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What happened in the Vietnam War in Laos and Thailand?

Q. What happened in the Vietnam War in Laos and Thailand?LAOS DURING THE VIETNAM WARA map of modern day Laos, showing its location west of Vietnam1. Laos is a landlocked country which lies immediately to the north-west of Vietnam. Its northern regions are mountainous and heavily forested, while the population and production is concentrated in the south.2. Like Vietnam, Laos was colonised by the French in the late 1800s. Before this it did not really exist as a single state but was a patchwork of kingdoms and ethnic groups.3. French colonialism and Japanese occupation during World War II fuelled a growth in Laotian nationalism. One nationalist group, the Pathet Lao, was formed in 1950 by a supporter of Ho Chi Minh.4. The US became involved in Laos in the early 1960s, in order to prevent the Viet Cong using Laotian territory for bases and supplies. US planes bombed Laos extensively between 1964 and 1973.5. The cessation of US bombing in 1973 allowed the Pathet Lao to tighten its grip on Laos. In December 1975 it formed a socialist one-party government, which remains in power today.The Vietnam War did not remain within the borders of Vietnam. The conflict expanded into neighbouring countries like Laos and Cambodia, where North Vietnamese Army (NVA) and Viet Cong soldiers moved and operated, at times pursued by South Vietnamese and American forces. These interventions had a profound impact on the development of Laos and Cambodia. One significant outcome was the rise and expansion of nationalist-communist groups. Like the Vietnamese, Laotians and Cambodians had endured generations of colonial exploitation, foreign meddling and unwanted conflict. Vietnam’s nationalist and communist movement inspired the rise of the Pathet Lao in Laos and the Khmer Rouge in Cambodia. These groups would shape the destinies of their countries.Laos is a landlocked country, sandwiched between China (north), Cambodia (south), Vietnam (east) and Thailand (west). Much of northern Laos is mountainous, difficult to cross and thinly populated. The majority of Laos’ agricultural and livestock production takes place in the country’s south or along the Mekong River, which forms Laos’ western border. Prior to the 19th century Laos was a jigsaw of regional kingdoms and ethnicities, not a single state or homogenous society. Its history, trade and culture were shaped by its more powerful neighbours. Like Vietnam, Laos fell under French colonial control in the late 19th century. Laos lacked the natural resources, labor force and coastline of its neighbouring regions, however, so was never a profitable colony. As a consequence it was not as closely administered or developed as Vietnam. French colonial authority was concentrated in southern Laos; even at the height of the colonial period there were no more than a few hundred French officials in Laos.Pathet Lao founder Prince Souphanouvong (left) with Ho Chi MinhWorld War II helped stimulate Laotian nationalism, which rose in response to an aggressive Thailand and occupation by Japanese forces. Laos was not much affected by the war until early 1945, when Japanese troops took control of the Vichy French colonial regime and forced the Lao king, Sisavangvong, to declare independence. The French reasserted control of Laos in 1946, implementing a constitutional monarchy while working to improve infrastructure, particularly in transport and education. Despite these advances, this period was marked by frustration with foreign interference in Laotian affairs. One nationalist group, the Lao Freedom Front, was formed by Prince Souphanouvong, an admirer of Ho Chi Minh. In 1950 Souphanouvong and his colleagues formed the Pathet Lao (‘Lao Nation’), in effect a Laotian branch of the Viet Minh. In 1953 the Pathet Lao initiated a civil war in Laos, armed with logistic support, training and supplies from the Viet Minh.France’s General Salan with the future king of Laos, Sisavang VatthanaLaos was granted full independence from France on November 9th 1953 and became a constitutional monarchy. The Pathet Lao occupied large areas in the mountainous north and remained a significant political force. In 1957 the Pathet Lao was invited to form a coalition government. This coalition collapsed the following year under pressure from the United States, which was suspicious of the Pathet Lao’s communist ties. This helped reignite the Laotian civil war between the US-backed royal government and the Pathet Lao, which was supported and supplied by Hanoi and Moscow. By the late 1950s much of northern and eastern Laos was controlled by the Pathet Lao. During this period the North Vietnamese military entered Laos to establish the Ho Chi Minh Trail, a remote track for peopling and supplying the Viet Cong in South Vietnam. The Geneva agreement of 1962 produced another coalition government and pause in the civil war, though both lasted scarcely a year. During the 1960s the Pathet Lao, supported by the North Vietnamese, fought for control against the Laotian royal government and the ethnic Hmong, both of whom were backed by the United States.A map showing US military operations in Laos during the mid 1960sAmerica’s growing involvement in Vietnam helped escalate the civil war in Laos. The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and US military began supplying the royal Laotian government with intelligence, financial aid and military supplies. The US furnished Vientiane with planes and established a training program for Laotian pilots. Progress was slow, however, so in mid 1964 American planes began flying reconnaissance missions over Laotian territory. The first American bombs were dropped on Laos on June 9th, in retaliation for the shooting down of an American plane by insurgents. The aerial bombardment of Laos was intensified in December 1964 with the implementation of Operation Barrel Roll in north-eastern Laos. Flying mostly from Thailand, US planes flew weekly bombing runs over north-eastern Laos, targeting Pathet Lao and North Vietnamese bases. It was later supplemented by Operation Tiger Hound, a three year campaign that involved some 100,000 bombing runs over eastern Laos.Pathet Lao soldiers on the eve of the communist takeover of Laos, 1974Despite this American involvement, the Pathet Lao continued to make gains. Through 1968, a succession of communist advances scattered the Royal Lao army, reducing it to barely a thousand men. Much of northern Laos was controlled by the Pathet Lao, the NVA and Viet Cong, which used Laotian territory for transporting men and supplies to South Vietnam. An intensification of US bombing stalled some communist advances, but when the Americans ceased their bombing runs in February 1973, the Pathet Lao – now bolstered by greater numbers and weaponry from Hanoi – began to expand. Within weeks they held more territory than the government, which was confined to the capital Vientiane and the western border regions along the Mekong valley. A ceasefire was signed and, in April 1973, another coalition government formed. The royalists and the Pathet Lao enjoyed equal representation in this new government. Between mid 1973 and early 1975, however, the Pathet Lao engaged in a creeping takeover of the national government.Flag Pathet LaoIn April 1975, as the North Vietnamese were moving towards Saigon, Pathet Lao forces began moving towards Vientiane. Now infiltrated by Pathet Lao officials and supporters, the government offered little meaningful resistance. With the fall of Vientiane imminent, thousands of Americans, foreigners and royalist supporters fled across the border to Thailand. By August the Pathet Lao was in virtual control of the country. Its seizure of power was formalised on December 2nd 1975, with the abolition of the government, the abdication of King Savang Vatthana and the formation of the Lao People’s Democratic Republic. The Pathet Lao’s earlier promises of elections, democratic reforms and liberal freedoms were quickly forgotten, as the new regime moved to silence dissidents and establish a one-party state. Troublesome officials or military officers were sent to remote locations for re-education “seminars” and never seen again. One of these was the aging former king, who died in a “seminar camp” sometime between 1978 and 1984. There were also recriminations against the ethnic Hmong, who sided with the royal government and the US during the civil war. As many as one quarter of Laos’ 400,000 Hmong are believed to have killed by the new regime, while the US has accepted more than 100,000 as refugees.Today, Laos is one of the world’s last remaining socialist states. Its government is dominated by the Lao People’s Revolutionary Party (LPRP), the political arm of the Pathet Lao. Other parties and factions are banned. Significant policies are formulated and approved by the LPRP’s Politburo. There is an elected legislature, the National Assembly, however only LPRP members are permitted to stand as candidates and elections are probably rigged. Unlike Hanoi, Laos’ communist regime did not sever ties with the United States; the American embassy in Vientiane continued to operate during and after 1975. As in Vietnam, the Laotian government began to slowly liberalise during the 1990s. In August 1991 the LPRP approved a new constitution that acknowledges Laos’ ethnic diversity and the individual rights of its citizens. Economic development has been slower. Laos’ economy is dominated by agriculture, mining and international tourism, which has grown remarkably in the past decade. The people of Laos remain desperately poor, with two million living below the international poverty line and hunger a widespread problem.© Alpha History 2016.This page was written by Jennifer Llewellyn, Jim Southey and Steve Thompson.

What is the most "F-that" mission a pilot has ever been given?

What Couldn’t the F-4 Phantom Do?A tribute to McDonnell’s masterpiece fighter jet.In Vietnam, the U.S. Navy used the F-4 for ground attack. (US Navy via D. Sheley)First, they tried an F-104. “Not enough wing or thrust,” recalls Jack Petry, a retired U.S. Air Force colonel. When NASA engineers were launching rockets at Florida’s Cape Canaveral in the 1960s, they needed pilots to fly close enough to film the missiles as they accelerated through Mach 1 at 35,000 feet. Petry was one of the chosen. And the preferred chase airplane was the McDonnell F-4 Phantom.“Those two J79 engines made all the difference,” says Petry. After a Mach 1.2 dive synched to the launch countdown, he “walked the [rocket’s] contrail” up to the intercept, tweaking closing speed and updating mission control while camera pods mounted under each wing shot film at 900 frames per second. Matching velocity with a Titan rocket for 90 extreme seconds, the Phantom powered through the missile’s thundering wash, then broke away as the rocket surged toward space. Of pacing a Titan II in a two-seat fighter, Petry says: “Absolutely beautiful. To see that massive thing in flight and be right there in the air with it—you can imagine the exhilaration.”For nearly four decades of service in the U.S. military, the Phantom performed every combat task thrown at it—almost every mission ever defined.“All we had to work with at the beginning was a gleam in the customer’s eye,” said James S. McDonnell of the Phantom’s inception. In 1954, the ambitious founder of McDonnell Aircraft personally delivered to the Pentagon preliminary sketches based on the U.S. Navy’s request for a twin-engine air superiority fighter. The Navy green-lighted McDonnell’s concept, as well as a competing offer from Chance-Vought that updated the F8U Crusader.Revetments at an air base in Da Nang sheltered F-4s from mortar and rockets. (National Museum of the USAF)In an area of McDonnell’s St. Louis, Missouri factory known as the advanced design cage—a cluster of three desks and a few drafting boards partitioned off with drywall topped with chicken wire—just four engineers worked on the airplane that would propel naval aviation into the future. As the engineers worked, the Navy clarified its concept of air superiority: The service wanted a two-seat, high-altitude interceptor to neutralize the threat Soviet bombers posed to America’s new fleet of Forrestal-class super-carriers. Now designated F4H-1, the project soon engulfed the entire resources of “McAir,” as the company was known. By 1962, F-4 program manager David Lewis would be company president.McDonnell’s and the Navy’s design philosophy assumed the next war, not the last. The F-4’s rear cockpit was there for a backseater to handle what was sure to be a heavy information load. For the air-to-air encounters of tomorrow, gunnery was supplanted by radar-guided missiles. Though not strictly solid state, the airframe was stuffed with state of the art: Westinghouse radar, Raytheon missile fire control, advanced navigation systems, and an analog air-data computer. A network of onboard sensors extended nose to tail.On the factory floor, integrating 30,000 electronic parts and 14 miles of wiring gave troubleshooters a fit—and job security. Cheek-by-jowl components generated clashing sources of electromagnetic energy. Voltage wandered wire to wire, producing crazy glitches: Gauges displayed 800 gallons when the fuel tanks were empty. Just how convoluted the glitches could get was demonstrated when baffling control losses were traced to a random match between the pitch of one test pilot’s voice in the headset mic and the particular resonance of a signal controlling autopilot activation.After the F-4 eliminated the F8U-3 in a competitive fly-off, George Spangenberg, an official in the Navy Bureau of Aeronautics, declared: “The single-seat fighter era is dead.” Though its General Electric J79 engines advertised its arrival with a smoke trail visible 25 miles away—a Phantom calling card that would take two decades to engineer out—the first F-4 production models rolled off McDonnell’s assembly line with Mach 2 capability as standard equipment and a 1,000-hour warranty. Delivered to California’s Naval Air Station Miramar in December 1960 as a fleet defender purpose-built to intercept high-flying nuclear foes, the massively powered, technology-chocked F-4 seemed to herald the same break from 1950s orthodoxy as John F. Kennedy’s torch-has-been-passed inauguration speech, then only weeks away.Navy aviators of the early 1950s made do with jet aircraft hamstrung by the requirements for carrier landings. “I wouldn’t say I really aspired to fly the [McDonnell] F3H Demon,” says Guy Freeborn, a retired Navy commander, of the clunky subsonic he once had to eject from. “But then, one day, here was this beautiful new F-4 sitting right next to it.” Suddenly, carrier-based fliers like Freeborn—who would spend two Vietnam combat tours in the front seat of a Phantom—found themselves sole proprietors of the hottest fighter on Earth.The new jet took some getting used to. Getting F-4s to fly and fight required a team effort: a pilot up front and a radar intercept officer (RIO) behind. The ethos of the solitary hunter-killer, not to mention the ability to single-handedly grease precarious landings on pitching carrier decks, fostered a strong DIY culture among Navy fighter pilots. How to process the notion of a RIO (aka “guy in back,” aka “voice in the luggage compartment”), who wasn’t even a pilot, looking over your shoulder?Aerial combat in Vietnam had a clarifying effect on pilots’ attitudes toward RIOs. “I loved it,” says John Chesire, who flew 197 combat missions in the Phantom during two tours in Vietnam. “We split our duties, and he kept me out of trouble. Going into combat, the workload was so high that I really relied on the guy behind me.”Flying into combat without a shooting iron was another matter. “That was the biggest mistake on the F-4,” says Chesire. “Bullets are cheap and tend to go where you aim them. I needed a gun, and I really wished I had one.”“Everyone in RF-4s wished they had a gun on the aircraft,” says Jack Dailey, a retired U.S. Marine Corps general and director of the National Air and Space Museum in Washington, D.C.McDonnell’s earliest concept included interchangeable nose sections to readily convert a standard F-4 into the RF-4B, a camera-equipped reconnaissance aircraft. The aircraft’s most photo-friendly asset, however, was speed. RF-4Bs flew alone and unarmed deep into unfriendly airspace. “Speed is life,” Phantom pilots liked to say.In the front seat of a Marine Corps photo-recon Phantom on more than 250 missions, Dailey was tasked to support Marines on the ground with film and infrared imagery. “We were trying to track movement of the Viet Cong coming down the Ho Chi Minh Trail,” he says. “They moved their trucks a lot at night. We could fly along a road and pop flash cartridges and catch them out in the open.”The recce pilots in RF-4s had good reason to wish for a gun: The focal length of the RF-4’s camera lens and the required photo coverage imposed a flight regime that didn’t include evasive action. “For photographic purposes, they wanted you flying straight and level at about 5,000 feet,” says Dailey. The predictable flight path and the absence of defensive weapons drew enemy calibers from anti-aircraft artillery down to small arms. “We got hosed down every day,” says Dailey. Often, ground forces simply used barrage fire—large groups firing rifles and other sidearms into the sky simultaneously. Dailey’s Phantom was nailed on nine occasions. A rifle round once penetrated the cockpit, narrowly missing him. Another time he landed with so much engine damage “you could see light shining through.”Naval aviators were rudely initiated into an F-4 idiosyncrasy: As airplane and deck parted company, the Phantom’s nose initially rose slowly. And with a bit of speed, the nose could over-rotate to a near-stall attitude if not controlled. “It got pretty wild,” says Chesire. “It was always lots of fun to watch new guys take off.”F-4 Close Air Support Combat Missions 1972I was fortunate to have been able to fly the F-4 Phantom II supersonic (mach 2+) fighter bomber for five years from 1971 – 1976. Although I joined to United States Air Force to avoid being drafted into the U.S. Army and going to Vietnam, fate ultimately sent me to Vietnam.During the summer and fall of 1972, I was a member of the 35th Tactical Fighter Squadron flying combat missions over South Vietnam, North Vietnam and Laos. The 35th TFS was based at Korat Royal Thai Air Base, Thailand, but was on temporary duty (TDY) from Kunsan Air Base, Korea. We brought our F-4D models from Korea, but we also flew the F-4E models based at Korat. The primary difference between the D and E models was that the D model did not have a 20mm canon and the E model had a 20mm canon built into the nose.During the summer and fall of 1972, the 35th TFS had two primary missions:Strike escort missions as part of operation Linebacker I into Route Pack VI, the most heavily defended area in the history of aerial warfare. Each strike escort mission consisted of four 35th TFS F-4s flying in “fluid four” formation on the perimeter of the strike force (the Phantoms carrying bombs) as the strike force ingressed and egressed the target in the Route Pack VI area of North Vietnam. The strike escort F-4s were the second line of defense if enemy MiGs got past the MiG CAP (combat air patrol) F-4s. The job of the strike escort was to engage and destroy MiGs that threatened the strike force. If the MiGs got too close to the F-4 bombers, the bombers would be forced to jettison their bombs and take evasive action to avoid being shot down.Close air support missions primarily in the northern part (Military Region 1) of South Vietnam. These missions consisted of dropping bombs (usually Mark 82 500 pound general purpose bombs – slick, with fuse extenders and snake eye, but sometimes cluster bomb units “CBUs”) under the direction and control of a forward air controller. These missions were in defense of the good guys who were being attacked by Viet Cong or North Vietnamese army men.When I arrived at Korat in the summer of 1972, the 35th TFS was divided into two groups. One group, the older and more experienced guys, flew daily Operation Linebacker I missions into Route Pack VI and the other group flew close air support missions. Because I was a young, inexperienced and very green 1st Lt., I was assigned to the close air support missions. I did not mind too much because the Route Pack VI missions were much more dangerous.Although I did get to fly combat missions into Route Pack VI, most of the combat missions I flew were close air support missions at night in the northern part of South Vietnam or Laos. I usually flew two missions a night. After dropping all my bombs on the first target, my flight of two F-4s landed at DaNang Air Base, South Vietnam, to rearm and refuel. I then rendezvoused with another Forward Air Controller and dropped another load of bombs on the bad guys and returned to Korat.My typical bomb load was twelve Mark 82 500 pound general purpose bombs. It was common for six of the bombs to have fuse extenders. Every bomb had at least one fuse, which was the device that caused the bomb to detonate. A fuse extender was a three foot metal tube that screwed into the nose of the bomb with the fuse on the tip of the tube. The purpose of a fuse extender was to cause the bomb to detonate three feet above the ground for maximum blast effect against troops in the open. Each bomb had a nose and a tail fuse that was selected by the pilot before dropping the bomb. If a building or a structure was the target, the tail fuse was preferred because it would cause the bomb to detonate after the bomb first penetrated the structure so that the full force of the blast would occur inside the structure.A Normal Day at the Aerial OfficeMy normal work day consisted of waking in the late afternoon then showering, shaving and getting dressed in my nomex green fire retardant flight suit. I then rode the shuttle bus or hitched a ride to the Korat Air Base Officer’s Club for breakfast just before dark. After eating, I went to Fort Apache (scroll to the bottom of the page for two pictures of Fort Apache taken by Col. Grady Morris), the intelligence building on the flight line, to plan and brief my mission for the night.Mission briefings usually started two hours before take off. First, an intelligence officer briefed all the crews on recent events in the ground and air war and specific information about my target area. We also got a weather briefing. Next, the flight leader of each flight of two or four F-4s conducted individual briefings for his flight. Most of the night missions involved flights of two F-4s.During the briefing, we talked about the types of weapons delivery to be used to drop our ordnance, emergency air fields, search and rescue procedures, missing wingman procedures, rendezvousing with the forward air controller, and return to base (“RTB”) procedures. I usually had 10 – 30 minutes after the briefing to prepare to go to the airplane.This 10 – 30 minutes of inactive time was when I was most afraid because the idleness allowed me to think about what I was preparing to do — use a multi-million dollar supersonic flying machine to drop bombs on fellow human beings who were trying to kill me at the same time I was trying to kill them. It was during this time I always went to the bathroom at the insistence of my nervous bowels.My Flying GearAbout fifteen minutes before station time (the time designated to depart Fort Apache for the flight line and my airplane) I dressed for aerial combat. I put my wallet, money and all personal affects in my locker. The only identification I carried when I flew combat missions was my Geneva convention card and my US Department of Defense military ID card.The G SuitWhile flying the F-4, I wore a G suit or technically I suppose it was an “anti-G suit” because its purpose was to allow me to withstand Gs when turning hard in the F-4. The normal force of gravity we all experience is called “one G” or one gravity force. When a fighter turns hard, it can cause the airplane and its occupants to experience multiple gravity forces. During normal combat maneuvers, the F-4 frequently “pulled” 4 or 5 positive Gs. Five Gs means that the pilot’s body weights five times its weight. Moving while pulling 4 or 5 Gs is difficult, especially turning the head around to check the five or seven o’clock positions. While pulling Gs, I sometimes had to use my arm to push my head backwards so I could look behind the airplane.The purpose of the G suit is to help fighter pilots pull more Gs before they gray out (lose peripheral vision) or black out (become unconscious). The G suit looks like an ugly weird set of pants and is worn over the flight suit. It zips on around each leg and the abdomen. The G suit has air bladders over the stomach, around the thighs and the calves of each leg. It also has a hose that plugs into an outlet in the cockpit. When the G forces increase, the airplane pumps air into the bladders in the G suit. More Gs means more air pumped into the suit. When the Gs decrease the air pressure in the G suit decreases until there is no air pressure in the G suit when the G force equals one. The G suit increases a pilot’s ability to withstand G forces because it constricts the lower half of the body and makes it more difficult for blood to flow from the upper body to the lower body. The result is that it takes more G forces to push blood from the brain thus giving the pilot the ability to withstand greater G forces before graying or blacking out.My G suit was also a place to store items that otherwise could not be carried in the cramped cockpit of the F-4. My G suit had a pocket on the inner thigh in which I carried a USAF issued switchblade knife tied to a lanyard that was secured to the G suit. One end of the knife was always open because it was a special hook shaped blade the sole purpose of which was to cut four parachute lines to make the parachute more maneuverable. I also had a large jungle knife in a sheath with a sharpening stone attached to my G suit. I made sure I had several strips of gray USAF tape on the thigh area of my G suit. I used the tape to cover instrument lights that were too bright when I flew at night.The Survival VestNext I donned my survival vest made of light-weight nylon material. It contained the following survival gear: two two-way radios, 50 rounds of .38 caliber ammunition, compass, tourniquet, first aid kit, two smoke flares (to make a lot of colored smoke) and several pen gun flares (to be fired into the sky). When I flew, I also wore a parachute harness into which the parachute straps contained in the ejection seat connected. The parachute harness had two under arm life preserver units (lpus) to be inflated if I ejected over water and three hundred feet of nylon line in a pack on the back of the harness. Because much of Southeast Asia was covered by thick jungles with trees over 200 feet high, the nylon line in the parachute harness would allow me to slowly lower myself to the ground if I ejected and my parachute got stick in the trees.I took special care to check the two radios I carried in my survival vest. I made sure each radio worked properly and that the batteries were fully charged. I also put two extra radio batteries in my anti-G suit pocket along with two plastic bottles of ice. If I were shot down, the only way I would be rescued would have been to make contact with US forces on one of the three radios I carried (two in my survival vest and one in the survival kit in my ejection seat).The last thing I did after putting on my survival vest, anti-G suit and parachute harness was to check out my Smith & Wesson .38 caliber Combat Masterpiece revolver from the survival gear people. I then grabbed six .38 caliber bullets from the big tin of bullets and loaded my little pea shooter and inserted it into the holster strapped to my leg. Although I had an additional 50 rounds of bullets in two bandoliers on my survival vest, the weapon was no match for an enemy soldier with an AK-47, but it might be useful for self defense against tigers and cobra snakes than inhabited the jungles of Southeast Asia.Arriving at the AirplaneAn hour before take off a USAF step van took us to the airplanes. The first thing I did was put my gear in the cockpit and do the Preflight Checks that consisted of:Before Exterior Inspection CheckExterior Inspection CheckBefore Entering Cockpit CheckCockpit Interior CheckBefore Electrical Power CheckAfter Electrical Power CheckChecking the OrdnanceDuring the Exterior Inspection Check, I inspected each ordnance item. I made sure the ordnance was securely fastened to the airplane and that each fuse had a safety wire in it. The fuses had little propellers on their tips. The bombs were not armed (ready to explode) unless they had a fuse and the fuse was active. Before a fuse could become active, the propeller on the fuse had to spin in the wind fast enough to cause the fuse to become active. The purpose for the fuse, the propellers and the arming of the fuse was to prevent a bomb from colliding with another bomb when released and detonating under the airplane or from simply detonating spontaneously when released.Before bomb release, the propellers on the fuses could not spin in the wind because they had a safety wire inserted in the propeller that prevented the propeller from spinning. When the bomb was released, the safety wire remained attached to the airplane and pulled free from the propeller. With the safety wire removed, the little propeller spun in the wind and armed the fuse. Once armed, the bomb would detonate when the fuse was “jostled.”My airplane usually carried three AIM-7 Sparrow radar guided missiles and one ALQ-119 jamming pod in the four missile bays on the bottom of the fuselage. There were no MiGs in the South Vietnam airspace so the AIM-7s were not needed. Although there were a few SA-2 Guideline surface to air missiles (“SAMs”) in the northern part of South Vietnam during the NVA’s Easter 1972 offensive, I do not recall one being fired at me outside of North Vietnam.Follow space

What are good ways to start a career in online marketing?

Digital Marketing is an art to mix social activities and general marketing with latest technology tools. It includes social media, email, search engines, graphics, automation and forums.Since, digital marketing is an art to bring real life activities and create sales digitally through internet, hence it is important for everyone. Whether you are a scientist or an artist or a IT professional or a doctor, you need to know digital marketing and its application in your field.To start, you must learn how does a simple marketing is designed. Here are 9 steps to make a simple marketing plan#1- Know what is your Vision, Objective and Benchmark to successThis is an important part of a marketing strategy plan. Your digital marketing campaign should be going through this path as a guiding structure. If not then there is a serious problem. If you don’t know where you’re going, where will you end up? Then feel free to contact me.To build vision, mission and objective you must know what are the metrics which you want to consider. Follow the steps below.Segment your industry : Define your type of business example- Wholesale/ Service/ Retail etc.Segment your customer : Know your customers learn in step 4 of the articleSegment the problem you solve: Find out some problems in your industry faced by Customers and explain how your enterprise will solve some of them.Explain how you will solve that problem : As mentioned in above point, Show how will you solve the problem.Example-Vision: “Our initial goal is to become the premier provider for Car rentals. We will then leverage our customer base and position in the market to offer new equipment sales as well as comprehensive maintenance and service, custom equipment fittings, and expert trail advice.” [4]Objective: Become the largest shareholder of Car Rental in California. Generate $100000 as net income at the 2nd quarter of 2018.Keys to success: Provide a standard and quality Car with a 24 hour support online. Extra discount through loyalty program.# 2 – Decide and finalize the budget for your marketing campaign.Ad Budget Calculation“Take 10 percent and 12 percent of your projected annual, gross sales and multiply each by the markup made on your average transaction. “ [7]“Deduct your annual cost of occupancy (rent) from the adjusted 10 percent of sales number and the adjusted 12 percent number.” [7]“The remaining balances represent your minimum and maximum allowable ad budgets for the year.” [7]Example- You sell a Mobile Phone for $150 and the cost price is $100. So markup is 50% and margin is 33.33%.Assume your business is predicted to make $1 million this year 2017. Profit Margin is 48% and Annual rent is $52000. So let’s calculate percent of sales and 12 percent of sales (4100,000 and $120,000).Now let’s convert profit margin to mark up so divide gross profit by cost (48% i.e $480,000 hard cost). Hence 480,000/520,000= 92.3 %So Profit Margin= 92.3 %Ok so now multiply 92.3% * $100,0000(10%)=$ 92,300Multiply 92.3% * $120,000(12%)= $111,760Now subtract the rent from both rangesHence Lower ad range= $92,300-50,000= $42,300 (4.2 % of gross sales)Higher ad range= $110,000- 50,000= $60,000 (6% of gross sales)# 3- Develop Personas and create campaigns or blog posts accordinglyTo develop a persona follow the below stepsKnow your target consumerWrite all demographic data for your target consumer- age, gender, geographic areaFind out problems faced by this consumer categoryGet some more information like emotional desires, fear etc. about the personaYou can go through the Audience Report on Google Analytics for knowing the characteristics of your persona.Find the list of people who will be influencers to your persona/target audience. Ask them for help or use their influencing information along with your campaign.OrYou can also use the given tool for automatic persona creation. Makemypersona is one of the best persona creation platform so use it for free.# 4- Designing your campaignFind popular topics to your audience: When your are running a campaign or posting an article, remember one important thing “What are you posting” [5]. Find out the most shared and liked topics by your segmented audience using the following tools Buzzsumo, Scoopit etc.Use a marketing calendar : Use a marketing calendar to set up a plan when to give special offers or posts according to an event. You can get a free marketing calendar here Click to download.Use right Keywords: Keywords are important factors to attract your audience when searching for something or seeing an ad on social media. Some of the helpful tools for keyword research are Google keyword planner and SERP.Designing your social media poster:Graphics is one of important parts of a marketing campaign.I would call it the Hero shot [6]. Canva and Adobe Indesign are some of my favourite tools for designing posters. Everyone likes a story – If you have a vision, then a company video is a great tool to connect with your audience. Have a personal message recorded by your founder and experience of your users. Have some animation integrated on your video to tell the story. Adobe Animate CC is one of the important video animation tool. Remember to add a call to action button. There are several tools for call to action and landing page templates, I like the tool Unbounce.# 5- Communication | Email Marketing |Check whether you have used right keywords in your marketing campaign. If it’s a email campaign then make sure you have used right tools for monitoring and segmenting leads and future leads while Title/Subject of the email is the most important part of the email.. If you are using wix then do not forget to use the email marketing server of wix because you can track your emails and download the list of emails that opened your email and those who do not open. Hence you can re target the audience according to behaviour and demographics.There many other email marketing tools like Mailchimp, Drip etc. While Email Subject is a very important part of an email campaign, the second most important reason is timing. Use SeventhSense for sending an email campaign according to time. ​Seventh Sense is a terrific tool that delivers your sales and marketing emails to your recipients at the ideal time—when they’re in front of their email. Apart from email set up, content is very important so are chances of getting spammed. This tool “EmailCopyChecker” checks the words in the content of your email and tells you which part of email is leading towards spam.For Social Media Approach and tools, read the upcoming advanced version of this article in March.# 6 – Do you have an advanced mobile friendly website ?There are approximately 4.6 billion mobile users [3] in the world so if you have an old website which is either not advanced/ user friendly or mobile friendly then you need serious help right now. If you are a small start up and need website only for content then I would suggest going for Wix or Weebly where you can edit the website using website builder without coding. While if you need a website for advanced level of work example- LMS or Search Database then you use WordPress.#7- Best time to post on social mediaChoose the channels for campaign- Adwords, Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, LinkedIn etc. Hootsuite is one of my favourite automation software for social media campaigns.Remember“The best time to post on Twitter is at 3 p.m. Monday to Friday.” [2]“The best time to post on Facebook is between 12 p.m. and 3 p.m. Monday, Wednesday, Thursday, and Friday. And on Saturday and Sunday between 12 p.m. and 1 p.m.” [2]“The best time to post on Instagram is from 12 p.m. to 1 p.m. Monday to Friday.” [2]*Time may be different for different customer based on location.# 8 – Set the plan as Agile (Think “Outline” not “Campaign”)“As research on disruption and market transitions suggests, you’re better off these days if you can quickly identify and adapt to changes in your environment.”[8] Follow the below 4 phases for applying agile strategy in your marketing planAnnouncements and Initial AdvertisementCustomer engagement and Ad set upPromote new product salesAnalyze and regroup [8]# 9- Analytics | Google Analytics |After running a marketing campaign, the first thing you should do is track the activities and result. Mark the key performance indicators and measure the return on investment. Set the benchmarking tool and compare the your campaign or website analytics with your industry average. Find the audience according to region, technology, browser, age, gender etc. Segment the audience according to your target market.Read the full following articles one by one. It will help you to learn digital marketing in short span of time.Chapter 1: 9 Steps to make a Simple Marketing PlanChapter 2: 9 Online Marketing Strategies for a StartupChapter 3: 3 Steps to Identify Your Market and Calculate Market SizeChapter 4: 3T’s of Email MarketingChapter 5: Which one is more effective? Email Marketing or Social Media MarketingChapter 6: 10 Free Content Marketing Tools Every Startup Should Be UsingChapter 7: 5 Free Quality Marketing Tools for Email and Social MediaABOUT THE AUTHOR: Asif Razzaq is a digital marketing specialist with 5 years of experience in marketing and digital health. Asif holds an undergraduate degree in Biotechnology and Graduate Certificate in Bio Science Management from Keck Graduate Institute. He is Google Adwords Mobile and Search Engine Certified. He is also Inbound certified from Hubspot. He has cofounded two startups in India and he has been awarded Young Biotechnology Entrepreneurs Award at SGPGI NCBL Conference March 2013.www.digitalasif.com

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