That Attract Psychopaths. Forbes. Retrieved from: http://www.forbes.com/sites/kellyclay/2013/01/05/the-top-10-jobs-that-attract-psychopaths/#45fab25873c3Gazzaniga, M. S. (2011). The ethical brain: The science of our moral dilemmas. New York: HarperCollins.Hare, R. D. (1993). Without conscience: The disturbing world of the psychopaths among us. New York: Pocket Books.Hare, R. D., & Neumann, C. S. (2008). Psychopathy as a clinical and empiricalconstruct. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 4, 217-246.Hare, R. D., Neumann, C. S., & Mokros, A. (2015, February 2).The PCL-R assessmentof psychopathy development, properties, debates, and new directions. 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