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Kaplan and Sadock’s Synopsis of Psychiatry 11th EditionISBN-10: 1609139712ISBN-13: 9781609139711Test bank Kaplan and Sadock’s Synopsis of Psychiatry 11th EditionAuthors: by Benjamin J Sadock Virginia A Sadock Pedro RuizKaplan and Sadock’s Synopsis of Psychiatry 11th EditionChapter 1: Neural Sciences1.1: Introduction1.2: Functional Neuroanatomy1.3: Neural Development and Neurogenesis1.4: Neurophysiology and Neurochemistry1.5: Psychneuroendocrinology1.6: Immune System and Central Nervous System Interactions1.7: Neurogenetics1.8: Applied Electrophysiology1.9: ChronobiologyChapter 2: Contributions of the Psychosocial Sciences2.1: Jean Piaget and Cognitive Development2.2: Attachment Theory2.3: Learning Theory2.4: Biology of Memory2.5: Normality and Mental HealthChapter 3: Contributions of the Sociocultural Sciences3.1: Sociobiology and Ethology3.2: Transcultural Psychiatry3.3: Culture-Bound SyndromesChapter 4: Theories of Personality and Psychopathology4.1: Sigmund Freud: Founder of Classic Psychoanalysis4.2: Erik Erikson4.3: Other Psychodynamic Schools4.4: Positive PsychologyChapter 5: Examination and Diagnosis of the Psychiatric Patient5.1: Psychiatric Interview, History, and Mental Status Examination5.2: The Psychiatric Report and Medical Record5.3: Psychiatric Rating Scales5.4: Clinical Neuropsychology and Intellectual Assessment of Adults5.5: Personality Assessment: Adults and Children5.6: Neuropsychological and Cognitive Assessment of Children5.7: Medical Assessment and Laboratory Testing in Psychiatry5.8: Neuroimaging5.9: Physical Examination of the Psychiatric PatientChapter 6: Classification in PsychiatryChapter 7: Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders7.1: Schizophrenia7.2: Schizoaffective Disorder7.3: Schizophreniform Disorder7.4: Delusional Disorder and Shared Psychotic Disorder7.5: Brief Psychotic Disorder, Other Psychotic Disorders, and CatatoniaChapter 8: Mood Disorders8.1: Depression and Bipolar Disorder8.2: Dysthymia and CyclothymiaChapter 9: Anxiety Disorders9.1: Overview9.2: Panic Disorder9.3: Agoraphobia9.4: Specific Phobia9.5: Social Anxiety Disorder (Social Phobia)9.6: Generalized Anxiety Disorder9.7: Other Anxiety DisordersChapter 10: Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders10.1: Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder10.2: Body Dysmorphic Disorder10.3: Hoarding Disorder10.4: Hair-Pulling Disorder (Trichotillomania)10.5: Excoriation (Skin Picking) DisorderChapter 11: Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders11.1: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Acute Stress Disorder11.2: Adjustment DisordersChapter 12: Dissociative DisordersChapter 13: Psychosomatic Medicine13.1: Introduction and Overview13.2 Somatic Symptom Disorder13.3: Illness Anxiety Disorder13.4: Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder (Conversion Disorder)13.5: Psychological Factors Affecting Other Medical Conditions13.6: Factitious Disorder13.7: Pain Disorder13.8: Consultation-Liaison PsychiatryChapter 14: Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and FibromyalgiaChapter 15: Feeding and Eating Disorders15.1: Anorexia Nervosa15.2: Bulimia Nervosa15.3: Binge Eating Disorder and Other Eating Disorders15.4: Obesity and the Metabolic SyndromeChapter 16: Normal Sleep and Sleep-Wake Disorders16.1: Normal Sleep16.2: Sleep-Wake DisordersChapter 17: Normal Sexuality and Sexual Dysfunctions17.1: Normal Sexuality17.2: Sexual Dysfunctions17.3: Paraphilic DisordersChapter 18: Gender DysphoriaChapter 19: Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct DisordersChapter 20: Substance Use and Addictive Disorders20.1: Introduction and Overview20.2: Alcohol-Related Disorders20.3: Caffeine-Related Disorders20.4: Cannabis-Related Disorders20.5: Hallucinogen-Related Disorders20.6: Inhalant-Related Disorders20.7: Opioid-Related Disorders20.8: Sedative-, Hypnotic-, or Anxiolytic-Related Disorders20.9: Stimulant-Related Disorders20.10: Tobacco-Related Disorders20.11: Anabolic-Androgenic Steroid Abuse20.12: Other Substance Use and Addictive Disorders20.13: Gambling DisorderChapter 21: Neurocognitive Disorders21.1: Introduction and Overview21.2: Delirium21.3: Dementia (Major Neurocognitive Disorder)21.4: Major or Minor Neurocognitive Disorder Due to Another Medical Condition (Amnestic Disorders)21.5: Neurocognitive and Other Mental Disorders Due to a General Medical Condition21.6: Mild Cognitive ImpairmentChapter 22: Personality DisordersChapter 23: Emergency Psychiatric Medicine23.1: Suicide23.2: Psychiatric Emergencies in Adults23.3: Psychiatric Emergencies in ChildrenChapter 24: Complementary and Alternative Medicine in PsychiatryChapter 25: Other Conditions that May be a Focus of Clinical AttentionChapter 26: Physical and Sexual Abuse of AdultsChapter 27: Psychiatry and Reproductive MedicineChapter 28: Psychotherapies28.1: Psychoanalysis and Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy28.2: Brief Psychodynamic Psychotherapy28.3: Group Psychotherapy, Combined Individual and Group Psychotherapy, and Psychodrama28.4: Family Therapy and Couples Therapy28.5: Dialectical Behavior Therapy28.6: Biofeedback28.7: Cognitive Therapy28.8 Behavior Therapy28.9: Hypnosis28.10: Interpersonal Therapy28.11: Narrative Psychotherapy28.12: Psychiatric Rehabilitation28.13: Combined Psychotherapy and Pharmacotherapy28.14: Genetic Counseling28.15: Mentalization-Based Therapy and MindfulnessChapter 29: Psychopharmacological Treatment29.1: General Principles of Psychopharmacology29.2: Medication-Induced Movement Disorders29.3: α2-Adrenergic Receptor Antagonists, α1-Adrenergic Receptor Antagonists: Clonidine, Guanfacine, Minipress, and Yohimbine29.4: β-Adrenergic Receptor Antagonists29.5: Anticholinergic Agents29.6: Anticonvulsants29.7: Antihistamines29.8: Barbiturates and Similarly Acting Substances29.9: Benzodiazepines and Drugs Acting on GABA Receptors29.10: Bupropion29.11: Buspirone29.12: Calcium Channel Blockers29.13: Carbamazepine and Oxcarbazepine29.14: Cholinesterase Inhibitors and Memantine29.15: Disulfiram and Acamprosate29.16: Dopamine Receptor Agonists and Precursors29.17: Dopamine Receptor Antagonists (First-Generation Antipsychotics)29.18: Lamotrigine29.19: Lithium29.20: Melatonin Agonists: Ramelton and Melatonin29.21: Mirtazepine29.22: Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors29.23: Nefazodone and Trazodone29.24: Opioid Receptor Agonists29.25: Opioid Receptor Antagonists: Naltrexone, Nalmefene, and Naloxone29.26: Phosphodiesterase-5 Inhibiors29.27: Selective Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors29.28: Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors29.29: Serotonin-Dopamine Antagonists and Similarly Acting Drugs (Second-Generation or Atypical Antipsychotics)29.30: Stimulant Drugs and Atomoxetine29.31: Thyroid Hormones29.32: Tricyclics and Tetracyclics29.33: Valproate29.34: Nutritional Supplements and Medical Foods29.35: Weight Loss drugsChapter 30: Brain Stimulation Methods30.1: Electroconvulsive Therapy30.2: Other Brain Stimulation Methods30.3: Neurosurgical Treatments and Deep Brain StimulationChapter 31: Child Psychiatry31.1: Introduction: Infant, Child, and Adolescent Development31.2: Assessment, Examination, and Psychological Testing31.3: Intellectual Disability31.4: Communication Disorders31.4a: Language Disorder31.4b: Speech Sound Disorder31.4c: Child-Onset Fluency Disorder (Stuttering)31.4d: Social (Pragmatic) Communication Disorder31.4e: Unspecified Communication Disorder31.5: Autism Spectrum Disorder31.6: Attention Deficit Disorders31.7: Specific Learning Disorder31.8: Motor Disorders31.8a: Developmental Coordination Disorder31.8b: Stereotypic Movement Disorder31.8c: Tourette’s Disorder31.8d: Persistent (Chronic) Motor or Vocal Tic Disorder31.9: Feeding and Eating Disorders of Infancy or Early Childhood31.9a: Pica31.9b: Rumination Disorder31.9c: Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID)31.10: Elimination Disorders31.10a: Encopresis31.10b: Enuresis31.11: Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders in Children31.11a: Reactive Attachment Disorder and Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder31.11b: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder of Infancy, Childhood, and Adolescence31.12: Mood Disorders and Suicide in Children and Adolescents31.12a: Depressive Disorders and Suicide in Children and Adolescents31.12b: Early-Onset Bipolar Disorder31.12c: Disruptive Mood Dyregulation Disorder31.12d: Oppositional Defiant Disorder31.12e: Conduct Disorder31.13: Anxiety Disorders of Infancy, Childhood, Adolescence31.13a: Separation Anxiety Disorder, Generalized Anxiety Disorder, and Social Anxiety Disorder (Social Phobia)31.13b: Selective Mutism31.14: Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in Childhood and Adolescence31.15: Early-Onset Schizophrenia31.16: Adolescent Substance Abuse31.17: Child Psychiatry: Other Conditions31.17a: Attenuated Psychosis Syndrome31.17b: Academic Problem31.17c: Identity Problem31.18: Psychiatric Treatment of Children and Adolescents31.18a: Individual Psychotherapy31.18b: Group Psychotherapy31.18c: Residential, Day, and Hospital Treatment31.18d: Pharmacotherapy31.18e: Psychiatric Treatment of Adolescents31.19: Child Psychiatry: Special Areas of Interest31.19a: Forensic Issues in Child Psychiatry31.19b: Adoption and Foster Care31.19c: Child Maltreatment and Abuse31.19d: Impact of Terrorism on ChildrenChapter 32: AdulthoodChapter 33: Geriatric PsychiatryChapter 34: End of Life Issues34.1: Death, Dying, and Bereavement34.2: Palliative Care34.3: Euthanasia and Physician-Assisted SuicideChapter 35: Public PsychiatryChapter 36: Forensic Psychiatry and Ethics in Psychiatry36.1: Forensic Psychiatry36.2: Ethics in PsychiatryChapter 37: World Aspects of Psychiatry

I haven’t been a patient in a psych ward, but I currently work in a children’s Baker Act receiving facility. For those not in the state of Florida, or those who don’t know, a Baker Act is a 72 hour hold.So, when the kids come in, they sit in our intake area, waiting to see a nurse. Depending on how busy we are, the nurse either sees them immediately or in about an hour. Before that, they are wanded down to make sure they don’t have anything that could hurt them or anyone else, and they may or may not have to change. There are no shorts, tank tops, strings (like in sweatshirts or pants), or underwire in bras.Once they speak to the nurse, they join the unit with the other kids (most of the time, unless the psychiatrist feels they do not need to be there and they leave early). Soon after this, a care manager (that’s me ‍♀️) will call their parents or speak to them in person if they came too. We complete a biopsychosocial assessment, which is a fancy term for asking them a bunch of questions about their life and how they ended up with us. We get information about their home life, schooling, history of trauma and substance use, family history, and many other things, including current mental health services. If they don’t have any, we find them some and help them get an appointment.Once we are done speaking with the parents, we speak with the child and ask them similar questions. We also complete a treatment plan, which is goals they want to work on while they are there. Throughout their stay, a care manager’s job is to make sure that they will have therapy, and psychiatry if needed, services within a week of their discharge.While the kids are on the unit, they speak with the doctor daily to asses if they still need to be there, as they may be discharged early or kept longer depending on their needs. The doctor will also adjust medications if needed. The patient will also get the chance to see a therapist for individual therapy, who will also call the parents to see if there are any goals they believe they need to work on. They also have 2 different forms of group therapy, one being an activity of sorts, the other being talk therapy. The kids are watched regularly by staff and are only alone in the bathrooms, and even then will be checked on every so often (unless they’ve been labeled high risk in which case they need to be watched, even in the bathrooms, but only by staff of the same gender). The get three meals a day as well as snacks, 24/7 access to nurses, and outside time in a gated courtyard.So it’s a pretty interesting place, but people often get angry that we don’t just keep the child until they’re 100% better. And the best way I’ve had this reasoned to me is this. If you go to the hospital with a broken leg, you’ll still leave with a broken leg. You don’t stay there the entire time it heals. Once it’s stable, you have to go home and work on it and take care of it yourself.We are essentially an emergency room for mental health issues, not long term care. I may be biased, but I think we’re a pretty good place.

Medications that provide relief from autoimmune diseases, chronic pain, and depression help people live fuller lives. Unfortunately, many of these powerful medications have undesirable side effects, including weight gain.In this article, we look at which medications are known to cause weight gain and how people can effectively lose weight that they have gained as a result of taking medication.Weight loss methodsSwitching medications, lowering the dosage, and drinking more water may help people lose the weight they gained due to medication use.Gaining weight because of a medication can be frustrating. Understanding that weight gain is a possible side effect is the first step in combatting it.Here are some ways to lose weight gained due to medication use:1. Switch to a different medicationThe first strategy to consider involves changing medications. People experience different side effects when taking different drugs.If weight gain affects a person’s health, a doctor may be able to prescribe a similar medication that is less likely to produce an increase in weight.2. Lower medication dosageIn some cases, it is possible to lower the dosage of the medication that is causing weight gain and still get relief from the symptoms of the condition that it is treating.People should not stop their medication or reduce their dosage without first consulting their doctor.3. Limit portion sizesAppetite sometimes increases when taking certain medications. People on antidepressants, for instance, may find that they have an increased appetite because their mood has improved.Learning to listen to hunger cues and control portion size can help limit weight gain.4. ExerciseIncreased physical activity can also help control weight gain from medication.A 2011 study suggests that exercise has health benefits regardless of whether it leads to weight loss. These benefits include reduced blood pressure.Exercise can also help prevent symptoms of depression from returning when people combine it with antidepressant medication.5. Eat more proteinThe Depression and Bipolar Support Alliance recommend increasing protein intake if medication-related weight gain is a concern. Protein helps people feel fuller for longer.6. Talk to a dietitianThose concerned about weight gain on medication should seek advice from a dietitian to evaluate their current diet. A dietitian can help people who have a renewed appetite find a healthful way to satiate their hunger.7. Avoid alcoholSome medications that cause weight gain are not safe to take with alcohol. Even if they are taking a medication that is safe alongside alcohol, people should avoid high calorie alcoholic beverages to avoid unnecessary caloric intake.8. Get enough sleepQuality sleep is a critical component of health. Poor sleep can have adverse effects on the body, including an increase in fat stores and elevated stress hormone levels.9. Drink more waterAs part of their dietary guidelines for the prevention and management of medication-related weight gain, the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry recommend that people drink several large glasses of water during the day.10. Reduce salt intakePeople on medications that cause water retention, such as corticosteroids, can limit weight gain by reducing salt intake. A low sodium diet involves consuming less than 2,000 milligrams of salt per day.Types of medications that cause weight gainCommon drugs that cause weight gain include:antidepressants, including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), and tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)antipsychotics and mood stabilizers, such as risperidone (Risperdal), olanzapine (Zyprexa), and quetiapine (Seroquel)corticosteroids, which include prednisone (Deltasone), methylprednisolone (Medrol), and budesonide (Pulmicort)diabetes medications, including insulin and sulfonylureasepilepsy medicines, including valproate (Depakote) and gabapentin (Neurontin)beta-blockers, such as propranolol (Inderal) and metoprolol (Lopressor)opioidsWeight gain does not necessarily happen instantly when people take these kinds of medications. A 2018 study found that people were most likely to gain weight 2–3 years into treatment with antidepressants.With antipsychotics, most weight gain occurs in the first 6 months on medication.It is important to note that not everyone gains weight when taking medications that have weight gain as a known side effect.Some antipsychotics, however, have a higher likelihood than other drugs of causing an increase in body weight.How is weight gain from medication diagnosed?Not everyone who gains weight because of a medication notices it, particularly people who had underweight when they began treatment.However, a doctor will generally notify a person that they have gained weight since their previous appointment. They might ask about changes in lifestyle habits to assess whether the medication has caused the weight gain.It can be difficult to confirm the link between weight gain and medication use, especially if the increase in weight is gradual.In some cases, other lifestyle habits and outside influences can contribute to weight gain, including supplement use and poor sleep quality.Why do some medications cause weight gain?Some medications, such as corticosteroids, cause weight gain by altering the body’s metabolism and influencing water and electrolyte balances.Others, antidepressants included, may cause changes in mood, which lead to increased appetite. Antipsychotics stimulate appetite and can cause food cravings.The other side effects of some medications, such as shortness of breath, make it harder for people to exercise, which can cause weight to increase.Does weight loss happen after stopping medication?Weight loss may occur once a person stops taking their medication. However, this will depend on the drug in question and the individual.People who stop taking antipsychotics usually see gradual weight loss.Stopping a medication, however, is not always possible, and it can sometimes have serious repercussions.A person should never stop taking a prescribed medication without speaking to a doctor about it first.OutlookAlthough weight gain can happen when taking certain medications, it is not a guaranteed side effect.People worried about medication-related weight gain should discuss their concerns with their doctor.They can also pay close attention to how their body responds to the medication, monitoring it for weight gain and other notable side effects.It is important to remember that the benefits of the drug might outweigh the side effects and to keep in mind that weight loss and maintenance are possible.Prevention of weight gain on medicationPeople who are concerned about weight gain on medication can speak to their doctor about possible side effects.Those who are taking drugs with this side effect should pay close attention to their lifestyle habits.They may need to be more diligent about their diet and exercise routine than people not on medication.SummaryWeight gain from medication is not uncommon, and while it can be challenging to deal with, it is often manageable.Many medications have weight gain as a side effect. People must weigh the risks and potential drawbacks of stopping or switching medication against the possible side effects, including weight gain.A 2018 study that examined the health effects of a “Health at Every Size (HAES)” approach suggests that incorporating healthful lifestyle practices has a positive effect on a person’s health regardless of whether they lose weight as a result.