Promissory Note South Africa: Fill & Download for Free

Orania is not a city, its hardly a town and can be best described as a small, non-descript village on the banks of the Xariep (Orange) river in the Northern Cape province of South Africa.It exist as the futile racist dream of a very small number of far rightwing, white supremacy ideologists, who denies the history of the world and who believes that they are the Hebrew “God’s” chosen “volk” (nation).It is widely reported that only whites are allowed to reside in the town. The economy is supported by some local agricultural produce and they have even adopted their own currency, a type of monopoly money, promissory note, only exchangeable in Orania.Apart from a few prominent families, with financial interests outside of Orania, who also runs the town, the locals who live there full-time, hardly makes a living in the arid semi-desert landscape.I suppose that Orania is relatively safe considering the context of the place. Geographically it is remote, in the middle of the largest, but most sparsely populated province in SA. Is it safer to live there than in Johannesburg? Probably. Would I want to live there? Definitely NOT!

The rupee's history goes back to 3000 years ago. In fact, there is a likelihood that the 5000 year old Indus Valley Civilization had some sort of currency [The Punch-marked Coins: A Survival of the Indus Civilization]. The word rupee comes from the Vedic word rupa - meaning either form/shape or silver. Almost each major empire in India - Maurya, Kushan, Chola, Gupta, Mughal - tried to standardize a common currency system in their region to consolidate power.Among the oldest Indian book in economics is Arthashastra [art of wealth] the 2300 year old book that founded India's first great empire - Maurya Empire. Its author Chanakya understood the importance of economics in building a strong society. Mauryan era marked one of the high watermarks in Indian history with a pretty sophisticated trade and business infrastructure - in the form of merchant guilds and trade networks.Mauryan era coins (~200 BC)Gupta era currency (~400 AD)Chola era currency (~1000 AD)Mughal era currency (~1600 AD)Maratha era currency (~1700 AD)Currency standardsFor a big part of Indian history, one rupee was measure as a 11.6 gram silver coin [reportedly standardized by Sher Shah Suri, but it is possible that it could be earlier]. Vedas contain many mentions of such coin measurements [1].Sher Shah Suri's rupee (circa 1500 AD)However, silver standards were dealt with huge blows after the discovery of massive amounts of silver in the Americas. This shattered many economies that were based on silver. Thus, once the British crown took over India in the middle of 19th century, India was moved to the gold standard and 1 rupee was fixed as 1/15 of a pound sterling or equivalent to roughly 0.5 g of gold.One rupee coin in British rule [1862 AD]Who printed the notes?Until 1867, there was no monopoly on printing banknotes. Banks could print their own notes which is essentially a promissory note that you can exchange anytime for the real coins. Thus, a variety of major banks in India started issuing notes.One Gold Mohur note introduced by the Bank of Bengal (1812 AD)Bank of Madras note of 1842In 1867, the monopoly was given to the government. Individual banks could no longer print legal tender.1917 year rupeeRupee as currency of AsiaAround the first world timeframe, British Indian government made the rupee as one of the standard currencies in territories ranging from Africa to South East Asia.British currency in the Middle EastAn Iraqi postage stamp of 1930 showing Indian currency measurement of annas [~1/16 of rupee]ReferencesPage on ias.ac.inAncient India CoinageBritish India IssuesHistory of the rupeePage on ggdc.netAlso see:Reserve Bank of India (RBI): What does "I promise to pay the bearer a sum of" mean?

Bartering is the oldest form of exchange between two people, so bartering started when people inhabited South Africa.Later on people invented “promissory notes”, which promised people that I owned them 100 apples for the bananas they sold me, but I didn’t own any apples. Later on the “apples” became gold, or shells, or rands and cents, or some other medium of exchange that represented the apples.